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Empa Activities 2007Report on technical and scientific activities
Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02
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Civil andMechanical Engineering
Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body
Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology
Mobility, Energy and Environment
Advanced Materials and Surfaces
Materials Science & Technology
A body of the ETH domain
Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer
Editor and PublisherEmpaCH-8600 DübendorfCH-9014 St.GallenCH-3602 Thun
Concept and LayoutArt Group of Empa
PrintingSonderegger Druck AG, Weinfelden
ISSN 1660-1394
© Empa 2008
Empa Activities 2007Report on technical and scientific activities
Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02
b
ba
c
Absolute differencein NOx emissions(t/year)
22–35
11–21
4–10
(-3)–3
(-10)–(-4)
(-21)–(-11)
(-35)–(-22)
R
support material
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
g
Civil andMechanical Engineering
Materials and Systemsfor Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Information, Reliabilityand Simulation Technology
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Materials Science & Technology
Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer
Empa Activities 2007Welcome
Empa, a reliable partner for innovation
Over the past fewyears Empa developed into amod-ern research institution for use-inspired materialsscience and technology, fulfilling its role as a bridgefrom science to practical applications and fromacademia to industry and society. In brief: Today’sEmpa is a highly qualified and reliable partner forinnovation in national and international R&D collab-orations with various partners.
Our partners from industry appreciate Empa’s com-petences, our flexibility and rapid availability aswellas our ongoing training and education offeringssuch as workshops, seminars and practical courses.Our academic partners recognize and acknowledgeEmpa’s support in teaching, our partnership in R&Dprojects and our engagement in the practical train-ing of students. Universities of Applied Sciencesvalue our open attitude in joint projects and an easyaccess to our infrastructure. And federal agenciesrely on our profound expertise and technical know-how.
This turnaround of sortswasmade possible througha strategic “streamlining” of our R&D and serviceportfolio to fit the needs and requirements of ourcustomers and partners, through continuing educa-tion efforts and training of our staff and through aconsistent recruitment policy for new employees.As a result of these efforts Empa’s 2007 performanceas measured in key indicators and when comparedto our sister institutionswithin the ETHDomain andto international institutions with a similar missionhas – once again – improved significantly.
With our unique R&Dportfolio of developingnew materials and sys-tems for both climate-relevant energy tech-nologies and for healthand performance of thehuman body as well asour analytical and mod-elling capabilities in en-vironmental techniques,we focus on society’sconcerns and on inno-vation for industry.Withour achievements on
advanced materials – strongly based on nanotech-nology – and systems for mobility, information andcommunication technology, buildings and medicaltechnologies, togetherwith our interdisciplinary andmultiscale work on life cycle analysis, safety, risk,sustainability and environmental impact of materi-als and structures, Empa made outstanding contri-butions to the advancement of technology and itsimpact on society. As just one example, the SwissNanoConvention 2007 – co-organised by Empa andCredit Suisse – attracted and satisfied SMEs, ven-ture capitalists, federal agencies as well as PhD stu-dents and R&D specialists, and emphasized Empa’sunique role in transferring nanotechnology for in-dustrial competitiveness aswell as in the evaluationand handling of the toxicological potential of freenanoparticles such as the ones from combustionprocesses.
In 2007 we also strengthened and expanded ourrelations in teaching and research with the Univer-sities of Basel, Berne, Fribourg and Zurich. Last butnot least, Empasignedacollaborativeagreementwiththe National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)in Tsukuba, its Japanese “equivalent”.
Louis Schlapbach, CEO Empa
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So what do we envision for the future? After yearsof portfolio adjustment and an impressive boost inperformance, Empa still has room for improvement.Thanks to the radiation of Empa’s new profile weare nonetheless confident to be able to attractcreative, highly qualified men and women, thebrightest in science, engineering and innovation.We look forward to our role inmaterials science andtechnology, especially in the Swiss nanoscience-nanotechnology scene about to be established.Altogether, we are convinced that Empa is poisedfor a continuous and strong development in theyears to come.
Yours
Table of contents Empa Activities 2007
Advanced 3 Investigation on microstructure and longitudinal free strain evolution
Materials of single piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 fibers
and Surfaces 4 Proton conducting ceramics: closing the gap between high temperatureand low temperature fuel cells
6 Atomistic simulations of materials:methods and applications in interface, surface and nanoscience
7 Nanostructured template surfaces and specific endgroup functionalities for theguided self-assembly of supramolecular architectures
8 Boron Nitride on Rhodium (111): a robust nano-template surface
9 Nanowires for tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy
10 Mechanical testing of nanowires and micropillars
12 Electromagnetic processing of nanomaterials observed by in situ time-resolvedsynchrotron radiation diffraction
14 Tailored corrosion processes for biodegradable Mg implants
15 Doping of cyanine solar cells – enhancing charge transport
16 Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer
18 Tribofilm formation from zinc-free anti-wear additives in DLC/DLC andsteel / steel contacts
19 Life-cycle engineering of brazed turbine compressors
21 List of abbreviations
Civil and 25 Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM) densified wood to colonization
Mechanical and degradation by soft-rot fungi
Engineering 26 Possibilities and limitations of acoustic wood tomography on living trees
27 Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs
28 Non-destructive evaluation of elastic material properties of cross-laminatedsolid wood panels
30 Development of a shell-like electro active polymer (EAP) actuator
31 Long term reliability of Active Fiber Composite (AFC) sensors /actuators
32 Gypsum board in fire: A thermo-physical investigation including a parametric study
33 Thaumasite formation
34 Influence of superplasticizers on micro-structural development of fresh cement pastes
36 Emission of hazardous compounds from tar-containing recycled asphaltpavements during reconstruction
37 Detection of chlorides and moisture in concrete structures withGround Penetrating Radar
38 Compliant solutions for industrial products
39 List of abbreviations
Materials and 43 Cyto-compatible and antibacterial nano-composite coatings
Systems 44 Nanomaterial – cell interaction: The presence of nano-sized materials
for Protection and affect cell physiology in vitro
Wellbeing of the 46 Nanostructured plasma coatings demonstrate a permanent hydrophilic effect
Human Body 47 Fiber analytics using the AFM
48 Enhanced adhesion of metal film on synthetic fibers for wearable electronics
49 Tribology of human skin in contact with textiles
50 Steam burns – moisture management in firefighters’ protective clothing
51 Development and characterisation of carbon nanotube-reinforced polyurethane foams
52 Preparation of chiral (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs) frombacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates
54 Detection of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) in biomass using gaschromatography
55 List of abbreviations
Table of contentsEmpa Activities 2007
Information, 59 Superspeckles – super-resolution filters applied to speckled light
Reliability 60 Monte Carlo simulation of a cone-beam CT system for industrial applications
and Simulation 61 Theoretical investigation of silicon dioxide breakdown
Technology 62 Connection availability analysis of optical transport networks
63 Environmental impact assessment of bio-fuelled mobility versus all-electric solutions
64 Empa’s aircraft noise expertise supports EU research
66 NanoRisk – life cycle thinking for applications of CNT
68 Visualization: Measuring the perceived quality in volume rendering
70 Simplified assessment of traffic emissions in Latin American cities using GIS
71 List of abbreviations
Mobility, Energy 75 Synthesis, crystal structure and physical-chemical properties of
and Environment novel oxynitride-perovskites
76 Structure and microstructure characterization of nanoscopic domains inthermoelectric perovskite-type materials
78 Theoretical and empirical modeling of complex hydrides
79 Seeing hydrogen in materials
80 Physical properties of new tetrahydroborates
82 Combustion characteristics of hydrogen-methane mixtures in passenger car engines
84 Particulate emissions of different internal combustion engines concepts
86 Anthropogenic emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) to the atmosphere:From a fossil fuel to an H2 energy economy
88 Bias of conventional nitrogen oxide measurement techniques in the atmosphere
89 Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols in ambient air
90 Quantum cascade laser based measurements of greenhouse gasesand carbon dioxide isotope ratios
92 Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust
93 Brominated flame retardants in Lake Thun: a model predicts impact of new chemicalsand effectiveness of regulatory measures
94 Spatially, time resolved and element-specific in-situ corrosion investigations using anovel online microflow-capillary FI-ICP-MS set-up
95 Synchrotron radiation for sensitive elemental analysis of ambient air particles
97 List of abbreviations
Marketing, 101 Technology Transfer@Empa
Knowledge and 102 List of Patents
Technology Transfer 103 Empa Academy – a platform for knowledge transfer
104 Courses, Conferences and Colloquia in 2007
105 Business Incubators@Empa
Appendix 107 Table of contents
Lists of
109 Awards
111 PhD Theses
122 Patents
123 Teaching Activities
128 Publications
164 Conferences
182 Organizational Chart 2008
Empa Activities 2007Advanced Materials and Surfaces
Mission
The success of new materials and coatings onthe market not only depends on their novelfunctionalities and improved performance, butalso on appropriate process and manufacturingtechnologies. The development of new processtechnologies and analytical methods is thereforean integral part of our mission in the study ofadvanced materials and surfaces. We focus onnanoscale materials and coatings, composites,high performance ceramics, functional polymersand selected metallic systems. We follow a policyof direct know-how transfer within dedicatedR&D projects in economically relevant fieldssuch as energy conversion, joining and surfaceengineering, information technology, and damageprevention.
Activities
In 2007, the department strengthened its researchactivities in the area of process technologies.Working together with our industrial and scientificpartners, we have succeeded in developing oroptimizing some very interesting process tech-nologies. For example, in collaboration with HCTShaping Systems SA, the silicon wafer sawingprocess in the manufacture of photovoltaic cellshas been optimized so that the wafer thicknesscould be reduced from initially 300 μm down to100 μm. This corresponds to an increase inmate-rial yield of more than a factor of two and acost reduction of about 30 per cent. In addition,together with the PSI, we have developed a novellaser transfer scheme to make possible the pixel-wise transfer of thin films from a source layer to
a receiver substrate. The innovative aspect of thenew method lies in the use of a triazane polymer,which acts as sacrificial dynamic release layer.The method offers a gentle and efficient methodof transferring sensitive materials without alteringtheir properties, as demonstrated by the success-ful transfer of quantum dots, living cells embeddedin a matrix and recently, functional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixels.
Much emphasis has been given to project acquisi-tion within the 7th EU-Framework Programme.With seven projects receiving the go-ahead (twounder Empa leadership), we have been particularlysuccessful in promising areas, with themes rangingfrom the development of novel analytical tools formicro and nanotechnology to complex metallicalloys as thin coatings for tribological applications.
Thanks to our excellent infrastructure and thestate-of-the-art expertise of our staff, we are ableto provide unique services to industry and society.The newest offering is the “Swiss Scanning ProbeMicroscopy User Laboratory” (SUL). Partiallyfinanced by the ETH Domain’s “CompetenceCenter for Materials Science and Technology”, theSUL enables us to extend one of Empa’s crucialtraditional roles – namely to provide highest-levelservices and training to industrial and academicpartners in the field of nanotechnology.
Pierangelo Gröning, Department Head
Investigation on microstructure andlongitudinal free strain evolutionof single piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 fibers
To overcome lead loss in lead zirconate titanate
(PZT) materials the sintering atmosphere is en-
riched with lead by using lead oxide or lead zir-
conate powder bed. Nevertheless, a composition
and microstructure gradient across the fiber ra-
dius can occur. In this study the influence of a gra-
dient is investigated by analyzing the microstruc-
ture (porosity, grain size), the chemical and the
phase composition as well as the piezoelectric
properties (longitudinal free strain) from the sur-
face into the fiber.
At temperatures above 1000 °C, lead zirconate ti-tanate decomposes and lead oxide (PbO) starts toevaporate. The loss of PbO results in an alterationof the starting phase composition, whereby thepiezoelectric properties are influenced. To generatea constant lead oxide vapor pressure, PbO powderis added to the sintering set-up, which restrains thecomposition change. It is known that changes inchemical and phase composition from the surfaceinto the bulk material still exist. With regard to thepiezoelectric properties such a change will be evenmore pronounced in fibers due to their high surfaceto volume ratio. To investigate the influence of thecomposition across the fiber diameter on the piezo-electric properties, the longitudinal free strain wasmeasured on as received sintered and etched fibers(removing the surface area of the fiber).
In this study, extruded PZT-fibers with a green di-ameter of 300 µm were sintered at 1200 °C for twohours in a PbO-enriched atmosphere. The sinteredfibers were characterized with regards to their mi-crostructure, i.e. their density or rather porosity andgrain size, their chemical composition across the fiberradius, their phase composition, and their piezo-electric properties (longitudinal free strain S as afunction of the applied electric field E).
After sintering, the fibers exhibit a porosity of 1.8±0.4% and a grain size of 1.9±0.8 µm consistentacross the fiber diameter. Investigations of the chem-ical composition revealed a constant lead content.The amount of Zr4+ decreases whereas the Ti4+ in-creases from the surface into the fiber. The influencedzone is limited to the surface and is about 20 µm indepth. PZT materials consist of a mixture of a rhom-bohedral PbZrO3 and a tetragonal PbTiO3 phase.Thus, the higher content of Zr4+ causes a higheramount of rhombohedral phase near the surfacearea. After removing 30 µm of the outer diameter of
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
3
the fiber by etching, the amount of tetragonal phaseis dominating at the surface (Fig.1). Electromechan-ical measurements (longitudinal free strain) on sin-gle fiber revealed that the surface layer affects thepiezoelectric properties. After removing the alteredzone, the longitudinal free strain was enhanced byabout 20 % (Fig. 2). In future work the sintering set-up with other lead rich powders will be investigat-ed with regard to their effect on the change of thechemical and phase composition across the fiberdiameter.
Juliane Heiber,
Frank Clemens
Contact: [email protected]:J. Heiber, F. Clemens, U.Helbig, A. de Meuron,Ch. Soltmann, T.Graule, D.Hülsenberg, Acta Materialia 55,6499–6506 (2007)J. Heiber, F. Clemens, T.Graule, D.Hülsenberg,Key Engineering Materials, accepted (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptive
Material Systems
Fig.1: XRD profiles in a2-Theta range between 40°and 54° for a pulverized asreceived sintered 300µm-fiber,and for the surface ofan as received and etchedsingle fiber.
Fig. 2: Butterfly shapedlongitudinal free strain foras received sintered andetched single 300 µm-fibers(electrical field || fiber axis).
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 542-Theta
etched fiber surfaceas received sintered fiber surfacepulverized as received sintered fiber
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Support: ETH Board
Links: www.empa.ch/abt123> Functional and Nano-Ceramics
In this study, BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ electrolytes were pre-pared by using different powder synthesis routesand temperature treatments. As confirmed by im-pedance spectroscopy, a bulk conductivity of 0.001S/cm at 400 °C has been achieved, which compareswell with the conductivity of the best ceramic pro-ton conductors.
The different powder synthesis routes led to a varia-tion in the cubic lattice parameter of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ.Neutron diffraction indicates that a Y exchangefrom the Zr-site to the Ba-site causes this increasein the lattice parameter. For the different lattice pa-rameters, the bulk proton conductivity varies overalmost two orders of magnitude. The conductivityclearly increases with an increasing cubic lattice pa-rameter. The results suggest that a larger inter-atom-
Proton conducting ceramics:closing the gap between high temperatureand low temperature fuel cells
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Sophie Duval,
Peter Holtappels,
Ulrich Vogt,
Artur Braun,
Thomas Graule,
in collaboration with
John T.S. Irvine,
Cristian Savaniu,
University of
St Andrews (UK),
Kasimir Conder,
PSI (CH)
Solid oxide proton conductors offer a new inter-
mediate temperature fuel cell technology com-
bining the advantages of polymeric fuel cells and
solid oxide fuel cells. Among potential proton
conductor materials, yttrium-substituted barium
zirconate (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δδ) is a promising candi-
date. The influence of processing parameters on
the proton conductivity was addressed in a study
to evaluate the performance of this material as a
fuel cell electrolyte.
Fuel cells are energy conversion systems which cantheoretically yield more than 60% electrical effi-ciency, which is significantly higher than achieved ininternal combustion processes. To date, two typesof fuel cells are under development, namely the ce-ramic, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and the polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) for high and low tem-perature operation, respectively. Using an oxygenion conducting ceramic between 750 °C and 920 °Callows for the utilization of various fuels from hy-drogen to carbohydrates in SOFCs. The proton con-ducting membrane limits the operation temperatureof PEMFCs to around 100 °C, and thus only purifiedhydrogen can be used as fuel.
Ceramic proton conductors can offer a new fuel celltechnology in an intermediate temperature rangefrom 300 °C – 600 °C combining the advantages ofPEMFC and SOFC. Hydrogen from conventional re-forming processes can be used as fuel, and cells andstacks can be built up on low cost ferritic steels asconstruction elements.
4
Among the various proton conducting ceramics, yt-trium-substituted barium zirconate (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ)is a promising candidate material because it ischemically stable in reducing and oxidizing atmos-pheres in the desired temperature region. Substi-tuting zirconium partially by yttrium allows the for-mation of vacancies, which are filled by OH-groups.The proton pathway is thus provided along the Zr-O6 octahedra chains. The bulk proton conduc-tivity can theoretically exceed 0.01 S/cm at 400 °Cand, thus, is sufficient for fuel cell electrolyte appli-cations. However, this high conductivity has not beenrealized so far, and the processing of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ
to prepare dense specimens is often blamed for thislower than expected performance.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramMaterials forEnergy Technologies
Fig.1: Ceramic proton conductors allow the operation of fuel cells between 300 °C and 600 °C, closing the gap between the low temperature polymer electrolyte and high temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Fig. 2: Microstructure of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ after sintering at 1720 °C (a)and after annealing at 2200 °C (b). Transmission electron microscopyin the vicinity of the grain boundaries (gb) indicates changes in thecrystal symmetry on a nano scale (c) as well as lattice distortions (d).
e-
Electrolyte
PEMFC
ceramicProton Conducting Fuel Cell
(PCFC)
SOFC
300°C – 600°C
700°C – 950°C O2-
H+
H2O
H2O
H+ H2O
O2
O2
O2
H2
H2
H2
Fuel gas
Exhaust gas
Oxidant (air)
Exhaust gas
H2 2H+ + 2e- CathodeAnode O2 + 4e- 2O2-
60°C – 120°C
a) b)
c) d)
Grain 1 Grain 2
gb region
5 nm5 nm
1 μm 1 μm
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
5
tronically positively charged region (so called spacecharge region) in the vicinity of the grain bound-aries that depresses either the proton concentrationor the proton mobility.
The grain boundary resistance could be significant-ly reduced by an additional temperature treatmentat around 2200 °C in an optical floating zone fur-nace. This annealing step also changed the natureof the charge carriers from holes to protons in thevicinity of the grain boundaries. The increase in thegrain boundary conductivity can be related to graingrowth and further densification of the electrolyte.The change from hole to proton conductivity, how-ever, indicates an additional electronic effect. Thecontrol of the crystal and nano structure in the vicin-ity of the grain boundaries and the resulting elec-tronic structure is a key to achieve a high protontransport rate in BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ.
Contact: [email protected]:S.Duval, et al., Solid State Ionics, 178, 1437–1441 (2007)S.Duval, et al., Solid State Ionics, in press,doi:10.1016/ j.ssi.2007.11.030.A. Braun, et al., J. Appl. Electrochem., submitted (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 3: Temperature dependence of the bulk and grain boundary (gb)proton conductivity of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ before (red symbols) and afterannealing at 2200 °C (blue symbols).
Fig. 4: Proton conductivity at 300 °C and activation energy as a function of the BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ bulk lattice parameter.
103
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ic distance favors the proton transport through thismaterial by reducing the activation energy for theproton transport along the Zr-O6 octahedra chains.
To obtain further insight into the relevant structur-al parameters and to correlate better the crystalstructure with proton mobility advanced character-ization techniques such as quasi elastic neutronscattering have been applied. The first results con-firm the high proton mobility in BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ anddemonstrate the potential of this measurement tech-nique to analyze the atomic motions in more detail.
Despite its high bulk proton conductivity, the totalconductivity of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ was rather poor andlimited by the grain boundaries. Attempts to im-prove the microstructure and density of the elec-trolytes by processing different powders and usingvarious sintering techniques remained unsuccess-ful. Neither a clear micro structure/conductivity re-lationship nor an insulating secondary phase couldbe identified to explain this large grain boundary resistance. A first interpretation presumes an elec-
Support: SFOE, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Programme
Links: www.empa.ch/ceramics
Atomistic simulations of materials: methods and applications in interface, surfaceand nanoscience
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Daniele Passerone,
in collaboration with
Alessandro Turco, SISSA,
Franco Cardin,
Università di Padova,
Alberto Passerone,
CNR-IENI (IT)
The techniques of classical and ab initio computer
simulation are powerful tools to describe struc-
tural and electronic properties of materials. With-
in the last year, we developed a Linux-based com-
putational cluster that will act as aggregation
nucleus for the different activities in numerical
simulation at Empa. In our group, the resources of
the cluster are being employed for facing prob-
lems in different fields.
The field of computer simulation has increased itsimportance in materials science both at a macroscopicand microscopic level of description, and the devel-opment of new methods is necessary.
An interesting set of problems concerns the so calledrare events, transitions between stable states of aphysical or chemical system. Such events can be ob-served with low probability due to the presence ofhigh energetic barriers between the states. A veryimportant class of methods to study rare event dy-namics is based upon the principles of classical me-chanics. Recently, we have developed a strategy thatallows obtaining dynamical trajectories at constantenergy joining two states of a system. Our methodrelies on a variational principle that has never beenused in the field of materials science. An exampleof application close to the realm of nanoscience isshown in Figure 1.
6
Clusters of noble gas atoms (like argon) with a well-defined number of particles exist at low tempera-tures in particularly stable configurations. In the caseof a 38 atom cluster, there are competing configu-rations of octahedral and icosahedral type. In thefigure we show a rare transition obtained with ourmethod that allows to obtain information about themicroscopic transition mechanism.
Contact: [email protected]:A.Turco, D. Passerone, F. Cardin, Multiscale modeling andsimulation, submitted (2007)M.L.Muolo, F. Valenza, A. Passerone, D. Passerone, Materials Science and engineering A, in press (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig. 2: An oxygen-rich Ag/Sapphire interface.
Existing well established computer simulation meth-ods can often be used for explaining specific experi-mental observations. Density functional theory (DFT)allows to obtain the electronic properties of a sys-tem starting from its single constituents (nuclear andelectronic charges), in principle “ab initio”, withoutempirical assumptions on the model. We appliedDFT to the field of interface science, where the ef-fect of oxygen on the wetting of solid oxides has re-cently been studied using the sessile-drop technique.In Figure 2, we show the result of a DFT calculationinspired by the experiment: the section of an inter-face between sapphire (0001), on the right side, andsilver, on the left side, is shown. Additional oxygen(red) has been inserted in the first silver layer, andthe subsequent structural modifications have beenobserved. In this oxygen-rich configuration the workof adhesion increases considerably, in agreementwith experimental data. The grey “clouds” in thefigure indicate a particular value of the electronicdensity. More calculations are planned to explainthe thermodynamic behavior of this interface uponvariation of oxygen partial pressure. These calcula-tions have been performed both on our Empa clus-ter and at the Swiss Supercomputing Center (CSCS)in Manno.
Support: CSCSFig.1: A structural transition in an argon cluster.
Nanostructured template surfaces and specificendgroup functionalities for the guided self-assembly of supramolecular architectures
New opportunities for the future fabrication of
nanoscale devices will critically depend on the con-
trolled fabrication of surface-supported function-
al supramolecular structures. A promising strat-
egy is to guide the molecular self-assembly by a
combination of specific molecular functionalisation
and anisotropic molecule-substrate interactions.
Ultimate-resolution lithographic methods do notreach feature size on the molecular level yet. Thislimitation can be overcome by self-assembly tech-niques on surfaces. The controllable fabrication ofhomogeneous self-assembled nanostructures, how-ever, remains a difficult challenge. We have devel-oped an effective strategy to fabricate long-range ordered arrays of supramolecular structures, whichrelies on the use of nanostructured template surfacesexhibiting preferential adsorption sites and the tai-loring of intermolecular interactions by an appro-priate choice of molecular building blocks with suit-able and complementary end-group functionalities.
Figure 1 illustrates the templating effect of the vic-inal Au(11,12,12) surface for the self-assembly offullerene C60 molecules. The Au(11,12,12) surfaceexhibits a rectangular superlattice of 5.8 nm x 7.2 nmperiodicity due to its large extended double periodic-ity: uniformly spaced terraces, separated by straightmonatomic steps, and periodic truncated “V” shapediscommensuration lines separating fcc and hcpstacking areas (Fig. 1A). After deposition of 0.1 mono-layer (ML) C60, a two-dimensional (2D) long-rangeordered superlattice of molecular nanochains is ob-served (Fig. 1B). The electron-rich regions near thelower step edges preferentially accommodate thefullerene molecules, which are known to be elec-tron acceptors, leading to the formation of arrays ofC60 nanochains that perfectly replicate the perio-dicity of the gold template surface (Fig. 1C).
Figure 2 illustrates a system where the molecular self-assembly is guided not only by the interactionwith the substrate surface, but also by specific hy-drogen-bonding interactions between the molecu-lar building blocks 1,4-bis-(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-tria -zine)-benzene (BDATB) and perylene tetra-carbo -xylic di-imide (PTCDI). The STM image of Figure 2Ashows the highly ordered heterocomplex superlat-tice resulting from a deposition slightly below 1 MLof PTCDI and BDATB. Formation of the anticipated3-fold hydrogen-bonding pattern determines the di-rectionality of the bicomponent system. In addition,
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
7
Marta Cañas-Ventura,
Wende Xiao,
Kamel Aït-Mansour,
Pascal Ruffieux,
Roman Fasel,
in collaboration with
Klaus Müllen,
MPIP Mainz (D)
Contact: [email protected]:P. Ruffieux et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc. 129 (16), 5007–5011(2007)M.Cañas-Ventura et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1814 –1818 (2007)K.Aït-Mansour et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series61, 16–21 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: A) STM image of the Au(11,12,12) template surface showing a regular pattern of straight steps and discommensuration lines on a50 x 50 nm2 length scale. B) Formation of a highly regular 2D super-lattice of C60 nanochains on the Au(11,12,12) template surface (100 x 100 nm2). C) Location of C60 nanochains on fcc stacking domains at the lower step edges (12 x12 nm2).
Fig. 2: BDATB and PTCDI bicomponent supramolecular organizationon Au(11,12,12): STM images of binary supramolecular ribbons (A, 30 x 30 nm2), double-row heteromolecular wires (B, 70 x 70 nm2),and a single-row wire (C, 5.6 x 15 nm2).
the regular array of steps on the Au(11,12,12) tem-plate surface imprints the unidirectionality of the bi-component supramolecular structure. A lowering ofthe surface coverage leads to double-row (Fig. 2B)and single-row bimolecular wires (Fig. 2C).The re-sulting superlattices exhibits an almost constant wire-to-wire separation over extended surface areas.
The specificity and high degree of regularity achievedwith C60 as well as PTCDI-BDATB on Au(11,12,12)highlight the potential of a combination of nano-structured template surfaces and appropriately func-tionalized molecular building blocks for the con-trolled self-assembly of specific supramolecular ar-chitectures on surfaces.
Support: EU-FP6, SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/abt127
A B C
A B C
Boron Nitride on Rhodium (111): a robust nano-template surfaceAdvanced Materials
and Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Roland Widmer,
Oliver Gröning,
in collaboration with
Simon Berner,
Thomas Greber,
Jürg Osterwalder,
University of Zurich (CH)
Nanostructured surfaces acting as templates play
a key role when it comes to the guided assembly
of nanometer-sized particles or clusters. For struc-
ture sizes with molecular dimensions, i.e. below
10 nm where lithographic methods are no longer
applicable, one needs to rely on self-assembled
nano-templates. Recently, such a nanostructured
surface was discovered: Hexagonal boron nitride
(h-BN) on the Rh(111) surface forming a highly reg-
ular hexagonal nanomesh of 2 nm pore size and
a periodicity of 3.22 nm. Using low-temperature
scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM),we could
resolve the true atomic structure of this nanomesh
and confirm a single-layer model in contrast to the
original two-layer model. Furthermore, we could
demonstrate the stability of the nanomesh in an
electrolytic environment.
8
The h-BN nanomesh films grow under ultra high vac-uum (UHV) conditions in a self-organized mannerupon thermal decomposition of borazine (HBNH)3
on the hot Rh(111) surface (at 820°C). Using atom-ic resolution LT-STM in UHV, we could rebut theoriginally proposed two-layer model and help toestablish that the nanomesh consists of a singlesheet of h-BN, where the crystallographic lattice mis-match between BN and Rh(111) leads to the forma-tion of a coincidence lattice with 3.2 nm periodicityas depicted in Figure 1. We are currently investigat-ing the site selective adsorption properties of thissurface by molecule (Fig. 2) and Xenon absorptionand correlate these findings with measurements ofthe local electronic properties as obtained from scan-ning tunneling spectroscopy, which show markeddifferences between pores and wires, originatingmost probably from differences in the bonding ofthe h-BN to the Rh(111) between pores and wires.
One particular property of the h-BN nanomesh is itsstability under ambient conditions though it is pro-duced in UHV. We could even show by in-situ STMthat the nanomesh is preserved in an electrochemi-cal medium. This exceptional stability of a nano -template offers the perspective to address electronicdifferences between wires and pores by the elec-trochemical potential and hopefully achieve site se-lective adsorption of metals or molecules by wetchemical methods. This would bring the use of self-assembled nanotemplate surface a significant stepcloser to technologically relevant processes and ap-plications.
Links: www.nanomesh.ch
Contact: [email protected]:S. Berner, M. Corso, R.Widmer, O.Gröning, R. Laskowski, P. Blaha, K. Schwarz, A.Goriachko, H.Over, S. Gsell, M. Schreck, H. Sachdev, T. Greber, J. Osterwalder, Angewandte Chemie – Int. Ed. 46 (27) 5115 (2007)R.Widmer, S. Berner, O.Gröning, T. Brugger, J. Osterwalder,T. Greber, Electrochemistry Communications 9 (10), 2484(2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig. 2: LT-STM image of (a) the clean nanomesh and (b) covered withCu-phthalocyanine. Inset: Orbital resolution of one single molecule.
0.1nm
8.5nm
(a) (b)
10 nm 10 nm
Fig.1: LT-STM image in UHV of h-BN nanomesh with atomic resolution.Pores map dark and mesh wires bright.
Nanowires for tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy has largely been used to in-
vestigate the quality of microscale semiconduc-
tor materials. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(TERS), a new technique based on atomic force mi-
croscopy (AFM) has the potential for imaging sub-
micron sized integrated circuits, but poor repro-
ducibility of tip manufacturing hampers current
applications. Attachment of nanowires on AFM
tips via electron microscopy based nanomanipu-
lation techniques developed at Empa is shown to
circumvent this problem.
Recording the “Raman light” scattered by moleculesexcited by a laser source gives information on thestructure of the probed material. In order to get thesame information at the nanoscale, noble metal par-ticles which locally enhance the Raman signal haveto be brought in (close) contact to the analyzedspecies or material. We use an AFM under the op-tical microscope of a Raman spectrometer (Fig.1),which allows for a controlled approach of an AFMtip coated with gold or silver. The spatial resolutionobtained by this method depends on the shape andsize of the tip apex, two parameters which are tech-nically not well controlled during the coating process.Raman imaging with coated AFM tip can, therefore,not be routinely applied for the characterization ofintegrated circuits.
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
9
We developed a new method for creating finer Raman tips. By growing metal nanowires or siliconnanowires with gold heads on a silicon substrate,we synthesized tips with perfectly round ends anda controlled diameter selectable from 25 to 500nanometers. In order to be able to bring these tips in(close) contact to the sample, these nanowires needto be fixed as end-effectors to an AFM tip. This ischallenging as positioning requires nanoscale reso-lution in three dimensions as well as an appropriate
Samuel Hoffmann,
Jacques Haesler,
Johann Michler
Contact: [email protected] References:M.Becker, V. Sivakov, G.Andra, R.Geiger, J. Schreiber, S.Hoffmann, J.Michler, A.P.Milenin, P.Werner, S.Christiansen,Nano Letters 7, 75–80 (2007)S.H. Christiansen, M. Becker, S. Fahlbusch, J.Michler, V. Sivakov, G.Andrä, R.Geiger, Nanotechnology 18, 035503 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: TERS setup showing the nanomanipulator bringing the tip in(close) contact to the sample.
Fig. 2: Nanomanipulation sequence showing the welding procedureto fix the nanowire on the AFM tip.
joining technology. For this purpose, we integrateda semi-automated 6-axis nanomanipulation systeminside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thisallows to move the AFM tip in closed-loop controlto the vicinity of one of the nanowires. AFM tip andnanowire are then brought into the desired relativeorientation and welded together in place using theelectron beam of the electron microscope (Fig. 2).
The sensitivity achieved with our tips has beendemonstrated by recording the spectrum of a high-ly diluted solution of malachite green. Although on-ly single molecules of the dye were present, an en-hanced Raman signal could be produced by our col-leagues from the Max-Plank Institute for Microstruc-ture Physics in Halle, Germany, showing that thespatial resolution required to analyze defects andresidual stress in current semiconductor integratedcircuits can be achieved.
Support: EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/abt128
objective
AFM Tip
nanomanipulator
sample
cantilever & tip
XYZ piezo tables
preamplifier
Au-dropletNanowire
1 µm
1 µm
1 µm
1 µm
2 µm 20 µm
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Mechanical testing of nanowires and micropillarsAdvanced Materials
and Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Fredrik Östlund,
Samuel Hoffmann,
Johann Michler
Miniaturization of mechanical systems for sen-
sors or medical implants requires mechanical
property data of the involved materials to enable
device design. Several nanomechanical testing
devices that operate inside a scanning electron
microscope were developed that allow for sam-
ple manipulation and testing of micro- and nano-
sized specimens. Silicon nanowires were found to
reach the theoretical fracture strength in bend-
ing, whereas GaAs micropillars show plasticity in
uniaxial compression.
The miniaturization of mechanical systems, for in-stance in the watch industry, has a long industrialtradition in Switzerland. World-wide research effortsconcentrate on new applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for sensor applica-tions, for instance for the car industry, or futurenano-elctromechanical systems (NEMS) as integralpart of a wide range of devices to simulate humanbody functions, like the artificial ear or the elec-tronic nose. To enable device design and to assuredevice reliability the mechanical material behaviorin the application and the underlying material prop-erty data must be known with accuracy. Mechani-cal material properties of mechanical elements likenanobeams or micropillars cannot be extrapolatedfrom macroscopic behavior as plasticity and frac-ture is governed by defects with mean interdistancein the micron and sub-micron range. Therefore, me-chanical testing to assess intrinsic materials prop-erties and device reliability must be performed onmicron and nano-sized specimens. Within the Euro-pean projects ROBOSEM and MASMICRO severalnanomechanical testing devices for use inside a scan-ning electron microscope (SEM) were developed.The integration inside a SEM environment allowsalso for easy sample manipulation and observationof fracture and deformation mechanisms.
Research interest in mechanical properties of semi-conductor nanowires (NWs) has increased expo-nentially over the past few years, driven by the NWspotential to act as key components in future inte-grated circuits and nano-electromechanical systems(NEMS). Silicon and zinc oxide nanowires weregrown epitaxially by the vapor-liquid-solid methodat the Max-Planck Institute for microstructure physics
10
in Halle, Germany (Fig.1). To measure their strength,an atomic force microscope has been mounted intoa SEM at Empa. Under visual control of the SEM, anAFM tip mounted on a slip-stick piezo driven robotarm can be brought into proximity of the sample.The sample with the nanowires is mounted on a 3-axis piezo stage, with which the fine positioning andmanipulation is performed. In the bending experi-ment, the nanowire is deflected by the AFM tip un-til failure (Fig. 2a–c).The procedure is recorded intoa video file, and from the last image before fracturethe maximum strain, located at the nanowire root,can be calculated from its deflection s, length l anddiameter d.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: SEM micrograph of an assembly of Si nanowires.
Fig. 2: (a)–(c) Sequence of a bending experiment. (b) is the last image before fracture from which the deflection s can be read out.The black overlaid line gives a visual comparison of the curvature of a straight, clamped beam to that of the nanowire. (d)–(f) Sequenceof a tensile experiment.
500 nm
500 nm
a) b) AFM Tip c)
d) e) f)
Nanowire
d
l
s
l0
l
t
In the tensile experiment, the AFM tip is broughtinto mechanical contact near the end of the nanowireand attached by electron beam induced contami -nation deposition. By retracting the sample from the AFM tip the nanowire is strained until failure(Fig. 2d–f). From the back leap t of the AFM tip andthe cantilever’s spring constant the applied forcecan be extracted and, together with the nanowiresdiameter, the stress at failure is calculated. For sil-icon nano wires the maximum bending strain wasfound to be 6%, and the zinc oxide nanowires revealed an even higher maximum strain of 7.7%.The tensile strength of zinc oxide nanowires was4.6 GPa. Both silicon and zinc oxide nanowires haverevealed a fracture strength close to the theoreticallimit, which indicates that no major structural de-fects are present in the nanowires.
In a similar type of experiment micropillars madeof single crystal gallium arsenide were compressedin order to investigate the strength in uniaxial com-pression. The pillars were manufactured using a focused ion beam. The compression tests were performed in a SEM using a custom made micro -indenter described in reference 3. The indenter wasequipped with a flat punch diamond tip. Figures3(a) and (b) show a pillar with 1.0 µm diameter be-
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
11
fore and after it was compressed. The images showa clear plastic deformation in the form of height andwidth changes. Multiple slip bands can also be seenon the surface of the pillar. The plasticity is medi-ated by nucleation and movement of dislocations asshown by the transmission electron micrograph inFigure 4. The presence of strong twin spots in thediffraction pattern shows that a significant propor-tion of these dislocations are partial dislocation.This plastic deformation of the micropillar contraststhe expected behavior of GaAs. In uniaxial compres-sion at room temperature, GaAs is normally brittle.This is illustrated by the image series shown in Fig-ures 3(c)–(e). In this case, a pillar with 2.6 µm dia -meter is deformed by brittle failure. Smaller pillarsare more ductile, in contrast to macroscopic com-pression experiment.
Support: EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/abt128
Contact: [email protected]:S.Hoffmann, F.Östlund, J.Michler, HJ. Fan, M. Zacharias,SH.Christiansen, C. Ballif, Nanotechology 18,205503 (2007)J.Michler, K.Wasmer, S.Meier, F.Östlund, K. Leifer, APL 90,043123 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 3: (a)–(b). SEM images of a GaAs pillar with 1.0 μm diameter before and after compression, respectively. (c)–(e). Image series of a2.6 μm GaAs pillar before compression, after first chip off and afterfurther chip off respectively.
Fig. 4: Bright field TEM image of a lamella of the pillar shown in Figure 3(b). The lamella was prepared by a FIB. The inset shows a diffraction pattern with 011 zone axis, which indicated the presenceof twins.
a) b)
c) d) e)
1 μm1 μm
200
200
111
111
111
111
500 nm
Electromagnetic processing of nanomaterialsobserved by in situ time-resolved synchrotronradiation diffraction
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Sébastien Vaucher,
Radu Nicula
Microwave applications nowadays range from
food conditioning to wood and rubber process-
ing, from sterilization and drying to fast chemical
synthesis and sintering. The use of micro wave en-
ergy in processing and manufacturing of advanced
nanomaterials is not new, either. However, our
present knowledge on the interaction of matter
with microwave fields is limited to observations
performed at room temperature, before and after
this interaction takes place. In-situ synchrotron
radiation (SR) diffraction experiments recently per-
formed at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) promise to
cause a fast improvement of this situation.
The continuous search for new nanostructured ma-terials with unique combinations of properties re-quires not only innovative synthesis and process-ing methods for their preparation but also a deep-er understanding of the microstructure-propertiesrelationship at the different length and time scalesinvolved.
12
Ultra fast heating and cooling are essential to thepreservation of nanoscale features in bulk nano-structured solids. Both microwave and spark plasmasintering techniques offer feasible manufacturingsolutions that will soon enable their use on an indus-trial scale. Common to these modern technologiesis the kinetic suppression of excessive grain-growthduring densification. Nevertheless, despite efforts tofine-tune the use of microwaves to specific applica-tions, there is still a lack of experimental knowledgeon the changes materials undergo in their structure,constitution of phases, morphology and propertiesduring their exposure to microwave fields. Most mi-crowave heating results so far solely rely on the roomtemperature examination of the structure, micro -structure and properties of materials before and af-
ter microwave heating.
A prototype microwave furnace was developed forthe real-time observation of microwave heating byin situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction experimentsat the Materials Science beamline at the SLS. Sever-al powder materials (aluminum alloys, hardmetals,diamond composites, nanoceramics) were alreadyinvestigated.
The ultrafast structural changes of Al-Cu-Fe pow-ders recorded during microwave exposure are illus-trated in Figure 1. The alloy structure changes fromthe initial mixture of cubic ß-Al(Fe) and tetragonalθ-Al2Cu phases, to a much more complex single-phase quasicrystalline structure in less than 20 sec-onds. With conventional heating, the same transfor-mation is not fully completed even after 40 minutesat the same temperature. Changes in the microstruc-ture of materials during microwave heating may al-so be retrieved as a function of time, as illustratedfor the case of magnetite powders in Figure 2.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: Real time X-ray diffraction patterns of AlCuFe powders. The evolution of the phases can be monitored in situ during MH witha time resolution of 4 seconds. Quasicrystals are formed within 20 seconds.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
B
(f) 319s
(e) 314s
(d) 310s
(c) 305s
(b) 184s
(a) 174s
(6,9
)(7
,11)
(8,1
2)
(38,
61)
(18,
29)
(20,
32)
(40,
64)
(52,
84)
We could, therefore, demonstrate the feasibility of in situ high-temperature microwave heating exper-iments using time-resolved wide-angle synchrotronradiation powder diffraction. With respect to the for-mer state of the art, progress was registered with respect to the time resolution, range of observation(much wider scattering angle intervals; wider rangeof accessible energies – potential for local structure,chemical-resolved or anomalous scattering studies),and enhanced potential for the investigation of low-dimensional systems (small amounts of sample re-quired; thin-films, coatings, nanoparticles, nanopar-ticles on surfaces, grain boundaries, interfaces be-tween materials).
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
13
It was clearly shown that the combined use of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources and of fastX-ray detectors enables the real-time observation ofthe microwave-materials interaction and of its kinet-
ic features. Information yielded by in situ time-resolved experiments will greatly improve our fun-damental knowledge on the mechanisms on mass-transport and structural phase transitions in the
presence of e.m. fields, as well as our means to fine-tune microwave processing for a broad variety ofnanomaterials. Opportunities for developing newmaterials will emerge, with potential implications forpowder metallurgy, microwave chemistry, catalysis,pharmacy, food processing, biology or medicine.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt126
Contact: [email protected]:S. Vaucher, R.Nicula, J.M. Català-Civera, B. Schmitt, B. Patterson, Journal of Materials Research 23(1), 170 –175(2008)S. Vaucher, P. Unifantowicz, C. Ricard, L. Dubois, M. Kuball,J.M. Catala-Civera, D. Bernard, M. Stampanoni, R.Nicula,Physica B: Condensed Matter, 398, 191–195 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 2: Grain size distributionfunctions of magnetite during microwave heating, as retrievedfrom time-resolved powder diffraction SR experiments at theSwiss Light Source.
Size
Dis
trib
utio
n Magnetite
Time [seconds]
0
8
16
24
32
40
480
200 400
600 800
1000 1200
1400
Grain size [nm]
Tailored corrosion processes for biodegradable Mg implantsAdvanced Materials
and Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Patrik Schmutz,
Ngoc-Chang Quach-Vu,
in collaboration with
Petra Gunde,
Peter Uggowitzer,
ETH Zurich (CH)
The use of degradable Mg alloy implants corres -
ponds to a need in specific medical interventions.
Mg is vital for metabolic processes, is biocompat-
ible as metal, and Mg alloys show higher strength
than polymers. The positive use of corrosion pro -
cesses and a fundamental understanding of the
mechanisms are central aspects of this technology.
A requirement is temporary corrosion protection
obtained by surface oxidation as long as mechan-
ical strength is needed followed by “uniform” cor-
rosion taking place for implant dissolution.
Mg alloys corrode fast in most electrolytes and a coat-ing usually aims at a good corrosion protection. Fordegradable implants, a different approach with twochallenges is necessary: i) an understanding of themicroscale corrosion mechanisms; ii) temporarycorrosion protection for at least 3 months. Further-more, Al free alloys (toxicity of Al is still debated)like the Mg-Y-Nd (WE43) need to be developed.
14
The physiological medium the surface is exposed tois critical. It can be blood (simulated in vitro by Ar-tificial Plasma AP) or other body fluids (SBF) de-pending on the implant location. Figure 1 present,the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)characterization of WE43 alloy in AP and SBF. TheEIS spectrum in AP (Fig. 1a) indicates two corrosionprocesses: localized attack (charge transfer meas-ured at high frequency) and slow uniform dissolu-tion (impedance value at low frequency). Further-
Contact: [email protected]:P.Gunde. O.Guseva, N.Quach-Vu, P. Schmutz, P.J. Uggowitzer, Biomaterials, submitted (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig.1: a) Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopymeasurement in Artificial Plasma. b) Impedance valuefor Artificial Plasma (AP) andSimulated Body Fluid (SBF) immersion time.
Fig. 2: a) pH evolution in different media. b) Sputterdepth profile of the surfaceoxide measured by Augerelectron spectroscopy.
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.0
60
40
20
0
-20
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
slow reaction:uniform corrosion
fast reaction:localized corrosion
more, uniform dissolution rate differs by a factor of20–30 between SBF and AP (Fig. 1b), representinga problem for the implant life prediction. Dissolu-tion is not an issue as 350 mg of Mg a day is sug-gested for humans. Degradation is critically depen-dant on the surface pH and the buffering ability ofthe media. Figure 2a shows the pH increase duringMg corrosion in small amount (2 ml /1 cm2) of H2O,AP and SBF. At pH 9 reached in AP, Mg hydroxidestarts to be stable. To guarantee implant integrity inthe better buffered SBF, a different surface oxide is needed. Thermal oxidation at 500 °C induces thegrowth of a Yttrium oxide film as measured byAuger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). The composi-tion depth profile indicates a 100 nm outer Mg ox-ide and a 700 nm inner Y oxide (Fig. 2b). This treat-ment optimizes simultaneously the mechanical prop-erties and the corrosion resistance without the needof a coating. The presence of the more corrosion re-sistant oxide in neutral pH electrolytes reduces theuniform corrosion rate by a factor 100.
Support: CCMX
0 1 2 3Immersion time [h]
pH
4 5
APSBF
H2O
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
APSBF
0.00 5 10 15 20 25
5×102
5×104
4×104
3×104
2×104
1×104
1×103
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ato
mic
con
cent
rati
on [%
]
0 400200 600 800 1000 1200Thickness [nm]
Y1C1Mg2O1
inner layerouterlayer
substrate
Doping of cyanine solar cells – enhancing charge transport
Organic solar cells are currently subject to intense
research efforts spurred by the promise of pro-
viding low cost devices for the growing photo-
voltaic market. Cyanine based materials are very
strong light absorbers but have yet to prove their
suitability for photovoltaics in terms of charge
carrier transport. Photoinduced doping by oxy-
gen demonstrates that charge carrier transport
can be enhanced importantly, giving rise to a ten-
fold increase of the power conversion efficiency
as compared to the pristine material.
Cyanine dyes were developed at the beginning of the20th century, mainly as sensitizers for silver halideemulsions in the photographic process. Above all,cyanines exhibit extraordinarily high extinction co-efficients and tunable absorption spectra. Most in-teresting is the possibility to achieve strong light absorption in the near-infrared domain, which ispresently thought to be one possibility to enhancepower conversion efficiency of organic solar cells.
So far, only few works have studied thin solid cya-nine films as active layers in solar cells. Simple bi-layer heterojunction devices were fabricated, prov-ing the concept of using cyanines as electron donorsor acceptors. Unfortunately, the power conversionefficiency has been typically around 0.1% or lower,which is too modest for most applications. The causeof this poor performance has been unclear so far.This work highlights the importance of charge car-rier transport in cyanine dye based solar cell.
When cyanine films were exposed to ambient at-mosphere under white light irradiation, a steep riseof the conductivity of the film could be observed(Fig.1). Clearly, light is required to induce the con-ductivity increase. By separately investigating theeffect of oxygen and water, it could be demonstratedthat both are needed for the doping process. Photo-chemical reactions of cyanine dyes with oxygen involve either energy transfer or electron transfer.While the former leads to reactive singlet oxygen,the latter leads to the transient superoxide anion O2
-
species that further reacts with a neighboring cya-nine molecule. Contrary to the energy transfer mech-anism, the electron transfer mechanism produces acationic cyanine species, which can be regarded asa positive charge carrier.
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
15
Bin Fan,
Roland Hany,
Frank Nüesch,
in collaboration with
Jacques-Edouard Moser,
EPF Lausanne (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:B. Fan, R.Hany, J.E.Moser, F.Nüesch, Organic Electronics,Organic Electronics, 9, 85 (2008)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramMaterials for
Energy Technologies
Fig.1: Four probe conductivity measurements of a thin cyanine filmas a function of exposure time to ambient atmosphere in the dark(black squares) and under white light irradiation (red squares).
Fig. 2: (a) Chemical structures of the materials and solar cell device architecture used in this work (b) Current-voltage characteristics of the devices measured in the dark just after fabrication (black squares)and after being exposed to ambient atmosphere for 0.5 hours under white light irradiation (red squares).
0.0
6.0×10-4
5.0×10-4
4.0×10-4
3.0×10-4
2.0×10-4
1.0×10-4Con
duct
ivit
y [S
/cm
]
0 105 15 20 25 30Exposure time to air [min]
white light irradiationdark
Cyanine – fullerene C60 bilayer solar cells were fab-ricated on transparent conducting glass coated by aconductive polymer interlayer (PEDOT:PSS). Photo-chemical doping of the cyanine film had a tremen-dous impact on the device performance. Most impor-tantly, the power conversion efficiency of the deviceincreased from 0.14% to 1.2%, which is among thebest efficiencies for organic bilayer devices. Theshort circuit current increase from 0.46 mA/cm2 to1.83 mA/cm2 as well as the fill factor improvementfrom 0.19 to 0.27 further emphasize the ameliorat-ed charge transport due to the doping process.
(a) (b)
Cur
rent
Den
sity
[mA
/cm
2 ]
0.5
Undoped
CyaninePEDOT:PSS
PEDOT:PSS
C60
C60
Cyanine dye
Doped in air
-0.2 0.0
ITO glass
AlV
0.2 0.4Voltage [V]
0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
@ 30mWcm-2
Support: CCEM
Links: www.empa.ch/abt140
We have developed and tested a modified conceptof the LIFT process based on intermediate thin sac-rificial absorbing layers made of UV-sensitive photo -polymers. These tailor-made polymers contain UV-decomposible aryltriazene chromophores (Ar–N=N–N<) covalently incorporated in the polymermain chain which can be photochemically cleavedinto small fragments by UV irradiation. As shownin Figure 2, the incident laser photons are absorbedwithin the photosensitve aryltriazene polymer film,inducing a complete photodecomposition into smalland volatile fragments with simultaneous evolutionof elementary nitrogen (N2). This laser-triggeredphotofragmentation of the absorbing polymer filmgenerates a local pressure jet, which then propels theoverlaying film of intact transfer material integrallytowards the receiver. Since the sacrificial polymerfilm protects the transfer layer from the incident UVirradiation, even highly sensitive materials can begently transferred and deposited, such as e.g. semi-conducting polymers or biomaterials. Compared with
Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transferAdvanced Materials
and Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Matthias Nagel,
Romain Fardel,
Frank A.Nüesch,
in collaboration with
Thomas Lippert,
Alexander Wokaun,
PSI (CH)
A novel laser-assisted direct-write process for the
microdeposition of thin-film pixels has been de-
veloped. This technique utilizes a short laser pulse
to achieve the material transfer from a donor tar-
get onto a receiver surface. Tailor-made photo -
de composible aryltriazene polymers serve as sac-
rificial release layers that generate a laser-trig-
gered pressure jet, which then propels overlying
transfer materials gently towards the receiver
substrate. This modified laser-induced forward-
transfer (LIFT) process allows precise patterning
and printing of sensitive functional materials with
high lateral resolution. Therefore, this method
proved to be particularly attractive for the fabri-
cation of small organic thin-film devices. The use-
ful potential of this improved microdeposition
technique is demonstrated by fabrication of small
polymer-based light-emitting diode pixels.
In the past two decades, organic light-emitting diode(OLED) technology showed a fascinating evolutionfrom first simple devices towards highly efficientlight sources based on modern organic electrolumi-nescent materials, offering the potential for devel-oping low-power high-quality flat-panel displays.The fabrication of multilayer architectures for poly-mer-based thin-film electronic devices requires thesequential and patterned deposition of thin layers.So far, solution-based processes have been appliedas e.g. ink-jet or screen printing and photolithogra-phy, but wet layer-by-layer deposition processes are
16
often impeded by solvent compatibility issues. Fur-thermore, lateral structuring with higher resolutionis often not possible using solvent-based printingprocedures. As an alternative approach, laser-in-duced forward transfer (LIFT) techniques bear thepotential for accurate thin-film deposition and print-ing successive layers of organic materials via a dryadditive direct-write process. A pulsed laser is usedto induce the forward transfer of a thin solid mate-rial layer from a transparent donor substrate onto areceiver substrate, as depicted in Figure 1.
Materials Science & Technology
Fig.1: Principle of the modified laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)process: (a) mask; (b) carrier substrate; (c) sacrificial thin film of “explosing” aryltriazene photopolymer serving as a pressure generatorupon laser irradiation; (d) thin layers of transfer material; (e) receiversubstrate with transferred pixels.
Fig. 2: Schematic general structure of polymers with photocleavablearyltriazene chromophores (Ar – N = N – N<) covalently incorporatedinto the main chain. Photolytic cleavage of the triazene moietiesleads to fragmentation of the polymer backbone with formation ofN2 as propellant.
a
b
c
e
d
UV laser pulse
low molecular mass fragmentsgaseous, volatile
N
N
R RR
R RR
N N
NNN N N
NNN N
N N N N N
UV laser-triggeredphotocleavage
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
17
previous light-to-heat conversion layers frequentlyused with IR lasers, the photodecomposition processreduces significantly the heat-load to the transferlayer, which is detrimental to the properties or func-tionality of sensitive materials.
The potential of the novel photosensitive sacrificialrelease layers for direct-write applications was demon-strated recently: Assisted by a ~100 nm thick aryl-triazene photopolymer film, viable mammalian neu-roblast cells were gently deposited on a bioreceiversubstrate. In a similar manner, laterally well-resolvedarrays of multi-spectral nanocrystal quantum dots(NCQD) were successfully transferred. As an exam-ple for the fabrication of more complex architecturesof a polymer-based light-emitting device (PLED), bi-layered pixel patterns of a thin electroluminescentpolymer film (MEH-PPV) together with an alumini-um electrode were deposited with high accuracy bya single laser pulse (Fig. 3 and 4). The functionalityof operating devices was characterized by current-voltage and electroluminescence measurements,which prove that the integrity of the transferredmaterials has been fully preserved during the im-proved LIFT deposition process.
Support: SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/abt140> Functional Polymers
http://materials.web.psi.ch/Research/Polymers/Polymers.htm
Contact: [email protected]:J. Xu, J. Liu, D. Cu, M.Gerhold, A.Y.Wang, M.Nagel, T.K. Lippert, Nanotechnology 18, 025403, 6pp (2007)R. Fardel, M.Nagel, F.Nüesch, T. Lippert, A.Wokaun, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 061103 (2007)R. Fardel, P. Feurer, T. Lippert, M.Nagel, F.A.Nüesch, A.Wokaun, Appl. Surf. Sci, 254, 1332 (2007)R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nüesch, T. Lippert, A.Wokaun, Appl. Surf. Sci 254, 1322 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 3: Layer architectures of the donor and receiver substrate for the pixel transfer: (a) Transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anode; (b) thin layer(20–40 nm) of the electroluminescent polymer MEH-PPV; (c) aluminum cathode (70 nm); (d) aryltriazene photopolymer film (100 nm). The incident laser pulse decomposes the sacrificial photopolymer layer d and propels the bilayer system c /b towards the receiver surface.
Fig. 4: Resulting OLED pixel after transfer: the MEH-PPV layer (b) andcathode (c) are deposited in one step onto the ITO anode (a). The photograph shows two pixels seen through the ITO-coated substrate. After contacting with silver paste (d) the pixel shows an orange-red light emission.
Donor
Receiver
poly(2-methoxy,5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)
MeO
O
MEH-PPV
a
b
c
d
a
300µm
c d
b
Tribofilm formation from zinc-free anti-wearadditives in DLC /DLC and steel / steel contactsAdvanced Materials
and Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
Sébastien Equey,
Sigfried Roos,
Ulrich Mueller,
Roland Hauert,
Rowena Crockett,
in collaboration with
Nicholas D. Spencer,
ETH Zürich (CH)
The importance of various elements in the forma-
tion of protective tribofilms from additives used
in engine oils is being investigated on a molecular
scale. The reactions of zinc-free additives to form
tribofilms on diamond-like carbon (DLC) and steel
are compared to those of zinc dialkyldithiophos-
phate (ZnDTP). Zinc-free additives are desirable
for environmental reasons.
Anti-wear additives are designed to react at the sur-faces of moving parts to form a protective film calleda tribofilm. In order to study tribofilm formation,three different oil additives were used, ZnDTP, buty-lated triphenylphosphorothionate (b-TPPT) andamine phosphate (AP), shown in Figure 1. Iron wasremoved from the reaction by coating the steel sub-strate with DLC, a hard protective coating, Zn wasremoved from triboreactions by using b-TPPT and,finally, in measurements with AP, neither sulfur norzinc are present.
18
On steel, after sliding against steel, the ZnDTP tri-bofilm showed the characteristic pad-like structure(Fig. 2). While the image of the b-TPPT tribofilm onsteel showed some pad structure, lines of tribofilmwere also visible. The tribofilm formed with AP onsteel had a structure that was oriented in the slid-ing direction. Following HFRR (High Frequency Re-ciprocating Rig) measurements on DLC against DLCwith oil containing ZnDTP, the as-deposited surfacemorphology disappeared partially not because ofwear, but because reacted additive filled the gaps ofthe DLC structure. Using nanoscratch testing, it couldbe shown that the tribofilm formed from ZnDTP onDLC has a lower adhesion to the surface than thetribofilm from ZnDTP on steel. The tribofilm fromZnDTP on DLC could also be removed by washingthe substrate in an ultrasonic bath.
Contact: [email protected]:S. Equey, S. Roos, U.Müller, R. Hauert, N.D. Spencer, R. Crockett, Wear, 264, 316–321 (2008)S. Equey, S. Roos, U.Müller, R. Hauert, N.D. Spencer, R. Crockett, Tribology International, submitted (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig.1: Chemical structures ofanti-wear additives.
The b-TPPT additive reacted at the DLC surface form-ing weakly adhering patches. However, it was stillpossible to observe the as-deposited DLC structurebetween the b-TPPT tribofilm. No tribofilm couldbe detected with AFM on the DLC coating follow-ing sliding in the presence of AP. As no tribofilmwas detected, it is not possible to determine whethernone was formed or the tribofilm had a low adhe-sion to the surface and was removed during clean-ing. The rounded structure of the DLC coating wasvisible in the AFM image and, additionally, therewas some polishing wear of the more protrudingstructures.
ZnDTP and b-TPPT, the zinc-free additive, wereable to form tribofilms that could be detected withAFM on both steel and DLC. This indicates that nei-ther Zn nor Fe is required to form a tribofilm as noFe is available on the DLC substrate and b-TPPTcontains no Zn. However, the very low adhesion ofthe tribofilms from ZnDTP and b-TPPT on DLC in-dicated that Fe plays a role in holding the film at thesurface. A tribofilm from AP, the only additive tocontain no sulfur, could be detected on the steel sur-face and not on the DLC. This suggests that sulfurmay play an important role in initiating tribofilmformation in the absence of Fe.
Support: VSS, SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/abt125
240
nm
20µm
Fig. 2: 3D AFM deflection image of the tribofilm formed from ZnDTPon steel following sliding against steel.
Life-cycle engineering of brazed turbine compressors
High temperature brazing is widely applied in in-
dustry as a quick and cost-effective method for
joining large components used in the aerospace
and the chemical industry as well as for power
generation, e.g. compressor impellers or turbine
parts. These components are subjected to com-
plex loading conditions in service. We introduce
a procedure for the defect assessment as well as
for the estimation of the service lifetime of brazed
turbine compressors.
Brazed joints form a heterogeneous anisotropic sys-tem consisting of base material, diffusion zone andfiller metal with different thermal or mechanicalproperties. It is known that in thin interlayer metalsjoined to base metals with a higher strength, a tri-axial stress state is produced under tensile loadingdue to the mechanical constrained provided by thestronger base material, restricting the transversecontraction of the interlayer and making the defor-mation behavior very complex. During brazing, de-fects such as pores or incomplete gap filling mayarise and act as stress concentration sites, leadingto crack growth and spontaneous failure. Thus, de-fect assessment of brazed components is very im-portant, but up to now very limited information onthe applicability of defect assessment procedures de-veloped for bulk materials or weld joints on brazedcomponents is available.
In this project, the long term stability of heavily loadedbrazed compressor parts containing brazing defectsis investigated. In a first step, the relevant materialparameters of the braze joint, i.e. tensile and shearstrength, fatigue strength and fracture toughness fordifferent modes of loading, were determined.
In order to obtain the material parameters of the thin(~100 μm) filler metal layer more precisely, sophis-ticated methods like in-situ tensile tests inside aScanning Electron Microscope or nanoindentationtests were performed (Fig.1). To consider the effectof brazing defects on the structural integrity, typi-cal defects with different sizes and geometries wereintroduced in the brazing zone in component-liketensile and bending specimens.
The experimentally determined material parameterswere used for an additional numerical deformationanalysis by means of finite elements. Both the exper-imental and the numerical results provided a basisfor the engineering defect assessment of brazed
Advanced Materialsand Surfaces
Empa Activities 2007
19
components based on failure assessment diagrams(FAD), which allows a precise estimation of thecomponents’ service lifetimes (Fig. 2). It can be seenthat the numerical results are in good agreementwith the experimental results.
Christian Leinenbach,
Manfred Roth,
Patrick Schwaller,
in collaboration with
MAN Turbo AG (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:C. Leinenbach, H. Lehmann, H.-J. Schindler, MP Materials Testing 49, 149–156 (2007)C. Leinenbach, H.-J. Schindler, N. Rüttimann, K.Wegener, in: Proc.Werkstoffprüfung '07 – Festigkeit, Bruchverhalten ..,345–350 (2007).
Materials Science & Technology
Fig.1: SEM-micrograph of the brazing zone (a) and results of nanoindentationtests perpendicular to thesteel-braze interface (b).
Fig. 2: Failure assessment diagram for brazed T-joint specimens, comparison of analytically, numericallyand experimentally determined limit loads for defect containing specimens.
500
0 50
Youn
g's
mod
ulus
[GPa
]H
ardn
ess
H [G
Pa]
100 150 200Distance d [µm]
Au-18Nibraze
Diffusion zoneInde
ntat
ion
test
s X3CrNi13-4steel
250 300 350 400
400
300
200
100
10
8
6
4
2
0
b
a
steel braze
diffusionzone
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0Defect size a [mm]
Lim
it lo
ad σ
max
[MPa
]
2.5 3.0 3.5
t
x
y
aW
σ
W
4.0
1000
800
600
400
200
0
theor. limit loadFAD-R6FEMexperiment
T-joint, tensile loadingW = 8mm, t = 16mmedge defect
Links: www.empa.ch/abt124 > Integrity of Brazed Components
www.empa.ch/abt128 > Materials Mechanics and Nanomechanics
Empa Activities 2007
21Materials Science & Technology
List of abbreviations
ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability
ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority
BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment
BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health
BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy
CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility
CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.
DFG German Research Foundation
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology
EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program
ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency
NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research
NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute
SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research
SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste
SNF Swiss National Science Foundation
VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts
VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit
Empa Activities 2007Civil and Mechanical Engineering
Mission
The majority of new materials find applicationsthrough engineering; in a similar vein, new pro-cesses and concepts can only be put into practicethrough engineering. Engineers are therefore animportant factor in developing solutions for thefuture. The department’s activities are focused onthe engineering of innovative materials, systemsand processes which create sustainable addedvalue for our society. The safety and reliabilityof systems are cross-sectional themes.
Activities
The threat of global climate change and the un-certainty regarding future energy supplies werein the spotlight of public discussion in 2007. Manyof the department’s activities directly addressthese two major challenges which are closelylinked, the global energy supply being dominatedby oil, gas and coal. A significant per capitareduction of CO2 emissions can only be achievedby the increased use of renewable energy and bya substantial increase in energy efficiency.
Fifty percent of the energy in Switzerland is usedfor the construction and operation of buildings.Proven technologies are available for theconstruction of new buildings that are almostself-sufficient regarding energy for heating andcooling. However, a major challenge is the1.46 million buildings which already exist andwhich consume a large amount of energy. Empais leading two major projects within the frame-work of the ETH Domain’s “Competence Center
for Energy and Mobility” dealing with this aspect:Advanced Energy-Efficient Renovation of Buildings
and Innovative Building Technologies for the
2000 Watt Society.
Higher energy efficiency is also achieved by reduc-ing the energy consumed in the manufacture ofconstruction materials. Therefore, numerousdepartmental activities are involved with the re-cycling of bituminous and cement-based materials.These projects focus mainly on processing, poten-tial applications and durability aspects and arenow all part of the Empa Natural Resources andPollutants Research Program (NAREP). Naturallywood as the only renewable construction materialin Switzerland plays an important role in thisrespect as well.
The demand for electricity is growing rapidly andthere are still 1.6 billion people on this planet whodo not have access to electricity. Higher efficiencyin the production of electricity can be achieved byan increase in the temperature of steam turbinesystems. However, this is only possible by usingnew materials with improved mechanical proper-ties at high temperature. We are currently inves-tigating the thermo-mechanical behavior of newalloys in close collaboration with industry so thata new generation of steam turbines with enhancedefficiency can be brought to market.
Peter Richner, Department Head
Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically(THM) densified wood to colonization anddegradation by soft-rot fungi
A range of non-biocidal wood modification pro-
cesses such as thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM)
densification of wood have been developed in
recent years. Since one potential field of applica-
tion of THM-treated wood is utility class 4 (wood
exposed to the soil), colonization and degrada-
tion by soft-rot fungi was investigated in Nor-
way spruce (Picea abies) and beech wood (Fagus
sylvatica). In comparison to controls, significant-
ly lower weight losses by soft-rot fungi were
recorded in THM-treated spruce wood, but no
such differences were found in beech, which can
be partly explained by the higher syringyl lignin
content of the wood, which is more susceptible
to soft-rot than that of wood species with a high-
er guaiacyl content. On the basis of these results,
it must be concluded that TH-treated Norway
spruce and THM-treated beech wood are suscep-
tible to soft-rot and, therefore, inappropriate for
application in constructions exposed to the soil.
In THM and TH-treated wood of spruce and beech,the impact of thermal treatment resulted in distinctalterations in the micro-morphology of cell walls inclose proximity to the specimen surface. The mod-ification of cellulose and hemicelluloses resulted ina conspicuous reddish appearance of the outer cellrows due to staining of lignin with safranin.
In THM-treated spruce wood, colonization of tra-cheids by soft-rot fungi was evidently hampered bydensification. Hyphae were not detected in deeperparts of the wood specimens and cell wall degrada-tion was restricted to the outer wood surface. In-terestingly, THM-treated beech wood post treatedat 180 °C showed similar weight losses in controls(Fig.1). Thus, even complete occlusion of cell lu-mina did not inhibit decay by soft rot fungi as cellocclusion was simply counteracted by directionalgrowth within the cell wall. In addition, hyphalcolonisation and soft rot degradation within deep-er regions of beech wood were facilitated by theslightly occluded lumina of parenchyma cells inmultiseriate xylem rays (Fig.2).
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
25
When selecting potential wood species for THM-treatment, it is essential to considerwhether the lignincomposition and the anatomical features such asmultiseriate xylem rays may promote wood coloni-zation and degradation by soft rot fungi despite ther-mal treatments and/or a considerable increase indensity. The present study strongly indicates thatTHM-treated wood cannot be used for wood in con-tact with the soil, e.g. as railway sleepers.
Oleksandr Skyba,
Francis W.M.R. Schwarze,
in collaboration with
Prof. Peter Niemz,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:O. Skyba, P.Niemz, F.W.M.R. Schwarze, Holzforschung,in press (2007)
Fig.1: Dry weight losses of beech and Norway spruce wood specimens in untreated controls,TH-treated wood, densified wood, THM-densified wood and CC (chromium-copper) impregnated wood,incubated for 8, 16, 24 and 32 weeks (n = 6). Bars, standard deviation. Columns marked with asteriskshow significant difference in comparison to controls (P<0.01).
Fig. 2: Transverse section of THM-densified spruce wood post-treatedat 180°C showing cavities within the secondary walls of tracheids(arrows).
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
01020304050
TH16
0
Den
sifie
d
THM
160
THM
180/
80
CC
0.16
TH18
0
THM
140
THM
180
CC
0.4
Con
trol
TH16
0
Den
sifie
d
THM
160
THM
180/
80
CC
0.16
TH18
0
THM
140
THM
180
CC
0.4
Con
trol
Wei
ght
loss
[%]
Treatment Treatment
Beech Spruce
32 weeks 32 weeks
24 weeks 24 weeks
16 weeks 16 weeks
8 weeks 8 weeks
Support: SBF
Links: www.empa.ch/abt115> wood protection
Possibilities and limitations ofacoustic wood tomography on living treesCivil and Mechanical
Engineering
Empa Activities 2007
Sandy Schubert,
Daniel Gsell,
Masoud Motavalli
in cooperation with
Jürg Dual and
Peter Niemz,
ETH Zürich (CH)
Acousticwood tomography is an increasingly pop-
ular technique to determine fungal decay in the
interior of urban trees. The limitations of acoustic
wood tomography were studied by varying the
density, the elastic constants and the fungal de-
cay in a numerical model of the stem in order to
determine their influence on the tomographic
measurements. It was found from the numerical
analysis that the cross-section of a cavity, which
is larger than 5% of the total cross-section of the
stem, can be detected by acoustic wood tomo-
graphy.
The failure of trees in an urban environment can en-danger lives and damage infrastructure. The twomain failuremechanisms are the fracture of the stemand the throw of the tree with root ball. To assessthe risk of a stem fracture, reliable testing methodsfor the interior of the stem are required. One ap-proach is acoustic wood tomography, which con-sists of exciting elastic waves sequentially on sev-eral source positions, measuring the arrival times ofthe fastest wave by circumferentially attached re-ceivers and inverting themeasured arrival times us-ing a mechanical model of the stem. The resultingtomogram depicts the wave velocity distribution inthe cross-section of the stem. The wave velocity de-pends on the elastic constants and the density of thewood and, thus, low wave velocities indicate fungaldecay. Sincedensity and elastic constants of thewoodin trees vary between and within a species, the in-terpretation of the tomograms is difficult. Thus, the
26
tomogram of the investigated cross-section is nor-malized by results of reference measurements thatare carried out on a different height of the stem.
Contact: [email protected]:S.Schubert, PhD Thesis ETHZ No.17126 (2006)S.Schubert, D.Gsell, J.Dual, M.Motavalli, P.Niemz,Holzforschung, submitted (2007)
Fig.1: Absolute normalized displacement amplitudes of thepropagating waves in a stem. The snapshots (t = 63.4 μs) aredifferently scaled to display the wave fronts of the P- and the S-waves(yellow lines: analytically derived wave fronts).
Fig. 2: Size and degree of fungal decay, which is detectable byacoustic wood tomography.
1
0
radial
axial
× 1× 0.1× 0.01
P
S1
35cm
Excitation10cm
S2
S1
P
The elastic waves that propagate in a stem during atomographic measurement were visualized in thiswork by numerical simulations (Fig.1) and verifiedby experiments. With the numerical models, the ar-rival times of elastic waves can be simulated for def-inite wave velocity distributions. These numericalexperiments enable to investigate systematically theinfluence of decay as well as the variation of densi-ty and elastic constants of the wood on the tomo-graphic measurements. As potential material varia-tion between the investigated and the referencecross-section, a variation of ±20% in the elasticconstants or the density was assumed. Fungal de-cay is modeled as an area with a reduced wave ve-locity and is detectable if arrival times of the de-cayed model are distinguishable from the arrivaltimes of the sound models with varying density orelastic constants. The results of this analysis (Fig. 2)indicate that most of the decays which endanger thestability of the tree can be determined by acousticwood tomography.
Support: Velux-Stiftung
Links: www.empa.ch/abt116> Structural Dynamics
Size of decay
Red
ucti
onof
wav
eve
loci
ty/
Deg
ree
ofde
cay detectable
decay
5% 10% 49%
100%
40%
20%
Stability criterion afterMattheck and Breloer 1994
stable unstable
Adaptive tuned mass damper basedon pre-stressable leaf-springs
An adaptive TMD for light-weighted bridges was
developed. The concept is based on pre-stress-
able leaf-springs controlled by piezoceramic stack
actuators. Using a first prototype, a proof of con-
cept is given.
In today’s bridge design, a trend towards longerspans, more slender structures and structural mem-bers is observed. Thus,modern bridge structures arebecoming increasingly prone to vibrations. Lightand slender bridge designs lead to high live load todead load ratio. Assuming that the actual live loadacts as additional inertia mass, the structures reso-nance frequencies are strongly dependent on the ac-tual loading state.
Bridges are excited by broadband dynamic forceslike wind and traffic. The vibration energy is con-centrated in the vicinity of the resonance frequen-cies of the structures. Thus, efficient damping de-vices are designed tomitigate vibrations at a desiredfrequency. The TMD (Fig.1) is nowadays a standardtool for vibration mitigation of bridges. Such sys-tems, tuned to the structures resonance frequency,dissipate mechanical energy efficiently in a narrowfrequency band. If the resonance frequencies of thestructure change due to different loading states ortemperatures changes, the TMD becomes mistunedand the energy dissipation efficiency decreases dra-matically. Thus, the frequency changes of the bridgehave to be tracked by the TMD: an adaptive designis needed.
To achieve a TMD adapting continuously to the de-manded frequency, a design based onpre-stressableleaf-springs was investigated. The TMD’s mass wasattached to the leaf-springs. The resonance frequen-cy of the system was dependent on the square rootof the applied force N0. A small prototype of the pro-posed concept was realized (Fig.1). PZT stack actu-atorswere inserted to prestress the leaf-springs. Thetuning capacity of the prototype TMD was investi-gated experimentally. Themass of the TMDwas ex-cited in a broad frequency range. The measured ac-celeration spectra for different voltages applied tothe PZT stack actuators, i.e. different forcesN0,wereshown in Figure 2. The system was continuouslytunable between 13.8 Hz and 20.5 Hz.
These measurements with small vibration ampli-tudes result in a linear behavior. Using larger ex-citation forces, a nonlinear behavior was observed
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
27
(Fig. 2). By increasing the amplitudes the shapes ofthe resonance peaks getmore asymmetric. The non-linear behavior of the system is attributed to the non-constant normal force in the leaf-spring during onecycle of the vibration. In the equation of motion ofthe system this nonlinearity is described by a cubicterm of the displacement of the mass.
Daniel Gsell,
Glauco Feltrin,
Masoud Motavalli
Contact: [email protected]:D.Gsell et al., J. of Intelligent Material Systems andStructures, Vol.18, No. 8, 845–851 (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptive
Material Systems
Fig.1: Scheme of the proposedadaptive TMD design andits modeled frequency tuningbehavior.
Fig. 2: Measured accelerationspectra of the adaptiveTMD for different prestressforced and non-linearbehavior of the system due todifferent excitation forces(given in % of the maximumapplied force).
kT cT
N0(t)uT(t)uS(t)
mT
mT
TMD
ATMD
Realized ATMD prototyp
TMD mass
Leaf-spring
Piezoelectric stack element
Stiff steel frame
uT(t)
uS(t)
Links: www.empa.ch/abt116> Structural Dynamics
16.6 17.0 17.4 17.80
1.0
2.0
Am
plit
ude
[mm
]
Frequency [Hz]
10 15 20 25−40
0
40
80
120
Frequency [Hz]
Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
0.0 kV0.4 kV0.8 kV1.2 kV1.6 kV2.0 kV2.4 kV
13.8 Hz 20.5 Hz
10%20%50%
5%
100%
Non-destructive evaluation ofelastic material properties of cross-laminatedsolid wood panels
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
Arne Gülzow,
Daniel Gsell,
René Steiger
A method was developed to determine the elas-
tic material properties of cross-laminated solid
wood panels in an automatic, non-destructive and
economic way. The method was verified by stat-
ic and dynamic experiments on 42 plates with dif-
ferent side-lengths, thicknesses and layer-sizes.
The method has proven to be more reliable than
the established way of estimating plate stiffness
from the mechanical properties of the single lay-
ers by using the laminate theory.
The design of timber structures is often governedby serviceability criteria like maximal deflectionsand vibration susceptibility. Predicting the behav-ior of such timber structures requires an accurateknowledge of the elastic properties of the singlestructural elements. Due to its micro structure, tim-ber shows a strong anisotropic elastic behavior. Par-allel to the grain, elastic stiffness parameters are sig-nificantly higher than perpendicular to the grain.Furthermore, timber is a heterogeneous materialwithmany natural defects like knots or sloped grain.Heterogeneity is less pronounced but still percepti-ble in plate elements like cross-laminated solidwoodpanels. By a crosswise perpendicular orientation ofthe strong grain direction of the layers, a compos-ite plate element with desired stiffness properties indifferent directions can be built. Hence, solid woodpanels are becoming more and more important intimber structures. Laboratory and industrial on-line,non-destructive material evaluation tools are need-ed to support engineerswith appropriate design rulesand accurate elastic material properties in order touse such plates economically.
28
Therefore, a fully automated procedure to determineglobal elastic properties of full-scale cross-laminat-ed solid wood panels with different side-length, di-mensions and layer-sizes was developed. The pro-cedure is based on vibration investigations of platesand consists of 3 major steps (Fig.1):
In a first step, an experimentalmodal analysis is per-formed: resonance frequencies fi,exp and modeshapes of the structure are measured (Fig.1, top).Theplatehangsvertically on thin, lightweight threadsor lies on air-tubes and is excited with an impacthammer. The response is measured using small andlightweight accelerometers (Fig. 2). The measuredtime-signals are analyzed directly using a linear-pre-diction procedure.
In a second step, resonance frequencies fi,cal andmode-shapes of the free vibrating, linear elasticplate are described in a theoretical model as func-tions of the elastic material properties (Fig.1, bot-tom). The applied frequency range is below 1 kHz.Hence, the wavelengths are sufficiently large com-pared to the thickness and the structure of the pan-el. Therefore, the material can be assumed to be ho-mogenous and effective stiffness properties can beused. In timber, the modulus of elasticity parallel tothe grain is more than one order of magnitude high-er than the shear moduli.
Finally, the inverse problem is solved by systemat-ically adjusting the unknown stiffness propertiesuntil the theoretically calculated resonance frequen-cies fi,cal are matched to the experimentally meas-ured ones fi,exp. In this optimization process, the
Fig.1: Schematic overview of the developed NDE-method.
Optimisation prozess:Adjusting S* untilfi,exp – fi,cal = min
Objective:elastic parameters: S
Result:
elastic parameter: S
Measurement ofresonance frequencies
and mode-shapes
Expe
rim
enta
lM
odal
Ana
lysi
s
…
Experimentally determinedresonance frequencies:
f1,exp , f2,exp , ...
Calculated resonance frequencies:
f1,cal , f2,cal , ...
Calculation ofresonance frequencies
and mode-shapesin function of elastic
parameters
Theo
reti
cal
Mod
alA
naly
sis
first estimation ofelastic parameters S* …
-20
2
-2
0
25
0
5
-20
2
-2
0
25
0
5
stiffness values are estimated simultaneously usinga parametric model fitting algorithm. In the first fewiteration steps, the order of themeasured and the cal-culated modes does not necessarily coincide, sincethe starting values of the material parameters areonly rough estimates. In order to match the com-puted and the measured frequencies, a procedurebased on MAC (Modal Assurance Criterion) valuesis used.
The method was investigated using a solid woodpanel with dimensions 1.00 m x 1.50 m x 0.07 m.All three shear moduli and the two in-plane stiff-ness moduli were identified by minimizing the dif-ferences between measured and estimated reso-nance frequencies in a total least squares sense. Toverify the dynamically determined elastic parame-
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
29
ters, a static bending experimentwith the same platewas performed (Fig. 3). The out-of-plane deforma-tions were measured and compared with the defor-mations of the plate, which were calculated basedon the dynamically determined elastic parameters.Good agreement was found.
Furthermore, themethodwas approved on 42 cross-laminated rectangular solid wood panels with dif-ferent side-lengths, thicknesses and layer-sizes andvalidated by static bending experiments. In addition,it was shown that the developed method can beused directly in the industrial production-line. Eventhe plates with maximal dimensions can be evalu-ated by putting them on air jacks to perform the ex-perimental modal analysis (Fig. 4).
Contact: [email protected]:C. Czaderski, R. Steiger, M.Howald, S.Olia, A.Gülzow,P.Niemz,Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 65(5):383–402 (2007)D.Gsell, G. Feltrin, S. Schubert, R. Steiger, M.Motavalli,J. of Structural Engineering 133(1):132–138 (2007)A.Gülzow, D.Gsell, R. Steiger, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff,online first: DOI 10.1007/s00107-007-0211-7,in press (2007)
Fig. 2: Experimental setup. Black dots on plate indicate measurementpoints.
Fig. 3: Static bending experiment for validating experimentallydetermined elastic parameters.
Fig. 4: Experiments directly at the production plant. The panel ismounted on air-jacks.
Support: BAFU, Fonds zur Förderung derWald- und Holzforschung
Links: www.empa.ch/abt115> Timber Engineering
OROS OR38
Acc. Sensor
Impact Hammer
y
x
Development of a shell-like electro activepolymer (EAP) actuatorCivil and Mechanical
Engineering
Empa Activities 2007
Patrick Lochmatter,
Gabor Kovacs,
in collaboration with
Paolo Ermanni and
Edoardo Mazza,
ETH Zurich (CH)
In general, the shape changing membrane of an
active shell may be used to generate a specific in-
teraction between the active surface and the en-
vironment. In the present project some design
concepts for an active shell structure driven by di-
electric EAP were evaluated and for selected ap-
proaches demonstration models were built. Pre-
liminary experiments have shown that the so-
called agonist-antagonist configuration where
pre-strainedDE films are attached fromboth sides
to a hinged backbone structure holds good per-
formance in terms of active out-of-plane deflec-
tions and forces.
Active shell structures with large out-of-plane de-formation potential may be used to generate an in-teraction between the structural shape and the en-vironment. Adaptive structures are capable to changetheir shape in a smart way in order to “adapt” tovariable external conditions. Exemplarily, shell-likeactuators may be utilized for the propulsion of ve-hicles through air or water and can respond to vari-
30
able external conditions. Among the electroactivepolymers (EAP) especially soft dielectric EAP arepromising for driving shell-like actuators due totheir huge active strain potential and inherent com-pliancy for active out-of-plane deformation.
The challenging task of this study was to explorethe potential of the DE actuator technology for thedesign of shell-like actuators with the ability to per-form complex out-of-plane deflections. Basically,this can be achieved when a bending moment isactively generated by a difference of in-plane stress-es across the thickness of the shell-like actuator. Inanalogy to the muscle-skeletal structure proposedby nature (agonist – antagonist system), a configu-rationwhere the pre-strained dielectric EAP films as“muscles” are attached to a flexible support struc-ture seems to be promising for the shell-like actua-tor (Fig.1).
Especially the uniaxial bending actuators with ahinged support structure showed large active de-formations in both directions (more than 90º de-flection, Fig. 2).Moreover, this configuration allowsa simple tuning of the active performance in termsof active deflections and forces by proper selectionof the distance between the active film layers. Fornear DE film layers large angles of deflection are ex-pected, while with distant layers large active forcesmay be generated.
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this ac-tuator configuration a similar system of active hingeactuator system was used for the EAP driven flapsof the Empa blimp demonstrator.
Links: www.empa.ch/eap
Contact: [email protected]:P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, P. Ermanni, Smart Materials andStructures, vol 16, 1265–1276, (2007)P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, M.Wissler, Smart Materials andStructures, vol. 16, 477–486, (2007)P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, S.Michel, Sensors and ActuatorsA, vol. 135, 748–757, (2007)P. Lochmatter, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17221 (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptiveMaterial Systems
Fig.1: Inspired agonist-antagonist configuration driven bysoft dielectric EAP.
Fig. 2: Experimental implementation of uniaxial bending actuatorsbased on a core structure composed of hinged elements.
Agonistic-antagonisticmuscles
Supportstructure
Hinge
P
H H/2
Deactivated (U = 0)
Deactivated (U = 0)
Activated (U > 0)
Tendon Bones
Joint
Agonistic-antagonisticstacks of DE films
Long term reliability of Active Fiber Composite(AFC) sensors/actuators
Active Fiber Composite (AFC) based on piezoelec-
tric fibers allow the development of thin devices
for actuation and sensing applications. The cur-
rent project focuses on studying the reliability of
AFC as elements in smart material systems. This
work includes experiments conducted for the fa-
tigue behavior and strain performance of AFC in-
tegrated into fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) lami-
nates.
Smart materials are able to interact with their oper-ating environments via sensing and actuation. Thisenablesmaterialswhich can be used for applicationssuch as health monitoring, structural actuation, orvibration damping. These applications require ro-bust reliable sensor/actuator devices which are in-tegrated into structural materials. AFC made withLead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) fibers and interdigi-tated electrodes (IDE) printed on Kapton can be eas-ily integrated into laminate materials in the designof smart material systems.
Testing of glass (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforcedplastic (CFRP) laminates with integrated AFC hasshown that AFC display good electrical-mechanicalproperties till strains of 0.20%. The AFC perform-ance decreases at strains above 0.20% due to frag-mentation in the fiber layer but recovery is seen atlower strains due to cracks closure as illustrated inthe damage model presented in Figure 1.
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
31
Mark Melnykowycz,
Rolf Paradies,
Michel Barbezat,
in collaboration with
Prof. Paolo Ermanni,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:R. Paradies, M.Melnykowycz, J. of Intelligent MaterialSystems and Structures, 18, 963–972 (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptive
Material Systems
Fig.1: Damage model of AFC integrated in GFRP laminates withoutpre-stress.
Fig. 2: Processing of AFC with pre-stressed CFRP.
Investigation of tested specimens revealed that thedevelopment of cracks in the PZT fibers is linkedexclusively to the position of the electrode fingersof the IDE patterns. This is caused by the inhomo-geneous polarizations, which affects the materialproperties of the fibers, and therefore stress con-centrations in the PZT-fibers occur near the IDEedges.
AFC
Sens
itiv
ity
Strain [%]
Stable Zone
Gap Extension Crack Saturation
Opening
NewCrack Form
ation
1
24
3
5
0.05
Initial
Intermediate
Saturation
0.20 0.40 0.50
+F +F
Post-CureCooling
-F -F
CFRP
AFC
To improve upon the tensile strain limit of the AFC,different interface materials were used to packagethe AFC before integration in GFRP laminates. AFCwere processedwith silicon, CFRP andpre-tensionedCFRP interfaces. These packaging methods enabledstrain and force shielding of the AFC in response toglobal laminate loads. By processing the AFC withpre-tensioned CFRP, the PZT fibers could be placedunder a compressive state as shown in Figure 2.Testing revealed that the onset of fiber fragmenta-tion in the AFC could be extended by approximate-ly 50% using a CFRP pre-tensioned interface.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt117> Aktive Strukturen
Gypsum board in fire: A thermo-physicalinvestigation including a parametric studyCivil and Mechanical
Engineering
Empa Activities 2007
Karim Ghazi Wakili,
Luc Wullschleger,
Erich Hugi
Gypsum boards are commercially widespread in
the building industry (5.6 billion m2 produced in
2000) and praised as fire resisting materials. This
is due to endothermic reactions caused by dehy-
dration and decomposition of their constituents.
The influence of these reactions on the thermal
properties, hence on the fire resistance of gypsum
boards has been investigated by thermo physical
methods (TGA, DSC) enabling comparison of nu-
merical simulation results with those of fire tests.
This leads to a new and correct allocation of the
processes occurring in commercial gypsumboards
when going up to 900 °C, neglected or falsely in-
terpreted in the open literature.
Gypsum boards are the main constituents of thewidespread light-weight wall constructions (timberor steel stud) and therefore of major importance inassessing their reaction to fire. These are not purehydrated calcium sulfate but a mixture of differentsulfates and carbonates. The present study aims ata better understanding of the gypsum board itself.For this, a commercially widespread gypsum boardsubjected to the standard fire ISO 834 was investi-gated. The temperature evolution was measured atdifferent depths in the sample and the result usedto validate a numerical model (Fig.1) based on den-sity, thermal conductivity and effective heat capac-ity of the gypsum board, all functions of tempera-ture.
32
The effects of dehydration and decomposition onthese properties were determined by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (Fig. 2), conductivity measure-ments after different heat loads, and differentialscanning calorimetry under air flow.
Additionally, a parameter study was carried out toquantify the influence of quantities such as positionandwidth of the reaction peaks on the effective heat
Contact: [email protected]:K.Ghazi Wakili, E. Hugi, L.Wullschleger, Th. Frank,J. Fire Sci. 25, 267–282 (2007)L.Wullschleger, K.Ghazi Wakili, Fire Mater.,available online (2007)
Fig.1: Comparison ofmeasured (M) and calculated(C) temperatures within thegypsum board (M12 and C12are identical as M12 is usedas a boundary temperature onthe hot side, M0 is the coldside).
Fig.2: Thermo gravimetric analysis of gypsum in dry air.
Fig. 3: Influence of the peak position on the calculated temperatureevolution on the cold side of the gypsum board.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25Time [min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
Fire
M12mm
C 12mm
M 8mm
C 8mm
M 4mm
C 4mm
M 0mm
C 0mm
heating rate 20°C/min
70
75
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100
0 200 400 600 800Temperature [°C]
Wei
ght
loss
[mas
s-%
/°C
]
-1
0
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2
3
4
5
6
7
deri
v.w
eigh
tlo
ss[m
ass-
%/°
C]
17% reduction 5.3%reduction
dehydration of CaSO4·2H2O
decomposition of CaCO3
0
50
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0 5 10 15 20 25Time [min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
measuredTp = 130°CTp = 150°CTp = 170°CTp = 190°CTp = 210°C
specific heat
Temperature Tp
capacity, the thermal conductivity and the densityand hence on the outcome of the temperature evo-lution in the gypsum board (Fig. 3).
The investigation resulted in a correct simulation ofthe thermal behavior of gypsum boards under fireconditions, i.e. a correct quantification of the im-pact of sulfate dehydration and carbonate decom-position on retarding the heat propagation, and en-abling a future optimization ofmixtures used to pro-duce gypsum boards. Besides, the obtained insightwas beneficiary to tasks in the newly started EUproject “Integrated Safe & Smart Built Concept”.
Support: EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/abt118> FIRESIM
Thaumasite formation
In concrete structures having contact with sul-
fate containing waters different sulfate contain-
ing expansive solids might form. This can pose a
serious threat to long-term durability. Sulfate in-
duced deterioration is caused by ettringite and
gypsum formation while thaumasite, due to its
slow precipitation kinetics, occurs at a late stage
of sulfate attack. Thaumasite formation is ob-
served at 8 °C and at 20 °C; its formation, how-
ever, proceeds much faster at 8 °C.
Sulfates present in groundwater can pose a seriousthreat to the long-term durability of concrete struc-ture. The interaction of mortar or cement pasteswith solutions containing sulfate leads to the for-mation of a reaction front within the porous mate-rial and to the precipitation of gypsum, ettringite andthaumasite (CaSiO3·CaCO3·CaSO4·15H2O) nearthe surface. Significant damage due to sulfate inter-action can result in the structural breakdown of theconcrete structure (Fig.1).
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
33
In a 3 year PhD project, the impact of sulfate ingres-sion, leaching, the role of limestone, porosity andtemperature has been investigated on cement pasteand mortar samples equilibrated with different so-lutions containing sodium sulfate. The mineralogi-cal analysis of these samples by X-ray diffractionand SEM/EDX shows that the interaction of mortaror paste with solutions containing sulfate leads tothe formation of a reaction front within the cemen-titious materials and to the precipitation of gypsumand ettringite near the surface. Further within thesample the depletion of portlandite as well as the
Barbara Lothenbach,
Thomas Schmidt,
Michael Romer,
Daniel Rentsch
Contact: [email protected]:T. Schmidt, PhD Thesis EPFL N° 3853 (2007)T. Schmidt, B. Lothenbach, M. Romer, K.L. Scrivener,D. Rentsch, R. Figi, Cem. Concr. Res., in press (2008)
Fig.1: Concrete damaged by thaumasite formation in theSan Bernardino tunnel, Switzerland.
Fig. 2: Thaumasite measured after 3 and 9 months of sulfateinteraction at 8 °C and 20 °C. Measured weight % refer to hydratedsamples without pore solution (exchanged with isopropanol;dried at 40 °C).
transformation of monocarbonate and/or monosul-fate into ettringite is observed. High sulfate con-centrations, as generally used in standard tests, leadto the precipitation of gypsum, while lower sulfateconcentrations, as present under field conditions,result in no or only very little gypsum precipitation.The formation of thaumasite is observed near thesurface of the samples only in a late stage in the al-ready strongly affected samples.
9 months3 months
8°C20°C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
thau
mas
ite
mea
sure
d[w
t%]
Thaumasite is found to form in cement systems on-lywhere a source of carbonate is present and at highsulfate contents. Thaumasite precipitates at 8 °C andat 20 °C; its formation proceeds much faster at 8 °Cthan at 20 °C (Fig. 2). Thaumasite is observed in-dependently of the type of cement clinker (high andlow tricalciumaluminate (C3A) content) used. Leach-ing, i.e. the reduction of alkalis and portlandite, hasno significant influence on the stability of thauma-site.
Support: cemsuisse
Links: www.empa.ch/abt135
numbers). Since there were no suitable microscop-ic tools available for this task, a new high resolutiontomography method (Cryo-FIB-nanotomography)and specific 3D-algorithms had to be developed.
The 3D-particle structure of a dispersed cement paste(after 6 minutes of hydration) is shown in Figure 1.The particles smaller than 500 nm (in yellow) canbe identified as ettringite crystals. The initially un-hydrated cement grains (blue, >500 nm) consistmainly of tricalciumsilicate and -aluminate. Due tothe high resolution of FIB-nanotomography, the topo-logy of interfaces at the particle contacts (shown inred) can be described quantitatively as well as par-ticle size distributions and surface area.
Figure 2 is a comparison of the particle size distri-butions in the cement paste (6 min) and in the un-hydrated cement powder (0 min). In the unhydrat-ed cement no particles smaller than 500 nm arepresent, whereas in cement paste the precipitated
Influence of superplasticizers on micro-structural development of fresh cement pastesCivil and Mechanical
Engineering
Empa Activities 2007
Lorenz Holzer,
Frank Winnefeld,
Beat Münch,
Anatol Zingg
The mechanisms of cement-superplasticizer (SP)
interactions are investigated by surface charac-
terization and geometrical quantification of the
particle contacts. The investigation of electro-
chemical surface potentials and their relationship
with the adsorption behaviour enables the for-
mulation of improved SP polymer-structures. In
addition, new cryo-microscopymethods for quan-
titative characterization of the 3D-particle struc-
tures open unique possibilities for the study of the
complex cement system at a fundamental micro-
structural level.
In order to enhance theworkability of fresh cement-based materials, superplasticizers (SP) are widelyused to prevent the systems from flocculation. Dueto the physico-chemical complexity of the system,the mechanisms of cement-superplasticizer interac-tions are still very controversial. A fundamental un-derstanding, similar to the research-standards in col-loidal science, is therefore considered as a basis forfurther improvements of the SP efficiency.
The basic theory of colloidal stability considers thetotal interaction forces between particles in suspen-sion, which can be obtained by the summation offorces at individual particle contacts. The forces atthe individual contacts are strongly depending onphysicochemical surface properties. Since cementpastes are very heterogeneous, surface potentials,adsorption efficiency and agglomeration behaviorhave to be investigated separately for the differentmineral- and polymer-constituents.
34
In addition, a quantitative description of the com-plex microstructures in cement paste is required forthe summation of the forces. This challenging taskincludes a geometrical description of the interfacialsurfaces and the quantification of particle interac-tions as a function of particle size (i.e. coordination
Fig.1: 3D-particle structurein a dispersed cement paste(6 min) analysed bycryo-FIB-nanotomography.Blue = particles > 500 nm,Yellow = particles < 500 nm,Red = Interfaces.
Fig. 2: Quantification based on 3D-data from FIB. Top: volumetricparticle size distribution, Middle: size distribution related to surfacearea, Bottom: size distribution of particle number density.
z
x
2µm14.6µm
y
0102030405060708090
100
0.1 1.0 10.0Particle Diameter [µm]
Vol
ume
frac
tion
[%]
6min
6min
0min
0min
< 1µm: 10vol% < 500nm: 9vol%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0.1 1.0 10.0Particle Diameter [µm]
Spec
ific
Surf
ace
Are
a[m
m2 /
mm
3 ]
< 500nm: 45%
0.0E+00
5.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.5E+10
2.0E+10
2.5E+10
0.1 1.0 10.0Particle Diameter [µm]
Nr.
ofpa
rtic
les
per
mm
3 6min
0min
0.294 · 109
particles per mm3
20.55 · 109
particles per mm3
< 500nm:97% of all particles
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
35
nanoparticles represent 9 vol% (Fig. 2 top). The ini-tial hydration reactions (dissolution, nucleation andprecipitation) lead to a significant increase of thesurface area by a factor of 2.5 (Fig. 2 middle). Themicrostructural changes are even more impressivewhen comparing the particle number density (Fig. 2bottom). The cement suspension contains 20·109
particles/mm3. 97% are represented by the smallettringite precipitates. Consequently, the precipita-tion of a large number of nanoparticles leads to asignificant increase of the number of contacts andinterfacial surface area, which have a strong impacton viscosity and yield stress.
Nevertheless, interaction forces are acting at veryshort distances in the lower nm-range, which cannot be resolved by FIB-nanotomography. Higherresolution imaging can be achieved by cryo-SEM.Figure 3 represents a close-up of the fine particlestructure in a dispersed cement paste. The unhy-drated tricalciumsilicate grain (Fig. 3 right) is cov-ered with a thin rim consisting of densely inter-grown ettringite and silicate-hydrate. The ettringiteforms short hexagonal prisms (ca. 200 nm) that arealso dispersed in the pore solution. As can be ob-served in many cryo-samples, agglomeration of et-tringite appears to be triggered by co-precipitationwith silicate-hydrates that are forming very fine fi-bres (<50 nm). The agglomeration behaviour is thusstrongly depending on the specific surface proper-ties of the different phases.
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:L.Holzer, Ph.Gasser, A. Kaech, M.Wegmann, A. Zingg,R.Wepf, B.Münch: Journal of Microscopy, 227, 216–228(2007).F.Winnefeld, S. Becker, J. Pakusch, T.Götz:Cement and Concrete Composites, 29, 251–262 (2007).A. Zingg, L. Holzer, A. Kaech, F.Winnefeld:Cement and Concrete Research, in press (2007).RC Purdy-Award:Our microstructural research was elected by the AmericanCeramic Society as the “most valuable contribution toceramic technical literature of the year”.
Fig. 4: Left: Adsorption iso-therm of PCE superplasticizer onettringite and tricaliumsilicate,Right: Change of zeta-poten-tials as a function of theadded amount of PCE super-plasticizer.
Fig. 3: High resolution cryo-SEM image of a fresh cement paste(6 min) with 0.7% superplasticizer.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5PCE added / wt.-% of solid phase
PCE
ads.
/w
t.-%
ofso
lidph
ase
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5PCE added / wt.-% of solid phase
zeta
pote
ntia
l/m
V
ettringitetricalciumsilicate
ettringitetricalciumsilicate
These surface properties can be influenced by theaddition of SP. Figure 4 illustrates the adsorptionbehaviour of SP on ettringite and tricalciumsilicateand the corresponding surface potentials in pore so-lution. The adsorption of SP is much stronger on et-tringite than on tricalciumsilicate (Fig. 4 left). Sincethe adsorbed polymers induce a change of the sur-
face potential, this change is much stronger for et-tringite. Correspondingly, the zeta-potential decreas-es from -14 to -4 mV (Fig. 4 right) due to the addi-tion of SP. In contrast, the potential of tricalcium-silicate remains nearly unchanged.
Due to the negative surface potential, the ettringitecrystals do not form agglomerates with themselves.However, in mixed cement pastes, silicate hydrates(+7mV) and ettringite (-14 mV) have opposite sur-face potentials and therefore tend to flocculate. Theadsorption of SP on ettringite reduces the electro-static potential between the two phases. In addition,SP induces steric repulsion forces between the neigh-bouring particles, which is considered as the mainfluidization effect. In our studies we found that theimpact of SP is depending on its polymer structureand dosage but also on the chemical composition ofthe particular cement. The adsorption behaviour iscontrolled by the charge density of the polymer.More anionic sites on the “backbone” of the mole-cule improve the adsorption efficiency. The amountof adsorbed polymer can be directly linked to rhe-ological parameters andhydration kinetics of the ce-ment paste.
Support: BASF AG
Links: www.empa.ch/abt135
Hydrationrim
200 nm
Poresolution:pH13
Silicatehydrate:ζ-Pot +4
Ettringite:ζ-Pot -14
Unhydrated clinkertricalciumsilicate:
ζ-Pot +4
Emission of hazardous compounds fromtar-containing recycled asphalt pavementsduring reconstruction
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
Martin Hugener,
Lukas Emmenegger,
Peter Mattrel
Emissions of hazardous compounds such as poly-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emitted dur-
ing construction of pavements with tar-containing
hot recycled asphalt were investigated. Emissions
of critical compounds were in all cases below the
limit values foroccupational health.Hence, the cur-
rent recommended maximum value of 5000 ppm
for EPA-PAH* in the binder of RAP may be consid-
ered as adequate.
Hot recycling in pavement construction leads to theemission of hazardous compounds when tar-con-taining recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is used.This is due to the relatively high content of sub-stances such as phenols and polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAH) in tar. The latter are of specialinterest because some PAHs have carcinogenicand/ormutagenic properties. Switzerland does cur-rently not consider a complete ban on RAP in hotrecycling for economical and ecological reasons.Since RAP may always contain some tar, a scientif-ically sound limit for the maximum tar content andpavement temperature is required.
36
Contact: [email protected]:M.Hugener, L. Emmenegger, P.Mattrel. Journal ofEnvironmental Science and Health, Part A-Toxic/HazardousSubstances and Environmental Engineering, No 42,2–247 (2007)
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Different test parameters such as temperature, PAH-content and viscosity were varied in the laboratorytest program to investigate their influence on theresulting emissions. In a second phase, three fieldtests were carried out with RAP containing up to5600 ppm EPA-PAH. Occupational health data fortheworkmenwere collectedwith personal samplersand the total mass flow from the three main sourceswas determined.
The laboratory studies showed that temperature isthe major factor determining the emissions in the140 to 240 °C range. A temperature increase of 12°Cdoubled the emissions of total particulate matter(TPM) but led only to 25% higher EPA-PAH emis-
Fig.1: Paver with installationsfor emission measurements.
Fig. 2: Temperature dependent emissions of a tar-containing binderwith 5100 mg/kg EPA-PAH.
sions. However, emissions of PAH in the fume re-leased during paving increased proportionally withthe PAH concentration in the RAP.
The field tests disclosed that concentrations ofBenzo(a)pyrene, which is often used as lead com-pound for PAH, were in all cases below the occu-pational health limit value of 2 µg/m3 by at least afactor of three. However, TPM emissionswere closeto the occupational health limit value for bitumenfume (10 mg/m3).With up to 85mass-%, the screedarea was the most important source of emissions.
This study indicates that the current recommendedmaximum value of 5000 ppm for EPA-PAH in thebinder of RAP together with a maximum pavementtemperature of 160°C may be considered as ade-quate. However, conditions in the field trials did notinclude a worst case scenario and the gap to certainoccupational health limit values is small.With theseconclusions, Empa has contributed decisively to thesolution of a conflict between economical and en-vironmental interests.
*EPA-PAH: List of 16 PAHs defined by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency EPA
Support: ASTRA
Links: www.empa.ch/abt113
0
20
40
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100
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120 140 160 180 200 220Temperature [°C]
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-PA
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3 ]
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BaP
[µg/
m3 ]
TPM (Total Particulate Matter)Total EPA-PAHBenza(a)pyrene (BaP)
Detection of chlorides and moisture in concretestructures with Ground Penetrating Radar
A laboratory experiment has been carried out to
study the feasibility of the detection of chlorides
and moisture in bridge decks using Ground Pen-
etrating Radar. Results show a clear relationship
between chlorides and moisture on the one hand
and radar amplitudes on the other hand.
Corrosion within reinforced concrete is a majorproblem in countries where salt is applied to roadsfor de-icing. Concrete structures are periodically in-spected in order to monitor possible damage causedby chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcement.However, bridge decks covered with asphalt pave-ments are not accessible for visual inspection andprobing is limited. As a result, the planning of re-habilitation of bridge decks is usually based on asmall number of probes. Consequently, the condi-tion of bridge decks can only be assessed with lowcertainty. Therefore, amethod enabling to study theconditions of concrete bridge decks covered by as-phalt pavements is desirable.
Civil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
37
Johannes Hugenschmidt,
Roman Loser
Contact: [email protected]:J. Hugenschmidt, R. Loser, Materials and Structures,accepted, available currently on SpringerLink,Online First (2007)
Fig.1: Radar measurements, transmitter and receiver antennas(white boxes) above concrete specimen.
Fig. 2: Quotient of reflection amplitudes (concrete surface/aluminiumsheet) obtained on different specimens.
3570
90 0
0.4
1
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
rel. humidity %ch
lorid
ead
ditio
n%
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been used byEmpa and other institutions formapping zoneswithincreased chloride and moisture contents on bridgedecks. Empa’s approach is based on the assumptionthat the presence of chlorides and moisture resultsin an increased electrical conductivity reducing thereflection amplitudes at the top layer of reinforce-ment. Although this is highly plausible, the magni-tude of this effect was unknown. Therefore, a labo-ratory experiment was carried out to validate thisassumption.
Nine concrete specimens were produced. Three dif-ferent amounts of chlorides (0%, 0.4%, 1.0%)wereadded to themixture, and the specimenswere storedat three different (35%, 70%, 90%) relative humidi-ties. Radar measurements were carried out 99 daysafter the production of the specimens with the samepair of horn antennas that is usually used for the in-spection of bridge decks (Fig.1). An aluminumsheetbeneath the specimens represented the top layer ofreinforcement.
Results showed a clear reduction of reflection am-plitudes at the aluminum sheet and an increase ofreflection amplitudes at the concrete surface forincreased contents of moisture and chlorides. Thequotient of the reflection amplitudes at the concretesurface and the aluminum sheet of the 90%-rel.hu-midity/1%-chlorides specimenwasmore than twicethe quotient of the 35%-rel.humidity/0%-chloridesspecimen (Fig. 2). Therefore, the quotient approachis likely to provide stable results on real bridges,where additional factors may influence the results.
Support: Canton Vaud, ASTRA
Links: www.empa.ch/abt113> Non-Destructive Testing
Compliant solutions for industrial productsCivil and MechanicalEngineering
Empa Activities 2007
Flavio Campanile,
Alexander Hasse
Compliant systems are a peculiar class of mechan-
ical systems designed to produce controllable
large deformations by exploiting structural flexi-
bility. They can be seen as a blend between struc-
tures (elastically deformable, but only up to a lim-
ited extent) andmechanisms (large deformations,
but produced by means of localized sliding ele-
ments like bearings and hinges and not by elas-
tic deformations). In close collaboration with in-
dustrial partners Empa is investigating compliant
solutions for products of several industrial sectors
(e.g. surgery instrumentation, sport articles, eye
glasses and prostheses).
Compared to conventional mechanisms, compliantsystems offer large advantages including absence ofwear and backlash, reduced noise, absence of par-ticle release, easiermaintenance andmanufacturing,better scalability and accuracy. Even if compliantsolutions are state of the art in small-scale, preci-sion equipment, they are strongly underrepresent-ed in other application fields, mainly due to their in-herent complexity in analysis and design. Our mainmotivation is closing this gap by developing an ad-vanced methodology in analysis and design with
38
special focus on so called distributed compliancemechanisms (Fig. 2), essential consisting of mutu-ally interacting bending elements. A key aspect ofcompliant systems is the fact that motion is gener-ated within the material. Mechanisms evolve froma heterogeneous collection of separate devices to-ward highly integrated and optimized material sys-tems. Material aspects are therefore essential to thisnew class of products: cycling loading, high strainsand nonlinear behavior generate new challengingtasks for analysis and development.
Compliant systems are subjected to several con-flicting requirements like conciliating the definedamount of desired deformation with the range of al-lowable material strain. Furthermore, certain stiff-ness is required to carry external loads whereas onthe other hand flexibility helps keeping actuationforces low. This leads to a highly complex designtask, which in the framework of this project is ap-proached by means of numerical optimization. Thecompliant system is analyzed as a beam truss. Bychanging the position of the nodes and the thick-ness distribution of the beams the optimizer search-es for a proper design which fulfills the above men-tioned requirements of deformability, stiffness andlow activation energy. Further specifications likedesign domain extension,manufacturing constraintsand actuator locations can be taken into account bythe optimization procedure.
The described method was applied to a grippingmechanism used for the actuation of laparoscopicsurgery instruments (Fig.1). Different compliant de-sign solutions are shown in Figure 2. Several mate-rial options were considered for prototype and se-ries production, like glass fiber reinforced plasticsand thermoplastics.
Support: Gebert-Rüf-Stiftung, Paul Peschke GmbH,Huber+Suhner AG
Links: www.empa.ch/abt119> Smart Structures
Contact: [email protected]:L.F. Campanile, in: Adaptive Structures:Engineering applications, (Ed: D.J.Wagg, M.I. Friswell,I.P. Bond, P.M.Weaver), John Wiley & Sons, 89–135 (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptiveMaterial Systems
Fig.1: Conventional grippingmechanism for laparoscopicsurgery.
Fig. 2: Design of compliant grippers with motion plot.
Empa Activities 2007
39
List of abbreviations
ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability
ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority
BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment
BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health
BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy
CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility
CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.
DFG German Research Foundation
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology
EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program
ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency
NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research
NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute
SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research
SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste
SNF Swiss National Science Foundation
VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts
VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit
Empa Activities 2007Materials and Systems for Protection
and Wellbeing of the Human Body
support material
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Mission
Protection and wellbeing of the human body areimportant factors in our society, with potentiallysignificant economic consequences. In thedepartment we work with materials that can beused for protection and wellbeing in and aroundthe human body. This research calls upon theextensive knowledge and experience of our staffin areas ranging from material science, chemistry,biology and engineering to textile research.
Activities
Our multiscale research work on the interactionof the human body with artificial materials, e.g.implant interfaces, medical technology, has beenexpanded to include studies on the effects ofnanoparticles on human cells. Underpinning thiswork we have developed new methods to assesscell behavior, and in this context collaborativework with the University of Berne has beenextended. With financial support from the federalgovernment and strong collaboration with thefederal agencies for health and for the environ-ment (BAG and BAFU) we have created an actionplan to evaluate the opportunities and risksassociated with synthetic nanomaterials.
Empa’s work in biotechnology has primarilyfocused on “white” biotechnology. This involvesresearch on biological processes to manufacturechemicals and active agents using enzymes ormicroorganisms.
A typical example of transfer projects to industryis the plasma process developed at Empa tometallize fibers and threads. The patent coveringthis novel technology has been licensed to anindustrial partner who also took over the pilotmanufacturing plant. Licensing agreements withother industrial partners have also been signedin areas such as protection from heat and flamesand adaptive thermal insulation. We cooperatewith international companies for the develop-ment of bio-films as well as for mechanical shockabsorbing material systems.
As a result of our research on materials for sportsapplication we have developed close ties withathletes and sports associations. In conjunctionwith industrial partners we have been workingon the development of materials with the aim ofenhancing the human body’s capabilities andperformance. And finally we have initiated apartnership with Swiss Olympic, in which Empawill lend support by developing novel functionalmaterials for the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.
Markus Rüedi, Department Head
Cyto-compatible and antibacterialnano-composite coatings
Bacterial colonization remains a major problem
for human beings because it is mostly followed
by illness, disease and cost expansions. An alter-
native to antibiotics is the use of Silver, which acts
antimicrobial when Ag ions are released. There-
fore, a single-step plasma coating technique is
investigated for the incorporation of Ag nanopar-
ticles within a functional plasma polymer, which
allow to combine antimicrobial activity with cyto-
compatibility according to the ISO 10993-5 norm.
Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance ofbacteria to antibiotics and antiseptic methods, newstrategies to prevent colonization of biomaterialsare required. Due to its high antimicrobial activityand relatively low toxicity to human cells, silver(Ag) releasing surfaces are a promising and oftenused strategy to prevent bacterial colonization.However, for applications within a biological envi-ronment the release kinetics and the amount of sil-ver used play important roles in order to avoid cyto-toxicity.
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
43
In order to obtain biomolecule-adhesive and bacte-rial-resistant surfaces, we investigated silver-con-taining functional plasma polymer coatings. Theamount of embedded silver nanoparticles had tobe precisely controlled to induce an adapted Ag ionrelease, which shows antimicrobial activity, yetpermits cell growth. A combined plasma polymer-ization/co-sputtering process allows the incorpora-tion of Ag nanoparticles during plasma polymergrowth. An asymmetric plasma reactor with a sil-ver cathode as sputtering target was used for thesingle-step process. As plasma polymer matrix anamine-functional hydrocarbon (Ag/a-C:H:N) layerthat shows a nanoporous structure was chosen.Low Ag contents were investigated with the aim toeffectively prevent bacterial colonization (P. aerug-
Peter Wick,
Stefanie Lischer,
Enrico Körner,
Dawn Balazs,
Dirk Hegemann
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:D.J. Balazs, M.M.Hossain, E. Brombacher, G. Fortunato,D.Hegemann, Plasma Process and Polymers 4, S380 (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Health
and Performance
Fig.1: Scheme of a nanoporous structure with in situ processedAg particles.
Fig. 2: Two 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell cultures of six days on a-C:H:N(2:1) without (top) and with 15 ppm Ag content (bottom) which showno differences in cell morphology indicating no sever effect resultedby the coating. Scale bar 100 µm.
support material
Ag
AgAg
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
inosa and E. coli), while not hindering cell growth(murine fibroblast cell line 3T3) supported by amine-functional groups.
A range of Ag/a-C:H:N coatings having various Agcontent (containing 2.0% to7.5%Ag) are testedwiththe mentioned biological assays, while an atomicpercentage between 3% and 4% Ag was proven tobe optimum. The understanding of Ag release kinet-ics and dosing will provide a processing window todevelop new bactericidal and cyto-compatible coat-ings with Ag release that is tailored for specific ap-plications such as for example implant surfaces orwound dressings.
Support: KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/abt272www.empa.ch/abt274
100 μm
100 μm
search dealing with the potential health hazards ofCNTs and other nanoparticles has focused on cellsand tissues that are likely to get in contact with air-borne particles.
Nanomaterial – cell interaction:The presence of nano-sized materials affectcell physiology in vitro
Materials and Systemsfor Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Peter Wick,
Harald Krug,
in collaboration with
ETH Zurich (CH),
Research Center
Karlsruhe (DE)
The unique physical and chemical properties of
nanosized materials such as carbon nanotubes or
catalytically active nanoparticles suggest enor-
mous potential formany areas of research and ap-
plications. Thewidespread projected use of nano-
materials makes it important to understand their
potential harmful effects for a sustainable use of
nanotechnologies. The elucidation of the mecha-
nisms how biopersistent materials interact with
different types of cells is one focus of the current
research at Empa.
Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) orcatalytic nanoparticles are among the most inter-esting materials developed and produced within thelast decade.
SinglewalledCNTs (SWCNT)arepure carbonmacro-molecules consisting of graphene sheets rolled seam-less to a cylinder. Multi walled CNTs (MWCNT) re-sult from a coaxial assembly of two or more graphenesheets. Due to the unique properties in e.g. elasticmodulus, shear strength, thermal conductivity,CNTs have become a key material in nanoscienceand nanotechnology and are used in many applica-tions on an industrial scale.
However, despite their increasing use and bulk pro-duction, the effect of the biopersistent CNTs andtheir contaminants such as metal catalysts or amor-phous carbon, on the environmental and humanhealth are largely unknown. Most of the recent re-
44
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: Triple stained human epithelial cells (A549). Blue: nucleus;green: actin filaments; red: vinculin, a member of the focal adhesioncomplex.
Fig. 2: TEM of CNT-agglomerates with 10 to 20 parallel orientatedsingle walled CNT. Scale bar: 200 nm.
The Materials-Biology Interactions Laboratory atEmpa and Molecular Environmental Toxicology atthe Research Center in Karlsruhe evaluated severalhuman primary cells and cell lines as e.g. humanepithelial cell line A549 (Fig.1) representing a sim-plified airway wall model system, to assess biolog-ical effects in vitro. Extensive efforts were made insuspending the hydrophobic CNT without usingtoxic solvents and characterization of the nanoma-terial at all different steps of the procedure which isdone in close collaboration with Functional MaterialsLaboratory ETH Zurich. We found that polysorbate80, a non-ionic surfactant, is suitable to disperseCNTs for cytotoxicological studies without affectingthe used human cells. TEM analysis of the polysor-bate 80 suspended SWCNT elucidated not the pres-ence of single tubes but parallel agglomerated bun-dles of 10 to 20 tubes (Fig. 2). Different qualities ofCNTs provoke changes of the cell behavior (cellmorphology, proliferation, cytoskeleton organiza-tion and cell adhesion) in a time and concentrationdependent way. An early key factor in the NP-cellinteraction is the formation of reactive oxygenspecies (Fig. 3). Critical features that seem to deter-mine CNT toxicity are the presence of carbonaceousmaterial, residues of catalysts and the degree of CNTdispersion. Nevertheless, the high bio-persistenceof CNTs implies further investigation especially onlong term and clinical relevant research.
20 μm
200 nm
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
45
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:L.Belyanskaya, P.Manser, P. Spohn, A. Bruinink, P.Wick,Carbon, 45, 2643–2648 (2007)A.Helland, P.Wick, A. Köhler, K. Schmid, C. Som,Environ. Health Perspect, 115 (8)1125-31 (2007)J.P. Kaiser, P.Wick, P.Manser, P. Spohn, A. Bruinink,J Mater Sci: Mater Med, in press (2007)L.K. Limbach, P.Wick, P.Manser, R.N.Grass, A. Bruinink,W.J. Stark Environ Sci & Technol 41(11)4158-63 (2007)K. Pulskamp, S.Diabaté, H.F. Krug, Toxicol. Lett., 168,58–74 (2007)K. Pulskamp, J.M.Wörle-Knirsch, F. Hennrich, K. Kern,H.F. Krug, Carbon, 45, 2241–2249 (2007)P.Wick, P.Manser, L.K. Limbach, U.Dettlaff-Weglikowska,F. Krumeich, S. Roth, W.J. Stark, A. Bruinink, Toxicol. Lett.168, 121–131 (2007)
Fig. 3: Effect of four different qualities of SWCNT on the formationof reactive oxygen species in human lung cells after 120 minutes oftreatment.
Fig. 4: Scheme of reactive oxygen species production of catalyticparticles in human lung cells.
ROS formation after 120min (10µg/mℓ)
0
500
1000
1500
CNT rawmaterial
CNT bundles carboneousresidues
CNTagglomerates
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Besides biological effects the chemical and physicalproperties of CNTs may influence the measurementsand methods used by themselves. Thus, viabilitytests based on dyes and colorimetrically measured,appliedvery oftenwith regard to the toxicity of nano-materials, have to be validated very carefully. Wehave investigated the applicability of these cytotoxi-city tests in more detail to prevent false positive orfalse negative results.
In summary, all these studies underline the need foran in-depth material characterization prior to toxi-cological studies and a careful validation of themethods applied.
The chemical and catalytic activity of nanoparticleshas strongly contributed to the current tremendousinterest in engineered nanomaterials and often servesas a guiding principle for the design of functionalmaterials. Since it has become evident that such ac-tive materials can enter into cells or organisms, thepresent study investigates the level of intracellularoxidations after exposure to different heavy metalcontaining silica particles and the correspondingpure oxides in vitro.
In collaboration with the Functional Materials Lab-oratory ETH Zurich elaborated results indicate thatthe particles could efficiently enter the cells by aTrojan-horse type mechanism which provokes anup to eight timeshigher oxidative stress (Fig. 4) com-pared to reference cultures exposed to aqueous so-lution of the same metal.
In summary, it could be shown that the chemicalcomposition of nanoparticles is a most decisive fac-tor determining the formation of reactive oxygenspecies in exposed cells rather then the physicalproperties.
Support: EU-6FP, BAG, BAFU, KTI,NanoCare, NanoHealth
Links: www.empa.ch/abt274
50 μm
50 nm
TiO2/SiO2
nanoparticles
cultured humanlung cells (A549)
catalyticsurface
OH•, H2O2 , HO•2
O2
O•−2
Nanostructured plasma coatingsdemonstrate a permanent hydrophilic effectMaterials and Systems
for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Dirk Hegemann,
Sébastien Guimond
With a combination of polar functional groups and
nano-texturing of (textile) polymer surfaces the
wettability can be improved, while the effect of
hydrophobic recovery (i.e. an aging mechanism)
is strongly reduced. Rivaling deposition /etching
conditions in a plasma process were chosen to
deposit a nano-structured coating exhibiting an
extraordinary long-lived hydrophilic surface.
A good wettability of material surfaces is requiredfor many industrial applications. Wettability facili-tates important processes like printing, dyeing, lam-ination, bonding, and adhesion. On flat surfaces thewettability is chiefly related to the surface energy,which depends on the material’s surface chemistry –including contaminations. The hydrophilicity ofpolymer surfaces is generally determined by polarfunctional groups. Most standard (hydrophobic)polymers exhibit advantageous bulk properties (e.g.polyolefines and polyesters) yet lack surface polargroups and, therefore, have a low wettability. Sur-face treatments can be used to enhance the wet-tability of these polymers. Unfortunately, most ofthe conventional surface hydrophilization methodsare prone to aging effects due to restructuring andcontaminant adsorption, an effect known as hydro-phobic recovery. It is not surprising that such treat-ed polymer surfaces normally have a very limitedshelf life.
46
Two strategies can normally reduce the aging effectof hydrophilized polymer surfaces: (i) incorpora-tion of polar functional groups within a cross-linkedstructure to lower re-orientation effects and (ii) im-provement of wettability by surface structuring(roughness) to increase the contact area.
Here, we investigated thin plasma polymer coatingswith the goal to achieve the incorporation of polarfunctional groups into a nanometer thick, cross-linked film. An elegant way to deal with this chal-
Contact: [email protected]:D.Hegemann, M.M.Hossain, E. Körner, D.J. Balazs,Plasma Process. Polym. 4, 229 (2007)M.M.Hossain, D.Hegemann, G. Fortunato, A.S.Herrmann,M.Heuberger, Plasma Process. Polym. 4, 471 (2007)M.M.Hossain, PhD Thesis, University of Bremen (DE), 2008
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig. 2: Aging of a polyester foil in three situations:untreated reference, conventional plasma activation and thenew nano-structured plasma coating.
Fig.1: A repellent textile sur-face (hydrophobic, right side)shows complete wetting afterplasma coating (hydrophilic,left side).
lenge is the mixing of a network-forming (polymer-izable) monomer with a reactive gas, which enablesthe formation of functional groups in competitionwith simultaneous etching processes during filmgrowth. The resulting surfaces are nano-structuredand exhibit (super-)hydrophilic characteristics atnoticeably reduced aging effects during storage.
0
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60
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80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30aging [days]
wat
erco
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tan
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[°] PET untreated
PET plasma-activated
PET plasma-coated
Theplasmadepositionmechanism is basedon chem-ical etching during film formation and requires filmsputtering (physical degradation) to be suppressed.Therefore, a fine tuning of the plasma parametersto control both, the gas phase reactions and the sur-face reactions, is required. We developed an em-pirical model to describe plasma polymerizationprocesses based on macroscopic kinetics. This mod-el also allows us to predict the best design for theup-scaling of plasma polymerization, which wasdemonstrated between a lab-scale plasma reactorand a pilot-scale web coater.
The nano-structured plasma coatings are shown tobe completely wetted (wicking) by water on textilefabrics, an effect which is still present after morethan one year of storage in ambient air, which isan unprecedented result. Our wish is to transfer thedeveloped plasma process into industry.
Support: KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/abt272
hydrophilic hydrophobic
6.3m
0.0m
x: 10.0µmy: 10.0µm
deflection fiber
movement scanner
deflection cantilever
substrate
fiber
cantilever
Fiber analytics using the AFM
Fiber Development relies on knowledge of rele-
vant quantities starting with the shape, the struc-
ture, aswell as themechanical and chemical prop-
erties of fibers. Production parameters influence
the molecular crystallinity, the incorporation of
particles, or, the topography. The Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) was used to gain additional
information on the fiber on a local scale and to
directly test the mechanical properties of single
fibers in a novel bending experiment.
The AFM offers the unique possibility to acquirequantitative information under environmental con-ditions locally on single fibers. Today, different op-eration modes of the AFM allow to simultaneouslyobtain a wealth of information on the morphology,conductivity, magnetic property, adhesion and lo-cal elastic moduli. As an example we investigated apolyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber surface afterchemical treatment with an alkaline aqueous solu-tion (Fig.1A, left). As extracted by statistical analy-sis of the height distribution from the untreated andtreated PET fiber surfaces, the average roughnessincreased by a factor of 4. This can be explained bya faster hydrolysis of the amorphous regions com-pared to the more crystalline regions. After removalof the hydrolyzate even the distribution of embed-ded titanium dioxide particles can be visualized asdark spots in thephase contrast image (Fig.1A,right).This contrast is generated by their higher stiffness,which results in lower energy dissipation during tip-surface interaction.
Besides established nano-indentation experimentswith the AFM, the longitudinal shape of fibers offersan elegant way of extracting intrinsic mechanicalproperties such as the elastic modulus. Therefore,a nanoscaled bending test (Fig. 1B, left) was devel-oped, which can also be applied to nanofibers (Fig. 2,left), allowing an individual measurement with en-suing statistical evaluation. This technique was ap-plied to melt-spun core/sheath bicomponent fiberswith different draw rations (polyphenylene sulfide(PPS) and PET). Our results, which were assignedthe “MFC Paul Schlack prize” in 2007, show a cleardependency of the elastic modulus on the draw-ratio(Fig. 1B, right). A higher orientation of the macro-molecules along the fiber axis, resulting in highercrystallinity, were also confirmed by differentialscanning calorimetry. Namely, the change fromspherulitic to fibrillar structure in the drawn fibercan be correlated with the local mechanical responsein liquids or gaseous media.
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
47
New applications of the AFM on fibers aim at study-ing the morphology and mechanical properties ofelectrospun fibers, the particle distribution and ori-entationwithinplasma-deposited layers (Fig. 2, right)and the local mechanisms of adaptive polymer sys-tems in textiles.
Jörn Lübben,
Rudolf Hufenus,
Manfred Heuberger
Contact: [email protected]:S.Houis, M. Schmid, J.F. Lübben, Journal of Applied PolymerScience 106(3): 1757–1767 (2007)J.F. Lübben et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 61:4 (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Health
and Performance
Fig.1: A: Topographical (left) and phase contrast (right) images of a hydrolyzated PET fiber surface.B: AFM bending test on a single fiber (left). Force-displacement curves of two- and four-times drawnPPS/PET core/sheath bicomponent fibers (right).
Fig. 2: Left: Electrospun PA-nanofibers. Right: Ag-particle distribution in a plasma-layer visualized inphase contrast mode.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt272
0 µm X* 1.99 µm
0µm X* 12.4 µm
Topography – Scan forward
Topography – Scan forward
0µm
Y*1.99
µm0µm
Y*6.19
µm
Topography
range
Parabolafit49.6nm
Topo
graphy
range
Line
fit39
7nm
A
B
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e[n
N]
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PET
2× drawn: 2.1GPa4× drawn: 7.9GPa
0 µm X* 1.99 µm
Phase – Scan forward
0µm
Y*1.99
µm
Phaserange
Rawdata
90.4°
Enhanced adhesion of metal filmon synthetic fibers for wearable electronicsMaterials and Systems
for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Martin Amberg,
Dirk Hegemann,
Manfred Heuberger
Conductive fibers with unchanged textile charac-
ter are key to the development of wearable elec-
tronics. For an optimal integration into the com-
plex textile production chain, a conductive fiber
must allow weaving, knitting and embroidering;
formarket acceptance, it has to bewashablemany
times. In this research project, an industry-rele-
vant plasma sputtering process was systemati-
cally scrutinized to identify the relevant factors
of metal-fiber adhesion.
The full integration of electronic components intotextiles has attracted considerable attention – world-wide. Leading international companies are focusingtheir efforts onto innovative products such as wear-able communication devices, wearable computing,or, wearable medical monitoring. To realize newproducts, the integration of conventional electron-ic components is already highly advanced, namelyas sensors, keyboards, buttons, switches, micro-phones, antennas, temperature sensors, skin elec-trodes and the like. All of these new developmentscall for an electrical point-to-point connection inte-grated into the textile to transmit analog and digitalsignals or deliver the necessary power to the com-ponents.
48
Empa has developed a plasma sputtering processwhich deposits a nanometer thick metal film ontosynthetic fibers in a continuous process. The film isthin enough to preserve the textile character of thefiber, yet also thick enough to guarantee low enoughelectrical resistance. This processwas recently trans-ferred into industrial production. Since textile fibersalways come with a spin finish oil or avivage on theirsurface a thorough pre-cleaning is necessary toachieve optimal adhesion and wash permanency.
Contact: [email protected]:D.Hegemann, D.J. Balazs, in “Plasma technologies for tex-tiles”, ed. R. Shishoo, Woodhead (Cambridge), p.158 (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig.1: Metallized fiber bobbin exhibiting a low electric resistance anda high reflectance characteristic for this high-quality coating.
Fig. 2: Residual spin finish oil and silver uptake as a function ofprocess speed. This graph illustrates the cleaning efficiency of areactive plasma on synthetic fiber. The reduced uptake of silver athigher speeds is due to both, to an oil-induced smaller stickingcoefficient and to a smaller exposure to silver at higher speeds.With pre-cleaned fibers a processing speed of some 400 m/min isreadily possible.
0 20 40 60 80 100
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r[m
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]
Speed [m/min]
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[%w
]
Ag Mass on FiberPES 150f48Residual Oil after RF Cleaning
Interestingly, our thin metal films sustain a higherstrain on fibers under tension than expected for thebulk metal equivalent. Due to the noticeable advan-tage of the enhanced elongation at break of bondedfilms, an optimization of washability via enhancedadhesion is possible. In this work we establishedthe quantitative relationship between reminiscentoil on the surface and the properties of the metalcoating. Furthermore, we could identify the bestconditions for fiber pre-cleaning in a reactive plas-ma zone prior to the metallization. Analysis of themechanisms of film failure allowed us to catalog anumber of important correlations betweenpre-clean-ing, film thickness andadhesion.Anexample of sucha result is shown in Figure 2. In an iterative course,the plasma process was hence optimized to such anextent that it yielded a superior wash- and sterili-zation cycles performance.
Support: KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/abt272
PES 150f48el. resistance: 10 Ω/cmsilver mass: 1.3 mg/m
Tribology of human skin in contactwith textiles
Prolonged pressure, friction and shear forces, as
well as humidity at the skin-textile interface are
decisive physical factors in the development of
wounds such as decubitus. The mechanical con-
tact at the skin-textile interface was investigat-
ed, and a textile friction test method was devel-
oped for the objective tribological assessment
of fabrics, in connection with decubitus preven-
tion.
In order to study the mechanical contact at the skin-textile interface, contact pressures were measuredbetween supine persons and a hospital foam mat-tress. Interface pressure distributions were record-ed in the pelvic and femoral regions, areas knownfor high risk of decubitus formation. Maximum con-tact pressures ranged up to 9.2 kPa (Fig.1).
Using these results, laboratory test methods weredeveloped to study friction contacts under clinicallyrelevant conditions. In particular, a tribometer wasconstructed to monitor friction and normal forces,and to simulate reciprocating motions between hu-man skin and fabrics, using a mechanical skin mod-el. The textile friction device allows the systematic
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
49
characterization of the frictional behavior of fabricswith a high measurement resolution and over a widerange of test parameters.
Fabrics made of various natural and synthetic yarnswere investigated to be used as possible fabric sub-strates for medical textiles. Fabrics were rubbedagainst the skin-simulating material, and static aswell as dynamic friction coefficients (COFs) weredetermined. The dynamic COF of the investigatedfabrics ranged from 0.13 to 0.33, and static COFvaried between 0.15 and 0.38 (Fig. 2). For both co-efficients, a factor of about 2.5 was found betweenthe fabric with the lowest and the highest COF. Forthe cotton-polyester hospital fabric (medical refer-ence textile), a static COF of 0.33 and a dynamicCOF of 0.29 was found. Due to their hairiness, fab-rics made of natural yarns tend to have greater COFsthan those with synthetic fibers. Lower frictional re-sistance at the skin surface is expected to reduce therisk of superficial abrasion and tissue distortion indeeper skin layers.
Measurements using the textile friction device areused to develop novel medical textiles with im-proved clinical performance for wound prevention.
Lutz-Christian Gerhardt,
Niklaus Mattle,
Gerhard Ulrich Schrade,
Siegfried Derler,
in collaboration with
Nicholas D. Spencer,
ETH Zürich (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:L.-C.Gerhardt et al., Skin Res Technol 14: 77–88 (2008)S.Derler et al., Wear 263: 1112–1116 (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Health
and Performance
Fig.1: Examples for the contactpressure distribution in supinepersons: contours of the pelvis(left) and a local pressureconcentration in the trochantericarea (right).
Fig. 2: Friction coefficients of selected fabrics with various textileconstructions and fiber materials.
Support: KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/abt271
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
PTFE PET CO / PES Wool Viscose
Coe
ffici
ent
offr
icti
on[-
]
Static COF Dynamic COF
15 cm
kPa
Steam burns – moisture managementin firefighters’ protective clothingMaterials and Systems
for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Corinne Keiser,
René Rossi
While working in a fire environment, firefighters
are exposed to a hot and very moist environment.
A large amount of the produced sweat remains in
the clothing layers and strongly affects the heat
transfer through the garment. The aim of this the-
sis was to analyze the absorption /evaporation
and the transfer of moisture within the clothing
layers and its effects on the heat transfer.
The distribution of moisture in the layers of a fire-fighter protective clothing system (usually 3 layersof firefighter protective clothing plus the underwearand a work wear) was studied first. The locationand amount of moisture in the protective clothingaffects the ability of hot steam to arise and also tomove through the clothing layers towards the body.The moisture content of a single layer was found tobe not only dependent on its material properties butmainly on properties of the other layers of the com-bination. Especially the layer next to the underwearproved to be of high importance for the moisturedistribution.
50
Contact: [email protected]:C. Keiser, PhD Thesis ETHZ No. 17406 (2007)C. Keiser, C. Becker, R.M. Rossi, Textile Res. J.,accepted (2007)C. Keiser, R.M. Rossi, Textile Res. J., accepted (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig.1: Temperatures between thelayers during the measurementswith 1 g water located in thethermal barrier.
20
60
100
140
180
220
0 120 240 360 480 600Time [s]
Outer layer
Membrane
Thermal barrier 1
Thermal barrier 2
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Underwear
I II III IV V
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
In a next step, the evaporation rate and vapor dif-fusion through the layers was determined. As hu-midity sensorswere too slow tomeasure fast changesof humidity inside the clothing layers, temperaturechanges were used to analyze the evaporation ofmoisture. The temperature courses can be dividedinto five different phases and mainly consists of twosuperimposed curves (Fig.1): first the curve of thetextile including a moist layer from which the mois-ture was evaporating (Phases I and II) and secondthe curve of heating up the dry textiles after all mois-ture had evaporated. The end of the evaporation wasclearly visible as the point at which the tempera-tures quickly rose after a phase with constant tem-peratures (Phase III). As soon as all moisture hadevaporated, the temperature increase followed ex-actly the curves of the measurements of dry sam-ples (Phases IV and V).
The heat fluxes calculated from the temperaturegradients were not higher in the wet combinationsthan in dry ones. Therefore, water or water vaportransfer and condensation of moisture on the skincontribute to steam burns, apart from the higherheat transfer in wet conditions.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt271
Development and characterisation of carbonnanotube-reinforced polyurethane foams
Flexiblepolyurethane (PU) foamswith loading frac-
tions of up to 0.2 wt% multi-wall carbon nano-
tubes (MWCNT) were synthesized. Electronmicro-
scopy (SEM) revealed an open cellular structure
and homogeneous dispersion of the MWCNT. The
incorporation of MWCNT affected the foam cel-
lular structure, as observed by image analysis. The
compressive response of the foams shows an im-
provement of more than 40% at low loading frac-
tions (<0.1 wt%).
Carbon nanotubes provide a novel means to enhancepolymer structures where conventional fiber fillerscannot be accommodated. We report on MWCNT-reinforced PU foams, which have potentially widerelevance as PU is one of the six most-sold plasticsworldwide and, in particular, because PU foams arewidely used in body protectors.
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
51
Synthesis and SEM of MWCNT and the compos-ite were carried out at Imperial College. AlignedMWCNT were grown by the CVD injection method(C. Singh et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 372, 860, 2003).After oxidation, the MWCNT were mixed with poly-ol, upon which surfactant, catalyst and distilled wa-ter, and finally isocyanate were added to the mixture.Foaming occurred in an open, cylindrical mold. SEMshows an anisotropic structure with cells elongatedparallel to the foaming direction (Fig.1a), whereasthe perpendicular structure appears more isotropic(Fig.1b). Inspection of the fracture surface revealsa good dispersion of MWCNT (Fig.1c). Optical and
Rolf Stämpfli,
Paul Brühwiler,
Safer Mourad,
in collaboration with
Raquel Verdejo,
Milo Shaffer,
Imperial College (UK)
Contact: [email protected]:R. Verdejo, R. Stämpfli, M.Alvarez-Lainez, S.Mourad,M. Rodriguez-Perez, P.A. Brühwiler, M. Shaffer,Compos. Sci. Technol, submitted (2007)
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: Representative images of the PU/MWCNT foam samples:a) SEM images of surfaces obtained by cutting parallel andb) perpendicular to the foaming direction; c) MWCNT dispersion(0.1wt% loading fraction); d) progressive grey scale of the samples:0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2wt%.
Fig. 2: Relative yield strength as a function of MWCNT loadingfraction for different sample sets.
Mechanical effects of MWCNT on polyurethane foam
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2MWCNT concentration [wt%]
rela
tive
yiel
dst
reng
th
Sample set 3
Sample set 1Sample set 2
MWCNT specially driedbefore dispersion in polyol
mechanical characterization was carried out atEmpa. Samples were carefully cut in a custom-builtapparatus. Image analysis of the cellular structureindicated that the mean cell size initially increaseswith the addition of MWCNT, decreasing again athigher loading fractions. The quasistatic compres-sive response (EN ISO 3386-1) exhibited an im-provement of more than 40% at low loading frac-tions (Fig. 2). Parallel to this, the specific Young’smodulus generally decreased at higher loading frac-tions. Possible strategies to improve the mechani-cal strength would be functionalizing or grafting ofthe MWCNT.
The results indicate that the MWCNT-reinforced PUfoams have the potential to improve energy absorp-tion in light-weight foams without increasing thedensity. If these results can be extended to dynamicimpacts, this will be an attractive development foruse in body protectors.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt271
a) b)
c)
d)
MWCNT
500 µm 500 µm
1 µm
1 cm
Preparation of chiral (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids(RHAs) from bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoatesMaterials and Systems
for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Qun Ren,
Katinka Ruth
An efficient process for production of (R)-hydro-
xycarboxylic acids (RHAs) from bacterial polyhy-
droxyalkanoates (PHAs)wasdeveloped. It involved
the synthesis of PHA in bacteria, followedby bring-
ing the culture broth to a pH optimum for in vivo
degradation of PHA. The optimal pH was further
maintained to allowmaximal release of RHAs. Us-
ing this process, almost 90% (weight/weight) PHA
was degraded into RHAs in 15 hours. The obtained
RHAs could be further separated and purified to
a purity of over 95%.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are accumulated bymany bacteria as intracellular storage materials.When bacterial cells are under carbon starvation,the accumulated PHAs can be degraded via intra-cellular PHA depolymerase to monomers, namelyR-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs). The monomers
52
can be further re-utilized by the bacteria as a carbonand energy source. All of the PHA monomers areenantiomerically pure and in R-configuration. RHAscan be used as starting materials for the synthesisof antibiotics, vitamins, flavours and other valuablecompounds. The goal of this study is to develop anefficient method to produce RHAs from PHAs.
Pseudomonas putida GPo1 was cultivated in achemostat under dual (carbon and nitrogen) nutri-ent limited conditions for PHA accumulation. Theculture broth at the steady state was collected andadjusted to different pH values to investigate PHAdegradation and RHA release. The optimal pH wasfound to be between 9.5 and 10.5. With the initialpH of 10.0 at room temperature an exponential PHAdegradation pattern was observed (Fig. 1A). 60% ofthe originally accumulated PHA was degraded in 12hours. Further incubation of up to 24 hours did notlead to a better yield (Fig. 1A). It was also observedthat the pH of the culture broth dropped in a simi-lar manner to that of PHA degradation during theincubation, namely froman initial pHof 10.0 to about8.0 after 12 hours (Fig. 1A). This suggested that therelease of monomeric acids constantly lowered theenvironmental pH of the culture broth, resulting inless favorable conditions for PHA degradation. Thus,we investigated whether a better yield of RHA pro-duction could be achieved by keeping the pH of thecell broth constant at the level optimal for PHAdegra-dation. The culture broth was collected, and adjust-ed to and maintained at pH 10.0 by a pH controller.The degradation of PHAs and the release of RHAswere followed for 24 hours (Fig. 1B). A linear PHAdegradation pattern was observed in the first 9 hours.After 15 hours almost 90% (w/w) of the total PHAwas degraded.
We further designed a process for continuous RHApreparation using chemostat (Fig. 2). The culturebroth was continuously directed from the chemo-stat to a stirred tank reactor where the pH value wasadjusted to and controlled at 10.0 by adding NaOH(Fig. 2). To enhance PHA degradation and RHA pro-duction, a plug flow (PF) reactor was applied (Fig. 2).The culture broth was delivered from the tank re-actor to the PF tube by a pump. The pumping flowrate was the same as the flow rate of the chemostat.After the cells had an average residence time of 10
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig.1: Preparation of RHA monomers via in vivo degradation ofbacterial PHAs. P. putida GPo1 cells were cultivated in continuousculture and the culture broth was collected after reaching the steadystate. The pH of the cell broth was adjusted to 10 by adding NaOH,then either was not further controlled (A) or was controlled at 10 (B).Degradation of PHA and release of RHAs under both conditionswere followed for 24 hours.
Incubation time [hours]
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hours in the tank reactor with a set pH of 10, theyfurther degraded PHA and released RHAs inside thePF tube. After 6 hours in the PF reactor almost 90%(w/w) of the originally accumulated PHA was de-graded. This productivity is similar to that achievedby batch preparation of RHAs. However, when achemostat is used, a PF reactor is a more efficientmeans for production of RHAs because it avoidstime delays in cell collection, change of equipmentand readjustment of parameters, thus enabling acontinuous production process.
The obtained RHAs (e.g. 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid)were purified by reversed phase semi-preparativecolumn chromatography and subsequent solvent ex-traction. The purified 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid wasconfirmed to have exclusively R-configuration bychiral GC analysis (Fig. 3). The developed processprovides an economical system to obtain enantiomer-ically pure hydroxycarboxylic acids, which is thefirst step towards a large scale production of chiralsynthons from PHAs for industrial applications.
Support: Eawag
Links: www.empa.ch/abt275
Materials and Systemsfor Protection
and Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
53
Contact: [email protected]:K. Ruth, A.Grubelnik, R.Hartmann, Th. Egli, M. Zinn,Qun Ren, Biomacromolecules, 8:279–286 (2007)Qun Ren, K. Ruth, L. Thöny-Meyer, M. Zinn,Macromol. Rapid Commun. 28:2131–2136 (2007)Qun Ren, E. Pletscher, M. Zinn, L. Thöny-Meyer, Patent:PCT/CH2007/000156, applied for (2007)
Fig. 2: Schematic representation of a continuous process for production of RHAs from bacterial PHAs.
Fig. 3: Chiral GC analysis of purified (R )-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid(R3HO): a, racemic (R,S )-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl esters;b, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester prepared from R3HO purifiedin this study; c, mixture (1/1 vol %) of the racemic standard andpurified R3HO methyl esters.
*) open system where sterilization is not necessary.
Production of RHAsProduction of PHA
Bacteria accumulate PHA inintracellular granules
Depolymerization of PHA leads to excretion ofRHAs into supernatant
Collection & purification of RHAs
RHAs can be purified via column chromatographyand solvent extraction
Medium
Carbonsource
Fermentor
Air
NaOH
NaOH
Base tank reactor
*
Harvest tank
Centrifugation
Solventextraction
Acidification Columnchromatography
*
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pH
0
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10000
15000
20000
25000
26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5
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b
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Retention time [min]
Detection of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)in biomass using gaschromatographyMaterials and Systems
for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body
Empa Activities 2007
Patrick Furrer,
Roland Hany,
Daniel Rentsch,
Andreas Grubelnik,
Katinka Ruth,
Manfred Zinn,
in collaboration with
Sven Panke,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Standard chromatographicmethods for the quan-
tification of bacterial poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)
(PHA) proved to be inappropriate for the analysis
of medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA). Transes-
terification catalyzed by protic acids is not quan-
titative formcl-PHAunder common conditions due
to slow reaction kinetics and formation of side-
products in case of functionalized side-chains. To
circumvent these limitations, an improvedmethod
for the quantification of mcl-PHA by GC-FID was
developed. Boron trifluoride (BF3) inmethanolwas
successfully applied toquantitativelymethanolyse
different mcl-PHA (recovery > 94%). This novel
method is well-suited for the analysis of purified
mcl-PHA as well as for mcl-PHA in biomass.
PHAs are produced by microorganisms under spe-cial growth conditions and stored inside the cell. Inorder to control PHA production, different methodshave been applied to determine the content of PHAin biomass and to analyze the monomeric composi-tion of PHA-copolymers using gaschromatographycombined with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
The original propanolysis method by Riis was quan-titative for the transesterification of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing a low amountof hydroxyvalerate. Nearly 100% of the polymerwas recovered as propylester. However, for PHBVwith a high amount of hydroxyvalerate and for PHAswith longer side-chains the reaction yield fell below50%; e.g. for PHA produced from 10-undecenoicacid (PHU).
54
Contact: [email protected]:P. Furrer, R.Hany, D. Rentsch, A.Grubelnik, K. Ruth, S. Panke,M. Zinn, J. Chromatography A 1143:199–206 (2007)
Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance
Fig. 2: GC-FID-chromatograms of PHU transesterified withthe adapted HCl-propanol method of this work (a) and withBF3-methanol (b).
Fig.1: Side-reactions of PHU during transesterification withHCl-propanol. A) Cyclisation of propyl 3-hydroxy-6-heptenoate (C7:6).B) Water addition to unsaturated side-chains (m = 1–3).
The C7:6-monomer was suspected to excessivelyundergo side-reactions during propanolysis and toform the side-products observed by GC. To confirmthis hypothesis and to elucidate the structure of theside-products, 3-hydroxy-6-heptenoic acid producedby fermentation and separated by column chroma-tography was propanolysed for 2 days with HCl-propanol at 100 °C to quantitatively convert it intoside-products. LC-MS measurements showed thatthese products had identical retention times andmass spectra as the dominant side-products fromPHU obtained by transesterification with HCl-propa-nol. NMR experiments revealed that the two mainproducts were (2-S, 5-R) and (2-R, 5-R) diastereomersof (5-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-acetic acid propylester as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, water ad-dition to the terminal double bonds of C7:1, C9:1and C11:1 propylesters was observed.
The formation of these side-products was avoidedby using the Lewis-acid BF3 in a water-free solvent.Transesterification with BF3-methanol was appliedsuccessfully to all mcl-PHA investigated and pro-duced at Empa. This novel method is well suitedfor the detection of mcl-PHA in biomass where oth-er analytical methods fail. In comparison with theadapted HCl-propanol transesterification, only a fewnon-interfering additional peaks from other lipids ofbiomass appeared in the spectrum, which simplifiesthe analysis of data considerably (Fig. 2).
Links: www.empa.ch> Biomaterials
O
O
nHO
O
O
O
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H
H+, ΔT
-H+
n-propanol
A)
O
O
n
H+, ΔTm
O
O
n
m
H
O
O
n
m
H
OH
H2O, ΔT
-H+
B)
0 5 10 15
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[a.u
.]
Time [min]
a
b
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C9:8
C11:10
Internalstandard
Empa Activities 2007
55
List of abbreviations
ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability
ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority
BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment
BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health
BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy
CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility
CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.
DFG German Research Foundation
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology
EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program
ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency
NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research
NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute
SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research
SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste
SNF Swiss National Science Foundation
VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts
VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit
Empa Activities 2007Information, Reliability
and Simulation Technology
b
ba
c
Absolute differencein NOx emissions(t/year)
22–35
11–21
4–10
(-3)–3
(-10)–(-4)
(-21)–(-11)
(-35)–(-22)
R
Mission
The development of advanced materials andsystems requires novel measuring, modeling,simulation and information technologies.Data and image processing are of importance inthe acquisition, transfer and presentation ofdata. Non-destructive evaluation and imagingtechniques ensure adequate reliability and safetyof systems and structures from the macro to thenanometer scale. The transformation of techno-logical progress into quality of life of current andfuture generations requires interdisciplinaryresearch on the opportunities and risks oftechnological developments for humans and theenvironment, especially in the application ofICT, nanotechnology and energy technologies.
Activities
Experimental research, physical modeling andsimulations in the field of the reliability, safetyand security of materials, devices and systems arethe focus of our work. Sensors, measurementdevices and procedures are being developed; andexperimental facilities for micro- and nanotechnol-ogy such as a focused-ion-beam (FIB) instrument,optical full field methods and X-ray tomographyare in operation at our facilities and at the synchro-tron light source SLS at the Paul Scherrer Institute.The objective is to enable and support the devel-opment and application of new materials, devicesand processes. Thus, a method for 3-D imaging ofbone cells with the FIB has been developed, andFIB has also been successfully applied to structur-ing photonic crystals. A novel ultrasonic methodallows strain measurements to be made in con-nection with the fixation of broken bones in thelaboratory environment.
Noise emissions by components and systemshave a significant environmental impact. Emparesearch substantially contributes to selectedtopics in the field of noise abatement and noisereduction. In a CTI project, a model is beingdeveloped to predict the characteristics of and soimprove the design of large windows with highsound attenuation. Research on environmentalnoise prediction from aircraft and rail traffic hasculminated in the finalization of two PhD theseson related topics. Our staff has also made impor-tant contributions to the Zurich Flight Noise Index(ZFI) which represents an important part of thefoundation for the new flight regime of the Zurichairport.
Quality of color reproduction in the printingindustry involves a complex interaction of print-ing technology, pigments and paper. Based onan understanding of the scattering of light nearto the surface layer of printing paper, Empahas, in a CTI project, developed a procedurewhich produces better quality, less misprints andimproved productivity.
Analyzing emerging technologies embedded insocial processes, focusing on the interactionsbetween technology, the environment and oursociety aims to support the development oftechnologies that are beneficial and acceptable tosociety. Projects dealt with include such variedtopics as the assessment of traffic emissions inChilean cities and life cycle assessment compar-isons of internal combustion engine vehiclesand all-electric vehicles.
Xaver Edelmann, Department Head
Superspeckles – super-resolution filtersapplied to speckled light
Liquid crystal arrays allow manipulating the
phase and amplitude of a laser beam. If they are
properly used in combination with a lens, sharp-
er images can be obtained. We applied such a su-
per-resolution lens to a laser speckle pattern in-
terferometer to prove experimentally that the
measurement range of the interferometer is dou-
bled without compromising lateral resolution.
Laser light that is reflected from a rough object sur-face forms a speckle pattern, i.e. a random variationof phase and intensity in space. In Digital SpecklePattern Interferometry (DSPI) a CCD-camera is usedto record the interference pattern from the super-position of a speckle pattern and a reference wave.This allows measuring deformations of an objectwith a resolution of 10 nm. The measurement rangeof DSPI is limited by the size of the speckles at thedetector. This size is given by the diffraction limit-ed point spread function of the imaging system.Hence, stopping down the lens increases both thespeckle length and width. However, increasing thewidth of the point spread function decreases the lat-eral resolution in the image.
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
59
In a PhD Thesis performed in collaboration withEPFL applications of liquid crystal arrays to speck-led laser light were studied. A design methodologyfor super-resolution filters was developed and ver-ified experimentally by using programmable liquidcrystal arrays. Such a super-resolution lens can im-prove the lateral resolution by up to 40%. If a su-per-resolution lens is introduced into the imagingsystem of a speckle pattern interferometer (Fig.1),the speckle width decreases correspondingly. In ad-dition, “superspeckles” are created that are muchlonger in size than originally. We noted that the in-crease in speckle length increases the measurementrange of the interferometer accordingly. An increasein DSPI measurement range by nearly a factor oftwo was successfully proven by experiment. Figure2 illustrates the experimental results. The tilt of anobject was measured by DSPI giving rise to a set ofparallel correlation fringes. If the object is movedaway from the interferometer by more than a speck-le length, these fringes vanish. However, when us-ing “superspeckles” the fringes are clearly visible atthe same distance. This proves the usefulness ofcombining a super-resolution filter with a DSPI in-terferometer.
Erwin Hack,
Phanindra N.Gundu
Contact: [email protected]:P.N.Gundu, PhD Thesis EPFL No 3873 (2007)P.N.Gundu, E.Hack, P.K. Rastogi, Opt. Commun. 278,382–386 (2007)
Research ProgramAdaptive
Material Systems
Fig.1: DSPI interferometer withsuper-resolution lens. BS: beamsplitter; LCD: liquid crystal array
Fig. 2: Left: Correlation fringeswithout super-resolution filter at0.0mm (a) and 0.5mm (b).Right: Correlation fringes with“superspeckles” at 0.0mm (c)and 0.5mm (d).
Laser
Beam expander BS Mirror
Object BS Lens LCD BS
CCD
(a) (c)
(b) (d)
Monte Carlo simulation of a cone-beamCT system for industrial applicationsInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Alice Miceli,
Raphaël Thierry,
Alexander Flisch,
Jürgen Hofmann,
Urs Sennhauser,
in collaboration with
Franco Casali,
University of Bologna (IT)
A Monte Carlo model based on the simulation
toolkit GEANT4was developed to simulate a high
resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) sys-
temequippedwith an industrial 450 kVX-ray tube
and an area detector. The full simulation of the
X-ray tube, object and detector was considered.
The validation of the model with experimental
data showed a good agreement. The developed
CT simulation is an indispensable tool to opti-
mize the design of the CT system and to evaluate
the contribution of the scattered radiation to the
image.
The main problem connected to cone beam (CB)CT systems for industrial applications employing450 kV X-ray tubes is the high amount of scatteredradiation generated by the investigated object thatis added to the primary radiation (signal). This strayradiation leads to significant degradation of imagequality. A better understanding of the scatter in theCT system and methods to reduce the scattered ra-diation to improve the quality of the image aretherefore necessary.
Methods to reduce the scattering can be classifiedin two groups, mechanical and numerical. The me-chanical method consists of employing an anti-scat-ter grid of absorbing material that prevents most of
60
the scattered radiation to reach the detector. The nu-merical method consists in the subtraction of thenumerically evaluated scattered radiation from theacquired image.
Contact: [email protected]:A.Miceli, R. Thierry, M. Bettuzzi, A. Flisch, J. Hofmann,U. Sennhauser, F. Casali, Nuclear Inst. and Methods inPhysics Research, A, Vol. 580, 123–126 (2007)A.Miceli, R. Thierry, A. Flisch, U. Sennhauser, F. Casali,M. Simon, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research,A, Vol. 583, 313–323 (2007)
Fig.1: Hollow Al cylinder of outer diameter 200 mm, inner diameter50 mm and height 200 mm. Simulated images of the energy deposit-ed by (a) total radiation, (b) primary radiation, (c) 1st, (c) 2nd, and(e) higher order of scattered radiation. (f) Profiles extracted from theimages along the line AA’. (g) Scatter to primary ratio calculatedfrom the profiles.
Fig. 2: Simulated total and scattered profiles of the cylinder ofFigure 1 with and without anti-scatter grid.
1
0 0A A'
-150-100-500
0
50100150
Posi
tion
y[m
m]
100
10-3
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(a) (b) (c)
(e)
(f) (g)
(d)
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tion
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m]
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Total with gridScatter with gridTotal without gridScatter without grid
An accurate way to evaluate the scattering and tooptimize the parameters of the anti-scatter grid isthe use of the Monte Carlo (MC) method. Figure 1illustrates the contribution to the image of the pri-mary radiation, first-order (S1), second-order (S2),and higher order of scattering (SH2) calculated us-ing a Geant4-based MC simulation. The scatter toprimary ratio (SPR) of the SH2 was found to be 1.5in the region of maximum path length. Determinis-tic simulations focusing exclusively on the calcula-tion of the first-order scattering are therefore notsuitable to simulate CB CT systems. The model wasalso used to optimize the parameters of a 1D anti-scatter grid. Figure 2 shows the improvement in thereduction of the scattering obtained by using theanti-scatter grid. In presence of the anti-scatter grid,the scattered radiation is 30%of the value in absenceof the grid.
Support: SBF, EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/abt173
Theoretical investigationof silicon dioxide breakdown
The essential limitations on gate insulators are
related to the exponentially increasing gate cur-
rent as the thickness of the oxide is reduced to
1–2 nm, and the effect of this current on both the
functionality and reliability of devices and cir-
cuits. Quantum mechanical models (ab inito cal-
culations) can be used to simulate the formation
of atomic defects of a realistic material structure.
Density Functional Theory has been used to mod-
el and study the properties of crystalline alpha
quartz and amorphous SiO2 in presence of differ-
ent species of defects.
Soon after the invention of the metal-oxide-semi-conductor-field-effect-transistor (MOSFET), it wasrecognized that the silicon dioxide gate oxide playsa critical role in device reliability and scaling. Thethickness of early silicon dioxide gate insulationswas a few hundred nanometers. Today, a thicknessof about 2 nm is reached.
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
61
The degradation of gate oxides is attributed to thecreation of defects such as electron traps, interfacestates, etc. Once the concentration of defects reach-es a critical value, the insulating properties of theoxides fail. Several statistical models have been de-veloped to explain the breakdown mechanism whichoccurs in ultrathin gate oxides. All these models as-sume a critical average density of defects that leadto an irreversible degradation of the oxide. No as-sumptions are made on the nature of defects whichaffect silicon dioxide.
In order to shed light upon the atomistic scale mech-anisms involved in the generation of defects in crys-talline and amorphous silica the methods of com-putational quantum mechanics have been used.
Matteo Farnesi Camellone,
Urs Sennhauser,
Louis Schlapbach
Contact: [email protected]:M.Farnesi Camellone, J.C. Reiner, U. Sennhauser,L. Schlapbach, Phys. Rev B 76, 125205 (2007)M. Farnesi Camellone, J.C. Reiner, U. Sennhauser,L. Schlapbach, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter;submitted (2007)
Research ProgramNanotechnology
A mechanism for the formation of electron traps inamorphous silica (Fig.1) has been proposed. The ef-fects of adding an electron to a disordered silica net-work has been investigated. The energy required forelectron localization was found to be 0.23 eV. Thebehavior of this defect in presence of atomic hy-drogen has been simulated, confirming that the pres-ence of hydrogen atoms in silicon dioxide can affectthe generation of charge traps. Other important re-sults concern the study of self-trapped holes (STHs)in amorphous silicon dioxide. The structures of theSTHs (Fig. 2), which were experimentally observedtwo decades ago have been theoretically reproducedand studied by performing self interaction correct-ed (SIC) DFT calculations. To this end Born-Oppen-heimer molecular dynamics (10 ps) has been per-formed on a silica network containing a hole. Theirproperties have been compared to existing experi-mental data.
Support: KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/abt173> Electronics/Metrology
The behavior of silicon dioxide in the presence ofdifferent hydrogen charge states and the family ofoxygen vacancies have been simulated. Formationenergies, diffusion barrier and electronic density ofstates of these defects have been computed usingab initio density functional theory (DFT).
Fig. 2: STH1 defect, the spin density of the hole localizes on a singlebridging oxygen.
Fig.1: Disordered silica network used in the simulation of electrontraps in silica (yellow atoms are silicons, red atoms are oxygens).
Connection availability analysis ofoptical transport networksInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Ling Zhou,
Marcel Held,
Urs Sennhauser,
in collaboration with
Armin Wittneben,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Highly reliable and available telecommunication
networks are a prerequisite for the information
based society. Future possibly all-optical net-
works will provide the pathways to transport da-
ta at rates up to terabit/s for a variety of servic-
es. The allocation of resources must be optimized
in order to provide services fulfilling different
quality of service requirements under total cost
consideration.
Availability of telecommunication networks is cru-cial due to the increasing amount of lost data andthe consequential high economic losses in case oftechnical fault or attack. Networks are designedphysically survivable for single span failures (e.g.a cable cut) by various protection or restorationstrategies. However, these strategies focus on theminimization of spare capacity disregarding the ef-fects of dual failures on overall network availabili-ty. Moreover, the design of survivable networksprovides only the amount of the required spare ca-pacity but no allocation and routing rule in case ofcapacity contention. The difficulty is that the dualfailure case of mesh-restorable networks with wide-ly distributed and interdependent spare capacity can-not be modeled sufficiently with traditional avail-ability analysis methods.
62
Therefore, new restoration-aware methods for avail-ability assessment were developed in a PhD thesis.They consider the network topology, traffic matrix,the allocation of working and spare capacity, thefailure sequence, and the implemented restorationdynamics. A key approach is the implementation ofallocation rules for connections competing for re-maining spare capacity. The outcome is the exactcombination of spare capacity allocation and rout-
Contact: [email protected]:L. Zhou, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17191 (2007)L. Zhou, M.Held, U. Sennhauser, IEEE/OSA Journal ofLightwave Technology, 25, 5 1111–1119 (2007)
Fig.1: Pan-European networkwith 28 nodes and 41 spans.
Fig. 2: A dual-span failure scenario can cause traffic loss with SharedBackup Path Protection SBPP due to spare capacity sharing.
Dublin
Oslo
Lyon
Rome
Milan
Zurich
StrasbourgParis
London
Copenhagen
Hamburg
Amsterdam
Bordeaux
Vienna
Madrid
Athens
Barcelona
Belgrade
BudapestMunich
WarsawBerlin
PragueFrankfurt
Stockholm
Zagreb
Brussels
Glasgow
Spare capacitysharing
1
2
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ing information to all traffic demands that are af-fected by a failure scenario. Based on this approachcomputation models are built and validated by sim-ulation and analytical approaches for the four mostpromising survivability strategies at present, i.e.dedicated automatic protection switching, sharedbackup path protection, span restoration and pre-configured protection cycles. New unavailability-re-lated measures are defined, e.g. average expecteddowntime or traffic loss per year of all connectionsfor an assessment of the overall network perform-ance and some composite measures enabling thecomparison of networks with different survivabili-ty strategies, like the ratio of the average connec-tion availability to the network redundancy. It hasbeen shown that performance measures are of thesame order of magnitude for the investigated strate-gies though the scheme of shared backup path pro-tection shows the best performance with the mostefficient capacity design.
This work supports designers in the optimization ofnetworks by combining the allocation of resourcesand exact availability performance. Results werepresented to interested telecommunication partiesin international conferences and in COST action 270Reliability of Optical Components and Devices inCommunication Systems and Networks.
Support: SBF
Links: www.sckcen.be/cost270
Environmental impact assessment ofbio-fuelled mobility versus all-electric solutions
Variousmobility options for Switzerland based on
alternative fuels are compared with all-electric
systems. The assessment of the environmental im-
pacts embraces a “cradle to grave” perspective,
i.e. from production (feedstock /electricity gener-
ation) to consumption (driven car kilometers) and
includes the required infrastructure (cars, roads,
etc.). Results show high efficiency and low envi-
ronmental impact for the all-electric photovoltaic
(PV) system.
Converting and storing solar energy by photosyn-thesis in biomass and converting it to biofuels is justone possibility for moving cars. All-electric (plug-in) or hybrid drive systems show improved tank towheel efficiencies. However, to conclude on a broad-er basis whether the electric drive train is favorablecompared to conventional drive trains (with inter-nal combustion engines adapted for biofuels), theentire pathways including electricity generation andagricultural production need to be assessed.
The objective of this study is to evaluate and com-pare the environmental impact and more specifi-cally the land use of a variety of mobility solutions.Fossil fuel and biofuel based mobility have beencompared with all-electric solutions using the samecar body (Golf class) with different drive trains ac-cording to the propelling energy carrier, i.e. eitheran internal combustion engine or an electric motorwith battery and inverter.
The required land area to propel a car for 10 000 kmis shown in Figure 1. Based on the annual yieldthe option using the smallest area is PV (37m2/10 000 km/a). The 2nd in the area-ranking is bio-diesel from palm oil produced in Malaysia (1276 m2/10 000 km/a, 34 times more than PV) and the mostarea-demanding pathway is biodiesel from Swissrape seeds with 5 265m2/10 000 km/a (142 timesmore than PV). The differences are mainly a resultof the much higher conversion efficiency of photo-voltaic compared to photosynthesis.
However, for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsper driven km shown in Figure 2, the PV option isranking second lowest after the biogas option frommanure. The good performance of the latter optioncan be explained by the fact that some methanewould be produced out of manure naturally andreach the atmosphere as a very potent GHG. By us-ing biogas in an internal combustion engine the GHGemission can be reduced drastically.
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
63
In summary, the comparison of the required landareas for the studied energy pathways shows a clearlowest demand for the all-electric PV system. Thecomparison of the GHG emissions per driven kilo-meter shows high values for the fossil fuel optionsand the lowest values for biogas from manure justfollowed by the PV system.
Rolf Widmer,
Marcel Gauch,
Rainer Zah
Contact: [email protected]:R.Widmer, M.Gauch & R. Zah, Proceed. EET-2007European Ele-Drive Conference, pp. 6 (2007)
Research ProgramNatural Resources
and Pollutants
Fig.1: Comparison of the land areas for various energy systems.
Fig. 2: Comparison of the GHG emissions for various energy systems.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Methane Manure / Car Methane
Methane Biowaste / Car Methane
Methane Wood SynGas / Car Methane
Ethanol Sugar Cane BR / Car Ethanol
Ethanol Biomass CH / Car Ethanol
Ethanol Corn US / Car Ethanol
Veg. Oil (used) ME CH / Car Methylester
PalmME MY / Car Methylester
RapeME CH / Car Methylester
Natural Gas / Car NatGas
Gasoline / Car Gasoline
Diesel / Car Diesel
Electricity UCTE-mix EU / Car Electric
Electricity CHP NatGas / Car Electric
Electricity Photovoltaics / Car Electric
Area required per car @ 10'000 km/yr [m2]
m2 for 10'000km
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Foss
ilB
iod
iese
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s
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Methane Manure / Car Methane
Methane Biowaste / Car Methane
Methane Wood SynGas / Car Methane
Ethanol Sugar Cane BR / Car Ethanol
Ethanol Biomass CH / Car Ethanol
Ethanol Corn US / Car Ethanol
Veg. Oil (used) ME CH / Car Methylester
PalmME MY / Car Methylester
RapeME CH / Car Methylester
Natural Gas / Car NatGas
Gasoline / Car Gasoline
Diesel / Car Diesel
Electricity UCTE-mix EU / Car Electric
Electricity CHP NatGas / Car Electric
Electricity Photovoltaics / Car Electric
well-to-wheel, GHG-emissions [kg CO2-eq./km]
Infrastructure Car/RoadOperation
Fuel
“Reverse engineering” uses published data and ad-ditional knowledge to produce auxiliary source da-ta sets for IMAGINE. The US Federal Aviation Au-thority maintains aircraft data in the form of “Noise-Power-Distance” (NPD) tables for their “IntegratedNoise Model”. These NPD tables provide only sin-gle, A-weighted sound levels, which results from thelevel integration over a whole flyover in ten differ-ent distances. Reverse engineering estimates thesource spectrum, such that a subsequent simulatedflyover produces again the original NPD value. Asthe 1/3 band octave spectrum contains 24 values,this task can only be solved with additional preex-isting knowledge on spectrum and on directivity.That is where the expertise of Empa was needed.General information on spectral shapes and repre-sentative directivities was extracted at Empa fromits FLULA data base. The method and a sample pro-gram for reversed engineering were developed atEmpa and were described in the deliverable 10 ofIMAGINE: “Default source description and methodsto assess source data”.
Empa’s aircraft noise expertisesupports EU researchInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Rudolf Bütikofer
The European research Program IMAGINE requires
a concise description of aircraft sound emission.
The existing expertise at Empa contributed con-
siderably to the successful termination of the top-
ic on aircraft noise calculation in the IMAGINE
project.
There exist individual noise calculation programsfor road, train, industry and aircraft noise, whichhave evolved from historical roots. The new con-cept for harmonized noise evaluation in the Euro-pean Union Member States proposes a standardizedcalculation program with individual noise sourcedescriptions for road, train, industry and aircraft.This was put forward in the EU6 program IMAGINE(Improved Methods for the Assessment of theGeneric Impact of Noise to the Environment). Thenew model requires much more detailed data of thesound source than previous programs. For aircraftnoise it is difficult to get specific noise data for thefollowing reasons: manufacturers usually have in-formation but keep it undisclosed for reasons ofcompetition. On the other hand, independent, wellcontrolled measurements are feasible but very cost-ly. An intermediate solution may be to use “reverseengineering” to generate the required data fromspare, published data.
Empa has developed and maintains the sophisticat-ed aircraft calculation program FLULA and – basedon own measurements and tedious data reduction –Empa also has a large fundus of source data andthe expertise in processing it. These are good rea-sons for the IMAGINE consortium to involve the lab-oratory of acoustics of Empa in the research project.
An aircraft has many sources of sound emission. Fortake-off the engine noise dominates with the maincomponents: compressor noise radiating in forwarddirection and the jet noise radiating to the side andthe back. The aircraft is sufficiently far away to bemodeled acoustically as a point source with one-third octave band sound spectra that vary in shapeand level with the emission angles. For each aircrafttype and for each operational condition IMAGINEneeds such a spherical one-third octave band dataset. Empa was involved in both activities to providesource data: measurement and reverse engineering.
To illustrate the steps involved in extracting sourcedata from measurements, IMAGINE made one se-ries of measurements with a small jet airplane. Af-
64
ter data normalization the measurements were fit-ted at Empa in each 1/3 octave band with sphericalharmonics. As an example, Figure 1 shows spectraldata converted to A-weighted levels in function ofthe longitudinal and lateral emission angles. If soundemission were equal in all directions, Figure 1 wouldshow a plane. The angle dependent variation insound emission is called directivity.
135
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130125120115110
130125120115110
Fig.1: Three dimensional directivity of Cessna Citation II (Lp,A (1m))Axis to the right: longitudinal angle from 10° to 170°Axis to the left: lateral angle from -90° to 0° to +90°Spacing of the niveau-lines: 2.5 dB
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
65
Contact: [email protected]:R. Bütikofer, Acta Acustica united with Acustica,93,253–262 (2007)
Fig. 2: Spectra of 8 propeller driven aircraft. Fig. 3: Spectra of 10 modern jet aircraft.
Fig. 4: Longitudinal directivity for6 groups of aircraft.
Figure 2 shows the spectral shape of propeller driv-en civil aircraft. The tonal components below 250 Hzare clearly visible, whereas in Figure 3 the spectralshapes of civil jet aircraft are rather smooth. Thelongitudinal directivity depends mainly on the en-gine type. The most important aircraft types weregrouped into six classes and the level variations fordepartures in function of the longitudinal angle areshown in Figure 4. The group “d1” represents oldengines with low fan noise and high jet noise. Group“d2” has increased fan noise. Group “d3” is for mod-ern engines with low jet noise and low fan noise,and group “d4” is for the modern Boeing and Air-bus aircraft with high fan noise and low jet noise.
50
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60
65
70
75
80
85
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250
500
1000
2000
4000
1/3 octave frequency [Hz]
LAE
[dB
]
Group “d prop” is for propeller driven aircraft withmaximum sound emission in the propeller plane.Finally, group “d m” is for departure of military air-craft with very pronounced jet noise.
Research is concluded. It is now up to political EUbodies to decide on the future implementation ofthe proposed IMAGINE model and to launch mea-surements for improvingandcompleting theacousticaircraft data base. The IMAGINE model would beeven more sophisticated than the well established,precise Empa model FLULA, provided the acousticdata could be available.
50
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160
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1000
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]
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Support: Imagine, EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/akustikwww.imagine-project.org(WP4: aircraft noise)
NanoRisk – life cycle thinking forapplications of CNTInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Claudia Som,
Bernd Nowack,
Andreas Köhler,
Aasgeir Helland,
Fadri Gottschalk,
Peter Wick,
in collaboration with
Kaspar Schmid,
Institut de Santé au
Travail, Lausanne (CH)
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are expected to be used
in a wide range of applications. An interdiscipli-
nary review study of potential side effects of CNT
showed that CNT cannot be considered a uniform
group of substances and that potential side ef-
fects depend on real-life exposure scenarios. We
therefore studied possible scenarios of CNT re-
lease throughout the life cycle of consumer prod-
ucts. The results suggest that a release can occur
in all life cycle phases of CNT applications.
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are considered one of themost promising materials in nanotechnology, withattractive properties for many technological appli-cations (Fig. 1–3). Their expected widespread usemakes it important to understand the potential sideeffects at an early stage of technology development.
66
An interdisciplinary review on the effects of CNT onhuman health and the environment revealed that a)CNT cannot be treated as a uniform group of sub-stances regarding potential impacts; b) there is evi-dence indicating that CNT are likely to accumulatealong the food chain due to their low solubility,lipophilic nature, and low biodegradability; c) thelarge surface area of CNT could enhance their en-vironmental impacts; and d) there is a wide rangeof empirical results that depend upon factors suchas CNT physical and chemical characteristics (seealso the article by P.Wick, page 44).Viewed togeth-er, these findings indicate potential side effects forhuman health and the environment which dependon exposure scenarios.
Research ProgramNanotechnology
Fig.1: Scanning electron micrograph of a multi-walled carbonnanotube carpet on a silicon wafer. The CNT have been grown usingchemical vapor deposition and their diameter range between 20and 30 nm.
Fig. 2: 3D representation of a scanning tunneling microscopy imageof three single-walled carbon nanotubes with atomic resolution.The diameter of the tubes is roughly 1 nm.
Fig. 3: Collage of an experimental scanning tunneling microscopyimage (middle) with model representations (left and right) of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The diameter of the tubes is roughly 1 nm.
In a subsequent technology foresight study on ap-plication areas for CNT, we investigated possiblesources of CNT release throughout the life cycle oftwo types of consumer products containing CNT:lithium-ion secondary batteries and synthetic tex-tiles (Fig.4).
In batteries, the CNT are rather loosely embeddedin a porous matrix, but as the matrix is sealed in acasing, CNT release appears relatively unlikely dur-ing use. However, if the battery casing is damaged,a release of CNT is possible. Composite textiles, onthe other hand, contain dispersed CNT without anyprotective sealing, but they are anchored in a tightpolymer matrix. Mechanical stress in combinationwith water and UV-radiation may degrade the poly-mer matrix such that single or aggregated CNT arereleased. Mechanical abrasion by wear and tear
14 nm
7 nm
2 μm
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
67
In order to approach the relevance of engineerednanoparticles (Np), studies on the occurrence, be-haviour and effects of Np in the environment werereviewed. Although CNT are considered as engi-neered Np, they have close relatives in the environ-ment. In contrast to these natural CNT, engineeredCNT are often functionalized. Compared to conven-tional or other emerging contaminants, Np posesome specific challenges. Due to the limited knowl-edge regarding the side effects of CNT, their diligentapplication and handling throughout the life cycleis a prerequisite for safe and successful CNT-basedinnovation.
Contact: [email protected]:A.Helland, P.Wick, A. Koehler, K. Schmid, C. Som,Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 8,1125–1131 (2007)A. Koehler, C. Som, A.Helland, F.Gottschalk,Journal of Cleaner Production, accepted (2007)B.Nowack, T.D. Bucheli, Environ. Pollut., 150, 5–22 (2007)
Fig. 4: Life cycle of CNT-basedproducts.
may uncover CNT on the surface of the matrix ma-terial or may release CNT either as parts of micron-sized polymer particles or in dispersive nanopartic-ulate state. The form in which CNT may actually bereleased from products is an issue which should beaddressed by experimental studies.
The results suggest that a release can occur in theproduction, use and disposal phase of CNT-basedmaterials. Likelihood and form of release depend onthe way the CNT are incorporated into the materi-al. Once released, functionalised CNT may undergofurther modification by environmental conditionssuch as water and chemical substances, corrosion,UV radiation and heat. Thus, the environmentalhealth impacts of exposure to CNT originating fromtechnical applications may significantly differ fromthe impacts of pristine CNT as used in toxicologicalstudies.
Furthermore, CNT may be introduced into othermaterials due to down cycling and cross contami-nation. In contrast to primary manufacturers, recy-clers and secondary manufactures may not be awareof the CNT content in the products and may neglectoccupational health and safety measures.
A major part of the CNT may enter the municipalsolid waste stream, where only incineration above850 °C is thought to eliminate them. As controlledincineration of waste is not common in most coun-tries, final disposal can cause CNT-emissions intothe environment over the long term.
Biota (Flora, Fauna) Humans (Toxic Effects)
Life cycle of CNT- based products
Life
cycl
eof
CN
T
Production
AirSolid WasteIncineration
WastewaterTreatment
Soil
Np Production
IntermediateProduction
RecyclingProduct Use
CNT modified under uncontrolled environmental conditions
Technosphere(potentialcross-productcontamination)
Logistics (Transport, Storage)
Final Disposal
Water
Heterogenous CNT (size, shape, functionalization)
Support: BAFU, BAG, KTI
Links: www.empa.ch/tsl
Visualization: Measuring the perceived qualityin volume renderingInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Peter Zolliker,
Eva Schuberth
Traditionally, algorithms are analyzed along per-
formance directions like speed or memory con-
sumption. In visualization, anotherdirectionname-
ly the perceived quality of the computed results
is equally important. Nevertheless, a systematic
analysis of the perceived quality for visualization
methods is oftenmissing. Here,we introduce con-
joint analysis – a preference measuring method-
ology that originated in psychology and is now
widely used in market research – as a robust tool
to measure perceived quality in volume rendering
from user feedback that is fast and easy to ob-
tain.
The main purpose of visualization is to produce im-ages that allow users to gain more insight into theillustrated data. This is a complex issue, dependingon many factors of the visualization system, start-ing from human-computer interaction, to renderingspeed, to rendering style and algorithm, and final-ly human perception and cognition. A techniquecalled conjoint analysis allows us to give a quanti-tative answer to these design goals. We made thistechnique accessible to visualization researchersand their specific domain setting. Visualization re-searchers are faced with the task that a large num-ber of algorithms need to be compared. However,the number of algorithms is too large for a singleuser to compare/rank all of them in reasonabletime.
68
Here, we present results on a conjoint study basedon data elicitated from visitors at an exhibition thattook place to celebrate the 25th anniversary of theComputer Science Department at ETH Zürich. 786visitors of the exhibition participated in our study.For our study we used two data sets. The first dataset FOOT is meant to cover the medical applicationdomain, whereas the second data set ENGINE cov-ers the engineering applications area. For each ob-ject we used a data set of more than 2000 imagesshowing renderings of its 3D-data. The visualiza-tion of each object can be described in terms of theparameters ObjectColor, Rendering, Viewpoint, Res-
olution, StepSize and BackColor. Perceived qualityitself was measured along different directions. Wemade this more explicit by asking two different ques-tions: Which image do you like best? (AESTETHICS)and Which image shows more details? (DETAILS).From the participants we collected the following da-ta: age, gender and color vision.
A main contribution of this paper is the developmentof a conjoint analysis technique as an extension ofThurstone’s method of comparative judgment. It isbased on some assumptions on parameter correla-tion and additivity but it has the advantage thatthese assumptions can be tested by statistical tests.In the case when additivity turns out not to hold,the two parameters with n and m levels, can be com-bined to one new parameter with n∙m levels. Themodel assumptions allow us to derive robust pref-erence estimates from sparse data, i.e., every userneeds to “explore” only a small fraction of the largeparameter space.
Based on the outcome of the additivity test we hadto combine the parameters Rendering and StepSize
into a single new parameter. For the FOOT data setthere was also a need to combine the parametersObjectColor and BackColor. The relative importanceof each parameter is given in Table 1 for all fourstudies. The best and the worst 10 images for theDETAILS question are shown in Figure 1 and 2respectively. Another result is that our conjointanalysis method can help to resolve trade-off deci-sions. In particular for some rendering modes it isnot necessary to go down to the smallest used step
Table 1: Rank order of the parameters used in our four studies. The rank order is derived from estimatedvariances.
Aestethics Details
Foot Rendering/StepSize 0.31 Rendering/StepSize 0.52
ObjectColor/BackColor 0.30 ObjectColor/BackColor 0.35
Viewpoint 0.14 Viewpoint 0.12
Resolution 0.05 Resolution 0.08
Engine Rendering/StepSize 0.56 Rendering/StepSize 0.77
BackColor 0.19 Resolution 0.09
Resolution 0.12 Viewpoint 0.08
Viewpoint 0.09 BackColor 0.05
ObjectColor 0.05 ObjectColor 0.01
Information,Reliability and
Simulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
69
prising but we also found that in this experimentwe cannot predict an individual’s preferences fromthe socio-demographic data available to us (age andgender).
We have demonstrated that conjoint analysis canbe a useful and efficient tool to gauge influences ofa rich set of rendering parameters on human per-ception in visualization tasks. It offers a sophisti-cated framework in which crucial user studies canbe done more efficiently and thoroughly.
Contact: [email protected]:J. Giesen, K.Mueller, E. Schuberth, L.Wang, P. Zolliker.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,13 (6), 1664–1671 (2007)E. Schuberth, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17434 (2007)
size. An intermediate step size gives equally goodresults. That is, it is often not worth spending theextra time required by smaller step size (time-qual-ity trade off). If time is important, then one canalso lower the resolution since our data show thatthe influence of the resolution on the perceivedquality is low. With a detailed error analysis we ob-tained insights beyond gauging of preferences byscale values: we were able to conclude from thecomputed experimental errors that preferences de-pend on the individual, which in itself is not so sur-
Fig.1: Best ten renderings (ranking decreasing from left to right) for the DETAILS question.
Fig. 2: Worst ten renderings (ranking decreasing from left to right) for the DETAILS question.
Links: www.empa.ch/medientechnik
Simplified assessment of traffic emissions inLatin American cities using GISInformation,
Reliability andSimulation Technology
Empa Activities 2007
Margarita Ossés,
Rainer Zah
Analysis was conducted on the spatial accuracy
of traffic emissions maps, which were obtained
with a simplified method for disaggregating the
emissions over the urban area upon the density
of the street network. The method evaluated on
seven mid-sized Chilean cities showed the most
accurate results in compact cities with a simple
street network and a single centre. For this type
of cities, such simplified method can be used as
an alternative to resource-demanding models to
get an overview on the spatial distribution of the
emissions generated by traffic.
Most Latin American cities are facing serious pol-lution problems due to the air emissions generatedby traffic. Their environmental authorities need toproperly assess these emissions in order to generateadequate pollution prevention and control meas-ures. The most accurate option to assess the emis-sions generated by traffic in a city is to estimate theemissions at street or even street section level witha traffic model coupled with an emission model. Thisis called a “bottom-up” approach.
70
However, most Latin American cities cannot affordsophisticated traffic and emission models and needinstead simplified approaches. A simplified approachfor determining the spatial distribution of traffic emis-
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]:D. Tuia, M.Ossés et al., Atmospheric Environment 41(17):3658–3671 (2007)M.Ossés, R. Zah, et al., Atmospheric Environment,in press (2007)
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
III
b
c
a ba
cb
a
c
Absolute differencein NOx emissions (t/year)
22–35
11–21
4–10
(-3)–3
(-10)–(-4)
(-21)–(-11)
(-35)–(-22)
Relative differencein NOx emissions (% of the reference)
above 1000
101–300
51–100
11–50
(-9)–10
(-49)–(-10)
(-100)–(-50)
sions in a city consists in dividing the urban area insquare cells of e.g. 1 km2 and disaggregating the to-tal values of emissions over the urban area (e.g de-rived from fuel consumption) according to the streetdensityper cell. This is calleda“top-down”approach.However, the results of such simplified approachesneed to be evaluated in order to establish if they areaccurate enough for the intended use.
In this study the spatial accuracy of top-down traf-fic emission inventory maps for CO, NOx, NH3, N2O,CH4, HC and particulate matter, obtained with thesimplified disaggregation method based on streetdensity was assessed in seven mid-sized Chileancities. Each top-down emission inventory map wascompared against a reference, namely a more ac-curate bottom-up emission inventory map from thesame study area. The comparison was carried outusing a combination of numerical indicators and vi-sual interpretation (Fig.1). The analysis was con-ducted with the support of Geographic InformationSystems (GIS).
Statistically significant differences were found bet-ween the cities with regard to the spatial accuracyof their top-down emission inventory maps. In com-pact cities with a simple street network and a singlecentre, a good accuracy of the spatial distributionof emissions was achieved with correlations higherthan 0.8 with respect to the bottom-up emission in-ventory of reference. In contrast, the simplified dis-aggregation method is not suitable for complex citiesconsisting of interconnected nuclei, resulting in cor-relation values lower than 0.5.
Although top-down disaggregation of traffic emis-sions generally exhibits low accuracy, the accuracyis significantly higher in compact cities and mightbe further improved by applying a correction factorfor the city centre. Therefore, the method can beused by local environmental authorities in citieswith limited resources and with little knowledge onthe pollution situation to get an overview on thespatial distribution of the emissions generated bytraffic activities.
Fig.1: Example of difference maps applied for the visual evaluation of the top-down emission inventorymaps. Air emissions of NOx in the city of Antofagasta are considered in the example. (I) and (II) show theabsolute and relative differences, respectively, between the emissions at cell level in the top-downemission inventory map and the same emissions in the bottom-up emission inventory map (reference).Grid cell size: 1 km x 1km. The following areas were underestimated in the top-down emission inventorymap: (a) the city center, (b) the eastern city access and (c) the industrial area. (Source of the satelliteimages: Google-Earth).
Empa Activities 2007
71
List of abbreviations
ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability
ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority
BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment
BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health
BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy
CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility
CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.
DFG German Research Foundation
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology
EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program
ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency
NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research
NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute
SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research
SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste
SNF Swiss National Science Foundation
VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts
VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit
Empa Activities 2007Mobility, Energy and Environment
Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02 N
Mission
The aim of our research work is to increase theenergy efficiency of technical systems – in particulartransport systems – and to reduce the emissionsof anthropogenic air pollutants they cause whichare relevant to climate change, human health, eco-systems and materials. The focal points are thedevelopment of materials for specific energy tech-nologies such as thermoelectric converters andhydrogen storage devices and the use of low carbonfuels for internal combustion engines. We are alsoworking on understanding the formation of airpollutants within technical systems, the character-ization of the emission, the transport of pollutantsinto and within the atmosphere, and the develop-ment of methods to reduce these emissions.
Activities
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions callsnot only for a substantial increase of energy effi-ciency in pursuing mobility-based activities butalso for the broad introduction of low carbon fuelslike methane, hydrogen and specific biofuels.Pure hydrogen is a very clean energy carrier andcan be used in fuel cells or in combustion engines.Metallic hydrides offer a way to store hydrogenwithout the use of cryogenic temperatures andwith a higher volumetric density than compressedgas. Empa is investigating the structure andthermodynamic characteristics of these hydridesto optimize their storage capacity.
Natural gas and processed biogas derived fromorganic waste are especially suited for use in in-ternal combustion engines due to their high knockresistance and excellent emission characteristics.Besides their recognized efficiency and emission
potential, these fuels have an inherent limitagainst overpowering and over-sizing of vehiclesdue to the low energy density of the fuel. Carmanufacturers are therefore forced to developefficient gas vehicles if their vehicles are toachieve a practical range.
The polluting constituents of combustion engineexhaust must be removed before the gas stream isvented to the atmosphere. Perovskite-type mixedoxides doped with noble metals applied to a foamstructured carrier show great potential for reducingthe required amount of these noble metals com-pared to that of conventional catalysts.
The quantification of pollutant fluxes into theatmosphere is not only essential for the assessmentof emission sources but is also important for theimplementation of international regulations.In cooperation with academic and industrialpartners, Empa has built a cryogenic free quantumcascade spectrometer for the measurement of thethree most important stable CO2 isotopologues.This allows the separate determination of thefluxes of CO2 respiration and assimilation, whichis important for understanding the carbon storagebehavior of the biosphere.
Another central question is whether biocides usedto protect building façades from microbial colo-nization can be replaced by nanoparticles. In acooperation between Eawag and Empa the emis-sion mechanisms and the fluxes of nanoparticlesand biocides from façades into the environmentare being investigated.
Peter Hofer, Department Head
Synthesis, crystal structureand physical-chemical properties ofnovel oxynitride-perovskites
Oxynitride-perovskites with the general composi-
tion AB(O,N)3, (A = lanthanide, rare earth, B = tran-
sition metal) were recently identified as a prom-
ising new class of inorganic materials suitable for
diverse physical (novel electronics, pigments) and
chemical (heterogeneous catalysis) applications.
Oxynitride-perovskites and their reoxidation in-
termediates are as well a potentially interesting
alternative to the known nitride catalysts for the
atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Therefore, innova-
tive synthesis procedures are developed at Empa
to synthesize perovskite-type oxynitrides, such as
titanates, tantalates, niobates, vanadates, tungsta-
nates, and molybdates with useful properties.
Up to now only Mo containing oxynitride perovskiteswith a low nitrogen content such as SrMoO2.5N0.5,SrMoO2.6N0.4 were known. The purpose of the pres-ent study was to investigate whether a higher levelof nitrogen substitution in the SrMo(O,N)3 systemis achievable and if it is possible to synthesize newMo-containing oxynitride perovskites.
AMoO4 (A=Ca, Sr) precursors have been preparedeither by a precipitation from the A(NO3)2 and(NH4)2MoO4 aqueous solutions or by a citrate (com-plex-polymerization) method. AMoO3 oxide precur-sors have been synthesized by reduction of the cor-responding AMoO4 oxides.
Both AMoO4 and AMoO3 oxides were treated withNH3 at 800 K<T<1100 K. Crystallographic andmicrostructural studies on the starting oxides andthe resulting oxynitrides were done by X-ray- (XRD),neutron diffraction (ND), X-ray absorption spectros-copy (XAS), transmission- (TEM)and scanning (SEM)electron microscopy.
Ex-situ XRD study revealed that for both A cations(A=Ca, Sr) novel oxynitride-perovskites can be pre-pared. It was found that SrMo(O,N)3 can be syn-thesized by ammonolyzing SrMoO4, while the re-duced AMoO3 oxide precursor is required to yieldin CaMo(O,N)3.
XRD and Neutron diffraction studies confirm cubicsymmetry (Pm3m) for SrMo(O,N)3. From the diffrac-tiondata it couldbe further concluded that thearrange-ment of O2- and N3- -ions is not ordered in the struc-ture. The refined anionic content of the material cor-responds to the composition SrMoO1.89(5)N1.11(5).Thus, the level of O2- substitution with N3- is twice
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
75
higher than the results of previous studies. XAS re-veals that molybdenum coordination polyhedra islikely to be distorted.
Until now no Ca containing perovskite-type molyb-date oxynitride was known. Thus, the discovery ofCaMo(O,N)3 as a new member of the Mo-contain-ing oxynitride family opens the door to new usefulfunctionalities. TEM reveals orthorhombic symme-try (Pbnm) for that material and a complex micro-structure represented by twin domains of differenttypes. Neutron data refinement in the Pbnm spacegroup results in a composition CaMoO1.68(7)N1.32(7)
with a disordered anionic arrangement.
Studies on the thermal reoxidation stability/reac-tivity, thermoelectric and catalytic properties of thesynthesized materials are the purpose of furtherwork.
Dmitry Logvinovich,
Andrey Shkabko,
Paul Hug,
Anke Weidenkaff
Contact: [email protected]:D. Logvinovich et al., Prog. Solid State Chem. 35281–290(2007)R. Aguiar et al., Dyes and Pigments. 7670–75 (2008)D. Logvinovich et al., J. Solid State Chem.180 2649–2654(2007)
Research ProgramNatural Resources
and Pollutants
Fig.1: Crystal structures of A. SrMoO1.89(5)N1.11(5) (Pm3m); B. CaMoO1.68(7)N1.32(7) (Pbnm).
Support: DFG, SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/ssc
c
b
c
b
Sr2+
Mo+5/+6O2-/N3-
Ca2+
Structure and microstructure characterizationof nanoscopic domains inthermoelectric perovskite-type materials
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Myriam H.Aguirre,
Rosa Robert,
Laura Bocher,
D. Logvinovich,
Matthias Trottmann,
Anke Weidenkaff
The crystal structure and the microstructure
of LaMn1-xCoxO3±δδ (with x = 0.05, 0.10) and
LnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy)
compounds were studied as potential candidates
for thermoelectric applications. For this purpose,
submicrocrystalline powder samples have been
synthesized by a chimie douce process. This low
synthesis temperature method allows to control
the morphology of particles by applying an ap-
propriate thermal decomposition process. Syn-
chrotron and laboratory X-ray diffraction data
were refined in the Pbnm space group (SG). The
orthorhombic symmetry has been confirmed by
transmission electron microscopy and by the ap-
propriate theoretical simulation of the structure.
The PrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and LaMn1-xCoxO3±δδ com-
pounds present a three-dimensional micro -
domain texture of twin defects. The orientation
of the real unit cell, i.e., √2apx√2apx2ap (where ap
is the lattice parameter of the aristotype Pm3–
m
perovskite, noted with a “p” subscript), alternates
in each domain in one of the three space direc-
tions.
Lanthanum cobaltates are ABO3-type perovskitesthat show interesting catalytic, magnetic, and semi-conducting properties for industrial applications.They are considered for use as cathode materials infuel cells due to their high electrical and ionic (O2-)conductivities, as oxygen permeable membranes,
76
as catalysts for the oxidation of the CO, for NOx de-composition, and for the combustion of methaneand propane. As some complex cobalt oxides showhigh thermopower, the perovskite-type cobaltatesalso attracted attention in the field of sustainableand renewable energy due to their high thermaland oxidizing stability at medium and high work-ing temperatures. Since the thermal and electronictransport properties of TE oxides are interrelated,the reduction of the heat conduction without af-fecting the power factor is a challenge to enhancethe Figure of Merit. Low thermal conductivity canbe obtained by reducing the particle size to a sub-micrometer level and/or enhance the grain bound-ary scattering by means of adding suitable scattercenters that disturb the mean free path of phonons.
Our previous studies showed the effect of Ni for alow substitution level into the LaCoO3 system. Asubstantial decrease of electrical resistivity, whilethe large Seebeck coefficient values were kept, wasobserved. The room-temperature crystal structureof LaCoO3 was reported as the rhombohedral R3– c
SG and LnCoO3 (Ln = other rare earth or yttriumcations) in the orthorhombic Pbnm SG. The syn-theses by soft chemistry routes using citrate com-plexes are very suitable for the production of tran-sition metal oxides phases with high surface areaand diverse composition, especially for low levelsubstitution which cannot be obtained by a classi-cal solid-state reaction synthesis. The combinationof synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SPXRD) and trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) showed to bevery powerful characterization techniques to in-vestigate subtle structural variations and the mi-crostructure of the perovskite materials. Structuralparameters obtained by Rietveld refinement fromSPXRD data are used to perform theoretical simu-lation of the electron diffraction (ED) and high-res-olution electron microscopy (HREM) image. Thecomparison of the experimental image and ED withthe theoretical simulation by JEMS software allowsanalyzing the validity of the structural model andavoiding the influence of the microstructure on thespace group assignment.
Materials Science & Technology
Fig.1: An example of SPXRD pattern for GdCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and Riet veldrefinement. Vertical tick marks indicate the position of allowed Braggpeaks in the Pbnm space group. A model of the structure designedby ATOMS software can be seen inserted in the pattern.
8×104
10 202Θ°
30 40
YobsGdCo0.95Ni0.05O3Ycal
Inte
nsit
y (a
.u.)
Yobs - Ycal
Bragg_position
7×104
6×104
5×104
4×104
3×104
2×104
1×104
0
-1×104
The SPXRD data as well as laboratory X-rays show a single phase for LaMn1-xCoxO3-δ andLnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, and Dy, seethe example in Fig.1). The reflections can be in-dexed, similar to the series LnCoO3, in an or-thorhombic unit cell (noted with “o” subscript inevery vector) with Pbnm SG, and with parametersap√2xap√2x2ap. Parts a) and b) of Figure 2 show EDand HREM images for the Gd compound of [101]o
and [010]o zone axes, respectively. High resolutionimage simulations inserted into the micrographspresent good agreement with the experimental im-age. This complementary information from TEM data supports the correctness of the atomic modelextracted from Rietveld refinement obtained bySPXRD with orthorhombic structure.
The analysis by TEM of the PrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 andLaMn1-xCoxO3-δ (with x = 0.05 and 0.10) compoundspresent a special characteristic that distinguishesthem from the rest of the described compounds.These compounds have the same structure asLnCoxM1-xO3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy, M=Ni,Mn) compounds, i.e. orthorhombic structure, Pbnm
SG, with unit cell parameters ap√2xap√2x2ap. Thenoticeable difference, seen only by TEM in ED patterns and in HREM images, is the presence of nanotwin domains (see Figure 3) appearing inPrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and LaMn1-xCoxO3-δ compounds.Micro-domains are observed in which the long c-axis (c ≈ 7.8 Å ≈ 2ap) alternates at random in dif-ferent regions of the crystal, along the three spacedirections (Fig. 3d). Figure 3c shows the global dif-fraction pattern; it is in fact the sum of the two pat-terns in Figures 3a and 3b. The high resolution im-age in Figure 3c enables us to properly interpretthese patterns as showing the presence of three-di-mensional inter-growth of micro-domains. Thepresence of twin domains in this compound is at-tributed to the special relationship between the unitcell parameters, the buckling angle distortion (O-Metal-O), and the small distortion from the cubicperovskite structure.
The twinning microstructure is responsible for the low thermal conductivity in these materials(K<0.125 W/m*K for T<600 K),which is one of theimportant parameters to get an efficient thermo-electric conversion. The microstructure acts as scat-ter center for the phonons which are responsible forthe thermal conductivity in oxide materials.
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
77
Support: BFE
Links: www.empa.ch/abt131
Contact: [email protected]:M.H.Aguirre et al., Inorganic Chemistry. 46, 2744–2750.(2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 2: ED, HREM, and theoretical image simulation inset for Gd compound. a) [101]o Zone axis, condition simulation thickness = 8 nm, ∆f = 10 nm; b) [111]o Zone axis, condition simulation thickness = 5 nm, ∆f = -2 nm.
a)
a) b) c)
d)
b)
Fig. 3: a) and b) and c) FFT calculated from high resolution image ind), representing the calculated diffraction pattern of the structuresfound in A and B region, and in the complete micrograph, respectively.a) Typical [1-10]o => [100]p ED pattern or b) [1-10]o =>[010]p, c) global pattern of the full micrograph below, d) HRTEM image ofthe intergrown domains.
Theoretical and empirical modeling of complex hydridesMobility, Energy
and Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Zbigniew Łodziana,
Andreas Züttel
Theoretical models for new complex hydrides are
developed and applied for the calculation of the
electronic structure as well as the thermodynam-
ic properties. Furthermore, the catalyzed hydro-
gen sorption mechanism is investigated by iden-
tifying the most stable forms of the catalyst in the
host lattice.
Synthesis of novel complex metal hydrides is an ex-perimental challenge. Theoretical methods are pro-viding valuable insight into the stability and ther-modynamic properties of those materials. One in-teresting class of complex hydrides consists of ma-terials that are liquid but very volatile at ambientconditions, like Al(BH4)3. The class of these materi-als with central atom at third oxidation state (Al, Fe,Ga, Sc, Y, V, Ti) was studied within quantum me-chanical approach. We have shown that these mate-rials posses very weak bonding, therefore, in most cas-es, they are liquids at room temperature. Thermo -dynamic stability is determined by stronger M – BH4
bonding. Differences of the electron distribution onAl(BH4)3 and Ti(BH4)3 are shown in Figure 1.
78
Hydrogen storage properties of known complexmetal hydrides can be improved by use of catalysts.In the case of sodium alanate it is well establishedthat addition of titanium significantly improves thereversibility of the hydrogen sorption process. How-ever, the mechanism of this catalytic activity is notknown on the microscopic level, consequently thereis no systematic way for improvement of catalystor application of similar catalysts to other complexmetal hydrides. The light hydride LiBH4 is a reversiblehydrogen storage material with a stability similar toMgH2. We have proposed a model for the catalyticactivity of Ti in sodium alanate, and on this basismade prediction about possible catalysts for lithiumborohydride. Our studies provide evidence that Tications at high oxidation states (Ti3+ and Ti4+) canbe incorporated into the bulk of NaAlH4. It is alsoshown that neutral hydrogen interstitial vacancies,or AlH4 vacancies are less stable in the bulk thantheir charged counterparts. Both positively and neg-
Contact: [email protected]:K.Miwa, N.Ohba, S. Towata, Y.Nakamori, A. Züttel, S.Orimo; J. of Alloys and Compounds, in Press, available online (2007)H.-W. Li, S.Orimo, Y.Nakamori, K.Miwa, N.Ohba, S. Towata, A. Züttel; J. of Alloys and Compounds, in Press,available online (2007)Z. Łodziana, A. Züttel, J. of Alloys and Compounds, submitted (2007)Z. Łodziana et al., submitted (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramMaterials forEnergy Technologies
Fig.1: The electron density distribution for aluminum andtitanium borohydrides.
Fig. 2: Local densities of states and electron distribution around Ti catalyst in lithium borohydride (a) and sodium alanate (b).
atively charged defects are stable, but their presenceinduces very large lattice relaxation. As a conse-quence, diffusion of these species must occur on the time scales related to the lattice vibrations ofNaAlH4. Electronic state of Ti catalyst in LiBH4 andNaAlH4 is shown in Figure 2.
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
2.5
0.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.01.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
E - EF (eV)
Ldos
(arb
. uni
ts)
Theoretical models provide an opportunity to studyvarious chemical and structural modifications of ex-isting materials. Theoretical insight into microscop-ic processes can be confronted to selected samplesthat are synthesized. Understanding of the materi-al’s stability obtained in that way leads to designof novel materials or catalysts that tune the com-pounds performance. Double-cation borohydridesMLim–n(BH4)m (M = Zn, n = 2; M = Al, n = 3;M = Zr, n = 4; n ≤ m) or transition metal additivesare examples of those studies.
The electron density distribution and the local den-sity of states have been calculated successfully forvarious complex hydrides; therefore, the bondingcharacter is defined. These results allow us to pre-dict the properties of new, not yet existing complexhydrides.
Support: EU-FP6, NEDO
Links: www.empa.ch/h2e
AI(BH4)3 Ti(BH4)3
Seeing hydrogen in materials
Optical spectroscopy gives a scientific insight in-
to the physical processes accompanied with the
release and uptake of hydrogen in metals.
In order to investigate new hydrogen-storage mate-rials bulk samples are usually synthesised and vol-umetric or gravimetric techniques are applied toanalyse the hydrogenation reaction and to recordpressure concentration isotherms (pc-isotherms).The stability of the metalhydride is determined fromthe equilibrium pressure in the isotherms.
The fact that hydrogen absorption in metals leadsto significant changes of their optical properties isthe basis of a new combinatorial method called “hydrogenography”. Hydrogenography is a thin filmtechnique using a film with a composition gradient.The isotherms are measured optically and the en-thalpy of the hydride formation is calculated. In Fig-ure 1 the hydrogen pressure around a thin Mg-Tigradient film is slowly increased while the opticaltransmission is monitored continuously at a tem-perature of 363 K; some characteristic isothermscorresponding to selected values of y in MgyTi1–y
are shown in Figure 1b. By repeating the same meas-urements for several temperatures (Fig. 1c), we de-termined the temperature dependence of the plateaupressures and constructed Van ‘t Hoff plots for allcompositions in the gradient sample.
The optical setup requires a good accessibility of thesample, which enables us the measurement of theimpact of electric fields on the hydrogen absorptionprocess. We could demonstrate that an electric cur-rent and the thereby induced heat and electromi-gration of H
_ions can start and control the absorp-
tion of hydrogen in Mg thin films.
Optical spectroscopy requires samples with sur-faces which are flat and perfect on the scale of aboutone tenth of the wavelength. Thus, thin films as usedin the above described examples are optimal. Onthe other hand, properties of thin films can signifi-cantly vary from those of the corresponding bulkmaterials. Thus, we develop optical methods to in-vestigate bulk samples under high hydrogen pres-sure and temperatures. Heart of such methods is anoptical microscope which collects the light irradi-ated from the samples to be analyzed by a UV/VISor Raman spectrometer. As an illustrative example,Figure 2 shows micrographs taken during heatingof a Li[BH4] crystal in inert atmosphere. During heat-
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
79
Andreas Borgschulte,
Philipp Mauron,
Andreas Züttel,
in collaboration with
Robin Gremaud,
Bernard Dam,
Ronald Griessen,
Vrjie Universiteit
Amsterdam (NL)
Contact: [email protected]:R.Gremaud, C.P. Broedersz, D.M. Borsa, A. Borgschulte, P.Mauron, H. Schreuders, J.H. Rector, B. Dam, R.Griessen,Adv. Mater. 19, 2813–2817 (2007)A. Borgschulte, J.H. Rector, H. Schreuders, B. Dam, R.Griessen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071912 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramMaterials for
Energy Technologies
ing, LiBH4 releases hydrogen as demonstrated by themass change shown in Figure 2. The colour changesindicate the formation of defects during desorption,which vanish with melting.
Fig.1: Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms of a thin MgyTi1–y filmwith a continuous gradient in an alloy composition. a) Logarithm ofthe optical transmission plotted in false colours as a function of thehydrogen pressure and Mg atomic fraction y during hydrogenation at363 K. b) Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms for the representa-tive Mg-Ti alloy compositions indicated by coloured vertical lines in(a). c) Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms for Mg0.85Ti0.15 at fivedifferent temperatures. The transmission T is normalized to the trans-mission in the metallic state T0.
Fig. 2: Micrographs and mass loss during heating of a LiBH4 crystal ininert atmosphere at 1°C/min.
a)
102
103
102
103
105
104
103
102
101
100
b)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
log(T/T0)
log(T)
[a.u
.]
p(H
2) [P
a]
p(H
2) [P
a]
c)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
log(T/T0)
470K
413K
363K
313K
295K
Mg0.85Ti0.150.890.850.800.750.700.650.60
y of MgyTi1-y
y of MgyTi1-y
0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.890.85
0
50 100 150 200 250temperature [°C]
m [m
ass
%]
300 350 400 450
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
phas
e tr
ansf
orm
atio
n
mel
ting
Support: ACTS Sustainable Hydrogen Program
Links: www.empa.ch/h2e
ly with the nucleus of the atom that corresponds tothe position of the atom. Moreover, the combina-tion of X-rays and neutrons allows the determina-tion of the structure and charge density maps ofcomplex hydrides. Structural information about thealkali and earth alkali tetrahydroboranates is sum-marized in Table 1.
For the application of complex hydrides, e.g. for mo-bile applications, the stability (enthalpy of reaction∆Hr for the absorption reaction) of the material is a crucial parameter. The stability defines the equi-librium hydrogen pressure at a given temperatureand is determined by pressure, concentration –isotherms (pcI). The logarithm of the equilibriumplateau pressure peq divided by the standard pres-sure p0 is plotted as a function of the inverse tem-perature 1/T, and according to the van ‘t Hoff equa-tion the enthalpy ∆Hr and entropy of reaction ∆Sr
can be determined:
pc-isotherms of the decomposition reaction ofLi[BH4] (Li[BH4] —> LiH+B+3/2 H2) were meas-ured at different hydrogen flow rates and tempera-tures. The results are shown in the van ‘t Hoff plotin Figure 1. By fitting a straight line to the equilib-rium values at zero flow (filled circles) and usingthe van ‘t Hoff equation the following values for thedesorption reaction can be found: ∆Hr=-74 kJ mol-1
H2 and ∆Sr=-115 J K-1 mol-1 H2. The desorbed prod-ucts can be rehydrogenated at elevated temperature(600 °C) and pressure (155 bar) as demonstrated bythe X-ray diffraction pattern in Figure 2.
Alkali tetrahydroborates are usually prepared bywet chemical methods, e.g. by the reaction of themetal hydride with diborane in a solvent (2 LiH+B2H6 —>2 Li[BH4] in tetrahydrofurane). In this study,Li[BH4] and Li[BD4] were successfully synthesizeddirectly and solvent free from the elements, whichwas demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. For the syn-thesis of the Li[BH4] two methods were used: 1) adirect method where B and Li (stoichiometric ratioLi/B of 1.6) was ground and heated to 700 °C at apressure of 150 bar hydrogen. In method 2), an in-termediate compound as LiB3 or Li7B6 was prepared(by heating the Li and B mixture in Ar) and then al-so heated up in hydrogen. Depending on the methodused, the reaction kinetics and mechanism varies(Fig. 3). With the formation of LiB3 and Li7B6 the re-
Physical properties of new tetrahydroboratesMobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Philippe Mauron,
Andreas Borgschulte,
Oliver Friedrichs,
Tomoya Matsunaga,
Florian Buchter,
Michael Bielmann,
Arndt Remhof,
Andreas Züttel
The tetrahydroborates represent a class of com-
plex hydrides with the largest gravimetric and vol-
umetric hydrogen density of hydrogen. Therefore,
these compounds are potential hydrogen storage
materials for mobile applications. The main phys-
ical parameters, e.g. structure and stability, are
discussed. Particular emphasis is laid on the syn-
thesis of alkali tetrahydroborates.
Due to the fact that tetrahydroborates are composedof the lightweight elements boron and hydrogenwhere a substantial number of the electrons partic-ipate in the bonds the structure determination by X-ray diffraction where only the electrons are seen isrepresented by the position of the center of the elec-tron density. Neutron diffraction leads to the posi-tion of the atoms since the neutrons interact main-
80Materials Science & Technology
Table 1: Structural data of selected alkali and earth alkali metal tetrahydroborates.
Fig.1: Van ‘t Hoff plot of the plateau pressures for the desorption of Li[BH4]. ln(pdes/p0) is plotted as afunction of the inverse temperature 1/T.
Complex Space group a (nm) b (nm) c (nm)
Li[BH4] Pnma (#62) (<381 K) 0.7178 0.4437 0.683P63mc (#186) (>391 K) 0.4276 0.6948
Na[BH4] P42/mnc (#137) (<190 K) 0.4332 0.5949F-43m (#216) (>190 K) 0.6148
K[BH4] P42/mnc (#137) (<197 K) 0.4684 0.6571Fm-3m (>197 K) 0.6727
Mg[BH4]2 P-3m1 (#164) 1.359 1.651Fm-3m 1.55
Ca[BH4]2 Fddd (#70) 0.8791 1.3137 0.75
Al[BH4]3 C2/c (#15) 2.2834 0.6176 2.2423Pna21 (#33) 1.8021 0.6138 0.6199
( )
( )
525 500 475 450 425 400 375
1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.451/T [1000/K]
Temperature [°C]
TPD measurement: maximum of desorption onset of desorption
pcT measurement: flow = 2sccm flow = 1sccm flow = 0.1sccm extrapolation to equilibrium (flow = 0sccm)
In(p
des/
p 0)
Pres
sure
[bar
]
1.50 1.55 1.60
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-0.5
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-1.5
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
81
action to Li[BH4] takes place at a lower temperatureof approximately 550 °C than without the formationof a LixBy compound because the formation of a pas-sivation layer of LiH on the Li hinders the reactionat a temperature below the melting point of LiH,which is around 690 °C.
Among the large variety of possible complex hy-drides only few exhibit a large gravimetric hydro-gen density and stability around -40 kJ/ (mol–1 H2)suitable for mobile applications. Based on theoret-ical approaches Mg[BH4]2 is a complex hydride withan equilibrium hydrogen pressure of approximately1 bar at room temperature and a hydrogen contentof 14.9 mass%. The reaction of Li[BH4] with MgCl2at elevated temperatures was investigated as a pos-sible route to synthesize Mg[BH4]2. Li[BH4] reactswith MgCl2 at a temperature > 250 °C at a pressureof 100 bar of hydrogen, where the product containsLiCl and Mg[BH4]2. The desorption pc-isotherm of the product obtained at 350 °C shows two flatplateaus which indicates that the decomposition ofthe product consists of a two-step reaction. Theproducts of the first and the second decompositionreaction were analyzed by means of X-ray diffrac-tion and found to be MgH2 and Mg respectively.
Contact: [email protected]:A. Züttel, A. Borgschulte, S.I. Orimo, Scripta Materialia 56,823–828 (2007)Ph.Mauron, F. Buchter, O. Friedrichs, A. Remhof, M. Bielmann, C.N. Zwicky, A. Züttel, Phys. Chem. B 112, 906–910 (2008)O. Friedrichs, F. Buchter, A. Borgschulte, A. Remhof, Ch. Zwicky, Ph.Mauron, M. Bielmann, A. Züttel, Acta Materialia, in pressT.Matsunaga, F. Buchter, Ph.Mauron, M. Bielmann, Y.Nakamori, S.Orimo, N.Ohba, K.Miwa, S. Towata, A. Züttel, J. of Alloys and Compounds, in pressS.Orimo, Y.Nakamori, J.R. Eliseo, A. Züttel, C.M. Jensen,Chem. Rev. 107, 4111–4132 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 2: XRD pattern of a) Li[BH4] from Aldrich, b) desorbed Li[BH4] and c) rehydrogenated Li[BH4].The gray spectra correspond to an empty glass capillary. Stars and plus signs correspond to thestrongest LiH and LiBH4 peaks respectively.
40×103
30
20
Inte
nsit
y [c
ount
s]
10
0 20 40 60 800
rehydrogenated LiBH4
(+: LiBH4 , *: LiH)
desorbed LiBH4
(*: LiH)
LiBH4 (Aldrich)
The enthalpy for the first decomposition reactionwas determined to be ∆H=–39.3 kJ mol–1 H2 by thevan ’t Hoff plot of the equilibrium measurementsbetween 290 and 350 °C, which is significantly low-er than that for pure Li[BH4] (∆H=-74 kJ mol–1 H2).Furthermore, the second reaction step (MgH2 —>Mg+H2) is reversible at the condition up to 350 °Cat 100 bar of hydrogen.
Support: EU-FP6, FuncHy, NEDO
Links: www.empa.ch/h2e
Fig. 3: Synthesis of Li[BH4] with a) the reaction of Li and B via LiH toLi[BH4] and b) via the formation of an LiB3 or Li7B6 compound.
a) Direct synthesis with Li and B
b) Synthesis via LixBy compound
Principles of Design of Experiments (DoE) havebeen applied for combustion optimization withEGR. Specific combinations of the engine calibra-tion parameters have been used for the set-up of ameasurement matrix to be performed on the enginedynamo meter. The measurement results are usedfor building a model for each optimization target(engine efficiency and raw emissions). With themodels the identification of underlying trends andthe prediction of optimal values are possible. In thevicinity of the emerged optimal settings severalmeasurements have been performed for verificationpurposes.
Combustion characteristics of hydrogen-methane mixtures in passenger car engines
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Panayotis Dimopoulos,
Christian Bach
Comprehensive combustion study of various hy-
drogen (H2) and methane (CH4) fuel blends in a
passenger car methane engine was the main focus
of this study. Increasing hydrogen content of the
fuel accelerates combustion leading to efficiency
improvements. Combustion analysis showed that
increasing burning rates mainly affect the initial
combustion phase. In addition, optimal combina-
tions of spark timing and Exhaust Gas Recircula-
tion (EGR) rate lead to efficiency increase with
substantially lower engine-out NOx while total un-
burned hydrocarbons and CO-engine-out emis-
sions are not affected. Investigations using Design
of Experiments (DoE) algorithms provided a com-
plete picture of the entire parameter space. Two
efficiency optimal combustion domains have been
identified: Low EGR and late spark timing with
high engine-out NOx emission, as well as high
EGR and early spark timing with very low engine-
out NOx.
EGR in modern engines is used for reducing engine-out NOx emissions as well as for improving fuel con-sumption in low loads. The fuel consumption im-provement is due to three factors: (1) reduced pump-ing work, since for the same brake load less throt-tling is required, (2) reduced heat loss to the wallsbecause of reduced burn gas temperature, and (3)reduced dissociation of burned gases during thehigh temperature combustion parts. However, EGRalso reduces the combustion rate which counteractsthe beneficial effects leading to elongated combus-tion and/or inefficiently large spark timing advance.In combination with the relatively slow-burningCH4 and slow “pancake” shaped combustion cham-bers often in low-price automotive applications thiscounter effect can be detrimental. In the recent past,our laboratory demonstrated the potential of a nat-ural-gas optimized engine vehicle with the CleanEngine Vehicle project. The objectives of the recentwork have been further reduction of CO2 by in-creasing the engine efficiency, while meeting themost stringent emissions standards and reducingsystem costs. One effective method for solving theproblem of the slow-burning velocity of CH4 is tomix CH4 with hydrogen, which has very high burn-ing velocity. Possible combinations with high EGRhave the potential to lead to improved thermal effi-ciencies with low pollutants.
82
Apart from pure CH4, three hydrogen-CH4 blendshave been examined. Since each fuel blend has adifferent heating value no fuel consumption com-parisons are appropriate. Therefore, instead of fuelconsumption we strictly report engine fuel conver-sion efficiency data.
The first step was optimizing combustion withoutEGR. This was performed by several experimentson the engine dynamometer (Fig.1). Figures 2 and3 present the maximal fuel conversion efficienciesand the NOx emissions for each fuel blend at twotypical engine loads (2 and 4 bar respectively) andtwo engine speeds (2000 and 3000 RPM). Efficien-cy gains of approx. 2% can be achieved by increas-ing the H2 content of the fuel up to 10 vol%. Addi-tional increase of the H2 in the fuel results in slightefficiency increase at the low load (Fig. 2), while inefficiency losses at the higher load (Fig. 3). Heat lossanalysis revealed high wall heat losses indicatingthat further efficiency gains require specific com-bustion chamber design. Engine-out NOx are onlyslightly affected by the H2 content of the fuel at thelow load (Fig. 2). In contrary, at the higher load(Fig. 3) engine-out NOx increase steadily with theH2 richer fuels.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: View of engine and dynamometer.
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
83
Hydrogen produced by regenerative sources can beblended with natural gas. Using the existing infra-structure, the fuel can be distributed to the publicwith relatively low effort. Specific combustion cham-ber design can even improve the advantages re-ported here. Not surprisingly several automotive in-dustries have considered this option seriously andhave expressed interest for this work.
Links: www.empa.ch/abt137
Contact: [email protected]:P.Dimopoulos, C. Rechsteiner, P. Soltic, C. Laemmle, K. Boulouchos, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3073–3083 (2007)P.Dimopoulos, K. Boulouchos, C. Rechsteiner, P. Soltic, R. Hotz, SAE Paper 2007-24-0065 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 2: Engine fuel conversion efficiency and engine-out NOx emissionsat 2 bar engine load and maximal efficiency spark timing (no EGR).
Fig. 3: Engine fuel conversion efficiency and engine-out NOx emissionsat 4 bar engine load and maximal efficiency spark timing (no EGR).
Fig. 4: Engine fuel conversion efficiency at 2000 RPM and 2 bar engine load.
Fig. 5: Engine-out NOx emission at 2000 RPM and 2 bar engine load.
Figures 4 and 5 are summarizing the most impor-tant findings. With pure CH4, EGR should only slight-ly increase the efficiency of the engine according to the predictions. The verification measurementsshowed even a slight deterioration. With hydrogenmixed in the fuel, substantial higher efficiencies areachievable. The highest fuel conversion efficiencyof 20.75% is obtained with the H2 richest fuel andaround 12.5mass% EGR. The increase of maximalefficiency without EGR achieved with the H2 rich-est fuel is 2%, while adding optimal EGR increasesthe maximal efficiency for additional 1.5%. On theother hand, EGR strongly reduces engine-out NOx.In the optimal configuration, engine-out NOx are al-most halved, without affecting unburned hydrocar-bons or CO emissions.
18.8
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0 5 10 15Hydrogen in Fuel [vol%]
Fuel
Con
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ff. [
%]
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pm]
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Particulate emissions of different internal combustion engines conceptsMobility, Energy
and Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Martin Mohr,
Daniel Schreiber
Exhaust particle emissions of internal combustion
engines significantly contribute to ambient fine
particle concentrations. Herein, we present exper-
imental results on particle characterization of en-
gines that vary in size, concept and fuel quality.
The results show that, although the total amount
of released particles varied by several orders of
magnitude between the engines, the overwhelm-
ing fraction of particles are emitted in the size
range below 300 nm in all cases, demonstrating
the high relevance of exhaust particles for human
health due their unimpeded access to the respi-
ratory system.
All internal combustion engines convert chemicalenergy bound in the fuel into mechanical work byallowing the produced heat energy to increase thepressure of a medium that performs work as it ex-pands. The release of the medium in the end is of-ten accompanied by particle emissions that attractincreasing intense scrutiny due to health-related
84
concerns and climate impact. However, there arelarge differences in concepts of the engines and inthe fuels, and not only on-road vehicles are respon-sible for traffic-related particle emissions. For in-stance, the world fleet annual PM emission fromships is estimated at 1.64 Tg PM10 (Corbett andKoehler, 2003). These particles may act as cloud con-densation nuclei and in this way affect the earth’sradiation budget.
In this study, two extremes of combustion enginesand fuels were investigated. On the one hand, astate-of-the-art turbocharged common rail two-stroke marine diesel engine of 11 m in height wasmeasured at the test bed engine of Wärtsilä Switzer-land Ltd. in Winterthur. Such engines generallypower vessels intended for economical and reliabletransportation of goods on long distances, e.g.tankers. They are usually operated on bunker fuels,which are basically waste products from refineryprocesses for high quality fuel. This so-called heavyfuel oil (HFO) has to be heated to become liquid toallow an injection in the cylinder.
On the other hand, we investigated 34 passengercars from series production powered by modern 4-stroke engines on one of Empa’s chassis dynamo -meter. The vehicle collection included diesel en-gines with and without wall-flow particle traps(DPF), gasoline fuelled engines with conventional(MPI) and direct injection (DI) and three spark ig-nition engines modified for compressed natural gas (CNG) combustion. CNG, mainly consisting ofMethane (CH4), can be regarded as the “cleanest”carbon-containing fuel.
The results on the particle emissions presented herewere determined by measuring the number con-centration and the number size distribution of theparticles based on electrical mobility classification.By feeding the diluted aerosol sample optionallythrough a heated tube the fraction of volatile parti-cles could be evaluated. The same instrumentationwas generally used for all engines to allow for com-parison of the results. The presented particle com-positions are based on extraction and ion chro-matography of filter samples.
Figure 1 shows the number size distribution asmeasured for a constant operation mode.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Table 1: Technical details of internal combustion engines and fuel specification.
Engine specifications2-stroke marine 4-stroke VW 4-stroke Opel
Type diesel engine 1.91 TDI 1.6 CNG
Application Tanker Passenger Car Passenger Car
Injection system DI DI CNG
Cylinder 4 4 4
Bore mm 580 79.5 79
Piston stroke mm 2416 95.5 81.5
Piston disp. l 640 1.896 1.598
Power kW 8500 66 71
Speed 1/min 105 4150 6200
bmep bar 19 15.5
Weight t ca.230 0.15
Height m 11
Major fuel specificationsMarine diesel Heavy fuel Diesel CNG
oil (MDO) oil (HFO) oil
Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 3.21 858 2.6
Density at 15°C g/ml 0.8508 1.0006 <0.845 0.71 kg/m3
(101.3 kPa, 0 °C)
Sulfer content %m 0.155 0.6 0.0047
Ash content %m <.01 0.014 0.0005
Asphaltenes %m 6.1
Total sediment %m 0.03
Methan %m 94.1
Heat values Hu kWh/kg 42.7 42.7 43.1 45.1 kWh/kg
The results show drastic higher particulate numberemissions for the low-speed marine diesel enginethan for the fast-speed 4-stroke engines as used incars. The CNG SI engines together with the wall-flow filter equipped Diesel engines show very lowemissions converging towards the background lev-el for this constant operation mode. Nethertheless,the mean diameters of the particles is smaller for theship engine than for the fast-speed 4-stroke engines.In contrast to the fast-speed 4-stroke engines, anaerosol conditioning at 400 °C evaporates the ma-jority of the marine particles demonstrating their semi-volatility and thus their different consistency.
The particle nature of the marine diesel engine driv-en with marine diesel oil (MDO) or heavy fuel oil(HFO) is also displayed by the composition as shownin Figure 2. The majority of the particulate matterconsists of organic soluble material, which can beattributed to the poor fuel quality. In comparison,particles exhausted by diesel road vehicles typical-ly comprise 80% soot.
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
85
Contact: [email protected]:A.Kasper, S. Aufdenblatten, A.M. Forss, M.Mohr, H. Burtscher, Aerosol Science and Technology 41(1): 24–32 (2007)D. Schreiber, A.M. Forss, M.Mohr, P. Dimopoulos, SAE technical paper, 2007-24-0123
Materials Science & Technology
Fig.1: Number size distribution of particles emitted from differentinternal combustion engine concepts; solid line: non-volatileparticles only, dotted lines: all particles.
Fig. 2: Particle mass emissions separated in chemical components asextracted from filters sampled at 100% load with HFO and with fuelof higher quality (MDO), respectively.
Fig. 3: Average non-volatile particle number emission of the investi-gated powertrain technologies on the NEDC cycle. The bars representthe variation among the vehicles within the same category.
Particle number size distribution from diverse internal combustion engines
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+7
1E+8
1E+9
10 100 1000Electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]
dN/d
log
dp [1
/cm
3]
HFO, total
HFO, without vol.comp.
Diesel, total
Diesel, w/o vol.comp.
CNG, without vol.comp.
Diesel with catalyzedDPF, total
0
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100% Load; MDO 100% Load; HFO
abso
lute
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s [g
/kW
h]
soot + ash
sulfate
water soluble fraction
organic soluble fraction
1E+9
1E+10
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1E+12
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1E+14
1E+15
CNG MPIGasoline
DIGasoline
w/oDPF Diesel
withDPF Diesel
part
icle
num
ber
[1/k
m]
Figure 3 summarizes the average tailpipe numberemission of non-volatile particle per km for the dif-ferent car propulsion concepts measured during theofficial transient European driving cycle (NEDC).For both low-emitter concepts the high spread in thedata reveals great variation between vehicles in thesame category caused by different filter technolo-gies (pore size and face velocity design) and enginecontrol strategies at high loads (fuel-air enrichment),respectively. In contrast to that, improvement of thefuel quality is the key to lower the particle emissionsfrom large marine diesel engines.
Support: Wärtsilä Switzerland Ltd., BAFU, EU-FP6
Links: www.empa.ch/abt137
We conducted a tunnel study in Gubrist Tunnel(Switzerland) to determine road vehicle emissionfactors for H2 (and CO and CO2) under highwaydriving conditions. Mean emission factors for H2
were found to be 49.7 (±16.5) mg km–1 and wereenhanced for congested traffic. The results of thestudy were extrapolated to yearly traffic-related H2
emissions for Switzerland (5.0 – 6.6 Gg), and on aglobal basis (4.2 – 8.1 Tg) using different, nearly in-dependent approaches. It also showed a downwardtrend in H2 emissions over the next years, which isattributed to improved exhaust-after-treatment tech-nology (Fig. 2).
Anthropogenic emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) to the atmosphere: From a fossil fuel to an H2 energy economy
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Martin K. Vollmer,
Martin Weilenmann,
Martin Steinbacher,
Stefan Reimann,
Brigitte Buchmann,
Christian Bach,
Matthias Hill,
Andrea Fischer,
Steven W. Bond
A future hydrogen-based (H2) energy economy is
likely to change our atmosphere – hopefully to a
cleaner one. Concerns are raised related to the
budget of atmospheric H2 which may change with
unknown consequences for the chemistry of the
atmosphere. We analyse current anthropogenic
H2 emissions, particularly from the traffic sector,
and assess future emissions on regional and glob-
al scales. These today fossil-fuel based H2 emis-
sions need to be balanced against the emissions
of a “leaky” H2 economy to better understand fu-
ture atmospheric H2 changes. For hydrogen vehi-
cles, diffusive leakage of gaseous H2 during stor-
age and propulsion, in both parking and running
mode, is a significant loss, and therefore its quan-
tification is crucial for the overall loss estimates.
We have developed a method to estimate overall
system emissions of H2. The method is applicable
for any climate-controlled test cells with chassis
dynamometers.
Molecular Hydrogen (H2) is one of the most abun-dant trace gases in the atmosphere. Surprisingly, itsatmospheric budget had received little attention inthe past until recently when interest was stimulat-ed by discussions on the use of H2 as an energy car-rier in a potential future energy economy. The con-sequences of such a shift to the chemistry of the at-mosphere are largely unknown but depend mainlyon the leakage rates of H2 to the atmosphere and onthe energy sources to produce H2.
86
Current anthropogenic emissions of H2 are mainlyrelated to incomplete combustion processes and arepredominantly caused by road traffic. We measuredatmospheric H2 quasi-continuously over a period of more than 2 yrs in Dubendorf, Switzerland, tostudy its sources and sinks in a suburban environ-ment. The measurements show pollution levels ofH2 up to ~1500 ppb (parts-per-billion, 10-9), whichequals to ~3 times the levels of the “unpolluted”troposphere. H2 also correlated strongly with car-bon monoxide (CO), another combustion product(Fig.1). With pollution events removed, no signifi-cant long-term trend of atmospheric H2 could be detected, a result that adds to the current debate ona potential trend in atmospheric H2 over the pastdecade. The Dubendorf timeseries nicely shows asummer and early fall drawdown in H2 due to sea-sonal enhancement of two major sinks, the tropos-pheric OH activity, and the yet poorly understoodsoil sink.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: Four-day high resolution H2 and CO at the suburban Dubendorf site.
Fig. 2: Trend of yearly global H2 emissions from road traffic in Tg (10–12 g).
1000
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Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
87
Support: EU-FP6, CCEM
Links: www.empa.ch/abt134www.empa.ch/abt137
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:M.K. Vollmer, N. Juergens, M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, M.Weilenmann, B. Buchmann, Atmospheric Environment,doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.037 (41),8355–8369 (2007)M. Steinbacher, A. Fischer, M.K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, C.Hueglin, Atmospheric Environment, (41),2111–2124 (2007)M.Weilenmann, C. Bach, P. Novak, A. Fischer, M.Hill, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, accepted (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 3: Test cell configurationfor system emission measure-ment in a ventilated climatechamber chassis dynamometer.
Fig. 4: Chamber concentration (left) and calculated vehicles emissions(right). The different colors highlight the sensitivity analysis. The experiment was divided into an initial parking phase, followedby a driving phase and a second parking phase.
In a future H2-fueled traffic fleet, diffusive H2 emis-sions from vehicles may occur during startup, driv-ing, shutdown and parking of the vehicles and theyalso depend on the propulsion and tanking system.In addition to the exhaust emissions, these diffusiveemissions account for a large loss of H2 to the at-mosphere. For this reason, and also for economicalloss and safety reasons, it is important to under-stand these diffusive emissions. Thus, single vehiclediffusive emissions from H2-fueled cars are meas-ured on a chassis dynamometer test stand, and amethod is developed by which these emissions canbe quantified (Fig.3). While the pipe exhaust is vent-ed outside the dynamometer chamber, the air ven-tilation rate of the chamber is measured along withthe H2 concentrations in the ventilation inflow andthe chamber. Assuming complete mixing in thechamber, the diffusive H2 losses can then be deter-mined based on the measured H2 time series in thechamber air. It was shown, that diffusive vehicleemissions in the range of one mg/min can be meas-ured with an accuracy of ±10%. First tests showednegligible diffusive emissions during a first parkingphase, moderate emissions during a driving phase(0.3 mg/min), and large emissions (up to 40 mg/min)during the following second parking phase (Fig.4).These large emissions are presumably due to a leak-age of un-reacted H2 from the various system com-ponents.
Chassis dynamometer
Drivers aidAirstream ventilator
Internal ventilation, airconditionning heat exchanger
V*air,vent_in
V* intake
V*exhaust
V* leakage
V*air,vent_out
Max. flow: 100’000m3/h
0 2000 4000 6000 8000500
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c (H
2) [p
pb]
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2
4
6×10−3 Massflow hydrogen from car
Mas
sflow
H2
[g/m
in]
Time [s]
Parkingphase I
Parkingphase II
Drivingphase
Bias of conventional nitrogen oxide measurement techniques in the atmosphereMobility, Energy
and Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Martin Steinbacher,
Christoph Hueglin
Measured results of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the
atmosphere are often upper limit estimates due
to interferences of the measurement principle to
other nitrogen compounds. These effects were
quantified using long-term NO2 measurements
collocated with artefact-free instruments at two
Swiss sites. The interferences have to be consid-
ered for model validations and when using such
data for ground-truthing of satellite information.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) largely controltropospheric ozone production. In-situ observationsgive information about the regional NOx distribu-tion and provide useful data for the validation ofchemical transport models and satellite-borne ob-servations. Currently, most NO2 instruments forground-based measurements use molybdenum (Mo)converters to convert NO2 to NO and subsequentanalysis of NO. However, the conversion is not spe-cific to NO2 since oxidized nitrogen compounds suchas nitric acid, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and otherorganic nitrates – mainly products of photochemi-cal activity in the atmosphere – may also be reducedto NO. Nevertheless, such NO2 data are often mis-interpreted as “real” NO2. Alternatively, NO2 spe-cific photolytic converters are nowadays applicablealso for long-term use.
Collocated NO2 measurements with a Mo convert-er (NO2
mo) and a photolytic converter (NO2ph) were
performed from 1995 to 2001 (at Taenikon) and from2002 to 2005 (at Rigi). These first long-term inter-comparisons in the atmosphere allow estimatingthe diurnal, seasonal and meteorological influenceof interfering compounds on NO2
mo. A statisticalmodel was applied to quantify the interferences andto provide a tool to retrieve “real” NO2 mixing ratiosfrom NO2
mo observations for other sampling sites.
Figure 1 shows annual cycles of NO2ph, NO2
mo,∆NO2 (=NO2
mo - NO2ph) and PAN mixing ratios.
On a relative scale, NO2mo overestimates NO2 most
during spring/summer due to prevalent photo-chemistry. On a monthly basis, only 70% to 88% ofNO2
mo can be attributed to “real” NO2 at the ruralsite Taenikon and even less (43% to 76%) at the ru-ral and elevated site Rigi. These differences are sub-stantial and were already considered in our satellitevalidation activities.
88
The results from the statistical approach for Taenikonwere applied to Payerne, another rural site on theSwiss Plateau. The good agreement of the correct-ed data (NO2
corr) with results from photolytic con-verter data for 2006 verifies our developed conver-sion model (Fig.2).
Contact: [email protected]:M.Steinbacher, C. Zellweger, B. Schwarzenbach, S. Bugmann, B. Buchmann, C.Ordonez, A.S.H. Prevot, C.Hueglin, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D11307, doi:10.1029/2006JD007971 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: Annual cycles at Taenikon (a) and at Rigi (b). Numbers on topdenote the monthly mean NO2
ph / NO2mo ratios.
Fig. 2: Monthly mean NO2mo, NO2
ph and calculated NO2 mixing ratios (NO2
corr) when applying the results of the multiple linear modelat Payerne for 2006.
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
∆NO
2 , P
AN
[ppb
]
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.86 0.83 0.77 0.71 0.7 0.72 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.86
Month
NO
2 [p
pb]
NO
2 [p
pb]
∆NO
2 [p
pb]
0.73 0.61 0.5 0.43 0.5 0.43 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.69 0.74 0.76
∆NO2
∆NO2
PAN
NO2ph
NO2mo
NO2ph
NO2moa) Taenikon
b) Rigi
15
10
5
0J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
NO
2 [p
pb]
NO2ph
NO2mo
NO2corr
Support: BAFU
Links: www.empa.ch/abt134
Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols in ambient air
Ambient aerosols have a harmful impact on hu-
man health. The organic aerosol (OA) plays a key
role as it contains toxic substances. Most of the
organics are typically found in PM1 (particulate
matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than
1 µm), potentially reaching the pulmonary alveoli.
A detailed understanding of the sources of or-
ganic PM1 is required for the development of ef-
ficient abatement strategies. In this project, main
sources of OA were identified by analysis of high-
time resolution data from an aerosol mass spec-
trometer (AMS) using recently developed model-
ing techniques. We have quantified directly emit-
ted OA (POA) from combustion sources (mainly
wood and traffic) as well as secondary OA (SOA)
formed in the atmosphere through gas-phase re-
actions.
Submicron aerosol (PM1) was characterized in sum-mer 2005 and winter 2006 at an urban backgroundsite of the Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network(NABEL) during three-week measurement cam-paigns. Highly time-resolved mass spectra (2–5 min.averages) of non-refractory aerosol (i.e. volatile at600 °C) were analyzed with an Aerodyne AMS(Fig.1).
For the summer campaign (including summer smogepisodes), positive matrix factorization (PMF) wasused for organic aerosol mass spectra to identify themain components of the total organic aerosol andtheir sources. Only a small (<10%) fraction of or-ganic PM1 originated from freshly emitted traffic ex-haust (Fig. 2). More important POA emissions werefound to be due to charbroiling (10–15%) and woodburning (~10%), while the highest fraction of themeasured organic aerosol mass was SOA (60–69%).
A model that allows for incorporation of a priori
known source composition was developed to re-solve aerosol sources in wintertime. Directly emit-ted particles represented less than 50% of the sub-micron OA. Wood burning particles accounted for80% of POA on average. Our results also show thatthe major component of the particulate organic massduring the winter period was SOA (52–57%). Radio-carbon (14C) measurements indicated that 69% ofSOA originated from non-fossil sources dominatedby wood burning; a smaller fraction (31%) was at-tributed to fossil sources (traffic, oil heating etc.).
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
89
Thus, the reduction of wood burning emissions willbe the key to mitigate organic PM levels in winter-time.
Valentin Lanz,
Christoph Hüglin,
in collaboration with
André Prévôt, PSI,
Sönke Szidat,
University of Bern (CH)
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:V. A. Lanz et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1305 –1322 (2007)V. A. Lanz et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 214–220 (2008)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resources
and Pollutants
Fig.1: Schematic of an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS)(adapted from John Jayne, Aerodyne Inc.).
Fig. 2: The calculated contributions of secondarily built (blue), woodburning (orange) and traffic-related organic aerosol (red) to organicPM1 as summer and winter averages (left) and during a temperatureinversion in Zürich in January 2006 (right).
Particle BeamGeneration
ParticleComposition
ThermalVaporisation
&ElectronImpact
Ionisation
AerodynamicLens
(2 Torr)
TurboPump
Particle Inlet (1 atm)
Chopper
TOFRegion
TurboPump
TurboPump
QuadrupoleMass Spectrometer
Aerodynamic Sizing
Support: BAFU
Links: www.empa.ch/abt134 > Pollutant source identification
7%
17%
38%10%
7%
55%
66%
0
2
4
6
8
10
Summer 2005 Winter 2005/2006
orga
nic
PM1
[μg
m-3
]
SOA
traffic-related (POA)
wood burning (POA)
other POA (mainly charbroiling)
The atmospheric CO2 is composed of various isotopologues. The most abundant species is12C16O16O, while other important stable isotopo-logues include 13C16O16O and 12C18O16O. Isotoperatios of CO2 are a proven tool to probe mechanismsthat control carbon cycling, because the involvedrelevant chemical reactions and biochemical process-es lead to characteristic isotopic fractionation. Forexample, the distinct isotopic signatures of the high-ly important respiration and photosynthesis of plantscan be used to study their respective flux. Further-
Quantum cascade laser based measurements of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide isotope ratios
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Lukas Emmenegger,
Joachim Mohn,
Bela Tuzson
Laser spectrometry based on room temperature
quantum cascade lasers (QCL) is a novel, power-
ful tool to determine sources and sinks of green-
house gases. We developed two mobile spectro -
meters for specific applications using tailor-made
QCLs emitting at distinct wavelength regions.
One spectrometer was designed for the simulta-
neous, high-precision measurement of carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide and water vapor with a
time resolution of 5 Hz. Its successful application
above grassland and forest gave valuable insight
into the biosphere-atmosphere exchange within
these ecosystems. To study the isotopic signature
of processes such as photosynthesis and respira-
tion of plants, a second spectrometer was devel-
oped to yield the highest possible precision for
CO2 isotope ratios. Due to its unprecedented pre-
cision below 0.1 ‰ this method creates new pos-
sibilities for the allocation and quantification of
natural and anthropogenic CO2 sources.
The increase of infrared active gases in the earth'satmosphere is a major contribution to global warm-ing and climate change. Its ecological and econom-ical impacts are widely recognized and have led tothe ratification of the Kyoto protocol. Carbon diox-ide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), andnitrous oxide (N2O) are the four most importantgreenhouse gases. Analytical tools with adequateprecision, selectivity and time resolution to studytheir sources and sinks are thus of great scientific,political and economic interest. Most challengingare continuous flux measurements of greenhousegases at the biosphere-atmosphere interface. An ex-cellent concept to give such flux data is the eddy co-variance approach. This is a statistical method toanalyze high-frequency wind and concentration da-ta series, yielding fluxes of a surface area upwindof the measurement point.
We have developed a quantum cascade laser basedinstrument, which is suitable for eddy covariancemeasurements of CO2, H2O, CH4 and N2O, togeth-er with Aerodyne Research, a US industrial partner.QC lasers are a new generation of infrared lightsources with tremendous potential for laser spec-troscopic methods based on the characteristic rota-tional-vibrational transitions of molecules in themid-infrared range. This spectral region containsthe fundamental and thus strongest absorption
90
lines, which is a key element to obtain high preci-sion measurements. Our spectrometer can be oper-ated without cryogenic cooling of both laser and de-tectors. Thus, it is well suited for long-term field de-ployments. With a single laser up to three sub-stances, such as CO2, H2O and N2O at a wavelengthof approximately 2241 cm-1 or CH4 and N2O at 1275 cm-1, can be analyzed. The absorption of veryshort, 5–10 ns, laser light pulses takes place at apressure of about 60 mbar in a 76 m astigmatic mul-tipass cell with a continuous gas flow of up to 10liters per minute. Due to the high laser power andfast electronics, several thousand absorption spec-tra are measured per second, which are then aver-aged, analyzed and converted to very precise atmos-pheric concentrations with a time resolution of 5 Hz.In combination with an ultrasonic anemometer, itwas possible to detect unexpected N2O release abovea mixed forest and to link these fluxes to meteoro-logical conditions. Furthermore, very low fluxes ofboth release and uptake of N2O were observed overgrassland in one of the first applications of eddy co-variance for such small but frequent and thus sig-nificant events.
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: Optical alignment of a quantum cascade laser absorptionspectrometer.
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
91
Support: NCCR, SBF, BAFU
Links: www.empa.ch/abt134
Contact: [email protected]:E.W. Eugster, K. Zeyer, M. Zeeman, P.Michna, A. Zingg, N. Buchmann, L. Emmenegger, Biogeosciences (4), 1–13, (2007)B. Tuzson, M.J. Zeeman, M.S. Zahniser, L. Emmenegger, Infrared Physics & Technology, in press doi:10.1016/ j.infrared.2007.05.006 (2007)A.Neftel, C. Flechard, C. Ammann, F. Conen, K. Zeyer, L. Emmenegger, Tellus B 59 (3), 470–482, (2007)D.D.Nelson, J.B.McManus, S.C.Herndon, M.S. Zahniser, B. Tuzson, L. Emmenegger, Applied Physics B, accepted(2007)J.Mohn, R.A.Werner, N. Buchmann, L. Emmenegger, Journal of Molecular Structure 834–836, 95–101 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Fig. 2: 30 minutes N2O flux aver-ages (green) and cumulative N2Oflux (red) at the Lägeren forestflux tower during a 4-week periodin autumn 2005. Senescing leaves at high moistureare likely to be responsible for themeasured N2O emissions.
Fig. 3: Top: measured (dots) and simulated (line) spectra of CO2
isotopologues. Bottom: corresponding absorption lines and their linestrength weighted for the natural abundance of each iso-topologue.
Fig. 4: Optical layout of the QCL spectrometer for stable CO2 isotope ratio measurements.
Oct 12
400
x0.
02N
2O F
lux
[nm
olm
-2s-
1 ]
N2O
Flu
x Su
m [µ
mol
m-2
]
0
-200
200
Oct 15 Oct 18 Oct 21 Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02 Nov 05
more, the relative concentrations of stable CO2 iso-topologues can be used to allocate CO2 sources. Thecurrent standard analytical method, isotope ratiomass spectrometry (IRMS), is time consuming, ex-pensive and not suited for continuous in-situ meas-urements.
In collaboration with our partners Alpes-Lasers,University of Neuchatel, ETH Zurich and AerodyneResearch, we have also developed a novel, cryo-genic free and highly precise QCL spectrometer forthe simultaneous measurement of the three mostimportant stable CO2 isotopologues. The respectiveisotope ratios can be measured at a wavelength of2311 cm-1 with an unprecedented precision below0.1‰ during continuous field measurements, whichis expected to create fundamentally new researchoptions at the biosphere-atmosphere interface.
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
Tran
smit
tanc
e [%
]
Wavenumber [cm-1]
10-21
2
3
456789
10-20
Line
stre
ngth
[cm
-1/m
olec
ule
·cm
-2]
2310.42310.32310.22310.12310.02309.9
16O12C16O 16O13C16O16O12C18O
spectrum
fit
Multi-pass Cell (reference)
Multi-pass Cell (sample)
Reflector
Ge-Etalon
QC Laser
TEC IR-Detector(reference)
TEC IR-Detector(sample)
Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Daniela Wenger,
Andreas C. Gerecke,
Norbert V. Heeb,
Markus Zennegg,
Martin Kohler,
in collaboration with
Hanspeter Naegeli,
University of Zurich,
Renato Zenobi,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Diesel exhaust contains numerous toxic sub-
stances including compounds acting as endocrine
disruptors. These compounds interfere with the
hormone systems of humans and animals and,
thereby, lead to adverse health effects. We com-
bined biological and chemical methods to deter-
mine the concentration of two groups of en-
docrine disruptors present in diesel exhaust: com-
pounds that bind and activate the aryl hydrocar-
bon receptor (AhR; “dioxin receptor”) and those
recognizing the estrogen receptor (ER). Our study
shows that the two tested catalytic diesel partic-
ulate filters lower emissions of AhR and ER lig-
ands by up to 90 and 70%, respectively.
Diesel engines emit a wide range of toxic com-pounds and appreciable numbers of fine (<2.5 µm)and ultrafine (<0.1 µm) particles into the air. In thisstudy, we focused on emissions of hormone-likecompounds and we assessed effects of two catalyticdiesel particulate filters on the endocrine-disruptingpotential of diesel exhaust. The tested wall-flow fil-ters, which force the diesel exhaust through a poroussubstrate, decrease the number of diesel particlesby >95% and burn the trapped particles with theaid of catalytic fuel additives.
92
In vitro cell bioassays were used to detect and quan-tify AhR and ER ligands (Fig.1). These biologicalmethods were combined with chemical analysis bygas chromatography/mass spectrometry to esti-
Contact: [email protected]:N.V.Heeb et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 41,5789–5794 (2007)D.Wenger et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., in press (2008)D.Wenger et al., Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, in press (2008)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: Mode of action of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-basedbioassay.
Fig. 2: Concentrations of AhR and ER ligands in filtered and unfiltereddiesel exhaust.
PCDD/Fs
PAHs
AhR
?
AhR
AhRAhR
DNA
RNA
Luciferase
Light
Cell nucleus
Cytoplasm
Addition ofluciferin
Luciferase gene
mate the contribution of known AhR ligands, in-cluding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)and dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), to the totalconcentration of AhR ligands.
In unfiltered exhaust, we determined an AhR ligandconcentration of 60 ng 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents/m3, whereas we foundonly 6–7 ng TCDD equivalents/m3 in two samplesof filtered exhaust (Fig. 2). Thus, the diesel partic-ulate filters reduced emissions of AhR ligands by90%. Six carcinogenic PAHs and 17 PCDD/Fs con-tributed <1% to the total concentration of AhR lig-ands. For ER ligands, we found 1.6 ng 17ß-estradi-ol (E2) equivalents/m3 in the unfiltered exhaust and0.6–0.7 ng E2 equivalents/m3 in filtered exhaust,corresponding to a reduction of 50–70%. Concen-trations of AhR and ER ligands in diesel exhaustwere 3–5 orders of magnitude higher than found inambient air, indicating that diesel engines are an im-portant source of endocrine disruptors.
This study demonstrates that catalytic diesel par-ticulate filters are a promising technology to reducethe endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust.In Switzerland, diesel particulate filters have be-come mandatory at workplaces such as tunnel con-struction sites (e.g.,NEAT).This technology will alsohelp to improve ambient air quality in urban areas.
Support: SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/analytik
Diesel exhaust
ng T
CD
D e
quiv
alen
ts/m
3
ng E
2 eq
uiva
lent
s/m
3
Filtered (filter 1)Unfiltered
AhR ligands
ER ligands
80
60
40
20
0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0Filtered (filter 2)
Brominated flame retardants in Lake Thun: a model predicts impact of new chemicals and effectiveness of regulatory measures
A tailor-made local scale mass balance model was
developed to study the environmental fate of
brominated flame retardants in the ecosystem of
Lake Thun. Based on direct measurements of the
occurrence of these chemicals in the environment,
the model was validated and enabled to predict
the impact of new chemicals on environment and
humans and to probe the effectiveness of regula-
tory measures.
Every year, more than 70 000 t of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as additives to pro-tect electric equipment, textiles, and construction ma-terials from fire. However, PBDE are slowly releasedfrom flame-retarded products, leading to exposureof humans and environment. This is of concernsince PBDE are able to interfere with the hormonesystem and may cause developmental disorders.
While direct measurements of the occurrence ofpersistent chemicals in the environment are essen-tial to assess the current situation, computer mod-els can substantially enhance the identification ofprocesses that are responsible for the transfer ofthese chemicals to the environment. In close collab-oration with ETHZ, a tailor-made multimedia massbalance model was designed for Lake Thun servingas the study ecosystem. Mass balance equations wereset up, and relevant transformation processes wereconsidered (Fig.1).
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
93
Specifically designed analytical methods allowedmeasuring PBDE at ultra trace levels in various en-vironmental compartments of Lake Thun. Measuredconcentrations in the atmosphere and in tributary
Christian Bogdal,
Martin Kohler,
Peter Schmid,
Heinz Vonmont,
in collaboration with
Markus Bläuenstein,
Martin Scheringer,
Konrad Hungerbühler,
ETH Zurich (CH)
Contact: [email protected]:Ch. Bogdal, M. Kohler, P. Schmid, M. Scheringer, K.Hunger-bühler, Organohalogen Compounds 69, 441–444 (2007)M. Bläuenstein, Diploma Thesis, ETHZ (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resources
and Pollutants
Fig.1: Compartments and processes in the mass balance model ofLake Thun.
Fig. 2: Total PBDE mass relative to 2006 in Lake Thun, assuming different input scenarios.
air
aerosols
pore water
suspended particles
fish
water
output (wind)degradation
degradation
diffusionresuspensionsedimentation
diffusionrainwashout
dry wet
particle deposition
degradationsediment burial
output (river)
input (wind)
input (rivers)
sediment
0
50
100
150
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12time [y]
tota
l PB
DE
mas
sre
lati
ve t
o 20
06 [%
]
1: stop of input2: reduction of input 1% every month3: unchanged input
rivers served to define the input of PBDE into theLake Thun ecosystem. Calculations assuming con-stant PBDE input revealed that the atmosphere isthe main input pathway for PBDE into Lake Thun.Water and sediment contain the largest inventoryof PBDE, and finally, PBDE are buried in the sedi-ment. In a second step, dynamic calculations en-abled us to test different hypothetical scenarios ofPBDE usage. Figure 2 illustrates the evolution of thetotal PBDE mass in Lake Thun under different fu-ture input scenarios. After an immediate stop of in-put (scenario 1), it would take more than a decadefor the PBDE mass to decrease below 10%. If thereis a decrease of PBDE input by 1% every month(scenario 2), after 10 years the mass in the modeledecosystem would still remain above 80% of the ini-tial mass. If the input remains unchanged (scenario3), the mass would still increase for more than 10years.
The model can also be extended to other existing ornewly developed chemicals. Thus, it is an effectivecomplementary tool to the complex and demandingdirect measurements of chemicals in the environ-ment providing a significant contribution to a com-prehensive risk assessment.
Support: SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/analytikwww.sust-chem.ethz.ch
Spatially, time resolved and element-specific in-situ corrosion investigations using a novelonline microflow-capillary FI-ICP-MS set-up
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
Nadzeya Homazava,
Andrea Ulrich,
Fabian Eckermann,
Patrick Schmutz,
in collaboration with
Urs Krähenbühl,
University of Bern (CH)
Corrosion processes often initiate on weakest
microstructural features such as inclusions, grain
boundaries or specific surface crystal orienta-
tions. The investigation of these processes is a
core activity in corrosion science at Empa. Spa-
tially resolved methods are required for the char-
acterization of the local chemistry controlling the
corrosion mechanisms. Hence, a novel micro-ana-
lytical technique is developed, which allows an el-
ement-specific, spatially and time resolved in-situ
investigation of dissolution processes.
The technique is based on an adjustable online mi-croflow-capillary set-up especially designed for localin-situ experiments. The capillary is connected viaflow injection analysis system FIAS to an inductive-ly coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. FIASallows a transient sample introduction, whereasICP-MS is designed for highly sensitive multi-ele-ment quantification.
94
Initially, materials for the microflow-capillary wereevaluated with respect to minimized contaminationas a precondition for ultra-trace analysis. Further-more, possible flow strategies were developed to en-sure a transient monitoring of corrosion processes.
The coupling to FI-ICP-MS required an evaluationof alternative micro-flow sample introduction sys-tems and a careful optimization of the ICP-MSmethod. High salt matrix of the corrosion solutionprobes, spectral and non-spectral interferences andlimited sample volumes represented particular chal-lenges in the method development.
During this development stage, the principle anddetection capability of the novel micro-analyticaltechnique is demonstrated with capillaries down toa lateral resolution of 250 µm by investigating thetransition from uniform corrosion processes at lowpH to localized corrosion phenomena at neutral pHsfor several commercial Al alloys. The influence ofthe Al microstructure on the dissolution was furtherinvestigated by comparison to SEM-EDX measure-ments. Quantitative data for different elements re-leased during corrosion experiments were achieved.This information is especially valuable for alloyingelements present in the alloy in sub-percent quan-tities, which could also be detected in very low con-centrations in the solution as presented in Figure 1.
In a next set-up optimization step, an implementa-tion of the electrochemical device to measure andcorrelate chemical and electrochemical in-situ char-acterization at once will be performed. Moreover, afurther reduction of the micro-capillary size downto 50 µm is planned to improve capabilities of thesystem to clarify the role of microstructural inho-mogeneities in localized corrosion processes. Fig-ure 2 shows a schematic configuration of the final-ly planned set-up.
Support: SNF
Links: www.empa.ch/abt132
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
References:N.Homazava, A.Ulrich, M. Trottmann, U. Krähenbühl, J Anal Atom Spectrom, 9, 1122–1130 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants
Fig.1: Time resolved dissolution of Mn and Cu in AA 6111 at differentpH (corrosive medium 0.1 M NaCl).
Fig. 2: Principle of the novel microflow-capillary set-up.
Potentiostat
FIAS
Sample
Referenceelectrode
Working-electrode
V V V
ICP-MS
Micro-Probe
Analytical Device
Electro-chemicalDevice
Counterelectrode
elem
ent
rele
ase
[µg
cm-2
] 0.90
6 24 42 60 78 96 114
6 24 42 60 78 96 114
pH 6.0pH 4.0pH 2.0
pH 6.0pH 4.0pH 2.0
0.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00elem
ent
rele
ase
[µg
cm-2
]
time [min] time [min]
Mn Cu
Synchrotron radiation for sensitive elementalanalysis of ambient air particles
Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectro-
metry (SR-XRF) has been applied as a powerful
fit-for-purpose tool for the detection of a broad
range of trace elements. For the first time, hourly
concentration levels of antimony in urban ambi-
ent air have been determined and assigned to car
brake pad abrasion particles.
Air pollution by particulate matter below 10 micro -meter (PM10) is of public concern both in the areaof legal regulations for PM10 reduction and nano -technology risk assessments. The analysis of thetrace elements contained in PM10 is of particular in-terest because some of them show a potential foradverse health effects. In addition to their naturalabundance they are emitted into the atmosphere byindustry and traffic in typical element patterns whichcan be used for the apportionment of PM10 to spe-cific sources. Temporal changes in emissions andtheir atmospheric dilution occur on a time scale ofhours. Therefore, time-resolved monitoring of traceelements in ambient air is highly important and re-quires novel devices for representative sampling andextremely sensitive analytical techniques.
Mobility, Energyand Environment
Empa Activities 2007
95
A size-specific particulate matter sampler was con-structed and optimized for subsequent trace ele-ment analysis. The Rotating Drum Impactor (RDI)collects ambient aerosol on an hourly basis in threesize ranges that are relevant for human exposure(2.5–10 µm, 1–2.5 µm and 0.1–1 µm) on a thin poly -propylene substrate film. As shown in Figure 1, thehourly aerosol samples exhibit a bar-code like dep-osition pattern. The total aerosol mass collected dur-ing an hourly sample interval is lower than 10 µg
Nicolas Bukowiecki,
Peter Lienemann,
Christoph Zwicky,
Matthias Hill,
Robert Gehrig
Contact: [email protected]:N.Bukowiecki, R. Gehrig, M.Hill, P. Lienemann, C.N. Zwicky,B. Buchmann, E.Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 878–889 (2007)
Materials Science & Technology
Research ProgramNatural Resources
and Pollutants
Fig.1: Aerosol sampler (Rotating Drum Impactor).
Fig. 2: Hourly concentration levels of PM10 and antimony (Sb) in ambient air, measured in Zurich (Switzerland).
and contains trace elements in the nanogram massrange. Trace element analysis is performed usingsynchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence spec-trometry (SR-XRF). Synchrotron generated X-ray ra-diation shows a very high photon flux density andis sharply focused. This, together with the non-scat-tering behavior of the substrate holder system, al-lows for the highly sensitive detection of trace ele-ments.
The unique set-up has been successfully applied forthe characterization of railway emissions (Buko -wiecki et al., 2007) and is now applied to study thecontribution of road traffic abrasion particles to over-all PM10 burdens. Figure 2 shows hourly concen-tration levels of antimony (Sb) measured in Zurich(Switzerland), and illustrates the formation of an inversion weather situation after a rainfall period.The measurements revealed a significant enrich-ment of antimony at the road site during traffic-richperiods. These emissions of antimony and othertrace elements were found to origin from brake padabrasion.
Support: ASTRA, BAFU
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Empa Activities 2007
97Materials Science & Technology
List of abbreviations
ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability
ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority
BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment
BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health
BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy
CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility
CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.
DFG German Research Foundation
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology
EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program
ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich
KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency
NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research
NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan
PSI Paul Scherrer Institute
SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research
SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste
SNF Swiss National Science Foundation
VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts
VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit
Empa Activities 2007Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer
Mission
Our main focus is to support Empa’s role inlinking the generation of scientific knowledge andits applications in industry and society. Our aimis to deliver highly professional services to ourinternal and external “clients”, offering them awide spectrum of functions exceeding thetraditional definition of technology transfer.
Activities
With its “Portal” Empa offers a single point ofcontact for potential partners seeking suitableresearch contacts or those looking for advancedservices, linking them with the correspondinglabs and scientists within Empa. The portal thusoffers a simple and convenient means of accessto Empa’s broad offering in application-orientedresearch and knowledge. Additionally, portal staffactively address the market to keep it informedof Empa’s research activities, to scout for newindustrial partners and to facilitate Empa’sconsulting activities by bringing interdisciplinaryteams together to meet with potential industrialpartners.
The Technology Transfer Office supports Empascientists and external partners in all stages of thetechnology transfer life cycle, from researchcontracts to protecting the results of its research(in particular in the form of patents) to theexploitation of intellectual property rights, e.g.by licencing.
With the support of business incubators like teboin St.Gall, Empa actively fosters entrepreneurshipand helps to create a supporting environment forspin-offs and start-up companies alike. We aimto help closing the gap in the value chain of knowl-edge and technology transfer by providing well-equipped and affordable space and infrastructureas well as offering consultation and assistanceto boost R&D collaborations and facilitate accessto seed money.
The Academy plays a pivotal role in Empa’sknowledge transfer process, offering seminars,courses and lectures at Empa’s sites or “on theroad”. This not only gives people inside andoutside Empa a forum for sharing and discussingthe results of Empa’s research but also accessto continuing training in Empa’s fields of special-ization.
Gabriele Dobenecker, Section Head
Technology Transfer@Empa
Interactions with economic and public partners inresearch collaboration create an interesting and in-spiring environment for the laboratories and theiremployees. From such research collaborations allpartners profit in several ways: from the exchangeof knowledge, the use of high-tech infrastructure andthe possibility of state funding of the research proj-ect to generate new jobs and products in industry.
TheTT-Office@Empa teamsup closelywith the sci-entists, negotiates research contracts with third par-ties, supports and manages actively the economicexploitation of research results. In the last years ef-ficient and flexible procedures have been establishedto manage the various aspects of technology trans-fer projects.
No lack of transfer projects
In 2007, the TT-Office handled more than 180 newcases, and overall worked on more than 320 proj-ects. It was responsible for the drafting, negotiationand/or quality management of the research con-tracts, patent application process and the exploita-tion of research results. 17 new patent applicationswere filed that resulted from Empa’s institutionalresearch or from research collaboration with thirdparties. Currently, the license portfolio consists of27 licenses of which nine new license agreementswere signed within the last year.
Technology Transfer
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TT-Highlights and Empa Innovation Award
One successfully transferred technology project runin the area of “metal fibers” where the new technol-ogy comprises an improved method and a new ap-paratus for coating yarnwith a thinmetal layer. Fab-ric made of metal-coated yarn exhibits a whole setof uncommon properties which can be exploited toobtain e.g. clotheswith highUVprotection, improvedthermal conductivity, anti-bacterial surfaces, includ-ed woven sensors or more. The new technology de-veloped at Empa in a long term collaboration withtwo partners from industry within in a CTI-projectis much more environmental-friendly and far moreefficient in transferring the coatingmaterial. For thisEmpa’s initiators and leaders of the project receivedthe Empa Innovation Award 2007.
Marlen Müller
Contact: [email protected]
Fig.1: Technology Transfer Activities at Empa.
Fig. 2: Fabric (left) made of silver-coated yarn (right).
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Fig. 3: Martin Amberg (left)and Manfred Heuberger,two out of three laureates ofthe Empa Innovation Award2007 on the occasion of theceremony. Their colleagueDirk Hegemann was preventedfrom participating.
Technology Transfer
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Another example of a successful transfer to an in-dustrial partner is “Thermo-active Wall and CeilingElements”. The technique details special wall andceiling elements which can be installed in rooms toachieve temperature balance. Regulation is per-formed with a phase-changing material which ab-sorbs excessive heat bymelting and conversely emitslatent heat through solidifying when room temper-ature is below target value.No external power sourceis required to operate the regulation process.
A third example is the “Anchorage Device for High-Performance Fiber Composite Cables”, a technolo-gy transferred to a company internationally wellrecognized in the field of stay cable and related con-struction engineering. Carbon-fiber reinforced ten-sion bars are more and more used in bridge con-struction replacing steel cables due to their superi-or properties like low weight and no corrosion. Thetechnology describes a system specially suited to re-liably anchor fiber-reinforced cables in such a man-ner, that the high static strengths and fatigue re-sistances can be exploited optimally.
List of Patents
Patents granted
High Performance Höland, Wolfram/Apel, E./ Dentalglas, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen 10 2005 051 387Ceramics Vital, Andri/ Zürcher, Simone/ Verwendung
Graule, Thomas/Van't Hoen, Ch./Rheinberger, V./Burtscher
Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker/ Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage 10 2004 039 124.6-09Engines Rauch, Stephan
Patents applied for:
Advanced Fibers Nazarov, Dmitry/ Permanent flame retardant treatment for cellulose fibers or EP 07 022 567.7Schmid, Hansruedi/Ritter, Axel/ fabrics and other polymeric materialsVasnev, Valerii/Izmailov, B.
Ritter, Axel/Schmid, Hansruedi/ Synthesis and application of new phosphorus containing flame EP 07 405 235.8Nazarov, Dmitry retardant substances
Air Pollution/ Graf, Peter/Hüglin, Christoph Procédé et dispositif pour l'analyse d'une atmosphère gazeuse CH 01677/07Environmental Technology
Biomaterials Ren Zulian, Qun/Pletscher, Ernst/ Method for the production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids WO PCT/CH2007/000156Zinn, Manfred/Thöny-Meier, Linda
Center for Synergic Crettol, René/Luchsinger, Rolf Faltbarer pneumatischer Träger CH 01781/07Structures
Electronics/ Thierry, Raphaël/Miceli, Alice/ Verfahren zur Streukorrektur von röntgentomografischen Daten EP 07 012 409Metrology/Reliability Sennhauser, Urs/Flisch, Alexander
High Performance Mattmann, Corinne/ Recognizing upper body postures using textile strain sensors US 60/976806Ceramics Tröster, Gerhard/Clemens, Frank
Internal Combustion Soltic, Patrik/Bach, Christian Fluidbetriebener Ventiltrieb EP 07 022 717.8Engines
Mechanical Systems Weisse, Bernhard/ Proof-Test für keramische Hüftgelenkskugeln DE 102007056973.6Engineering Affolter, Christian/Stutz, Alex
Empa Academy –a platform for knowledge transfer
As an institution for continuing education in the areaof materials science, the Empa Academy’s rangeof courses once again attracted a large number ofscientists and representatives of industry and soci-ety at large in 2007. The almost 100 training eventsstaged by the Empa Academy – comprising 27 con-ferences and 24 courses lasting a total of 55 days aswell as 48 lecture-based events – reached well over6000 people.
Continuing the “Tour de Suisse”
In spring 2007, Empa continued its “Empa Unter-wegs” road show with stops at the universities ofapplied sciences in Buchs and Biel. Empa also ac-cepted an invitation from the Swiss engineers’ andarchitects society, SIA, to give a presentation inZurich to a broad public as part of the “Zwischenden Disziplinen’ (Between the Disciplines) event.The last venue of Empa’s “Tour de Suisse” was theFribourg College of Engineering and Architecture inearly autumn. Altogether, close to 700 experts frombusiness, politics and science visited “Empa Unter-wegs” events.
National and international cooperation
With 3 out of 26 stalls Empa held a prominent po-sition in the first Swiss “Nacht der Forschung” (Re-searcher’s Night) that took place at the banks ofLake Zurich in late September and attracted morethan 5000 visitors.
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Cooperation with Swissmem and the TechnologyTransfer Consortium W6 was equally fruitful: indus-try representatives met scientists from Empa, PSIand ETH Zurich in four workshops under the head-ing “Micro and nanotechnology for the MEM indus-tries”. The participants took advantage of the op-portunity for in-depth discussions with the expertsand built up contacts with colleagues in their respec-tive fields.
Anne Satir
Contact: [email protected]
The cooperation with the Haus der Technik (Houseof Technology, a branch of the RWTH Aachen Uni-versity in Germany), which kicked off very success-fully in 2006 with two seminars, continued in 2007,when no less than five joint events were held.
And end of November, R&D experts from GermanandSwiss companies attended the first BionicsWork-shop to be organized at Empa. In addition to Empaexperts, the Academy was pleased to welcome asspeakers renowned researchers and experts fromthe German biomimetics network.
International conferences –
scientific exchange at Empa
For the second time Empa organized theSwiss Nanoconvention in Berne that pre-sented a wide area of topics and speakersranging from a member of the Swiss Fed-eral Council to international renowned sci-entists, industry representatives, insuranceand finance experts as well as lawyers,philosophers and ethicists. About 300 per-sons accepted Empa’s invitation to discussthe “key technology of the 21st Century”,and its effects on science, economy, health,environment and society.
Around 200 scientists and experts working in indus-try and government agencies from 34 countries metin Dübendorf in September for the 8th Internation-al Conference on Emissions Monitoring (CEM). Fol-lowingGreat Britain, theNetherlands,Denmark, Italyand France, this year it was the turn of Empa andSwitzerland to play host to the “CEM community”.
Empa Academy
Empa Activities 2007
Courses– Führungsseminar – “Research Management”– Sputter Deposition– Flammenhemmende Textilien– Intensive course: Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites– Führen von verteilten Teams– CAS Akustik– How to write good scientific publications– Erfolgreiches Wissenschafts- und Institutsmarketing– Empa Summer School – Basics in Management– Kurs Feuerungskontrolle– SNF-Anträge erfolgreich verfassen– Mikro- und Nanotechnologie für die MEM-Industrie– Deutsches und Schweizer Vertragsrecht– Magnetwerkstoffe und ihre Anwendungen– Titan-Anwenderseminar– Authentic and Convincing Presentations– Growth of Self-assembled Nanostructures– Application of Thermodynamics– ESDFOS durch Prozessmaschinen in Fertigung und Verarbeitung vonMikro- und Nanostruktur-Chips
– Bionik-Workshop
Conferences– FRP Reinforcement– Externally Bonded Reinforcement– Netzwerk Holz– Inaugural Symposium Hydrogen and Energy– SGO – Fachtagung Hartstoffschichten– Surface Analysis of Polymers– Leicht – Licht – Visionär– Schliessung von Stoffkreisläufen – vom frommen Wunsch zurdringenden Notwendigkeit?
– Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems– Empa unterwegs – Interstaatliche Hochschule für Technik Buchs– Empa unterwegs – Berner Fachhochschule Biel – Technik und Informatik– Thermopower– Asphaltverstärkungen mit Einlagen– Oberflächen und Schichtenseminar– Sino-Swiss Scientific Workshop– Tribologiemeeting– Swiss NanoConvention 2007– Plasmatechnologie und Textilien: heute und morgen– Feinstaub– Nano-Coatings– Textil: Innovation Day– Empa unterwegs: Zwischen den Disziplinen, SIA Zürich– R’07 World Congress– CEM 2007 – 8th International Conference on Emissions Monitoring
104
Training for young scientists
Also for the second year running, the Empa “Basicsin Management” summer school took place in July.14PhD students fromEmpa and Eawag spent aweeklearning how to combine their scientific know-howwith basicmanagement skills,whichwill equip them
to pursue a career in industry following their grad-uation.Thus, Empagives its PhDstudents the chanceto build up their knowledge in areas outside theirspecialization and to improve their chances on thejob market.
– Cement Research at Large-Scale Facilities– LTBP Seminar– Neue Schweizer Norm für den OP-Bereich – Technische Innovationenfür Spitäler
– Empa unterwegs, Ecole d’ingenieurs et d’architectes Fribourg– Final Conference COST Action 535– Symposium “Indoor Air”– Low-Noise Road Surfaces– NanoSafe Textiles– Empa PhD Symposium– General Assembly GEOMON
Colloquia– Innovation in the Field of Solar Thermal Energy Systems– Bioreactors for Scaffold-Based Skeletal Tissue Engineering– Damage Accumulation and Crack Development at High Temperatures– Manufacturing Process and Properties of Bio-Nanocomposites based onCellulose Whiskers
– Adaptronics – Current Research Results and Visions– Cellular Engineering: The Biogenesis of Proteins and Enzymes– Climate Change: Gentle or Abrupt?– Dynamic Force Microscope Atomistic Simulations: A Magnifying Glass intoMaterials Science
– Success at any Cost? Doping in Sports and Society– Electricity Supply Options in Focus: Sustainability and Perspectives forthe Future
– Industrial Roads to Electronic Materials– Use the Air: The New Light-Weight Structure Tensairity– Initio Modeling of Cement Phases– Biofilm Formation of Members of the Genus Burkholderia– Fuel Cells – A Challenge for European Research– The Growth of Carbon Nanotubes and their Electronic Applications– Hydrogenography: A Combinatorial Thin Film Approach to Hydrogen StorageProperties
– Electrochemistry of Solids: Is there more than Batteries and Fuel Cells?– Impact of Nanoparticle Surface Reactivity on Pulmonary Health Effects– Oxides as Potential Thermoelectric Elements– Expression and Amplification of Molecular Chirality at Metal Surfaces– Structural Analysis of Proteins and Protein Complexes Using a Robotic– Emission Control for Automotive Applications– Optics at the Nanoscale– Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Testing in Combination with Modeling– Nanofabrication with Polymers– Molecular Electronics: The Limits of Miniaturization– Bioplastics: Technology and Market Development– Superconducting Electronics: New Physics and New Devices– DegraPol – Recent Developments– Interfaces in Fibre Reinforced Composites
Courses, Conferences and Colloquia in 2007
Business Incubators@Empa
Business incubation is an important part of Empa’sknowledge and technology transfer activities. Start-up businesses benefit from proximity to Empa’s sci-entists, its outstanding infrastructure, far-reachingnetwork as well as coaching and advice offers.
And it is not just the start-up companies that bene-fit from Empa’s business incubators. The institute’sstaff will increasingly encountering entrepreneurialmindsets. This arouses understanding for industri-al partners in joint R&Dprojects and at the same timeit also sharpens the scientists’ own perception of thehidden business potential of their research work.
Since 1996 young companies in the Technologie-
zentrum für die Euregio Bodensee (Lake Constancecross-border technology center, or tebo) have beenable to commence business activities at Empa St.Gal-len. Figure 1 shows tebo’s healthy growth over re-cent years. As a result of tenant fluctuation, 13 com-panies employing about 30 people left tebo duringthe same period.
Technology Center
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Peter Frischknecht,
Mario Jenni
Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch
Fig.1 and 2: Number of tebo-companies (left) and employees bybusiness sector and year.
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Another business incubator will be set up at Düben-dorf in 2008. Mario Jenni, its designated manager,started carrying out the necessary preparatory worksince November 2007. The plan is to base the start-up companies on the Empa site. The business in-cubator, in conjunction with Empa Dübendorf as itsleading house, is intended to form a regional tech-nology centre offering good conditions
• to facilitate the creation of sustainable workplacesfor the benefit of the economy,
• to use the potential that exists within Empa as aresearch institution to maximum effect, and in sodoing to assist the process of renewal in the econ-omy, and
• to bolster Empa’s reputation and regional pres-ence.
As at St.Gallen, the target groups include not onlyspin-offs fromEmpa, but also external start-up com-panies related to Empa, the outsourced researchunits of major companies and public-private part-nerships.
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9 109 Awards
111 PhD Theses
122 Patents
123 Teaching Activities
128 Publications
128 Advanced Materials and Surfaces
138 Civil and Mechanical Engineering
145 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body
150 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology
155 Mobility, Energy and Environment
164 Conferences
164 Advanced Materials and Surfaces
168 Civil and Mechanical Engineering
172 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body
174 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology
176 Mobility, Energy and Environment
182 Organizational Chart 2007
Empa Activities 2007Appendix
109
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
Advanced Fibers Amberg, Martin/Hegemann, Innovation Award EmpaDirk/Heuberger, Manfred
Houis, S., Schmid, M., Paul Schlack Man-Made Fibres Prize, Chemiefasertagung Dornbirn (AT)Lübben, Jörn Felix
Hufenus, Rudolf/Rüegger, R./ One of the two best papers published in Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2006Banjac,R./Mayor, P./Springman, S./Brönnimann, Rolf
Hufenus, R./Rüegger, R./Flum, D./ One of the two best papers published in Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2005Sterba, I.
Zimmermann, J./Reifler, Felix/ Best Poster Award Textiles Applications, NanoEuropeFortunato, Giuseppino/Gerhardt, L.C./Barbadoro, Pierluigi/Seeger, S.
Air Pollution/ Schaub, Daniel ACP Award, Atmosphärenchemie und -physikEnvironmental Technology
Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, Christian/Kohler, M./ Otto Hutzinger Student Presentation Award, Dioxin 2007 – International Symposium onSchmid, Peter/Scheringer, M./ Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Tokyo (JP)Hungerbühler, K.
Gerecke, Andreas/Heeb, Norbert/ Auszeichnung für exzellentes Paper der Zeitschrift Environmental Science & TechnologyKohler, Martin 40, 3679–3688, 2006
Homazava, Nadzeya/ Posterpreis, European Winter Plasma Conference, Taormina (IT)Ulrich, Andrea/Krähenbühl, U.
Ulrich, Andrea/Wichser, Adrian Best Poster Award, CANAS Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie, Konstanz (DE)
Biomaterials Ruth, Katinka Best Poster Price, Swiss Molecular Microbiology SWIMM
Concrete/Construction Münch, Beat Charles E. Ives Award, Society for Imaging Science and TechnologyChemistry
Functional Polymers Fardel, Romain Young Scientist Award of the European Materials Research Society E-MRS, Spring meeting
High Performance Weiher, Christian APi-Preis der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Anstrichstoffe und Pigmente)Ceramics
Joining and Interface Gelder, Natalie Beste Diplomarbeit, Preis Familie Ziegler StiftungTechnology
Liu, Chunlei Research Award Empa
Sivasubramaniam, Venkatesh Best Presentation, PhD Symposium Empa
Materials-Biology Born, Anne-Kathrin/Rottmar, First Poster Price, European Cells and Materials ECM VIII Conference, Dr Robert MathysInteractions Markus/Maniura-Weber, Foundation
Empa Activities 2007Awards
110
Empa Activities 2007Awards
Katharina/Bruinink, ArieKrug, H./Brand-Saberi, B. Forschungspreis für «Ersatz- und Ergänzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch», Landesregierung von
Baden-Württemberg (DE)
Materials Technology Müller, Olivier Beste Diplomarbeit, Fachhochschule Yverdon
Mechanical Systems Ramos, Antonio PhD Thesis and Exam with Summa Cum LaudeEngineering
nanotech@surfaces Mäder, Ruben Prize for Outstanding Student Presention, International Conference «Quasicrystals – The SilverJubilee», Tel Aviv (IS)
Treier, Matthias Best Poster Award, Annual Swiss Light Source SLS user meeting
Road Engineering/ Partl, Manfred Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists AAPT Award of RecognitionSealing Components
Solid State Chemistry Ferri, Davide Posterpreis, Catalysis Applied to Fine Chemistry CAFC-8, Verbania-Pallanza (IT)and Catalysis
Structural Engineering Motavalli, Masoud/ Best Paper Award, Conference Composites and PolyconCzaderski, Christoph
Technology and Gauch, Marcel/Widmer, Rolf/ Best Paper Award-Prof Gaston Magetto, EuropeanElectric Vehicle Drive Conference, Brussels (BE)Society Zah, Rainer
Hischier, Roland Best Paper Award, Ciclo de Vida CILCA Conference, Sao Paulo (BR)
Wood Bordeanu, Nico/Eyholzer, Best Poster Award, NanoEuropeChristian/Zimmermann, Tanja/Richter, Klaus
Zimmermann, Tanja BDH-Bund Deutscher Holzwirte-Preis: excellent achievement in the PhD Theses
Joint Awards
Advanced Fibers, Körner, Enrico/Balazs, Dawn/ Best Poster Award Medicals, NanoEuropeMaterials-Biology Hegemann, Dirk/Fortunato,
Interactions Giuseppino/Lischer, Stefanie/Wick, Peter
Electronics/Metrology, Rotach, Lukas/Toggweiler, Sven/ Jugendförderpreis Firma Haba, «Messen für die Weltmeister von morgen»Reliability, Zumofen, Livia/Vollenweider,
Solid State Chemistry and Marco/Stiefel, MichaelCatalysis,
Building Technologies
High Performance Holzer, Lorenz/Münch, Beat/ RC Purdy Award of the American Ceramic Society: Contribution to Ceramic Technical Literature inCeramics, Wegmann, Markus 2006Concrete
Construction Chemistry
Wood, Gülzow, Arne/Steiger, René/ Förderpreis, Ideenpool holz21Structural Engineering Gsell Daniel
111
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
Acoustics/Noise Awietjan, Stefan Filip Manufacture, structure and properties of magnetorheological elastomers 2 PhD School Warsaw (PL)Prevention Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stanislaw Pietrzko
Thomann, Georg Mess- und Berechnungsunsicherheit von Fluglärmbelastungen und 1 ETH Zurich,ihre Auswirkungen Landscape and
Environmental Planning
Wunderli, Jean Marc Quellenseparation bei fahrenden Zügen mit Hilfe von Schalldruck- und 1 Technical University BerlinSchallschnellemessungen (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kurt Heutschi Dept. of Rail Vehicles
Advanced Fibers Hossain, Mohammad Plasma Technology for Deposition and Surface Modification 1 Fiber Inst. Bremen,Mokbul Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dirk Hegemann Bremen (DE), University,
Germany
Körner, Enrico Multifunctional antibacterial plasma polymer coatings 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dirk Hegemann Dept. Material Science
Nazarov, Dmitry Synthesis and Development of new reactive flame retardants for textile 2 Moscow University, M.V.fibers on the basis of phosphorus compounds (RU) Dept. of PolymerCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Axel Ritter Synthesis
Salimova, Viktoriya Studies on Pyrolysis Chemistry of Cellulose in the Presence of Phosphorus 2 ETH Zurichand Synergistic Additives Dept. Chemistry andCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Manfred Heuberger Applied Biosciences
Thapliyal, Ratnesh Fabrication and Characterization of Piezo-Electric thinfilms on wafers and 1 University of Basel,on fibers Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Giuseppino Fortunato
Air Pollution/ Balzani, Jacob Carbonyls and PANs at the Jungfraujoch and the related Oxidation 1 ETH Zurich,Environmental Technology Processes at the Boundary Layer / Free Troposphere Interface Insitute for Atmospheric
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stefan Reimann and Climate Science
Bond, Steven Sources and Sinks of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere during Transition to 2 PSI, VilligenHydrogen-based Transportation General EnergyCo-Supervisor Dr. Stefan Reiman/Dr Martin Vollmer/Dr Martin Steinbacher Research Department
Lanz, Valentin Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic 2 ETH Zurich,compounds (AMS, receptor model) Insitute for AtmosphericCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Christoph Hüglin and Climate Science
Legreid, Geir Emissions of Non-regulated Oxidised Volatile organic Compounds in the 1 ETH Zurich,Polluted Troposphere by advaced GC- MS technology Insitute for AtmosphericCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stefan Reimann and Climate Science
Lorenzo, Ronny Sources and properties of fine and unltrafine particles 1 University of FribourgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Robert Gehrig
Schrade, Sabine Emissions of PM10 and Ammonia from open bovine barns 2 Christian-Albrechts-Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Lukas Emmenegger University of Kiel (DE)
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
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Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Zhou, Yipin Satellite Chartography of Air Quality over Switzerland (SCHOQO-CH) 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Dominik Brunner Insitute for Atmospheric
and Climate Science
Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, Christian Brominated flame retardants and other endocrine disrupting chemicals in 2 ETH Zurichthe ecosystem of Lake Thun - environmental fate and correlation tobiological effectsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Kohler
Homazava, Nadzeya Development of a micro-analytical technique for spatially resolved and 2 University of Bernelement specific in-situ analysis of micro corrosion processesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andrea Ulrich
Iozza, Saverio POPs in alpine regions 2 University of BaselCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Schmid
Wenger, Daniela Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Air. Bioassay-Based Investigation 2 ETH Zurichof the Endocrine Disrupting Potential of Airborne Samples.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Gerecke
Biomaterials Furrer, Patrick Optimization of PHA production for medical applications 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Manfred Zinn Dept. Mechanical and
Process Engineering(MAVT)
Ruth, Katinka Biotransformation of PHA to RHAs 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Qun Ren Zulian Inst. for Environmental
Science
Building Technologies Artmann, Nikolai Passive cooling by night-time ventilation using climate responsive 2 University Aalborg (DK)elements Hybrid Ventilation CentreCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Heinrich Manz
Funk, Max Hysteresis of moisture storage in porous building materials 2 Technical University,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Dresden (DE)
Architektur, Inst. fürBauklimatik
Carsten, Ludwig Glasverstärkte Kunststoffprofile unter hoher thermischer und 2 University of Stuttgartmechanischer Beanspruchung (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erich Hugi/Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Inst. für Tragkonstruktio-
nen und KonstruktivesEntwerfen
Center for Synergetic Teutsch, Uwe Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen des Tragverhaltens von 2 ETH Zurich,Structures Tensairity Trägern unter Biegelast Insitute of Structural
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rolf Luchsinger Engineering
Concrete/Construction Eberhardt, Arnd Bernd Schwindreduzierende Zusatzmittel in selbstverdichtenden Mörteln und 2 Bauhaus Universitiy ofChemistry Betonen Weimar (DE)
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Josef Kaufmann FingerInst. fürBaustoffkunde
Matschei, Thomas Hydrate assemblages. 2 University of AberdeenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach (UK)
Chemistry Dept.
Möschner, Göril A thermodynamic approach to cement hydration: The role of retarding 1 ETH Zurich;admixtures and Fe-minerals during the hydration of cements. Environmental SciencesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach Dept.
Schmidt, Thomas Sulfate interaction, formation of thaumasite and physical consequences. 1 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach School of Engineering,
Inst. of Materials
Zingg, Anatol Wirkmechanismen von Betonfliessmitteln. 2 EH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Winnefeld/Dr Lorenz Holzer Nonmetallic Inorganic
Materials Dept.
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
113
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Corrosion andMaterials Intergrity Barna, Elisabeth Entwicklung kratzfester 2-Komponenten-Transparenzlacke durch Einbau 2 University of Basel
und gezielte Anbindung von oxidischen NanopartikelnCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule/Oliver von Trzebiatowski
Eckermann, Fabian Micro- and nanoscopic aspects of cor-rosion initation of aluminium alloys 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Schmutz Materials Science Dept.
Pawelkiewicz, Unified description of mass transport and reactions in lead-free 2 Technical UniversityMagdalena solder joints during their formation and service (oxidation) Warsawa (PL)
Co.Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch, PhD-SchoolDr Patrik Schmutz
Ura, Ewa CorQuasi 2 Technical UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Schmutz Warsawa (PL)
PhD-School
v.Trzebiatowski, Oliver Scanning Electro-chemical Nanocapillary 2 University of ErlangenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr: Thomas Suter (DE)
Electronics/ Callegari, Victor Nanotechnology / Photonics 2 ETH Zurich,Metrology/Reliability Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.
Farnesi, Matteo Reliability and degradation physics of ultrathin dielectrics 1 EPF Lausanne,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach Microengineering Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser
Gattiker, Felix Biosensor 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Mechanical and Process
Engineering Dept.
Iwaniuk, Daniel Adaptive control of laser speckle fields in microscopy 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erwin Hack/ Dr Urs Sennhauser School of Architecture,
Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering (ENAC)
Miceli, Alice A new generation CT for high energy 2 Unversity of Bologna (IT)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Applied Physics
Mooser, René 6D-deformation analysis from CT data sets 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.
Schmid, Emanuel SNOM 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser
Zhou, Ling Reliability and Availability of Networks 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept
Functional Polymers Araùjo de Castro, Applications of organic semiconductors: from nanostructured solar cells 1 University of São Paulo,Fernando to ionizing radiation dosimeters Ribeirão Preto, (BR)
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Roland Hany Physics and MathematicsDept.
Fan, Bin Cyanine based organic solar cells! 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roland Hany Dept. Chemical Sciences
and Engineering
Fardel, Romain Patterned polymer multilayer light-emitting device fabrication using laser 2 PSI, Villigeninduced forward transfer Allgemeine Energie,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Nüesch Laser-Materialstruk-
turierung
Kuster, Simon Soluble polymeric NIR cyanine dyes ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Geiger Dept. für Polymere HCI
114
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Molberg, Martin Silicone-Composite for Low-Voltage Dielectric Elastomer Actuator 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Christiane Löwe Laboratory of Composites
and Polymer Technology
High Performance Barna, Elisabeth Entwicklung kratzfester 2-Komponenten-Transparenzlacke durch Einbau 2 University of BaselCeramics und gezielte Anbindung von oxidischen Nanopartikeln
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Graule
Bayraktar, Defne Modelling and operation analysis of dens ceramic oxygen separation 1 EPF Lausannetubes, used in partial oxidation of natural gas to synthesis gas Materials Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels
Castillo, Nikolaos Photocatalytic cleaning and sterilasation applications by doped TiO2 and 2 EPF Lausannenovel photoactive materials under visible lightCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Graule
Dittmann, Rainer Nanostrukturierte TiO2-Keramiken - Entwicklung von nanoskaligem 1 Technische UniversityTitandioxid für Bioimplantate of München (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Medizinaltechnik
Duval, Sophie Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells based on Ceramic Proton 1 Technische University ofConducting eEectrolytes München (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels
Erat, Selma Investigation of the driving forces of metal-insulator transitions in 2 ETH ZurichLaSrFeNi-oxides: Correlation of crystallographic structure, electronic,structure and transport propertiesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Artur Braun
Karageorgakis, Nikolaos Formation and Characterisation of thin films for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 2 ETH Zurich(SOFC) and sensorsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule
Michalov, Katarzyna Flame Spray Synthesis and characterization of doped TiO2 nanoparticles 2 AGH University of Sciencefor photoelectric, photocatalytic and photochromic applications and Technology,Co-Supervisor Empa: Andri Vital Cracow (PL)
Michen, Benjamin Aquatische Virenfiltration durch physikalisch-chemische Adsorption 2 Technische UnversitätCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Freiberg (DE)
Richter, Jörg Ceramic materials for high temperature electrolysis cells 1 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels
Ried, Peter Charakterisierung von Kathodenmaterialien für Festelektrolyt- 2 Montan Universitybrennstoffzellen für den Niedertemperatur-bereich um 600 °C (SOFC 600) of Leoben, (AT)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels
Rojas Ismael, Marina Co-Extrusion of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials 2 Universität KarlsruheCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Frank Clemens (DE)
Vasic, Srdan Mechanism of activated infiltration for alumina-steel MMCs 1 University of Fribourg,Co-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler Géo-Science Dept.
Wittig, Daniela Three-dimensional interconnecting networks of ceramics and metals 2 Technische UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler of Freiberg (DE)
Wozniak, Maciej Nanopowder processing for microreactor development 2 AkademieCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Gorniczo-Hutnicza (AGH)
Cracow (PO)
Hydrogen & Energy Buchter, Florian Experimental and theoretical study of the structure and electronic charge 2 University of Fribourgdensity of p-element complex deuterides. Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
Kato, Shunsuke Physical Properties of Complex Hydrides e.g. Mx+[BH4]x, and Hydrogen 2 University of Fribourg,Sorption Mechanism Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
115
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Martelli, Pascal Electronic and Atomic structure of Complex Hydrides 2 University of Fribourg,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas Züttel Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
Matsunaga, Tomoya Stability and Sorption Mechanism of Complex Hydrides 2 University of FribourgSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
Pendolino, Flavio Hydrogen Mobility in Complex Hydrides 2 University of Fribourg,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas Züttel Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
Thiele, Doreen Carbon nanotube supported perovskite catalyst for oxygen reduction 2 University of Fribourg,reaction Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte
Internal Combustion Egli, Reto Numerical and experimental optimisation of the combustion process and 2 ETH Zurich,Engines exhaust gas treatment of a direct injected natural gas engine Labor für
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Soltic Aerothermochenie undVerbrennungssysteme
Sundström, Olle Optimal control of a parralel hybrid prowertrain with a turbocharged 2 ETH Zurich,internal combutsione engine Inst. für Mess- undCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Soltic Regeltechnik
Weimer, Silke Evaluation of aerosol road traffic emissions by dynamometric tests and 2 ETH Zurich,chasing experiments Inst. für Atmosphäre undCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Mohr Klima
Joining and Bissig, Vinzenz Principles of brazing with nanostructured filler metals 2 Technical UniversityInterface Technology Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Warsawa (PL)
PhD-School
Duarte, Liliana Fe-Ni-Ti-aluminides 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz/ Dr Christian Leinenbach Inst. of Metals
Galli, Matteo The Constitutive Response of Brazing Alloys and the Residual Stresses in 1 EPF LausanneCeramic-Metal Joints Mechanical EngineeringCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Dept.
Liu, Chunlei Characterization and modelling of interface reactions between diamond 1 ETH Zurich,and active brazing filler metals Material Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz
Pawelkiewicz, Unified description of mass transport and reactions in lead-free soldering 2 Technical UniversityMagdalena during their formation and service Warsawa (PL)
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch, Dr P. Schmutz PhD-School
Sivasubranamian, Lead-free Solders 2 EPF Lausanne,Venkatesh Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Mechanical Engineering
Dept.
Materials-Biology Agabi, Osh Development of Neural Implant for a functional arm prosthesis - a direct 2 ETH Zurich,Interactions thought based ar prosthetic Physic Dept.
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink
Born, Anne-Kathrin Fluoreszenzproteine für die Entwicklung eines Biosensors 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Katharina Maniura-Weber Materials Dept.
Fischer, Kathrin Genotoxicity of nanomaterials 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)
Moczulska, Maryla Development of Textile Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 2 Warsaw UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink of Technology, Faculty of
Materials Science and En-gineering (PL)
116
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Müller, Martin Entwicklung eines Rechners: Messunsicherheit für beliebige physikalische 2 ETH Zurich,und biologische Experimente Inst. for ComputationalCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Matthias Rösslein Science
Niemeier, Nicole Uptake of nanomaterials into living cells 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)
Pulskamp, Karin Biological effects of carbon nanotubes 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)
Rottmar, Markus Studies of cells in 3D-microwells 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Katharina Maniura-Weber Materials Dept.
Wolf, Marco Expertensystem: Messunsicherheiten aus verschiedenen Messstrategien 2 ETH Zurich,mit geringen Datenmengen Inst. for ComputationalCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Matthias Rösslein Science
Materials Processing Dubach, Alban Nanoscale characterization of mechanical properties in bulk metallic 2 ETH Zurichand Characterization glasses
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kilian Wasmer
Marot, Guillaume Caractériser l’adhéerence de revetments projetés thermiquement par des 1 Unversité de Lille (F)nouvelles methods et l’influence des contraintes résiduellesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stephan Siegmann
Unifantowicz, Paulina Growth mechanisms and morphology of adamantine SiC) thermal 2 University of Warsaw (PL)bridges in diamond powder compacts Technology Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Sébastien Vaucher
Mechanical Systems Abouhossein, Alireza Simulation des menschlichen Bewegungsapparates 2 University of Bern,Engineering Co-Supervisor Empa: Bernhard Weisse/Dr Gabor Kovacs MEM-Center
Birchmeier, Marcel Multifunctional use of AFC elements 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Brunner Inst. forr mechanical
Systems
Jordi, Christa Entwicklung und Bau eines Pralluftschiffes mit undulatorischem Antrieb 2 ETH Zurich,basierend auf elektroaktiven Polymeren Inst. for mechanicalCo-Supervisor Empa: Silvain Michel Systems
Melnykowicz, Mark Reliability of AFC actuators and sensors 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Michel Barbezat Inst. for mechanical
Systems
Ramos Garrido, Antonio Experimentelle Gültigkeitserklärung eines neuen statistischen Modells für 2 University Oviedo (ES)Auswertung der ErmüdungdatenCo-Supervisor Empa: Roland Koller
Ruiz-Rippol, Maria Luisa Verallgemeinerung des Weibull-Modells auf unterschiedliche 2 Università de CantabriaMittelspannungen zur statistischen Auswertung von Wöhlerversuchen (ES)Zeit- und DauerfestigkeitsbereichCo-Supervisor Empa: Roland Koller
Wissler, Michael Modeling of dielectric electro active polymer actuators and their 1 ETH Zurich,experimental verification Inst. forr mechanicalSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo Mazza SystemsCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Mehdi Farshad/Dr Gabor Kovacs
Mechanics of Barisone, Elisa Pulsed RF GD analysis of non-conductive thin films 2 UPS Universite PaulMicro-Materials and Sabatier, Toulouse (FR)
NanostructuresBernau, Laurent Mikromechanik von DNA-Molekülen 2 EPF Lausanne
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dr Ivo Utke
Bidiville, Adrien Characterisation and modelling of subsurface defects induced in ultra- 2 EPF Lausannethin silicon wafer due to mulit-wire saw cuttingCo.Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
117
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Friedli, Vinzenz Nanorobot controlled focussed e-beam deposition and etching in a 2 EPF Lausanneconventional SEMCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler/Dr Ivo Utke
Hoffmann, Samuel Mechanical and Electronic Properties of Silicon Nanowires 2 University of NeuenburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler
Miyazoe, Hiroyuki Development of UHF microplasma assisted electron beam induced 2 Universitiy of Tokyo (JP)depositionCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ivo Utke
Oestlund, Fredrik Size effects of compression of micro- to nanosized pillars 2 University of UppsalaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler (SE)
Radice, Simona Electrophoretic deposition of novel bioactive ceramic coatings for 2 ETH Zurichenhanced osteo-integrationCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler/Dr Philippe Kern
Rzepiejewska, Karolina Biomimetic layers for the controlling the adhesion that enables safe 2 University of Warsaw (PL)movement on flat, vertical and slippery surfaces Technology Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler
Mechanics for Binda, Luca Advanced Creep Damage Assessment 2 ETH ZurichModelling and Simulation Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo Mazza
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stuart Holdsworth
Hasse, Alexander Optimized solutions for compliant systems 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile
Jähne, René shape memory adaptive structures 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile
Radosavljevic, Marko Creep-fatigue Assessment of High Temperature Steam Turbine Rotors 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stuart Holdsworth
Schmidt, Arne realibity of electroactive polymers 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile
Thwapiah, Ghalib Aeroelastic effects and adaptive wings 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile
Media Technology Baranczuk, Zofia Gamut Mapping as Optimization Problem Universität Bonn (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Zolliker Informatics Dept.
Schuberth, Eva Perceived Quality of Multimedia Algorithms 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon Informatics
Sormaz, Milos Modellierung von Lichtstreuung 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon Fluiddynamik
Nanoscale Materials Bauert, Tobias Modification of surfaces with bowl-shaped molecules 2 University of BaselScience Supervisor Empa. Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug
Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst
Equey, Sébastien Interaction of Lubricant Additives with Diamond-like Carbon 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rowena Crockett/Dr Roland Hauert Materials Science
Pelésson, Aude Optically Transparent Hard Coatings 2 University of BaselSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef HugCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jörg Patscheider
Pilet, Nicolas magnetism on the nanometer scale 1 University of BaselSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug
118
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Roba, Marcella Advanced Surfaces for Artificial Hip Joints 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rowena Crockett Materials Science
Roth, Christian Supramolecular Chiral Surfaces 2 University of BaselSupervisor Empa. Prof Dr Hans Josef HugCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst
Stickar, Pablo G. Versatile magnetic pathways for kinesin driven molecualr shuttles 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Miguel Augusto Marioni Materials Science
Thai, Quang Thanh Scanning Force Microscopy Analysis of mechanical Properties of Single 2 University of BaselMoleculesSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug
Thapliyal, Rathnesh Plasma Assisted Piezoceramic Coatings for Textile Applications ? University of Basel,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug Physics Dept.
nanotech@surfaces Addou, Rafik Electronic Structure of Complex Metallic Alloys 2 Université de Nancy (FR)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Oliver Gröning
Buchs, Gilles Modification and Characterisation of the Electronic Strucutre of Carbon 2 University of Basel,Nanotubes Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Oliver Gröning
Canas Ventura, Martha Fabrication and characterisation of supramolecular architectures on 2 EPF Lausanne,nanostrucutred template surfaces Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roman Fasel/Dr Pascal Ruffieux
Mäder, Ruben Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Photoelectronemission Spectroscopy 2 ETH Zurich,investigations of Quasicrystalline and Approximant Surfaces Material Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Oliver Gröning/Dr Roland Widmer
Treier, Matthias Understanding the adsorption behavior of large organic molecules 2 University of ZürichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roman Fasel/Dr Pascal Ruffieux
Protection and Bertaux, Emilie Sports textiles for the minimizing of mechanical skin irritations 2 University of ValenciennesPhysiology Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi/Dr Siegfried Derler (FR)
Bogerd, Cornelis Peter Parameterizing the effects of motorcycle helmets on cognitive functioning 2 ETH Zurich,and comfort Dept. of BiologyCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Paul Brühwiler
Gerhardt, Lutz Christian Decubitus – Tribological interaction between human skin and textiles 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Siegfried Derler Materials Dept.
Jack, Andreas Influence of textiles on the thermoregulation and influence of the 1 University of Bayreuthphysical performance (DE), Sport MedicineCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi and Sport Physiology
Keiser, Corinne Moisture Management of Protective Clothing 1 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach/Dr René Rossi Physics Dept.
Kocjan, Nina Enhancening sport performance with pre-cooling 2 Vrije Universiteit,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi Amsterdam, (NL)
Psikuta, Agneszka Development of an «Atrificial Human» to determine the dynamic 2 DeMontfort Universitythermo-physical proprties of clothing under real-life conditions Leicester (UK)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Mark Richards
Road Engineering / Arraigada, Martin Effect of Vehicle-Road Dynamic Interaction on Road Damage 2 University of RosarioSealing Components (working title) (AR)
Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl
Aybike, Ongel Open Graded Mixes 2 University in Davis,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl CA (USA)
Ferrotti, Gilda Interlayer Bond of Asphalt pavements 1 Università PolitecnicaCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl delle Marche, Ancona (IT)
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
119
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Poulikakos, Lily D. A Fundamental Investigtion of Interfacial Moisture Content and Adhesive 2 Univ Illinois ChicagoDeterioration of Bitumen Aggregate Bond in Porous Asphalt (USA)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl
Raab, Christiane Influence of Water and Climate on the Interlayer Bond of Asphalt 2 Carleton UniversityPavements (CAN)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl Ottawa
Solid State Chemistry Bocher, Laura Thermoelectric oxides for geothermal heat conversion 2 University of Augsburgand Catalyses Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik
Eyssler, Arnim Perovskite-type exhaust gas catalysts 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff, Dr Davide Ferri (DE), Inst. für Physik.
Korsak, Oxana In situ spectroscopy of three-way catalysts 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff, Dr Davide Ferri (DE), Inst. für Physik.
Logvinovich, Dmitry Oxide nitride perovskites development for photocatalysts and pigments 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik
Robert, Rosa Materials development for solar thermoelectric power generators 1 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik
Shkabko, Andrey Plasma enhanced anionic substitutions for the generateion of perovskite 2 University of Augsburgphases with different properties (DE), Inst. für PhysikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff
Tomes, Petr Development of a Thermoelectric Oxide Module 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik
Structural Aram, Mohammad Reza Fluxural streng-thening of pre-tensioned RC bridge girders using 1 University of Tehran (IR)Engineering unstressed and prestressed CRFP plates
Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud MotavalliCo-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski
Barrot, François Sensors based on magnetic bearings for seismic and structural health 2 EPF Lausanne,monitoring in civil engineering Systèmes robotiquesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin/Jonas Meyer
Bergamini, Andrea Electrostatic modification of the bending stiffness of structural elements 2 EPF LausanneSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis SchlapbachCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli
Boston, Charles Active Vibration Control Using Low-Cost Actuators 2 ETH Zurich, Inst. fürCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Felix Weber Mess- und Regeltechnik
Czaderski, Christoph Post-Strengthening of RC and PC Members by Prestressed FRP 2 ETH Zürich,Reinforcement Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli und Konstruktion
Gülzow, Arne Zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung der Steifigkeits- und Dämpfungs- 2 ETH Zurich,eigenschaften von Massivholz-Platten Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Steiger/Dr Daniel Gsell und Konstruktion
Hejll, Arvid Fault detectin by curvature estimation with fiber optic sensors 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin University of Lulea (SE)
Janke, Lars Anwendungen von Formgedächt-nislegierungen in konstruktivem 2 Bauhaus UniversityIngenieur-Bau Weimar (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski/Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli
Mahjood, Darush A theoretical investigation on the seismic retrofitting of historical 2 University of Tehran (IR)masonry buidlings using FRP post-tensioned systemsSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud MotavalliCo-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski
Sajja, Shravan Kumar Distributed Mitigation of Wind-Induced Vibrations in Long-Span Bridges 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin/Dr Daniel Gsell Systems Research Group
120
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Schubert, Sandy Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Erkennung von Holzfäule in Bäumen 1 ETH Zurich,mittels Wellenausbreitung (Schall, Radar) HolzwissenschaftenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Daniel Gsell
Ullner, Robert Verbund von Spanngliedern 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli/ Christoph Czaderski Structural Engineering
Technology and Althaus, Hans-Jörg Impact Assessment Method for Traffic Noise in Generic LCA 2 ETH Zurich,Society Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty Human Environment
Systems
Asgeir, Helland Risk Management of Nanotechnology from a life cycle perspective 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Hans Günter Kastenholz Human Environment
Systems
Caduff, Marloes Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Scale Up Effects 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Hans-Jörg Althaus ESD
Gottschalk, Fadri Quantitative risk assessment of nanoparticles in the environment: 2 ETH Zurich,Exposure modeling and ecotoxicological considerations Dep.Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Bernd Nowack Umweltwissenschaften
Hischier, Roland Prospective LCA of nanotechnology applications in the ICT industry 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty Environmental PhD
programme
Knoeri, Christof Decision support and recommendations for a sustainable construction 2 University of Zürichmaterial managementCo-Supervisor Empa: Hans-Jörg Althaus/Dr Patrick Wäger
Ossés, Margarita Method for the rapid assessment of environmental impacts in Latin- 2 University of BernAmerican citiesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rainer Zah
Schwyzer, Irène Solubilization of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes in natural waters 2 ETH Zurichunder environmental conditions Dep.Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Bernd Nowack Umweltwissenschaften
Sinha-Khetriwal, E-waste management strategy - a decision support tool for policy 2 University of St. Gallen,Deepali makers in emerging economies IfB-HSG
Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty
Steubing, Bernhard Agent-based modelling of biomass availability for 2nd generation 2 EPF LausannemethanationCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Wäger
Wood Eyholzer, Christian Cellulose fibrils: Isolation, characterisation and reinforcing potential for 2 Skellefteå Campus, Luleåbiodegradable polymers University of TechnologyCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Tanja Zimmermann
Gülzow, Arne Zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung der Steifigkeits- und Dämpfungs- 2 ETH Zurich,eigenschaften von Massivholz-Platten Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Steiger/Dr Daniel Gsell und Konstruktion
Landmesser, Helge Pilze an Holzfassaden mit Oberflächen-behandlung 2 University of FreiburgSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze (DE)
Professur für Forstbotanik
Lehringer, Christian Examination of different methods to enhance wood properties on 2 Georg-August-Universitätbioincised wood of Picea abies Karst. and Abies alba Mill. GöttingenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter
Skyba, Oleksandr Sustainability through new technologies for enhanced wood durability 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze Inst. für Baustoffe
Spycher, Melanie Holzmodification durch Pilze zur Verbesserung der akustischen 1 University of FreiburgEigenschaft von Klanghölzern (DE)Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze Professur für Forstbotanik
1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress
121
Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses
Zimmermann, Tanja Cellulose fibrils in wood cell walls and their potential for technical 1 University of Hamburgapplications (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter
122
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
Patents applied for:
Advanced Fibers Nazarov, Dmitry/Schmid, Permanent flame retardant treatment for cellulose fibers or EP 07 022 567.7Hansruedi/Ritter, Axel/ fabrics and other polymeric materialsVasnev, Valerii/Izmailov, B.
Ritter, Axel/Schmid, Synthesis and application of new phosphorus containing flame EP 07 405 235.8Hansruedi/Nazarov, Dmitry retardant substances
Air Pollution/ Graf, Peter/Hüglin, Christoph Procédé et dispositif pour l'analyse d'une atmosphère gazeuse CH 01677/07Environmental Technology
Biomaterials Ren Zulian, Qun/Pletscher, Ernst/ Method for the production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids WO PCT/CH2007/000156Zinn, Manfred/Thöny-Meier, Linda
Center for Synergic Crettol, René/Luchsinger, Rolf Faltbarer pneumatischer Träger CH 01781/07Structures
Electronics/ Thierry, Raphaël/Miceli, Alice/ Verfahren zur Streukorrektur von röntgentomografischen Daten EP 07 012 409Metrology/Reliability Sennhauser, Urs/Flisch, Alexander
High Performance Mattmann, Corinne/ Recognizing upper body postures using textile strain sensors US 60/976806Ceramics Tröster, Gerhard/Clemens, Frank
Internal Combustion Soltic, Patrik/Bach, Christian Fluidbetriebener Ventiltrieb EP 07 022 717.8Engines
Mechanical Systems Weisse, Bernhard/ Proof-Test für keramische Hüftgelenkskugeln DE 102007056973.6Engineering Affolter, Christian/Stutz, Alex
Patents granted:
High Performance Höland, Wolfram/Apel, E./ Dentalglas, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen 10 2005 051 387Ceramics Vital, Andri/ Zürcher, Simone/ Verwendung
Graule, Thomas/Van't Hoen, Ch./Rheinberger, V./Burtscher
Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker/ Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage 10 2004 039 124.6-09Engines Rauch, Stephan
Empa Activities 2007Patents
123
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
Swiss Federal Architecture Eggenschwiler, K. RaumakustikInstitute of Technology, Frank, Th./Ghazi-Wakili, K./ Special Issues on Building Physics
Zürich (ETH) Simmler, H./Hugi, E.
Manz, H. Building Physics
Richner, P. Baustoffkunde II Polymere Werkstoffe
Richner, P. Grundlage des nachhaltigen Bauens und Bauphysik
Richter, K. Baustoffkunde II: Holz
Richter, K. Nachhaltiges Bauen I
von Trzebiatowski, O. Baustoffkunde II: Metallische Werkstoffe
von Trzebiatowski, O. Baustofftechnologie I: Metallische Werkstoffe
Winnefeld, F. Grundlages des nachhaltigen Bauens und BauphysikTeil 1 minerasische Baustoffe
Biology Rossi, R. Thermophysiologie des menschlichen Körpers
Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Kohler, M. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Zinn, M. Bioprocess Engineering
Civil Engineering Steiger, R. Holz und Holzwerkstoffe
Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Brunner, A. Werkstoffe IIIEngineering
Motavalli, M. Fibre composite material in structural Engineering
Partl, M. Bituminous Materials
Computer Sciences Simon, K. Farbe im Digitalen Publizieren
Environmental Sciences Brunner, D. Einführung in die Chemie und Physik der Atmosphäre
Frischknecht, R. Bachelor course on LCA
Frischknecht, R. Master course on LCA
Hofer, P. Luftreinhaltung 1 & 2a
Kastenholz, H. Vorlesung zur Fallstudie II und III «Nutzen und Risiken derNanotechnologie»
Nowack, B. Gesellschaftlicher Umgang mit aktuellen Umweltrisiken
Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities
124
Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities
Geomatics Engineering Eggenschwiler, K. Lärmbekämpfung
Humanities, Social and Political Simon, K. Technik des Digitalen PublizierensSciences
Information Technology and Heutschi, K. Akustisches KolloquiumElectrical Engineering
Heutschi, K. Akustik 1 und 2
Sennhauser, U./Grossmann, G. Physik der Ausfälle und Ausfallanalyse elektronischerSchaltungen
Sennhauser, U./Held, M. Zuverlässigkeit von Geräten u. Systemen
Materials Engineering Graule, Th. Herstellungsverfahren keramischer Rohstoffe
Materials Science Clemens, F. Advanced Composite and Adaptive Material Systems
Clemens, F. Verbundwerkstoffe
Ernst, K.-H. Biomineralization
Graule, Th. Integrity of Materials and Structures
Graule, Th. Keramik I
Heuberger, M. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization
Heuberger, M. Surfaces and Interfaces
Keller, B. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization
Keller, B. Surfaces & Interfaces
Kübler, J. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
Maniura-Weber, K./Wick, P./ Biocompatible Materials I und II Frontiers in NanotechnologyKrug, H.F.
Mayerhofer, K. E. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization
Meier, U. Advanced Composite and Adaptive Material Systems
Meier, U. Verbundwerkstoffe
Patscheider, J. Hard Coatings
Roth, M. Integrity of materials and structures
Schmutz, P. Corrosion and durability of engineering
Materials Science and Engineering Nüesch, F. Organic Semiconductors
Nüesch, F. Thermodynamique
Michler, J. Materials Selection
Siegman, St./Vaucher, S. Materials Selection
Mechanical and Process Campanile, F. AeroelastikEngineering
Campanile, F. Methoden der Strukturanalyse
Hack, E. Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics
Heuberger, M. Material Properties and Characterization
Koller, R. Betriebsfestigkeit
125
Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities
Kovacs, G. Seilbahntechnik
Mazza, E. Kontinuumsmechanische Probleme des Ingenieurs
Mazza, E. Mechanik I und II
Meier, U. Engineering Design with Polymers and Advanced FibrousComposites
Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik
Swiss Federal Institute Science et Génie des Matériaux Lüthi, Th. Non-destructive Evaluation Methodsof Technology, Lausanne
(ETH)
Ecole Nationale Rossi, R. Introduction à la Physiologie d'habillementSupérieure des Arts et
Industries Textiles(ENSAIT), Roubaix
Haute Ecole Arc Arts Institut de Microtechnologie Keller, B. SIMSappliqués (HE-ARC), AppliquéesLa Chaux-de-Fonds
Höhere Fachschule für Hischier, R. ÖkologieTechnik und Managementder graphischen Industrie,
Wallisellen
Swiss Technical Halbeisen, M. FaserstofflehreSchool for Textiles, St. Gall
Halbeisen, M. Funktionelle Fasern und Flächen
Halbeisen, M./Hufenus, R. High-Tech Textilien
Technical College Partl, M. BaustoffkundeTSH Pfäffikon
Technische Universität Verfahrens- und Umwelttechnik Graule, Th. Nano- und BiokeramikFreiberg (D)
Technische Universität Timber engineering Richter, K. Gluing TechnologyGraz (A)
Technische Universität Maschinenbau & Verfahrenstechnik Leinenbach, Ch. Biowerkstoffe - Metallische ImplantatwerkstoffeKaiserslautern (D)
UNIS, Longyearbyen, Arctic Technology Reimann, S. Measurements of air pollutants within the Arctic environmentSpitzbergen (NO)
Université Joseph ESONN'2005, Grenoble Hug, H.J. Scanning Force MicroscopyFourier, Grenoble (F)
University of Applied Institute of Environmental Eggenschwiler, K./Studer, M. Messpraktikum Umweltakustik/BauakustikSciences, Basel Technology
University of Applied Nanotechnik Schwaller, P. Mikro/NanomechanikSciences, Bern
University of Applied Physikalische Chemie Schmid, M. Basics about PlasticsSciences, Buchs
University of Applied Materials Science Graule, Th. Nanopowders and NanocompositesSciences, Dornbirn (A)
University of Applied MNT Kurs Fachhochschule Bruinink, A. MNT Master's degree programSciences, Dornbirn (A), Vorarlberg, Euregio Bodensee
Buchs, Winterthur
126
Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities
Faller, M. Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis
Fasel, R./Ruffieux, P./Widmer, R. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
Gröning, P. Atom and Quantum Physics
Gröning, P. Chemical Surface Analysis
Gröning, P. Tribology
Hauert, R. Master-Weiterbildungs-Studiengang in«Mikro- und Nanotechnik»
Hug, H.J. Rasterkraftmikroskopie
Mayerhofer, K.E. Master-Weiterbildungs-Studiengang in«Mikro- und Nanotechnik»
Sennhauser, U./Jacob, P./ Micro- and NanomanipulationBrönnimann, R./Hack, E.
University of Applied Materials Science Graule, Th. NanopowdersSciences, Geneva
University of Applied Civil Engineering Dorer, V. Natural and Hybrid VentilationSciences, Lucerne
Frank, Th./Ghazi-Wakili, K./ Applied Physics in Building / Energy IIISimmler, H./Hugi, E.
Loser, R. Beton und Bindemittel
Piskoty, G. Statik und Baustoffe der Tragwerke: Metallische Baustoffe
Emrich, F. Bauphysik und Baustoffe
University of Applied Civil Engineering Manz, H./Simmler, H. Applied Physics in BuildingSciences, Rapperswil
Mechanical Engineering Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik
Weilenmann, M. Regelungstechnik 3
University of Applied Technik Gauch, M./Hischier, R./Wäger, P. Umwelt- und RessourcenmanagementSciences, St. Gall
University of Applied – Sennhauser, U. Experte SignalverarbeitungSciences, Windisch
University of Applied Chemistry Brunner, S. Industrielle ChemieSciences, Winterthur
Lienemann, P. Röntgenfluoreszenz-Spektrometer
Nagel, M. Organische Chemie
Mechanical Engineering Koebel, M. Chemistry for engineers
University of Applied Technik, Informatik und Faller, M. Master of Engineering in Packaging Technology, ModulSciences, Winterthur and Naturwissenschaften Corrosion
Konstanz (D) incollaboration with IPI,
NeuhausenMaster Course Hischier, R. Ecology
University of Applied Civil Engineering Loser, R. Beton und BindemittelSciences, Zürich
Raab, Ch. Materialtechnologie A&B
Zimmermann, T. Materialtechnologie Holz
127
Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities
University of Weidenkaff, A. Physik und Materialwissenschaften erneuerbarerAugsburg (D) Physics Energietechnologien
University of Basel Chemistry Iozza, S. Übungen Infrarotspektroskopie und Massenspektrometrie
Physics Hug, H.J. Nanoscience
Hug, H.J. Physik III und IV
University of Berne – Bruinink, A. Standards of biocompatibility
Chemie und Biochemie Meyer, V. Messunsicherheit in der analytischen Chemie-
Meyer, V. Chromatographic Analysis
University of Erlangen Kunststofftechnik Schmid, M. Ringversuche zur Unterstützung der täglichen Laborpraxis(D)
University of Freiburg Forest Sciences Schubert, M. Dendrologie(D)
Schwarze, F. Holzschutz I und II
Schwarze, F. Holzpathologie
Mineralogisch-Geochemisches Vogt, U. Materialien für die Energie- und UmwelttechnologieInstitut
University of Fribourg Physics Züttel, A. Hydrogen
Züttel, A. Physik im Alltag
Umweltwissenschaften Züttel, A. Ressourcen
University of Chemie und Biowissenschaften Krug, H.F. Apoptose und Zellzyklus, PraktikumKarlsruhe (D)
Krug, H.F. Umweltbiochemie II
University of Dept. für allgemeine, analytische Rösslein, M. Mess- und ErgebnisunsicherheitLoeben (A) und physikalische Chemie
Rösslein, M. Prozessanalytik und Prozessfähigkeit
University of Tehran Civil Engineering Motavalli, M. Application of Polymer Composite Materials in StructuralEngineering
University of Vienna Physics Lodziana, Z. Scientific challenges for hydrogen based energy(A)
University of Zurich – Hilty, L. Informatik und Gesellschaft
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
128
Empa staff publish in many national and international scientific andtechnical journals as well as in daily press and other special organs.Please note that the list below represents, on the one hand, the fullnumber of SCI/E publications, but only a selection of all otherpublications or public relations activities on the other hand.
Advanced Materials and Surfaces
Farnesi, C.M./Reiner, J. C./ Formation of electron traps in amorphous silica. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter andSennhauser, U./Schlapbach, L. Materials Physics 2007, 76(12) (joint paper) �
Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./ Nanostructured thermoelectric oxides with low thermal conductivity. Physica status solidi (RRL)Aguirre, M. H./Bocher, L./ Rapid Research Letters 2007, 1(6), 247–249 (joint paper) �Schlapbach, L.
Stoltz, D./Bielmann, M./ Tunneling evidence for spatial location of the charge-density-wave induced band splitting inBovet, M./Schlapbach, L./ 1T-Ta Se2. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 76(7) (joint paper)Berger, H. �
Corrosion and Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.),Materials Integrity Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. 1038–1052 (joint paper) �
Barna, E./Rentsch, D./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiBommer, B./Vital, A./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T. J.
Gusev, A. A./Guseva, O. Rapid mass transport in mixed matrix nanotube/polymer membranes. Advanced Materials 2007,19(18), 2672–2676 �
Hochstrasser-Kurz, S./Müller, Y./ Analytical characterization of the corrosion mechanisms of WC-Co by electrochemical methodsLatkoczy, C./Virtanen, S./ and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Corrosion Science 2007, 49(4), 2002–2020 �
Schmutz, P.
Hodges, S./Laycock, N. J./ A microelectrochemical investigation of alloy C22 in chloride solutions below the critical pittingKrouse, D. P./Virtanen, S./ temperature. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007, 154(2) �Schmutz, P./Ryan, M. P.
Kucera, V./Tidblad, J./ UN/ECE ICP materials dose-response functions for the multi-pollutant situation. Water, Air, andKreislova, K./Knotkova, D./ Soil Pollution: Focus 2007, 7(1–3), 249–258 �
Faller, M./Reiss, D./Snethlage, R./Yates, T./Henriksen, J./Schreiner, M./Melcher, M./Ferm, M./Lefèvre, R.- A./Kobus, J.
Trüllinger, S./Zgraggen, M./ An examination of damage to a POM cap nut. Praktische Metallographie/Practical MetallographyVon Trzebiatowski, O. 2007, 44(2), 84–90 �
Empa Activities 2007Publications
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129
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Winkler, R./Piskoty, G./ Lack of quality and the tragic consequences, with a broken child's swing suspension as example.Zgraggen, M. Praktische Metallographie/Practical Metallography 2007, 44(4), 193–196 (joint paper) �Wullschleger, L./Rütti, T. F./ Structural collapse of a freestyle ski-jump. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(8 SPEC. ISS.),Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G. 1512–1525 (joint paper) �
Functional Polymers Akurati, K. K./Vital, A./ Flame synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sciences 2007,Fortunato, G./Hany, R./Nüesch, F./ 9(3–4), 247–257 (joint paper) �Graule, T. J.
Barna, E./Rentsch, D./Bommer, B./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiVital, A./Von Trzebiatowski, O./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Graule, T. J.
Benmansour, H./Castro, F. A./ Ionic Space Charge Driven Organic Photovoltaic Devices, Chimia, 61, 787–791 �
Nagel, M./Heier, J./Hany, R./Nüesch, F.
Castro, F. A./Graeff, C. F. O./ Interface morphology snapshots of vertically segregated thin films of semiconductingHeier, J./Hany, R. polymer/polystyrene blends. Polymer 2007, 48(8), 2380–2386 �
Castro, F. A./Silva, G. B./ Influence of doping on spin-dependent exciton formation in Alq3 based OLEDs. OrganicNüesch, F./Zuppiroli, L./ Electronics: physics, materials, applications 2007, 8(2–3), 249–255 �
Graeff, C. F. O.
Fardel, R./Feurer, P./Lippert, T./ Laser ablation of aryltriazene photopolymer films: effects of polymer structure on ablationNagel, M./Nüesch, F./Wokaun, A. properties. Applied Surface Science 2007, 254(4), 1332–1337 �
Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer. AppliedLippert, T./Wokaun, A. Physics Letters 2007, 91(6), 061103 (3pp) �
Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Laser forward transfer using a sacrificial layer: influence of the materials properties. AppliedLippert, T./Wokaun, A. Surface Science 2007, 254(4), 1322–1326 �
Furrer, P./Hany, R./Rentsch, D./ Quantitative analysis of bacterial medium-chain-length poly([R]-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by gasGrubelnik, A./Ruth, K./Panke, S./ chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1143(1–2), 199–206 (joint paper) �Zinn, M.
Heier, J./Fernando, A. C./ Interface control in organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells by phase separation processes.Nüesch, F./Hany, R. Proceedings of SPIE, Vol.6656, Organic Photovoltaics VIII, 2007, San Diego, California, USA, Paper
665060P, 10 pp
Kuang, D./Walter, P./Nüesch, F./ Co-sensitization of organic dyes for efficient ionic liquid electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solarKim, S./Ko, J./Comte, P./ cells. Langmuir 2007, 23, 10906–10909 �
Zakeerudding, S. M./Nazeerudding, M. K./ Grätzel, M.
Nagel, M./Hany, R./Lippert, T./ Aryltriazene photopolymers for UV-laser applications: Improved synthesis and photodecomposi -Molberg, M./Nüesch, F./ tion study. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2007, 208(3), 277–286 �
Rentsch, D.
Nüesch, F. Sonnige Aussichten dank Polymersolarzellen. Plastics.Now! 2007, 4(2), 12–14
Raina, V./Hauser, A./Buser, H. R./ Hydroxylated metabolites of β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane: Bacterial formation, stereochemicalRentsch, D./Sharma, P./Lal, R./ configuration, and occurrence in groundwater at a former production site. Environmental ScienceHolliger, C./Poiger, T./ and Technology 2007, 41(12), 4292–4298 �
Müller, M. D./Kohler, H. -P E.
Schmidt, T./Lothenbach, B./ Conditions for Thaumasite formation. 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,Scrivener, K. L./Romer, M./ Montréal, Canada, 12 pp (joint paper)Rentsch, D./Figi, R.
Sonar, P./Benmansour, H./ Thiophene-based dendronized macromonomers and polymers. Polymer 2007, 48(17), 4996–5004Geiger, T./Schlüter, A. D. �
Xu, J./Liu, J./Cui, D./Gerhold, M./ Laser-assisted forward transfer of multi-spectral nanocrystal quantum dot emitters.Wang, A. Y./Nagel, M./ Nanotechnology 2007, 18(2), 025403 (6pp) �Lippert, T. K.
130
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Yum, J. H./Jang, S. R./ Efficient co-sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by organic sensitizers. ChemicalWalter, P./Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ Communications 2007, 4680–4682 �
Kim, S./Ko, J./Grätzel, M./Nazeeruddin, M. K.
Yum, J. - H/Walter, P./Huber, S./ Efficient far red sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by an unsymmetrical squaraine dye.Rentsch, D./Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129(34), 10320–10321 �
De Angelis, F./Grätzel, M./Nazeeruddin, M. K.
High Performance Akurati, K. K./Vital, A./ Flame synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sciences 2007,Ceramics Fortunato, G./Hany, R./ 9(3–4), 247–257 (joint paper) �
Nüesch, F./Graule, T. J.
Barna, E./Rentsch, D./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiBommer, B./Vital, A./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T. J.
Bayraktar, D./Clemens, F./ Production and properties of substituted LaFeO3-perovskite tubular membranes for partialDiethelm, S./Graule, T. J./ oxidation of methane to syngas. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(6), 2455–2461Van Herle, J./Holtappels, P. �
Beffort, O./Long, S./Cayron, C./ Alloying effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume fraction SiC-particleKübler, J./Buffat, P. A. reinforced Al-MMCs made by squeeze casting infiltration. Composites Science and Technology
2007, 67(3–4), 737–745 (joint paper) �
Blugan, G./Kübler, J./Bissig, V./ Brazing of silicon nitride ceramic composite to steel using SiC-particle-reinforced active brazingJanczak-Rusch, J. alloy. Ceramics International 2007, 33(6), 1033–1039 (joint paper) �
Blugan, G./Morawa, K./ Development of a tape casting process for making thin layers of Si3N4 and Si3N4 + TiN. JournalKoebel, S./Graule, T. J./Kübler, J. of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(16), 4789–4795 �
Braun, A./Mun, B. S./ Carbon speciation of diesel exhaust and urban particulate matter NIST standard referenceHuggins, F. E./Huffman, G. P. materials with C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(1),
173–178 �
Braun, A./Wang, H./Shim, J./ Lithium K(1s) synchrotron NEXAFS spectra of lithium-ion battery cathode, anode and electrolyteLee, S. S./Cairns, E. J. materials. Journal of Power Sources 2007, 170(1), 173–178 �
Bruehlmann, S./Novak, P./ Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study. Applied Catalysis B:Lienemann, P./Trottmann, M./ Environmental 2007, 70(1–4), 276–283 (joint paper) �Gfeller, U./Zwicky, C. N./Bommer, B./Huber, H./Wolfensberger, M./Heeb, N. V.
Clemens, F. Thermoplastic extrusion for ceramics. In: Anonymous Extrusion in Ceramics, EngineeringMaterials and Processes, Springer, 2007, 323–344
Clemens, F./Heiber, J./ The influence of the sintering atmosphere and the fibre geometry on the piezoelectric properties ofIsmael, M. R./Paradies, R./ PZT single fibres and AFC structures. International Symposium on Piezocomposite ApplicationsGraule, T. J./Piechowiak, M./ (ISPA 2007), Dresden, Germany, 10 pp (joint paper)Kozielsk, L./Czekaj, D.
Clemens, F./Wallquist, V./ Silicon carbide fiber-shaped microtools by extrusion and sintering SiC with and without carbonBuchser, W./Wegmann, M./ powder sintering additive. Ceramics International 2007, 33(3), 491–496 �
Graule, T. J.
Duval, S. B. C./Holtappels, P./ Electrical conductivity of the proton conductor BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ obtained by high temperatureVogt, U./Pomjakushina, E./ annealing. Solid State Ionics 2007, 178(25–26), 1437–1441 �
Conder, K./Stimming, U./Graule, T. J.
Eblagon, F./Ehrle, B./Graule, T. J./ Development of silicon nitride/silicon carbide composites for wood-cutting tools. Journal of theKübler, J. European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(1), 419–428 �
Farshad, M./Clemens, F./ Magnetoactive polymer composite fibers and fabrics – Processing and mechanical characteriza-Le Roux, M. tion. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2007, 20(1), 65–74 (joint paper) �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Guo, Z. Development of Si3N4-based composites for high temperature sensor application. Dissertation,University of London, UK, 2007, 165 pp
Guo, Z./Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ The effect of different sintering additives on the electrical and oxidation properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Reece, M./Kübler, J. composites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(5), 2153–2161 �
Guo, Z./Blugan, G./Kirchner, R./ Microstructure and electrical properties of Si3N4-TiN composites sintered by hot pressing andReece, M./Graule, T. J./Kübler, J. spark plasma sintering. Ceramics International 2007, 33(7), 1223–1229 �
Guo, Z./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ The influence of the grain boundary phase on the mechanical properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(8), 2875–2884 (joint paper) �Reece, M. J./Kübler, J.
Healy, T./Papadas, C./Venios, N./ Electronically functional fibre technology development for ambient intelligence. In: Streitz, N.,Clemens, F./Wegmann, M./ Kameas, A., Mavrommati, I. (Eds.), The Disappearing Computer, Lecture Notes in ComputerWinkler, D./Ullsperger, A./ Science 4500, Springer, Berlin, 2007, 255–274Hartmann, W./O'Neill, B./Donnelly, J./Kelleher, A. M./Aldermann, J./ Mathewson, A.
Heiber, J. Einige Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der Struktur und der Eigenschaften von PZT-Keramik-Fasern. Dissertation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany, 2007, 172 pp
Heiber, J./Clemens, F./Helbig, U./ Properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 fibres with a radial gradient structure. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(19),de Meuron, A./Soltmann, Ch/ 6499–6506 �
Graule, T. J./Hülsenberg, D.
Herzog, A./Woetting, G./Vogt, U. Short-fibre-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) by precursor route: Processing andproperties. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(12), 3561–3572 �
Holzer, L./Gasser, P./Käch, A./ Cryo-FIB-nanotomography for quantitative analysis of particle structures in cement suspensions.Wegmann, M./Zingg, A./ Journal of Microscopy 2007, 227(3), 216–228 (joint paper) �Wepf, R./Münch, B.
Katsikis, N./Zahradnik, F./ Thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nano- and microcomposites as investigatedHelmschrott, A./Münstedt, H./ by dynamic-mechanical experiments. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2007, 92, 1966–1976 �
Vital, A.
Kübler, J./Blugan, G./Jelitto, H./ Structural micro-layered ceramics with surfaces under tension and compression with increasingSchneider, G. A./Dobedoe, R. apparent fracture toughness. Key Engineering Materials 2007, 336–338 III, 2564–2568
Kübler, J./Blugan, G./Lugovy, M./ Development of failure tolerant multi-layer silicon nitride ceramics: Review from macro to microSlyunyayev, V./Orlovskaya, N./ layered structures. Key engineering materials 2007, 333, 117–126Dobedoe, R. S.
Lemster, K./Delporte, M./ Activation of alumina foams for fabricating MMCs by pressureless infiltration. CeramicsGraule, T. J./Kübler, J. International 2007, 33(7), 1179–1185 �
Mach, A./Herzog, A./ CERPOR – Optimised ceramic components for the porous burner technology. Interceramv.Issendorff, F./Kanka, B./ Refractories manual 2006, 48–54Krieger, R./Pritzkow, W./Schäfer, J./Schmidt, J./Schmücker, M./Schneider, H./Stark, J./Trimis, D./Vogt, U./zur Megede, D.
Manukyan, K. V./Kharatyan, S. L./ Combustion synthesis and compaction of Si3N4-TiN composite powder. Ceramics InternationalBlugan, G./Kübler, J. 2007, 33(3), 379–383 �
Reifler, F. A./Ritter, A./ Towards a photocatalytic fiber for degradation of malodor. Davis, CA, USA, 2007, 2 pp (jointFortunato, G./Vital, A./ paper)Akurati, K. K./Hufenus, R.
Rosten, R./Swanson, M./ Characterization of (La0.9Sr0.1) 0.95Cr0.85Mg0.1Ni0.05O3 perovskite ceramics for a perovskiteKübler, J./Kapat, J./ related membrane reactor. 117–122Orlovskaya, N.
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Tangtrakarn, N./Swanson, M./ Sintering behavior and phase characterisation of composite perovskite/fluorite ceramics forMoran, P./Kübler, J./Kapat, J./ intermediate temperature SOFCs and oxygen separation membranes. 187–192Orlovskaya, N.
Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Aluminum matrix composites based on preceramic-polymer-bonded SiC preforms. CompositesKleiner, S./Vogt, U. Science and Technology 2007, 67(11–12), 2377–2383 (joint paper) �
Vasić, S./Grobéty, B./Kübler, J./ X-ray computed micro tomography as complementary method for the characterization of activatedGraule, T. J./Baumgartner, L. porous ceramic preforms. Journal of Materials Research 2007, 22(5), 1414–1424 �
Vital, A./Angermann, A./ Highly sinter-active (Mg-Cu)-Zn ferrite nanoparticles prepared by flame spray synthesis. ActaDittmann, R./Graule, T. J./ Materialia 2007, 55(6), 1955–1964 �
Töpfer, J.
Vital, A./Richter, J./Figi, R./ One-step flame synthesis of ultrafine SiO2-C nanocomposite particles with high carbon loadingNagel, O./Aneziris, C. G./ and their carbothermal conversion. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2007, 46(12),Bernardi, J./Graule, T. J. 4273–4281 (joint paper) �
Vogt, U./Györfy, L./Herzog, A./ Macroporous silicon carbide foams for porous burner applications and catalyst supports. JournalGraule, T. J./Plesch, G. of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2007, 68(5–6), 1234–1238 �
Wegmann, M./Brönnimann, R./ Barium titanate-based PTCR thermistor fibers: Processing and properties. Sensors and Actuators,Clemens, F./Graule, T. J. A: Physical 2007, 135(2), 394–404 (joint paper) �
Joining and Interface Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering FailureTechnology Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.), 1038–1052 (joint paper) �
Bissig, V./Janczak-Rusch, J./ Selection and design of brazing fillers for metal-ceramic joints. Materials Science Forum 2007,Galli, M. 539–543(4), 4008–4012
Blugan, G./Kübler, J./Bissig, V./ Brazing of silicon nitride ceramic composite to steel using SiC-particle-reinforced active brazingJanczak-Rusch, J. alloy. Ceramics International 2007, 33(6), 1033–1039 (joint paper) �
Cugnoni, J./Botsis, J./ Experimental and numerical studies on size and constraining effects in lead-free solder joints.Sivasubramaniam, V./ Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 2007, 30(5), 387–399 �
Janczak-Rusch, J.
Galli, M. The constitutive response of brazing alloys and the residual stresses in ceramic-metal joints.Dissertation 3869, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, 217 pp
Janczak-Rusch, J. Charactérisation de la dureté des matériaux. In: Degallaix, S., Ilschner, B. (Eds.), Vol.2Charactérisation Expérimentale des Matériaux I: Propriétés physiques, thermiques etméchaniques, Le Traité des Matériaux 2, PPUR, Lausanne, 2007, 173–186
Janczak-Rusch, J. Design, brazing and characterization of metal-ceramics joints. Inzynieria Materialowa 2007,157–158(3–4), 547–551
Klotz, U. E./Liu, C./ Experimental investigation of the Cu-Ti-Zr system at 800 °C. Intermetallics 2007, 15(12),Uggowitzer, P. J./Löffler, J. F. 1666–1671 �
Leinenbach, C./Al-Badri, A./ Coatings for valves and blades in steam turbines. Poster presented at the Jahrestagung zumRoth, M./Hadad, M./ Energieforschungsprogramm Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke (Kraftwerk 2020), Ittigen, Switzerland,Siegmann, S./Scarlin, B./ 2007, 1 pp (joint paper)Staubli, M./Hitzek, R./Bürgler, P./Nicoli, A./Damani, R./Reisel, G.
Leinenbach, C./Lehmann, H./ Mechanisches Verhalten und Fehlerempfindlichkeit von Hartlötverbindungen. MP MaterialsSchindler, H. J. Testing 2007, 49(4), 149–156
Pini, N./Busato, S./Elsener, H. -R/ In situ growth of interdigitated electrodes made of polypyrrole for active fiber composites.Ermanni, P. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2007, 18(3), 249–253 �
Piskoty, G./Klotz, U. E./ Analysis of a tragic accident on a summer toboggan run. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007,Kovacs, G./Weisse, B./Rütti, T. F./ 14(6 SPEC. ISS.), 1083–1092 �
Stutz, A.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Plevachuk, Y./Mudry, S./ Viscosity and electrical conductivity of liquid Sn-Ti and Sn-Zr alloys. Journal of Materials ScienceSklyarchuk, V./Yakymovych, A./ 2007, 42(20), 8618–8621 �
Klotz, U. E./Roth, M.
Rütti, T. F./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Optimised design of mandrels after fatigue failure. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC.Wullschleger, L./Michel, S. A. ISS.), 1103–1113 (joint paper) �
Wullschleger, L./Rütti, T. F./ Structural collapse of a freestyle ski-jump. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(8 SPEC. ISS.),Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G. 1512–1525 (joint paper) �
Materials Processing Battabyal, M./Beffort, O./ Heat transport across the metal-diamond interface. Poster presented at the 8th Europeanand Characterization Kleiner, S./Vaucher, S./Rohr, L. Conference on Diamond, Diamond-like Materials, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nitrides, Berlin,
Germany, 2007, 1 pp
Beffort, O./Long, S./Cayron, C./ Alloying effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume fraction SiC-particleKübler, J./Buffat, P. A. reinforced Al-MMCs made by squeeze casting infiltration. Composites Science and Technology
2007, 67(3–4), 737–745 (joint paper) �
Bolot, R./Coddet, C./ Modeling of an inductively coupled plasma for the synthesis of nanoparticles. InternationalSchreuders, C./Leparoux, M./ Thermal Spray Conference, Global Coating Solutions, Beijing, China, May 14–16, 2007, 179–184Siegmann, S.
Castellero, A./Uhlenhaut, D.I./ Critical Poisson ratio for room-temperature embrittlement of amorphous Mg85Cu5Y10.Moser, B./Löffler, J.F. Philosophical Magazine Letters 2007, 87(6), 383–392 (joint paper) �
Duraiselvam, M./Galun, R./ Study of liquid impact erosion in B2-NiTi and Ti3Al based intermetallic matrix composites on laserSiegmann, S./Wesling, V./ alloyed Ti-6Al-4V. Advanced Engineering Materials 2007, 9(3), 171–176 �
Mordike, B. L.
Duraiselvam, M./Galun, R./ Investigation of hydroabrasive erosion of laser alloyed nickel and titanium based intermetallicSiegmann, S./Wesling, V./ matrix composites with TiC reinforcement. Surface Engineering 2007, 23(6), 425–430 �
Mordike, B. L.
Hadad, M./Hitzek, R./Buergler, P./ Wear performance of sandwich structured WC-Co-Cr thermally sprayed coatings using differentRohr, L./Siegmann, S. intermediate layers. Wear 2007, 263(1–6 SPEC. ISS.), 691–699 �
Hadad, M./Marot, G./ Adhesion tests for thermal spray coatings: correlation of bond strength and interfacial toughness.Démarécaux, P./Chicot, D./ Surface Engineering 2007, 23(4), 279–283 �
Lesage, J./Rohr, L./Siegmann, S.
Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./ Mechanical and tribological investigations of new and locally refurbished WC-Co-Cr coatingsHitzek, R./Bürgler, P. (patent pending). Poster presented at the International Thermal Spray Conference & Exposition,
ITSC 2007, Beijing, China, 2007, 1 pp
Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./ Mechanische und tribologische Untersuchungen an neuen und lokal aufgearbeiteten WC-Co-CrHitzek, R./Bürgler, P. Beschichtungen. Poster presented at the KTI / CTI Medtech Event 2007, Bern, Switzerland, 2007,
1 pp
Jäggi, C./Leparoux, M./ Thermally sprayed open porous titanium coatings: Process stability and in-vivo response. PosterSiegmann, S. presented at the KTI/CTI Medtech Event, 2007, Bern, Switzerland, 2007, 1 pp
Kern, P./Zinger, O. Purified titanium oxide with novel morphologies upon spark anodization of Ti alloys in mixedH2SO4/H3PO4 electrolytes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research – Part A 2007, 80(2),283–296 (joint paper) �
Leconte, Y./Leparoux, M./ Structural study of SiC nanoparticles grown by inductively coupled plasma and laser pyrolysis forPortier, X./Herlin-Boime, N./ nanostructured ceramics elaboration. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings,Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./Reynaud, C. Vol. 981, Paper 0981-JJ06-01, 6 pp
Leinenbach, C./Al-Badri, A./ Coatings for valves and blades in steam turbines. Poster presented at the Jahrestagung zumRoth, M./Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./ Energieforschungsprogramm Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke (Kraftwerk 2020), Ittigen, Switzerland,Scarlin, B./Staubli, M./Hitzek, R./ 2007, 1 pp (joint paper)Bürgler, P./Nicoli, A./Damani, R./Reisel, G.
Leparoux, S./Diot, C./Dubach, A./ Synthesis of silicon carbide coating on diamond by microwave heating of diamond and siliconVaucher, S. powder: A heteroepitaxial growth. Scripta Materialia 2007, 57(7), 595–597 �
134
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Nelis, T./Aeberhard, M./Rohr, L./ A simple method for measuring plasma power in rf-GDOES instruments, Analytical andMichler, J./Belenguer, P./ Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007, 389(3), 763–767 (joint paper) �Guillot, P./Thérèse, L.
Pittini-Yamada, Y./Daneshvari, D./ Effect of PEG Number on dielectric properties of paraffin base-PEG polymers at microwaveLeparoux, S./Vaucher, S./ frequencies. Symposium on Heating by Electromagnetic Sources, Padua, Italy, 2007 (joint paper)Ritter, A./Rohr, A./Leuenberger, H.
Schmid, H./Leparoux, M./ Nano-particle characterization by means of SEM and quantitative image analysis. Poster presentedSchreuders, C./Dvorak, M. at the POWTECH with PARTEC Congress, 2007, Nürnberg, Germany, 2007, 1 pp
Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,Bandyopadhyay, P. P. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 2007, DOI 10.1007/s11666–007-9117-5, Page 7 (joint paper) �
Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and corrosion behavior of vacuum plasma sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystalline coatings.Bandyopadhyay, P. P. International Thermal Spray Conference, Global Coating Solutions, Beijing, China, 2007, 931–936
Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Aluminum matrix composites based on preceramic-polymer-bonded SiC preforms. CompositesKleiner, S./Vogt, U. Science and Technology 2007, 67(11–12), 2377–2383 (joint paper) �
Vaucher, S./Unifantowicz, P./ On-line tools for microscopic and macroscopic monitoring of microwave processing. Physica B:Ricard, C./Dubois, L./Kuball, M./ Condensed Matter 2007, 398(2), 191–195 �
Catala-Civera, J. -M/Bernard, D./Stampanoni, M./Nicula, R.
Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./Pouvreau, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part II.Schulz, D./Michler, J. Cleavage operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �
Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./Pouvreau, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part I.Schulz, D./Michler, J. Scratching operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �
Mechanics of Micro- Becker, M./Sivakov, V./Andrä, G./ The SERS and TERS effects obtained by gold droplets on top of Si nanowires. Nano Letters 2007,Materials and Geiger, R./Schreiber, J./ 7(1), 75–80 �
Nanostructures Hoffmann, S./Michler, J./Milenin, A. P./Werner, P./Christiansen, S. H.
Brescia, R./Schreck, M./Michler, J./ Interaction of small diamond islands on iridium: A finite element simulation study. Diamond andGsell, S./Stritzker, B. Related Materials 2007, 16(4–7 SPEC. ISS.), 705–710 �
Castaldi, L./Kurapov, D./Reiter, A./ High temperature phase changes and oxidation behavior of Cr-Si-N coatings. Surface and CoatingsShklover, V./Schwaller, P./ Technology 2007, 202, 781–785 (joint paper) �Patscheider, J.
Castellero, A./Uhlenhaut, D. I./ Critical Poisson ratio for room-temperature embrittlement of amorphous Mg85Cu5Y10.Moser, B./Löffler, J. F. Philosophical Magazine Letters 2007, 87(6), 383–392 (joint paper) �
Christiansen, S. H./Becker, M./ Signal enhancement in nano-Raman spectroscopy by gold caps on silicon nanowires obtained byFahlbusch, S./Michler, J./ vapour-liquid-solid growth. Nanotechnology 2007, 18(3) �Sivakov, V./Andrä, G./Geiger, R.
Friedli, V./Santschi, C./Michler, J./ Mass sensor for in situ monitoring of focused ion and electron beam induced processes. AppliedHoffmann, P./Utke, I. Physics Letters 2007, 90(5), Art. No.: 053106 �
Gassilloud, R. Metallic nanopatterning by electrochemical deposition on prescratched semiconductors
Gassilloud, R./Schmuki, P./ Electrochemical trench etching of silicon triggered via mechanical nanocontacts. ElectrochimicaMichler, J. Acta 2007, 53(2), 758–762 �
Hoffmann, S./Östlund, F./ Fracture strength and Young's modulus of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 2007, 18(20) �Michler, J./Fan, H. J./Zacharias, M./Christiansen, S. H./Ballif, C.
Kern, P. /Zinger, O. Purified titanium oxide with novel morphologies upon spark anodization of Ti alloys in mixedH2So4/H3PO4 electrolytes, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 80A(2), 283–296(joint paper) �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Kern, P./Veh, J./Michler, J. New developments in through-mask electrochemical micromachining of titanium. Journal ofMicromechanics and Microengineering 2007, 17(6), 1168–1177 �
Kern, P./Widmer, R./Gasser, P./ Local tuning of conductivity in amorphous titanium oxide films by selective electron beamMichler, J. irradiation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(37), 13972–13980 (joint paper) �
Michler, J./Wasmer, K./Meier, S./ Plastic deformation of gallium arsenide micropillars under uniaxial compression at roomÖstlund, F./Leifer, K. temperature. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(4), Art. No.: 043123 (joint paper) �
Moser, B./Wasmer, K./Barbieri, L./ Strength and fracture of Si micropillars: A new scanning electron microscopy-based micro-Michler, J. compression test. Journal of Materials Research 2007, 22(4), 1004–1011 �
Nelis, T./Aeberhard, M./Rohr, L./ A simple method for measuring plasma power in rf-GDOES instruments, Analytical andMichler, J./Belenguer, P./ Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007, 389(3), 763–767 (joint paper) �Guillot, P./Thérèse, L.
Philippe, L./Kacem, N./Michler, J. Electrochemical deposition of metals inside high aspect ratio nanoelectrode array: Analyticalcurrent expression and multidimensional kinetic model for cobalt nanostructure synthesis. Journalof Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(13), 5229–5235 �
Philippe, L./Peyrot, I./Michler, J. Yield stress of monocrystalline rhenium nanowires, Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91, Page 3 �
Pouvreau, C. Projekt Fundamentals of Nano-scaled Crack Propagation for Processing of Semiconductor Devices
Radice, S./Kern, P./Bürki, G./ Electrophoretic deposition of zirconia-bioglass® composite coatings for biomedical implants.Michler, J./Textor, M. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research – Part A 2007, 82(2), 436–444 �
Radice, S./Kern. P./Dietsch, H./ Methods for functionalization of microsized polystyrene beads with titania nanoparticles forMischler, S./Michler, J. cathodic electrophoretic deposition, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, in press. �
Schwaller, P./Philippe, L./ Determination of complete stress-strain curves of UV-Liga materials from nanoindentationBürki, G./Michler, J. experiments. 2nd Vienna International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Technology
(Viennano '07), Vienna, Austria, 249–255
Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,Bandyopadhyay, P. P. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 2007, DOI 10.1007/s11666-007-9117-5, Page 7 (joint paper) �
Utke, I./Friedli, V./Purricker, M./ Resolution in Focused Electron- and Ion-Beam Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition, Journal ofMichler, J. Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 2007, 25(6), in press.
�
Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part I.Pouvreau, C./Schulz, D./Michler, J. Scratching operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �
Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part II.Pouvreau, C./Schulz, D./Michler, J. Cleavage operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �
Wasmer, K./Moser, B./ An overview of nanomaterial testing using in-situ nanoindenter. COST Action E54, Riga, Latvia,Pouvreau, C./Michler, J. 2007, 44–47
Wasmer, K./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ Plastic deformation modes of gallium arsenide in nanoindentation and nanoscratching. AppliedGassilloud, R./Pouvreau, C./ Physics Letters 2007, 90(3), 3 pp (joint paper) �Tharian, J./Michler, J.
Nanoscale Materials Behzadi, B./Ferri, D./Baiker, A./ Adsorption mode of the chiral modifier cinchonidine on Au(1 1 1). Applied Surface Science 2007,Science Ernst, K. H. 253(7), 3480–3484 �
Belle, B. D./Schedin, F./Pilet, N./ High resolution magnetic force microscopy study of e-beam lithography patterned Co/Pt nanodots.Ashworth, T. V./Hill, E. W./ Journal of Applied Physics 2007, 101(9) �Nutter, P. W./Hug, H. J./Miles, J. J.
Callegari, V./Nellen, P. M./ Surface chemistry and optimization of focused ion beam iodine-enhanced etching of indiumYang, T./Hauert, R./Müller, U./ phosphide. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253(22), 8969–8973 (joint paper) �Hernández-Ramiárez, F./Sennhauser, U.
Castaldi, L./Kurapov, D./Reiter, A./ High temperature phase changes and oxidation behavior of Cr-Si-N coatings. Surface and CoatingsShklover, V./Schwaller, P./ Technology 2007, 202, 781–785 (joint paper) �Patscheider, J.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Ernits, K./Brémaud, D./ Characterisation of ultrasonically sprayed InxSy buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. ThinBuecheler, S./Hibberd, C. J./ Solid Films 2007, 515(15 SPEC. ISS.), 6051–6054 �
Kaelin, M./Khrypunov, G./Müller, U./Mellikov, E./Tiwari, A. N.
Ernits, K./Kaelin, M./Brémaud, D./ Ultrasonically Sprayed In2S3 Films for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells, Proceedings of 21st EuropeanMeyer, T./Müller, U./Tiwari, A.N. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden 2006, 1853–1856 �
Ernst, K. H. Scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging. Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007,46(29), 5469 �
Ernst, K. H. Scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging. Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119(29), 5565 �
Ernst, K. H. Expression and amplification of molecular chirality at metal surfaces, Habilitationsschrift 2007,Universität Zürich (reviewed by seven international referees)
Ferri, D./Behzadi, B./ Probing the interface in vapor-deposited bimetallic Pd-Au and Pt-Au films by CO adsorption fromKappenberger, P./Hauert, R./ the liquid phase. Langmuir 2007, 23(3), 1203–1208 �
Ernst, K. H./Baiker, A.
Gassner, G./Mayrhofer, P. H./ Thermal stability of nanocomposite CrC/a-C:H thin films. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515(13),Patscheider, J./Mitterer, C. 5411–5417 �
Gassner, G./Patscheider, J./ Tribological properties of nanocomposite CrCx /a-C:H thin films. Tribology Letters 2007, 27(1),Mayrhofer, P. H./Sturm, S./ 97–104 �
Scheu, C./Mitterer, C.
Geiser, A./Fan, B./Benmansour, H./ Poly(3-hexylthiophene) / C60 Heterojunction Solar Cells: Implication of Morphology onCastro, F./Heier, J./Keller, B./ Performance and Ambipolar Charge Collection, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007, inMayerhofer, K.E./Nüesch, F./ print �Hany, R.
Guo, Z./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ The influence of the grain boundary phase on the mechanical properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(8), 2875–2884 (joint paper) �Reece, M. J./Kübler, J.
Hoffmann, R./Baratoff, A./ Mechanical manifestations of rare atomic jumps in dynamic force microscopy. NanotechnologyHug, H. J./Hidber, H. R./ 2007, 18(39) �Lohneysen, H. V./Güntherodt, H. -J.
Lantz, M. A./Hoffmann, R./ Site-specific force-distance characteristics on NaCl(001): Measurements versus atomisticFoster, A. S./Baratoff, A./ simulations. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2006, 74(24) �Hug, H. J./Hidber, H. R./Güntherodt, H. -J.
Medun̆a, M./Novák, J./Bauer, G./ In situ investigations of Si and Ge interdiffusion in Ge-rich Si/SiGe multilayers using x-rayHolý, V./Falub, C. V./Tsujino, S./ scattering. Semiconductor Science and Technology 2007, 22(4), 447–453 �
Grützmacher, D.
Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Buckybows on metal surfaces: symmetry mismatch and enantiomorphism of corannulen anGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Cu(110). Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007, 46(45), 8258 (joint paper) �Schillinger, R./Greber, T./Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.
Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Korbförmige Kohlenwasserstoffe auf Metalloberflächen: Symmetrieunverträglichkeit undGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Enantiomorphie von Corannulen auf Cu(111). Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119(43), 8406Schillinger, R./Greber, T./ (joint paper) �Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.
Pélisson, A./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-N transparent hard coatings deposited byHug, H. J./Patscheider, J. magnetron sputtering. Surface & coatings technology 2007, 202, 884–889 �
Pilet, N./Ashworth, T. V./ Effect of ion irradiation on domain nucleation and wall motion in Ni films. Journal of MagnetismMarioni, M. A./Hug, H. J./ and Magnetic Materials 2007, 316(2 SPEC. ISS.) �Zhang, K./Lieb, K. P.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Schmid, I./Kappenberger, P./ The Role of Uncompensated Spins in Exchange Biasing, Phys. Ref. Lett. 2007, in print �Hellwig, O./Carrey, M./Fullerton, E. E./Hug, H. J.
Singh, A./Sürgers, C./ Spin-polarized current versus stray field in a perpendicularly magnetized superconducting spinHoffmann, R./Löhneysen, H. V./ switch. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91(15) �Ashworth, T. V./Pilet, N./Hug, H. J.
Thapliyal, R./Péllison, A./ PZT films on wafers and fibers for MEMS application. IEEE International Symposium ApplicationsLogvinovich, D./Amberg, M./ of Ferroelectrics, 2006. ISAF '06, Sunset Beach, NC, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006, 4 ppHug, H. J./Fortunato, G. (joint paper)
Zhang, K./Lieb, K. P./ Ion-induced magnetic texturing of Ni films: Domain structure and strain. Nuclear Instruments andMerkel, D. G./Uhrmacher, M./ Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2007,Pilet, N./Ashworth, T. V./Hug, H. J. 257(1–2 SPEC. ISS.), 379–382 �
nanotech@surfaces Aït-Mansour, K./Dentel, D./ Original Ge-induced phenomena on various SiC(0001) reconstructions. Journal of Physics D:Kubler, L./Diani, M./Derivaz, M./ Applied Physics 2007, 40, 6225–6241 �
Bischoff, J. L.
Aït-Mansour, K./Ruffieux, P./ Nucleation and growth of C60 overlayers on the Ag/Pt(111) dislocation network surface. Journal ofXiao, W./Fasel, R./Gröning, P./ Physics: Conference Series 2007, 61(1), 16–21 �
Gröning, O.
Barranco, A./Aparicio, F./ Optically active thin films deposited by plasma polymerization of dye molecules. Chemical VaporYanguas-Gil, A./Gröning, P./ Deposition 2007, 13(6–7), 319–325 �
Cotrino, J./Gonzalez-Elipe, A. R.
Berner, S./Corso, M./Widmer, R./ Boron nitride nanomesh: Functionality from a corrugated monolayer. Angewandte Chemie 2007,Gröning, O./Laskowski, R./ 119, 5207–5211 �
Blaha, P./Schwarz, K./Goriachko, A./Over, H./Gsell, S./Schreck, M./Sachdev, H./Greber, T./Osterwalder, J.
Berner, S./Corso, M./Widmer, R./ Boron nitride nanomesh: Functionality from a corrugated monolayer. Angewandte Chemie – InterGröning, O./Laskowski, R./ national Edition 2007, 46(27), 5115–5119 �
Blaha, P./Schwarz, K./Goriachko, A./Over, H./Gsell, S./Schreck, M./Sachdev, H./Greber, T./Osterwalder, J.
Buchs, G./Krasheninnikov, A. V./ Creation of paired electron states in the gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes by correlatedRuffieux, P./Gröning, P./ hydrogen adsorption. New Journal of Physics 2007, 9, article no. 275, 7 pp �
Foster, A. S./Nieminen, R. M./Gröning, O.
Buchs, G./Ruffieux, P./Gröning, P./ Creation and STM/STS investigations of hydrogen ions induced defects on single-walled carbon.Gröning, O. nanotubes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2007, 61(1), 160–165 �
Buchs, G./Ruffieux, P./Gröning, P./ Scanning tunneling microscopy investigations of hydrogen plasma-induced electron scatteringGröning, O. centers on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(1), Art. No.: 013104�
Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, M./ Rational design of supramolecular nanostructures: Bi-component wires and ribbons. PosterWasserfallen, D./Müllen, K./ presented at the Summer School Correlated Electron Materials, Zuoz, Switzerland, 2007, 1 ppBarth, J. V./Brune, H./Fasel, R.
Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, W./ Nanostructured template surfaces and specific end-group functionalities for the guided self-assemRuffieux, P./Aït-Mansour, K./ bly of supramolecular architectures. Pico – Omicron nanotechnology newsletter 2007, 2 ppTreier, M./Gröning, O./Gröning, P./Fasel, R.
Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, W./ Self-assembly of periodic bicomponent wires and ribbons. Angewandte Chemie – InternationalWasserfallen, D./Müllen, K./ Edition 2007, 46(11), 1814–1818 �
Brune, H./Barth, J. V./Fasel, R.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, W./ Self-assembly of periodic bicomponent wires and ribbons. Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119, 1846–Wasserfallen, D./Müllen, K./ 1850 �
Brune, H./Barth, J. V./Fasel, R.
Delort, E./Szöcs, E./Widmer, R./ STM vizualization of thiol-containing peptide dendrimers on Au(111). Macromolecular BioScienceSiegenthaler, H./Reymond, J. -L 2007, 7(8), 1024–1031 �
Gröning, P. Nanotechnolgy: an approach to momic natural architectures and concepts. Digital Encyclopedia ofApplied Physics EAP 2007, 16 pp DOI: 10.1002/3527600434.eap653
Kern, P./Widmer, R./Gasser, P./ Local tuning of conductivity in amorphous titanium oxide films by selective electron beamMichler, J. irradiation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(37), 13972–13980 (joint paper) �
Klappenberger, F./ Conformational adaptation in supramolecular assembly on surfaces. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8(12),Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Clair, S./ 1782–1786 �
Pons, S./Schlickum, U./Qu, Z. -R/Brune, H./Kern, K./Strunskus, T./Wöll, C./Comisso, A./DeVita, A./Ruben, M./Barth, J. V.
Papadopolos, Z./Gröning, O./ Clusters in F-phase icosahedral quasicrystals, Book Chapter in. «Models, Mysteries and Magic ofWidmer, R. Molecules» Edited by Jan C. A Boeyens and John F. Ogilvie, Springer 2007 ISBN: 978-1-4020-5940-7
Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Buckybows on metal surfaces: symmetry mismatch and enantiomorphism of corannulen anGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Cu(110). Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007, 46(45), 8258 (joint paper) �Schillinger, R./Greber, T./Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.
Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Korbförmige Kohlenwasserstoffe auf Metalloberflächen: Symmetrieunverträglichkeit und EnanGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ tiomorphie von Corannulen auf Cu(111). Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119(43), 8406 (joint paper) �Schillinger, R./Greber, T./Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.
Passerone, A./Muolo, M. L./ Liquid metal/ceramic interactions in the (Cu, Ag, Au)/ZrB2 systems. Journal of the EuropeanNovakovic, R./Passerone, D. Ceramic Society 2007, 27(10), 3277–3285 �
Ruffieux, P./Palotàs, K./ Site- and orientation-selective anchoring of a prototypical molecular building block. Journal of theGröning, O./Wasserfallen, D./ American Chemical Society 2007, 129(16), 5007–5011 �
Müllen, K./Hofer, W. A./Gröning, P./Fasel, R.
Widmer, R./Berner, S./Gröning, O./ Electrolytic in situ STM investigation of h-BN-Nanomesh. Electrochemistry Communications 2007,Brugger, T./Osterwalder, J./ 9(10), 2484–2488 �
Greber, T.
Civil and Mechanical Engineering
Building Technologies Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Parametric study on the dynamic heat storage capacity of building elements, 2nd PALENC Confer-Heiselberg, P. ence, 28 th AIVC Conference on Building low Eneergy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technolo-
gies, Crete Island, Greece, 2007
Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe. AppliedHeiselberg, P. Energy 2007, 84(2), 187–201 �
Brunner, S./Simmler, H. In situ Performance Assessment and Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) in Buildings,8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium (IVIS), Würzburg, 2007
Burkhardt, M./Kägi, R./ Nanopartikel auf Fassaden erforschen, Push Thema Umwelt 2007, 2, 12–13 (joint paper)Simmler, H/Ulrich, A./Boller, B.
Dorer, V. Review on existing residential cogeneration systems performance assessments and evaluations.IEA/ECBCS Annex 42 Report. 2007. ISBN No. 978-0-662-46950-6 Catalogue No. M154-14/1-2007E-PDF Available online: www.cogen-sim.net
Dorer, V./Weber, A. Methodologies for the Performance Assessment of Residential Cogeneration Systems. IEA/ECBCSAnnex 42 Report. ISBN No.: 978-0-662-46951-3 Catalogue No.: M154-1412-2007E-PDF Availableonline: www.cogen-sim.net
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Frank, T. Climate change impacts on building indoor environment and energy demand. InternationalScientific Conference CISBAT 2007, Renewables in an Changing Climate – Innovation in the BuiltEnvironment, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, 5 pp
Frank, T./Güttinger, H./ Thermal comfort measurements in a hybrid ventilated office room. Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors,Velsen van, S. Helsinki, Finland, 2007
Frank, T./Manz, H./ Validation procedures for transient temperature, load and energy calculations in buildingLoutzenhiser, P.G. simulation codes. 12th Symposium for Building Physics, Dresden, Germany, March 29–31, 2007, 8
pp
Ghazi Wakili, K./Simmler, H./ Experimental and numerical thermal analysis of a balcony board with integrated glass fibreFrank, T. reinforced polymer GFRP elements. Energy and Buildings 2007, 39(1), 76–81 �
Ghazi Wakili, K./Hugi, E./ Gypsum board in fire – Modeling and experimental validation. Journal of Fire Sciences 2007,Wullschleger, L./Frank, T. 25(3), 267–282 �
Gwerder, M./Tödtli, J./ Control of thermally activated building systems.Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland,Lehmann, B./Renggli, F./Dorer, V. 2007, 8 pp
Hugi, E./Wuersch, M./Risi, W./ Correlation between charring rate and oxygen permeability for 12 different wood species. JournalGhazi Wakili, K. of Wood Science 2007, 53(1), 71–75 (joint paper) �
Lehmann, B./Dorer, V./ Application range of thermally activated building systems tabs. Energy and Buildings 2007, 39(5),Koschenz, M. 593–598 �
Loutzenhiser, P. G./ Manz, H./ An empirical validation of the daylighting algorithms and associated interactions in buildingMaxwell, G. M. energy simulation programs using various shading devices and windows. Energy, 2007, 32, 10,
1855–1870 �
Loutzenhiser, P. G./Manz, H./ An empirical validation of modeling solar gain through a glazing unit with external and internalFelsmann, C./Strachan, P. A./ shading screens. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007, 27(2–3), 528–538 �
Maxwell, G. M.
Loutzenhiser, P. G./Manz, H./ Empirical validation of models to compute solar irradiance on inclined surfaces for buildingFelsmann, C./Strachan, P. A./ energy simulation. Solar Energy 2007, 81(2), 254–267 �
Frank, T./Maxwell, G. M.
Renggli, F./Gwerder, M./Tödtli, J./ Effect of the hydraulic piping topology on energy demand and comfort in buildings with tabs.Lehmann, B./Dorer, V. Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, 2007, 8 pp
Tödtli, J./Gwerder, M./ Integrated design of thermally activated building systems and of thei control. Clima 2007Lehmann, B./Renggli, F./Dorer, V. WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, 2007, 8 pp
Zimmermann, M. 2000 Watt-Gesellschaft: Nicht nur die Heizung zählt, 13. Internationales Holzbau-Forum, 2007
Zimmermann, M. IEA Annex 50 – Lösungsansätze für die bewohnte Baustelle, Ökosan Tagung, Graz/Weiz, Oktober10–12.2007
Zimmermann, M. Vacuum Insulation – Challenges and Opportunities for Becoming a Standard InsulationTechnology, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Würzburg, 2007
Zimmermann, M./Dettli, R./ Environmental Effects of Energy Standards, International Passive House Conference, Bregenz, 2007Baur, M./Philippen, D./Frischknecht, R./Faist, M.
Center for Synergetic Breuer, J./Ockels, W./ An inflatable wing using the principle of Tensairity. 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC ConferenceStructures Luchsinger, R. H. on Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials, Hawaii, 2007, 12 pp
Luchsinger, R. H./Crettol, R. Synergetic structures and tensairity. Tensinet Symposium, Ephemeral Architektur – Time andTextiles, Milano, Italy, 2007, 10 pp
Luchsinger, R. H./Crettol, R./ Tension, air and integrity. International Conference on Textile Composites and InflatableFarahani, J. N./Plagianakos, T. S. Structures, Barcelona, Spain, 2007, 4 pp
Luchsinger, R. H./Crettol, R./ The new lightweight structures Tensairity. Structural Engineers World Congress 2007, Bangalore,Plagianakos, T. S. India, 2007, 8 pp
140
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Luchsinger, R. H./Speck, T./ Selbstreparierende pneumatische Strukturen. In: Anonymous Bionik und Nachhaltigkeit – LernenCrettol, R./Speck, O. von der Natur. , Erich Schmidt Verlag, 2007, 36–47
Luchsinger, R.H./ Crettol, R./ Tensairity: The new structure for a new architecture. International Assosiation of Shell and SpatialFarahani, J./Plagianakos, T. Structures 2007, Venice, Italy, 2007, 6 pp
Concrete/Construction Brunner, M./Romer, M./ Timber-concrete-composite with an adhesive connector (wet on wet process). Materials andChemistry Schnuriger, M. Structures 2007, 40(1), 119–126 �
Hoffmann, C./Leemann, A. Recycled concrete and mixed rubble as aggregates: influence of variations in composition on theconcrete properties. Sustainable Construction materials and Technologies, Coventry, UK, 2007,60–72
Holzer, L./Gasser, P./Käch, A./ Cryo-FIB-nanotomography for quantitative analysis of particle structures in cement suspensions.Wegmann, M./Zingg, A./ Journal of Microscopy 2007, 227(3), 216–228 (joint paper) �Wepf, R./Münch, B.
Kaufmann, J./Hesselbarth, D. High performance composites in spun-cast elements. Cement and Concrete Composites 2007,29(10), 713–722 �
Kaufmann, J./Lübben, J.F./ Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers. Composites Part A: AppliedSchwitter, E. Science and Manufacturing, 2007, 38, 9, 1975–1984 (joint paper) �
Leemann, A./Winnefeld, F. The effect of viscosity modifying agents on mortar and concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites2007, 29(5), 341–349 �
Loser, R./Leemann, A. Chloride resistance of conventionally vibrated concrete and self-compacting concrete. 5th Interna-tional RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 747–752
Loser, R./Leemann, A. Effects of curing time and drying behaviour of SCC in case of restrained shrinkage deformations.5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 539–544
Lothenbach, B./Gruskovnjak, A. Hydration of alkali-activated slag: Thermodynamic modelling. Advances in Cement Research 2007,19(2), 81–92 �
Lothenbach, B./Schmidt, T./ Influence of limestone additions on sulfate ingression. RILEM Workshop on Performance ofRomer, M. Cement-based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 50–55
Lothenbach, B./Winnefeld, F./ Effect of temperature on the pore solution, microstructure and hydration products of PortlandAlder, C./Wieland, E./Lunk, P. cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(4), 483–491 �
Matschei, T./Lothenbach, B./ The AFm phase in Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(2), 118–130 �
Glasser, F. P.
Matschei, T./Lothenbach, B./ The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(4),Glasser, F. P. 551–558 �
Matschei, T./Lothenbach, B./ Thermodynamic properties of Portland cement hydrates in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-CaSO4-Glasser, F. P. CaCO3-H2O. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(10), 1379–1410 �
Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Fe(OH)6]2(SO4)3 26H2O). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007,Rose, J./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ (joint paper) �Kretzschmar, R.
Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite and its solid solution with Al-ettringite. 12th International Congress onWinnefeld, F./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, Canada, 2007, 12 pp (joint paper)Kretzschmar, R.
Rupp, J. L. M./Solenthaler, C./ Crystallization of amorphous ceria solid solutions. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(10), 3505–3512 �
Gasser, P./Muecke, U. P./Gauckler, L. J.
Schmidt, T./Lothenbach, B./ Conditions for Thaumasite formation. 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,Scrivener, K. L./Romer, M./ Montréal, Canada, 2007, 12 pp (joint paper)Rentsch, D./Figi, R.
Uchic, M. D./Holzer, L./ Three-dimensional microstructural characterization using focused ion beam tomography. MRSInkson, B. J./Principe, E. L./ Bulletin 2007, 32(5), 408–416 �
Munroe, P.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Vikan, H./Justnes, H./ Correlating cement characteristics with rheology of paste. Cement and Concrete Research 2007,Winnefeld, F./Figi, R. 37(11), 1502–1511 (joint paper) �
Winnefeld, F./Becker, S./ Effects of the molecular architecture of comb-shaped superplasticizers on their performance inPakusch, J./Götz, T. cementitious systems. Cement and Concrete Composites 2007, 29(4), 251–262 �
Yang, T./Holzer, L./Kägi, R./ In situ nanomanipulators as a tool to separate individual tobermorite crystals for AFM studies.Winnefeld, F./Keller, B. Ultramicroscopy 2007, 107(10–11), 1068–1077 �
Zurbriggen, R./Herwegh, M./ The influence of organic additives on the microstructural development and properties of mortars.Jenni, A./De Gasparo, A./ ZKG International 2007, 60(2), 62–73 �
Holzer, L./Aberle, T.
Mechanical Systems Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.),Engineering Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. 1038–1052 (joint paper) �
Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Integrated active fiber composite elements: Characterization for acoustic emission and acousto-Huber, C./Flüeler, P. ultrasonics. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2007, 18(5), 515–525 �
Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Fracture behaviour of GFRP laminates with nanocomposite epoxy resin matrix. Paper 030.Necola, A./Rees, M./Terrasi, G. P. 6th International Symposium on Advanced composites (COMP07), Corfu, Greece, 2007, 9 pp
Birchmeier, M./Brunner, A. J./ Experimental characterization of active fiber composites used as piezoelectric transducers forParadies, R./Dual, J. emitting and receiving Lamb waves in plate-like structures. International Conference on Advanced
Technology in Experimental Mechanics (ATEM'07), Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, 6 pp
Brunner, A. J./Hack, E./ Nondestructive testing. In: Anonymous Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley,Neuenschwander, J. 2007, 747–751 (joint publication)
Brunner, A. J./Terrasi, G. P. Delamination resistance testing of glass-fiber composite laminates. 22nd Annual TechnicalConference of the American Society for Composites (ASC2007), Seattle, Washington, USA, 2007,15 pp
Clemens, F./Heiber, J./ The influence of the sintering atmosphere and the fibre geometry on the piezoelectric properties ofIsmael, M. R./Paradies, R./ PZT single fibres and AFC structures. International Symposium on Piezocomposite ApplicationsGraule, T. J./Piechowiak, M./ (ISPA 2007), Dresden, Germany, 2007, 10 pp (joint paper)Kozielsk, L./Czekaj, D.
Farshad, M. Long term hydrostatic resistance of multilayer pipes. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 2007, 36(5),194–200 �
Farshad, M./Clemens, F./ Magnetoactive polymer composite fibers and fabrics -Processing and mechanical characterization.Le Roux, M. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2007, 20(1), 65–74 (joint paper) �
Kovacs, G./Lochmatter, P./ An arm wrestling robot driven by dielectric elastomer actuators. Smart Materials and StructuresWissler, M. 2007, 16(2), S306–S317 �
Lochmatter, P. Development of a shell-like electroactive polymer (EAP) actuator. Dissertation 17221, ETH Zürich,Switzerland, 2007, 307 pp
Lochmatter, P./Kovacs, G./ Design and characterization of shell-like actuators based on soft dielectric electroactive polymers.Ermanni, P. Smart Materials and Structures 2007, 16(4), 1415–1422 �
Lochmatter, P./Kovacs, G./ Characterization of dielectric elastomer actuators based on a hyperelastic film model. Sensors andMichel, S. Actuators, A: Physical 2007, 135(2), 748–757 �
Lochmatter, P./Kovacs, G./ Characterization of dielectric elastomer actuators based on a visco-hyperelastic film model. SmartWissler, M. Materials & Structures 2007, 16(2), 477–486 �
Michel, S./Bernasconi, M./ Feasibility studies for a bionic blimb with a fish-like propulsion systems. 7th AIAA AviationBormann, A./Zobel, M./Fink, E. Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO), Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2007, 12 pp
Paradies, R./Melnykowycz, M. Numerical stress investigation for piezoelectric elements with a circular cross section and interdig-itated electrodes. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2007, 18(9), 963–972 �
Piskoty, G./Klotz, U. E./Kovacs, G./ Analysis of a tragic accident on a summer toboggan run. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14Weisse, B./Rütti, T. F./Stutz, A. (6 SPEC. ISS.), 1083–1092 �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Roos, R./Kress, G./Barbezat, M./ Enhanced model for interlaminar normal stress in singly curved laminates. Composite StructuresErmanni, P. 2007, 80(3), 327–333 �
Rütti, T. F./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Optimised design of mandrels after fatigue failure. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC.Wullschleger, L./Michel, S. A. ISS.), 1103–1113 (joint paper) �
Snedeker, J. G./Barnstuble, B. B./ A comprehensive renal injury concept based on a validated finite element model of the humanIaizzo, P. A./Farshad, M./ abdomen. Journal of Trauma – Injury, Infection and Critical Care 2007, 62(5), 1240–1249 �
Niederer, P./Schmidlin, F. R.
Terrasi, G. P. Prefabricated thin-walled structural elements made from high performance concrete prestressedwith pultruded carbons wires. 8th International Symposium on Fiber-Reinforced PolymerReinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Patras, Greece, July 16–18, 2007, 10 pp
Winkler, R./Piskoty, G./ Lack of quality and the tragic consequences, with a broken child's swing suspension as example.Zgraggen, M. Praktische Metallographie/Practical Metallography 2007, 44(4), 193–196 (joint paper) �
Wissler, M. Modeling dielectric elastomer actuators. Dissertation 17142, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 153 pp
Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Electromechanical coupling in dielectric elastomer actuators. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical2007, 138(2), 384–393 (joint paper) �
Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Mechanical behavior of an acrylic elastomer used in dielectric elastomer actuators. Sensors andActuators, A: Physical 2007, 134(2), 494–504 (joint paper) �
Wullschleger, L./Rütti, T. F./ Structural collapse of a freestyle ski-jump. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(8 SPEC. ISS.),Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G. 1512–1525 (joint paper) �
Mechanics for Gomis-Bellmunt, O./ Linear electromagnetic actuator modeling for optimization of mechatronic and adaptronic systems.Modelling and Simulation Galceran-Arellano, S./ Mechatronics 2007, 17(2–3), 153–163 �
Sudrià-Andreu, A./Montesinos-Miracle, D./Campanile, L. F.
Holdsworth, S. R./Mazza, E./ Development of thermal fatigue in 1CrMoV rotor steel. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2007,Binda, L./Ripamonti, L. 2292–2301 �
Mazza, E./Nava, A./Hahnloser, D./ The mechanical response of human liver and its relation to histology: An in vivo study. MedicalJochum, W./Bajka, M. Image Analysis 2007, 11(6), 663–672 �
Valtorta, D./Poulikakos, L. D./ Accelerated aging of bituminous binders using a high frequency torsional rheometer. AdvancedConnery, E./Partl, M. N./Mazza, E. Engineering Materials 2007, 9(1–2), 121–128 (joint paper) �
Valtorta, D./Poulikakos, L. D./ Rheological properties of polymer modified bitumen from long-term field tests. Fuel 2007, 86(7–8),Partl, M. N./Mazza, E. 938–948 (joint paper) �
Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Electromechanical coupling in dielectric elastomer actuators. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical2007, 138(2), 384–393 (joint paper) �
Wissler, M./Mazza, E. Mechanical behavior of an acrylic elastomer used in dielectric elastomer actuators. Sensors andActuators, A: Physical 2007, 134(2), 494–504 (joint paper) �
Road Engineering/ Arraigada, M./Partl, M.N./ Determination of Road Deflections from Traffic Induced Accelerations �Sealing Components Angelone, S.M.
Burkhardt, M./Kupper, T./ Biocides used in Building Materials and their Leaching Behavior to Sewer Systems. WaterHean, S./Haag, R./Schmid, P./ Technol. 2007, 56, 63–67 (joint paper) �Kohler, M./Boller, M.
Ferrotti, G./Santagata, F.A./ Experimental Characterisation of Interlayer Shear Resistance in Flexible PavementsCanestrari, F. (Tutor)/Partl, M.N.
Hugener, M./Emmenegger, L./ Emissions of tar-containing binders: A laboratory study. Journal of Environmental Science andMattrel, P. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2007, 42(3), 241–247
(joint paper) �
Hugener, M./Emmenegger, L./ Zusammenhang zwischen PAK-Gehalt in teerhaltigem Recycling-Granulat und in den emittiertenMattrel, P. Dämpfen beim Wiedereinbau.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Hugenschmidt, J. Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit von Georadar-Untersuchungen auf Betonbrücken
Hugenschmidt, J./Mastrangelo, R. The inspection of large retaining walls using GPR. 4th International Workshop on AdvancedGround Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR 2007), Naples, Italy, 2007, 267–271
Mayer, R./Poulikakos, L./ Guidelines for the specification, design and data analysis of Footprint measuring systems toPartl, M. N. characterise the environmental footprint of vehicles
Partl, M. N. ITS Challenges R&D
Partl, M. N./Flisch, A./Jönsson, M. Comparison of laboratory compaction methods using X-ray Computer Tomography. Road Materialsand Pavement Design 2007, 8(2), 139–164 (joint paper) �
Partl, M. N./Hean, S. Langzeitverhalten von Fahrbahnübergängen aus Polymerbitumen auf Brückenobjekten
Poulikakos, L./Takahashi, S./ Coaxial Shear Test and Wheel Tracking Tests for Determining Porous Asphalt �Partl, M. N.
Raab, C. Auswirkungen von Geotextilien auf den Schichtenverbund bei bitumenhaltigem Hocheinbau aufBetonstrassen
Raab, C./Richner, P. Lärmarme und dauerhafte Beläge entwickeln. Die Strassen aufmischen. Baublatt 2007, 118(12),16–17
Sokolov, K. Laboruntersuchungen an unterschiedlich verstärkten Asphaltschichten
Soldovieri, F./Hugenschmidt, J./ A linear inverse scattering algorithm for realistic GPR applications. Near Surface Geophysics 2007,Persico, R./Leone, G. 5(1), 29–41 �
Valtorta, D./Poulikakos, L. D./ Accelerated aging of bituminous binders using a high frequency torsional rheometer. AdvancedConnery, E./Partl, M. N./Mazza, E. Engineering Materials 2007, 9(1–2), 121–128 (joint paper) �
Valtorta, D./Poulikakos, L. D./ Rheological properties of polymer modified bitumen from long-term field tests. Fuel 2007, 86(7–8),Partl, M. N./Mazza, E. 938–948 (joint paper) �
Werner, R./Scazziga, I./Raab, C./ Kombinierte Beläge. Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr und Kommunikation,Partl, M. N. Bundesamt für Strassen, Bericht Nr. 1180, 2007, 94 pp
Structural Bergamini, A./Christen, R./ A simple model for the prediction of the discrete stiffness states of a homogeneous electrostaticallyEingineering Motavalli, M. tunable multi-layer beam. Proceedings of SPIE, Vol.6525, Symposium on Active and Passive Smart
Structures and Integrated Systems 2007, San Diego, California, USA, 2007, 10 pp
Bergamini, A./Christen, R./ Electrostatically tunable bending stiffness in a GFRP-CFRP composite beam. Smart Materials andMotavalli, M. Structures 2007, 16(3), 575–582 �
Czaderski, C./Hack, E./Aram, M./ Stable debonding at discontinuity. 8th International Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced PolymerMotavalli, M. Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Patras, Greece, 2007, 10 pp (joint paper)
Czaderski, C./Motavalli, M. 40-Year-old full-scale concrete bridge girder strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates anchoredusing gradient method. Composites Part B: Engineering 2007, 38(7–8), 878–886 �
Czaderski, C./Steiger, R./ Tests and calculations on 3-layered cross-laminated solid wood panels supported at all edges. HolzHowald, M./Olia, S./Gülzow, A./ als Roh- und Werkstoff 2007, 65(5), 383–402 (joint paper) �Niemz, P.
Gsell, D./Feltrin, G. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs. International Conference onExperimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES'07), Porto, Portugal,October 24–26, 2007, 559–567
Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs. Journal of Intelligent MaterialSystems and Structures 2007, 18(8), 845–851 �
Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Schubert, S./ Cross-laminated timber plates: Evaluation and verification of homogenized elastic properties.Steiger, R./Motavalli, M. Journal of Structural Engineering 2007, 133(1), 132–138 (joint paper) �
Gülzow, A./Steiger, R./Gsell, D./ Dynamic field performance of a wooden trough bridge. EVACES'07, International Conference onWilson, W./Feltrin, G. Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures, Porto, Portugal, 2007, 441–450
(joint paper)
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Hack, E./Schumacher, A. DSPI strain measurement on an externally reinforced bending beam: A comparison of step-by-stepaddition and pixel shift correlation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 2007, 45(5), 589–595(joint paper) �
Hack, E./Schumacher, A. ESPI measurements of strain on a CFRP-reinforced bending beam. Strain 2007, 43(3), 235–239(joint paper) �
Huth, O./Khbeis, H. Pot bearings behavior after 32 years of service, In situ and laboratory test, Engineering Structures,2007, 29 (12) 3352–3363 �
Kanev, S./Weber, F./Verhaegen, M. Experimental validation of a finite-element model updating procedure. Journal of Sound andVibration 2007, 300(1–2), 394–413 �
Meyer, J./Feltrin, G./Bischoff, R./ A low-power wireless sensor network for structural health. 3rd International Conference onMotavalli, M. Structural Health of Intelligent Infrastructure, Vancouver, Canada, 2007, 9 pp
Motavalli, M./Czaderski, C. FRP Composites for Retrofitting of Existing Civil Structures in Europe: State-of-the-Art Review,Composites & Polycon 2007 Conference, Tampa, FL, USA, 2007
Schubert, S. Acousto-ultrasound assessment of inner wood-decay in standing trees: possibilities andlimitations. Dissertation 17126, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 141 pp
Täljsten, B./Hejll, A./James, G. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer strengthening and monitoring of the Gröndals Bridge in Sweden.Journal of Composites for Construction 2007, 11(2), 227–235 �
Weber, F./Distl, H./Huber, P./ Design implementation and field test of the adaptive damping system of the Franjo TudjmanNützel, O./Motavalli, M. Bridge nearby Dubrovnik, Croatia. Iabse Symposium, Improving Infrastructure Worldwide,
Weimar, Germany, 2007, 8 pp
Wood Arnold, M. Transverse anisotropy in thermally modified beech and spruce. 3rd European Conference on WoodModification, Cardiff, UK, October 15–16, 2007, 161–164
Arnold, M./Steiger, R. Relevance of wind-induced compression failures regarding bending strength and stiffness ofSpruce structural timber. 1st Conference on Quality Control for Wood and Wood Products,COST E 53, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, 6 pp
Arnold, M./Steiger, R. The influence of wind-induced compression failures on the mechanical properties of sprucestructural timber. Materials and Structures 2007, 40(1), 57–68 �
Czaderski, C./Steiger, R./ Tests and calculations on 3-layered cross-laminated solid wood panels supported at all edges. HolzHowald, M./Olia, S./Gülzow, A./ als Roh- und Werkstoff 2007, 65(5), 383–402 (joint paper) �Niemz, P.
Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Schubert, S./ Cross-laminated timber plates: Evaluation and verification of homogenized elastic properties.Steiger, R./Motavalli, M. Journal of Structural Engineering 2007, 133(1), 132–138 (joint paper) �
Gülzow, A./Gsell, D. Zerstörungsfreie Bestimmung der Steifigkeit von Brettsperrholzplatten. In: Praktische Anwendungvon Massivholzplatten. 39. Fortbildungskurs der Schweiz. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für HolzforschungSAH, Weinfelden, Switzerland, 37 – 47
Gülzow, A./Steiger, R./Gsell, D. Steifigkeitsbestimmung mit Modalanalyse. Der Bauingenieur 2007, 82(10), 16–21
Gülzow, A./Steiger, R./Gsell, D./ Dynamic field performance of a wooden trough bridge. EVACES'07, International Conference onWilson, W./Feltrin, G. Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures, Porto, Portugal, 2007, 441–450
(joint paper)
Hugi, E./Wuersch, M./Risi, W./ Correlation between charring rate and oxygen permeability for 12 different wood species. JournalGhazi Wakili, K. of Wood Science 2007, 53(1), 71–75 (joint paper) �
Lehmann, M./Clénin, R./ Kohlefaserlamellen zur Verstärkung von Holzbalken. Der Bauingenieur 2007, 82(10), 28–32Richter, K./Properzi, M.
Richter, K. Editorial. Materials and Structures 2007, 40(1), 1–2 �
Schubert, M./Heller, T./Fink, S./ Studien zum Einsatz von Trichoderma-Arten. Biologische Kontrolle Holz zersetzender Pilze anSchwarze, F. Bäumen. AFZ- Der Wald 2007, 62(4), 197–201
Schwarze, F. W. M. R. Wood decay under the microscope. Fungal Biology Reviews 2007, 21, 133–170
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Schwarze, F./Landmesser, H. Ansprache und Biologie Holz zersetzender Pilze. Folge 14: Der Wässerige Porling. AFZ- Der Wald2007, 62(4), 202–203
Steiger, R./Gehri, E. Quality control of glulam: shear tests of glue lines. 40th International Council for Research andInnovation in Building and Construction, Working Commission W18-Timber Structures(CIB-W18), Bled, Slovenia, 2007, 11 pp
Steiger, R./Gehri, E./Widmann, R. Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain. Materials andStructures 2007, 40(1), 69–78 �
Werner, F./Althaus, H -J./ Post-Consumer Waste Wood in Attributive Product LCA. Context specific evaluation of allocationRichter, K./Scholz, R. W. procedures in a functionalistic conception of LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2007 12(3), 160–172 (joint paper) �
Werner, F./Richter, K. Wooden Building Products in Comparative LCA. A Literature Review. International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment 2007 12(7), 470–479 �
Widmann, R./Beilkircher, W./ Bending and tension strength of finger-jointed boards made of thermally treated beech. ProceedingRichter, K. International Conference ‚Bonding of Modified Wood’ Cost E 34. Bled, Slovienia, p. 39–45.
Widmann, R./Steiger, R. Pull-out strenght of glued-in rods. Proceeding International Conference «Practical Solutions forFurniture and Structural Bonding» Cost E 34. Larnaka, Cyprus, p. 99 –104
Widmann, R./Steiger, R./Gehri, E. Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain.Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions 2007, 40(8), 827–838 �
Xie, Y./Krause, A./Militz, H./ Effect of treatments with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy-ethyleneurea (DMDHEU) on the tensileTurkulin, H./Richter, K./Mai, C. properties of wood. Holzforschung 2007, 61(1), 43–50 �
Zimmermann, T. Cellulose fibrils in wood cell walls and their potential for technical applications. BFH-MitteilungenNr. 223, 2nd New Zealand-German Workshop on Plant Cell Wall, Hamburg, Germany,October 4–6, 2006, 137–151
Zimmermann, T. Cellulose fibrils in wood cell walls and their potential for technical applications. Dissertation,University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2007, 39 pp + Appendix
Zimmermann, T./Richter, K./ Arrangement of cell-wall constituents in chemically treated Norway spruce tracheids. Wood andBordeanu, N./Sell, J. Fiber Science 2007, 39(2), 221–231 �
Materials and Systems for the Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body
Advanced Fibers Akurati, K. K./Vital, A./ Flame synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sciences 2007,Fortunato, G./Hany, R./ 9(3–4), 247–257 (joint paper) �Nüesch, F./Graule, T. J.
Balazs, D. J./Hossain, M. M./ Multi-functional nanocomposite plasma coatings – enabling new biomaterials applications, PlasmaBrombacher, E./Fortunato, G./ Processes and Polymers 2007, 4, 380–385 (joint paper) �Körner, E./Hegemann, D.
Balmer, T. E./Christenson, H.K./ The Effect of Surface Ions on Water Adsorption to Mica. Langmuir, Page Est: 3.4 �
Spencer, N.D./Heuberger, M.
Balmer, T. E./Heuberger, M. Precision thickness and refractive index imaging of molecular films. Review of ScientificInstruments 2007, 78(9) �
García-Ruiz, S./Moldovan, M./ Evaluation of strontium isotope abundance ratios in combination with multi-elemental analysis asFortunato, G./Wunderli, S./ a possible tool to study the geographical origin of ciders. Analytica Chimica Acta 2007, 590(1),García Alonso, J. I. 55–66 (joint paper) �
Hegemann, D./Balazs, D. J. Nano-scale treatment of textiles using plasma technology. In: Shishoo, R. (Ed.), Plasma technolo-gies for textiles, CRC Press LLC and Woodhead Publishing Limited, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA,2007, 158–180
Hegemann, D./Balazs, D. J. Nanostructered textile surfaces. NanoS 2007, 1.07, 8–13
Hegemann, D./Hossain, M. M./ Nanostructured plasma coatings to obtain multifunctional textile surfaces. Progress in OrganicBalazs, D. J. Coatings 2007, 58(2–3), 237–240 �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Hegemann, D./Hossain, M. M./ Macroscopic description of plasma polymerization. Plasma Processes and Polymers 2007, 4(3),Körner, E./Balazs, D. J. 229–238 �
Heuberger, M. Nanotribologie: Wie entsteht Reibung? Physik in unserer Zeit 2007, 38(3)
Heuberger, M./Balmer, T. E. The transmission interferometric adsorption sensor. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40(23),7245–7154 �
Hossain, M. M./Hegemann, D./ Plasma deposition of permanent superhydrophilic a-C:H:N films on textiles. Plasma Processes andFortunato, G./Herrmann, A. S./ Polymers 2007, 4(4), 471–481 �
Heuberger, M.
Hossain, M. M./Herrmann, A. S./ Incorporation of accessible functionalities in nanoscaled coatings on textiles characterized byHegemann, D. coloration. Plasma Processes and Polymers 2007, 4(2), 135–144 �
Hossain, M. M./Herrmann, A. S./ Plasma deposition of amine-embedded nanoporous ultrathin films on polyester enables substrateHegemann, D. independent surface dyeing. Plasma Processes and Polymers 2007, 4(S1), S1068–S1074 �
Houis, S./Gries, T./Lübben, J. F. Production and characterization of bicomponent fibers with core/sheat-configuration using PPSand PET. Chemical Fibers International 2007,(5), 259–260
Houis, S./Schmid, M./Lübben, J. F. New functional bicomponent fibers with core/sheath-configuration using poly(phenylene sulfide)and poly(ethylene terephthalate), Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007, Vol. 106, 1757–1767(joint paper) �
Kaufmann,J./ Lübben,J. F./ Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers. Composites Part A: AppliedSchwitter,E. Science and Manufacturing, 2007, 38, 9, 1975–1984 (joint paper) �
Keller, M./Fortunato, G./ Continuous coating of synthetic fibers using hexamethyldisiloxane. Plasma Processes andKörner, E./Hegemann, D. Polymers 2007, 4(S1), S1063–S1067 �
Lübben, J. F./Fortunato, G./ Characterization of synthetic fibers using the atomic force microscope. Journal of Physics:Halbeisen, M./Houis, S./ Conference Series 2007, 61(1), 735–739Keller, M./Körner, E.
Pittini-Yamada, Y./Daneshvari, D./ Effect of PEG Number on dielectric properties of paraffin base-PEG polymers at microwaveLeparoux, S./Vaucher, S./ frequencies. Symposium on Heating by Electromagnetic Sources, Padua, Italy, 2007 (joint paper)Ritter, A./Rohr, A./Leuenberger, H.
Pritzkow, W./Wunderli, S./ The isotope abundances and the atomic weight of cadmium by a metrological approach.Vogl, J./Fortunato, G. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2007, 261(1), 74–85 (joint paper) �
Reifler, F. A./Ritter, A./ Towards a photocatalytic fiber for degradation of malodor. Fiber Society Fall Conference, Davis,Fortunato, G./Vital, A./ CA, 2007, 2 pp (joint paper)Akurati, K. K./Hufenus, R.
Schmid, M./Ritter, A./ Autoxidation of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8(2),Grubelnik, A./Zinn, M. 579–584 (joint paper) �
Zimmermann, J./Reifler, F. A./ Long term environmental durability of a superhydrophobic silicone nanofilament coating. ColloidsSchrade, U./Artus, G. R. J./ and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2007, 302(1–3), 234–240 �
Seeger, S.
Biomaterials Balazs, D. J./Hossain, M. M./ Multi-functional nanocomposite plasma coatings – enabling new biomaterials applications, PlasmaBrombacher, E./Fortunato G./ Processes and Polymers 2007, 4, 380–385 (joint paper) �Körner, E./ Hegemann, D.
Crockett, R./Grubelnick, A./ Biochemical Composition of the Superficial Layer of Articular Cartilage. Journal of BiomedicalRoos, A./Dora, C./Born, W./ Materials Research A 2007, 82(4), 958–964 �
Troxler, H.
Furrer, P./Hany, R./Rentsch, D./ Quantitative analysis of bacterial medium-chain-length poly([R]-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by gasGrubelnik, A./Ruth, K./Panke, S./ chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1143(1–2), 199–206 (joint paper) �Zinn, M.
Furrer, P./Panke, S./Zinn, M. Efficient recovery of low endotoxin medium-chain-length poly ([R]-3-hydroxyalkanoate) frombacterial biomass. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2007, 69, 206–213 �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
García-Ruiz, S./Moldovan, M./ Evaluation of strontium isotope abundance ratios in combination with multi-elemental analysis asFortunato, G./Wunderli, S./ a possible tool to study the geographical origin of ciders. Analytica Chimica Acta 2007, 590(1),García Alonso, J. I. 55–66 (joint paper) �
Heras, B./Kurz, M./Jarrott, R./ Expression and crystallisation of DsbA from Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F StructByriel, K. A./Jones, A./ Biol Cryst Commun 2007, 63, 953–956 �
Thöny-Meyer, L./Martin, J.L.
Houis, S./Schmid, M./Lübben, J. F. New functional bicomponent fibers with core/sheath-configuration using poly(phenylene sulfide)and poly(ethylene terephthalate), Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2007, Vol. 106, 1757–1767(joint paper) �
Ihssen, J./Grasselli, E./Bassin, C./ Comparative genomic hybridization and physiological characterization of environment isolatesFraçois, P./Piffaretti, J. -C/ indicate that significant (eco-)physiological properties are highly conserved in the speciesKöster, W./Schrenzel, J./Egli, T. Escherichia coli. Microbiology 2007, 153(7), 2052–2066 �
Luo, Y./Gao, S./Longerich, H. P./ The uncertainty budget of the multi-element analysis of glasses using LA-ICP-MS. Journal ofGünther, D./Wunderli, S./ Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2007, 22(2), 122–130 �
Yuan, H. -L./Liu, X. -M.
Meyer, V. R. Measurement uncertainty. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1158(1–2), 15–24 �
Meyer, V. R. Chromatographisches Detektions-Quiz, Schweiz. Laboratoriums-Zeitschrift 2007, 64, 16–17
Pritzkow, W./Wunderli, S./Vogl, J./ The isotope abundances and the atomic weight of cadmium by a metrological approach.Fortunato, G. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2007, 261(1), 74–85 (joint paper) �
Ren, Q./Ihssen, J./Magnani, D./ Medium chain length-Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) depolymerase as a tool for novel proteinThöny-Meyer, L. microarrays. Proceedings of 4th European Symposium on Biopolymers (abstracts). 2007, p. 26
Ren, Q./Ruth, K./Thöny-Meyer, L./ Process engineering for production of chiral hydroxycarboxylic acids from bacterial polyhydrox-Zinn, M. yalkanoates. Proceedings of 4th European Symposium on Biopolymers (Abstracts). 2007, p. 27
Rösslein, M./Wolf, M./ A forgotten fact about the standard deviation. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2007, 12(9),Wampfler, B./Wegscheider, W. 495–496 (joint paper) �
Rösslein, M./Rezzonico, S./ Repeatability: Some aspects concerning the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty.Hedinger, R./Wolf, M. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2007, 12(8), 425–434 (joint paper) �
Ruth, K./Grubelnik, A./ Efficient production of (R)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids by biotechnological conversion ofHartmann, R./Egli, T./Zinn, M./ polyhydroxyalkonoates and their purification. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8(1), 279–286 �
Ren, Q.
Schmid, M./Ritter, A./ Autoxidation of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8(2),Grubelnik, A./Zinn, M. 579–584 (joint paper) �
Spierings, A. B./Henkel, O./ Water absorption and the effects of moisture on the dynamic properties of synthetic mountaineer-Schmid, M. ing ropes. International Journal of Impact Engineering 2007, 34(2), 205–215 (joint paper) �
Thapliyal, R./Péllison, A./ PZT films on wafers and fibers for MEMS application. IEEE International Symposium ApplicationsLogvinovich, D./Amberg, M./ of Ferroelectrics, 2006. ISAF '06, Sunset Beach, NC, USA, 2006, 4 pp (joint paper)Hug, H. J./Fortunato, G.
Thöny-Meyer, L. Plastikgene – genplastik, Gentage-Zeitung 2007, 2/3
Materials-Biology Belyanskaya, L./Manser, P./ The reliability and limits of the MTT reduction assay for carbon nanotubes-cell interaction. CarbonInteractions Spohn, P./Bruinink, A./Wick, P. 2007, 45(13), 2643–2648 �
Belyanskaya, L./Marti, T. M./ Human agonistic TRAIL receptor antibodies Mapatumumab and Lexatumumab induce apoptosisHopkins-Donaldson, S./Kurtz, S./ in malignant mesothelioma and act synergistically with cisplatin. Molecular Cancer 2007, 6(66) �Felley-Bosco, E./Stahel, R. A.
Bruinink, A./Maier, P. Identification of neurotoxic chemicals in cell cultures. ALTEX-Alternativen zu Tierexperimenten2007, 24(Special Issue 2007), 22–25 �
Fadeel, B./Kagan, V./Krug, H. F./ There's plenty of room at the forum: Potential risks and safety assessment of engineeredShvedova, A./Svartengren, M./ nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2007, 1(2), 73–84Tran, L./Wiklund, L.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Helland, A./Wick, P./Koehler, A./ Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes.Schmid, K./Som, C. Environmental health perspectives 2007, 115(8), 1125–1131 (joint paper) �
Kaiser, J. P./Wick, P./Manser, P./ Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) affect physiology and cell architecture. Journal ofSpohn, P./Bruinink, A. Materials Sience: Materials in Medicine 2007, 5 pp �
Krug, H. F./Diabaté, S./ Synthetic nanoparticles at the workplace and in the environment. Arbeitsmedizin SozialmedizinWörle-Knirsch, J. M./Mülhopt, S./ Umweltmedizin 2007, 42(1), 4–14Paur, H.-R
Krug, H. F./Fleischer, T. Nanotechnologie – eine Bestandesaufnahme. umwelt-medizin-gesellschaft 20(1/2007), 44–50
Krug, H. F./Klug, P. Health and Safety Aspects of Nanomaterials at the Work Place. Ceramic Forum International. 13,23–27
Limbach, L. K./Wick, P./Manser, P./ Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: Influence of chemicalGrass, R. N./Bruinink, A./ composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environmental Sience and Technology 2007,Stark, W. J. 41(11), 4158–4163 �
Maniura-Weber, K./Helm, M./ Molecular dysfunction associated with the human mitochondrial 3302A>G mutation in theEngemann, K./Eckertz, S./ MTTL1 (mt-tRNALeu(UUR)) gene. Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34(22), 6404–6415 �
Möllers, M./Schauen, M./Hayrapetyan, A./von Kleist-Retzow, J. -C./Lightowlers, R. N./Bindoff, L. A./Wiesner, R. J.
Pulskamp, K./Diabaté, S./ Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen speciesKrug, H. F. in dependence on contaminants. Toxicology Letters 2007, 168(1), 58–74 �
Pulskamp, K./Wörle-Knirsch, J. M./ Human lung epithelial cells show biphasic oxidative burst after single-walled carbon nanotubeHennrich, F./Kern, K./Krug, H. F. contact. Carbon 2007, 45, 2241–2249 �
Roesslein, M./Wolf, M./ A forgotten fact about the standard deviation. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2007, 12(9),Wampfler, B./Wegscheider, W. 495–496 (joint paper) �
Rösslein, M./Rezzonico, S./ Repeatability: Some aspects concerning the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty.Hedinger, R./Wolf, M. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 2007, 12(8), 425–434 (joint paper) �
Schmid, M./Zimmermann, S./ Influence of platinum, palladium and rhodium as compared with cadmium, nickel and chromiumKrug, H. F./Sures, B. on cell viability and oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells. Environment
International 2007, 33(3), 385–390 �
Schröder, T./Schmitz, K./ Solid-phase synthesis, bioconjugation, and toxicology of novel cationic oligopeptoids for cellularNiemeier, N./Balaban, T. S./ drug delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2007, 18(2), 342–354 �
Krug, H. F./Schepers, U./Bräse, S.
Strack, S./Detzel, T./Wahl, M./ Cytotoxicity of TBBPA and effects on proliferation, cell cycle and MAPK pathways in mammalianKuch, B./Krug, H. F. cells. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), 405–411 �
vonKleist-Retzow, J. -C./ Impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in respiratory chain-deficient cells but efficient comHornig-Do, H. -T/Schauen, M./ pensation of energetic disadvantage by enhanced anaerobic glycolysis due to low ATP steady stateEckertz, S./Dinh, T. A. D./ levels. Experimental Cell Research 2007, 313(14), 3076–3089 �
Stassen, F./Lottmann, N./Bust, M./Galunska, B./Wielckens, K./Hein, W./Beuth, J./Braun, J. -M./Fischer, J. H./Ganitkevich, V. Y./Maniura-Weber, K./Wiesner, R. J.
Wick, P./Manser, P./Limbach, L. K./ The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicology LettersDettlaff-Weglikowska, U./ 2007, 168(2), 121–131 �
Krumeich, F./Roth, S./Stark, W. J./Bruinink, A.
Wolf, M./Müller, M./Rösslein, M. Modellierung und Simulation komplexer Messvorgänge mittels der Monte-Carlo-Methode.Technisches Messen 2007, 74(10), 485–493 �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Wörle-Knirsch, J. M./Kern, K./ Nanoparticulate vanadium oxide potentiated vanadium toxicity in human lung cells.Schleh, C./Adelhelm, C./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(1), 331–336 �
Feldmann,C./Krug, H. F.
Wörle-Knirsch, J. M./Krug, H. F. Risikoforschung und toxikologische Bewertung von Nanomaterialien. In: Gazso, A., Gressler, S.,Schiemer, F. (Eds.), nano – chancen und risiken aktueller technologien, Springer, Wien, 2007
Protection and Bertaux, E./Lewandowski, M./ Relationship between friction and tactile properties for woven and knitted fabrics. Textile ResearchPhysiology Derler, S. Journal 2007, 77(6), 387–396 �
Camenzind, M. A./Dale, D. J./ Manikin test for flame engulfment evaluation of protective clothing: Historical review andRossi, R. M. development of a new ISO standard. Fire and Materials 2007, 31(5), 285–295 �
Crespy, D./Landfester, K. Preparation of nylon 6 nanoparticles and nanocapsules by two novel miniemulsion/solventdisplacement hybrid techniques. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2007, 208(5), 457–466�
Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Mini-Review Temperature-responsive polymers with LCST in the physiological range and theirapplications in textiles. Polymer International 2007, 56(12), 1461–1468 �
Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Temperature responsive polymers for smart clothing applications. Chimia. 2007, 61(7/8), 519 �
Crespy, D./Stark, M./ Polymeric nanoreactors for hydrophilic reagents synthesized by interfacial polycondensation onHoffmann-Richter, C./Ziener, U./ miniemulsion droplets. Macromolecules 2007, 40(9), 3122–3135 �
Landfester, K.
Derler, S./Schrade, U./ Tribology of human skin and mechanical skin equivalents in contact with textiles. Wear 2007,Gerhardt, L. -C 263(7–12 SPEC. ISS.), 1112–1116 �
Gerhardt, L. -C/Jell, G. M. R./ Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles filled poly(d ,l lactid acid) (PDLLA) matrix composites forBoccaccini, A. R. bone tissue engineering. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2007, 18(7), 1287–
1298 �
Havenith, G./Wang, X./ Apparent and real cooling efficiency of moisture evaporation from the skin while wearingRichards, M./Candas V./ protective clothing. Journal of Physiol Anthropol 26, 272-273Meinander H./Broede P./den Hartog E. A./Holmér I./Nocker W.
Käämbre, T./Schiessling, J./ Bulk electronic structure of K3C60 as revealed by soft x-rays. Physical Review B – CondensedKjeldgaard, L./Qian, L./Marenne, I./Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 75(19), 1–7 �
O'Shea, J. N./Schnadt, J./Nordlund, D./Glover, C. J./Rubensson, J. -E/Rudolf, P./Mårtensson, N./Nordgren, J./Brühwiler, P. A.
Keiser, C. Steam burns moisture management in firefighter protective clothing. Dissertation ETH 17406,ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 150 pp
Kuklane, K./Gao, C./Holmér, I./ Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods: effects on clothing choice byGiedraityte, L./Bröde, P./ IREQ and thermal responses in the cold. International Journal of Occupational Safety andCandas, V./den Hartog, E./ Ergonomics, 2007. �Meinander, H./ Richards, M./Havenith G.
Macovez, R./Rudolf, P./Marenne, I./Electronic surface reconstruction and correlation in the fcc and dimer phases of RbC60. PhysicalKjeldgaard, L./Brühwiler, P. A./ Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 75(19), 1–9 �
Pichler, T./Vilmercati, P./Larciprete, R./Petaccia, L./Bertoni, G./Goldoni, A.
Manzke, A./Pfahler, C./ Etching masks based on miniemulsions: A novel route towards ordered arrays of surfaceDubbers, O./Plettl, A./Ziemann, P./ nanostructures. Advanced Materials 2007, 19(10), 1337–1341 �
Crespy, D./Schreiber, E./Ziener, U./Landfester, K.
Meyer-Heim, A./Rothmaier, M./ Advanced lightweight cooling-garment technology: Functional improvements in thermosensitiveWeder, M./Kool, J./Schenk, P./ patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2007, 13(2), 232–237 �
Kesselring, J.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Schiessling, J./Brühwiler, P. A. Comment on «Electronic structure of C60 on Au(887)» [J. Chem. Phys. 125, 144719 (2006)].Journal of Chemical Physics 2007, 127(6) �
Selm, B./Rothmaier, M./ Novel flexible light diffuser and irradiation properties for photodynamic therapy. Journal ofCamenzind, M./Khan, T./Walt, H. Biomedical Optics 2007, 12(3), 1–7 �
Spierings, A. B./Henkel, O./ Water absorption and the effects of moisture on the dynamic properties of syntheticSchmid, M. mountaineering ropes. International Journal of Impact Engineering 2007, 34(2), 205–215
(joint paper) �
Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology
Acoustics/Noise Arps, H./Krebs, W./ Verschärfung der Lärmgrenzwerte von zivilen Strahlflugzeugen. Lärmbekämpfung 2007, 2(2),Prevention Donnerhack, S./Myck, T. 60–67
Belloli, A./Niederberger, D./ Structural vibration control via R-L shunted active fiber composites. Journal of Intelligent MaterialPietrzko, S. J./Morari, M./ Systems and Structures 2007, 18(3), 275–287 �
Ermanni, P.
Brink, M./Thomann, G./Huber, P./ A new noise impact assessment method for noise policy. 36th International congress andSchierz, C. Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering (Inter-Noise 2007), Istanbul, Turkey, 2007, 11 pp
Bütikofer, R. Concepts of aircraft noise calculations. Acta Acustica united with Acustica 2007, 93(2), 253–262�
Heutschi, K. Ground effect calculations for micro structured terrain. 19th International Congress on Acoustics,Madrid, Spain, 2007, 6 pp
Heutschi, K./Hofmann, J. SonRoad-M: Modell zur Berechnung von Strassenlärm in grossen Abständen. Strasse und Verkehr2007, 93(1–2), 27–29
Hofmann, J./Heutschi, K. Simulation of outdoor sound propagation with a transmission line matrix method. AppliedAcoustics 2007, 68(2), 158–172 �
Nguyen, C. H. Résistance et ductilité à moyennes et hautes vitesses de déformation. In: Degallaix, S., Ilschner, B.(Eds.), Vol.2 Charactérisation Expérimentale des Matériaux I: Propriétés physiques, thermiques etméchaniques, Le Traité des Matériaux 2, PPUR, Lausanne, 2007, 261–268
Nguyen, C. H./Pietrzko, S. J. Vibroacoustic FE analysis of an adaptive plate with PZT actuator/sensor pairs connected to amultiple-mode, electric shunt system. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 2007, 43(15),1120–1134 �
Pietrzko, S. J./Mao, Q. Novel sensing systems for active control of sound radiation and transmission. 8th Conference onActive Noise and Vibration Control Methods, Krakow, Poland, 2007, 296–311
Pietrzko, S. J./Mao, Q. Some results on control of sound radiation using shunt piezoelelectric materials. 14th InternationalCongress on Sound and Vibration, ICSV14, Cairns, Australia, 2007, 8 pp
Thomann, G./Bütikofer, R. Quantification of uncertainties in aircraft noise calculations. 36th International congress andExhibition on Noise Control Engineering (Inter-Noise 2007), Istanbul, Turkey, 2007, 7 pp
Electronics/ Agio, M./Mori, G./Kaminski, F./ Engineering gold nanoantennae to enhance the emission of quantum emitters. Proceedings ofMetrology/Reliability Rogobete, L./Kühn, S./Callegari, V./ SPIE, Vol. 6717, Symposium on OPtomechatronic Micro/Nano Devices and Components III,
Nellen, P. M./Robin, F./Ekinci, Y./ Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, article no. 67170R, 9 ppSennhauser, U./Jäckel, H./Solak, H. H./Sandoghdar, V.
Bettuzzi, M./Brancaccio, R./ High resolution computed tomography for industrial applications based on coherent fiber opticsBerdondini, A./Morigi, M. P./ ribbons. 5th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Bergen, Norway, 2007, 7 ppCasali, F./Flisch, A./Miceli, A.
Brunner, A. J./Hack, E./ Nondestructive testing. In: Anonymous Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley,Neuenschwander, J. 2007, 747–751 (joint publication)
Callegari, V./Nellen, P. M. Spontaneous growth of uniformly distributed in nanodots and InI3 nanowires on InP induced by afocused ion beam. Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials 2007, 204(6), 1665–1671�
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Callegari, V./Nellen, P. M./ Fabrication and modification of photonic structures with focused ion beam. PraktischeBrönnimann, R./Nanzer, T./ Metallographie/Practical Metallography 2007, 44(5), 239–243 �
Sennhauser, U.
Callegari, V./Nellen, P. M./ Surface chemistry and optimization of focused ion beam iodine-enhanced etching of indiumYang, T./Hauert, R./Müller, U./ phosphide. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253(22), 8969–8973 (joint paper) �Hernández-Ramírez, F./Sennhauser, U.
Czaderski, C./Hack, E./Aram, M./ Stable debonding at discontinuity. 8th International Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced PolymerMotavalli, M. Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Patras, Greece, 2007, 10 pp (joint paper)
Farahani, J. N./Eisler, H. J./ Bow-tie optical antenna probes for single-emitter scanning near-field optical microscopy.Pohl, D. W./Pavius, M./ Nanotechnology 2007, 18(12) �Flückiger, P./Gasser, P./Hecht, B.
Farnesi, C. M./Reiner, J. C./ Formation of electron traps in amorphous silica. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter andSennhauser, U./Schlapbach, L. Materials Physics 2007, 76(12) (joint paper) �
Flisch, A. Industrial computer tomography for 3D data acquisition and defects analysis. Livarski Vestnik2007, 54(2), 64–74
Flisch, A. Industrielle Computertomographie, Formerfassung und Defekterkennung. Management undQualität 2007, 37(6), 34–36
Gattiker, F./Neuenschwander, J./ Wireless implantable passive strain sensor. 13th Sensor Conference, Nürnberg, Germany,Sennhauser, U./Hierold, C./ May 22–24, 2007, 63–68Umbrecht, F./Wendlandt, M.
Gattiker, F./Umbrecht, F./ Novel ultrasound read-out for a wireless implantable passive strain sensor (WPSS).Müller, D./Neuenschwander, J./ 14th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers &Sennhauser, U./Wendlandt, M./ Eurosensors '07), Lyon, France, 2007, 57–60Hierold, C.
Gundu, P. N./Hack, E./Rastogi, P. Adaptive optics interferometer using superspeckles for high resolution deformation measurement.Optics Communications 2007, 278(2), 382–386 �
Hack, E./Schumacher, A. DSPI strain measurement on an externally reinforced bending beam: A comparison of step-by-stepaddition and pixel shift correlation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 2007, 45(5), 589–595(joint paper) �
Hack, E./Schumacher, A. ESPI measurements of strain on a CFRP-reinforced bending beam. Strain 2007, 43(3), 235–239(joint paper) �
Jacob, P./Nicoletti, G./Hauf, F. Device decapsulated (and/or depassivated) – Retest ok – What happened? MicroelectronicsReliability 2007, 47(9–11 SPEC. ISS.), 1574–1579 �
Kern, P./Widmer, R./Gasser, P./ Local tuning of conductivity in amorphous titanium oxide films by selective electron beamMichler, J. irradiation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(37), 13972–13980 (joint paper) �
Keunecke, D./Sonderegger, W./ Determination of Young's and shear moduli of common yew and Norway spruce by means ofPereteanu, K./Lüthi, T./Niemz, P. ultrasonic waves. Wood Science and Technology 2007, 41(4), 309–327 �
Langford, R. M./Nellen, P. M./ Focused ion beam micro- and nanoengineering. MRS Bulletin 2007, 32(5), 417–423 �
Gierak, J./Fu, Y.
Lüthi, T. Essais non destructifs. In: Degallaix, S., Ilschner, B. (Eds.), Vol.2 Charactérisation Expérimentaledes Matériaux I: Propriétés physiques, thermiques et méchaniques, Le Traité des Matériaux 2,PPUR, Lausanne, 2007, 353–391
Miceli, A./Thierry, R./Bettuzzi, M./ Comparison of simulated and measured spectra of an industrial 450 kV X-ray tube. NuclearFlisch, A./Hofmann, J./ Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, DetectorsSennhauser, U./Casali, F. and Associated Equipment 2007, 580(1 SPEC. ISS.), 123–126 �
Miceli, A./Thierry, R./Flisch, A./ MC simulation of scatter intensities in a cone-beam CT system employing a 450 kV X-ray tube. 4thSennhauser, U./Casali, F. Workshop «NDT in Progress», Prague, Czech Republic, 2007, 111–120
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Miceli, A./Thierry, R./Flisch, A./ Monte Carlo simulations of a high-resolution X-ray CT system for industrial applications, NuclearSennhauser, U./Casali, F./ Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Vol 583/2–3 pp 313–323 �
Simon, M.
Michler, J./Wasmer, K./Meier, S./ Plastic deformation of gallium arsenide micropillars under uniaxial compression at roomÖstlund, F./Leifer, K. temperature. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(4), Art. No.: 043123 (joint paper) �
Nellen, P. M./Callegari, V./ FIB precise prototyping and simulation. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol.Hofmann, J./Platzgummer, E./ 960, Paper 0960-N10-03-LL06-03, 13 ppKlein, C.
Nellen, P. M./Strasser, P./ Focused ion beam modifications of indium phosphide photonic crystals. MicroelectronicCallegari, V./Wüest, R./Erni, D./ Engineering 2007, 84(5–8), 1244–1247 �
Robin, F.
Partl, M. N./Flisch, A./ Comparison of laboratory compaction methods using X-ray Computer Tomography. Road MaterialsJönsson, M. and Pavement Design 2007, 8(2), 139–164 (joint paper) �
Patterson, E. A./Hack, E./ Calibration and evaluation of optical systems for full-field strain measurement. Optics and LasersBrailly, P./Burguete, R. L./ in Engineering 2007, 45(5), 550–564 �
Saleem, Q./Siebert, T./Tomlinson, R. A./Whelan, M. P.
Patterson, E./Brailly, P./ A challenge for high-performance full-field strain measurement systems. Strain 2007, 43(3),Burguete, R./Hack, E./ 167–180 �
Siebert, T./Whelan, M.
Petrasch, J./Wyss, P./Steinfeld, A. Tomography-based Monte Carlo determination of radiative properties of reticulate porousceramics. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 2007, 105(2), 180–197 �
Schoendorfer, C./Lugstein, A./ Focused ion beam induced synthesis of a porous antimony nanowire network. Journal of AppliedHyun, Y. -J/Bertagnolli, E./ Physics 2007, 102(4) �Bischoff, L./Nellen, P. M./Callegari, V./Pongratz, P.
Subramanian, A./Choi, T. Y./ Local control of electric current driven shell etching of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. AppliedDong, L. X./Tharian, J./ Physics a-Materials Science & Processing 2007, 89(1), 133–139 �
Sennhauser, U./Poulikakos, D./Nelson, B. J.
Subramanian, A./Dong, L. X./ Batch fabrication of carbon nanotube bearings. Nanotechnology 2007, 18(7), 9 pp �
Tharian, J./Sennhauser, U./Nelson, B. J.
Tharian, J./Jacob, P. Degradation- and failure mode analysis of III-V nitride devices. 14th International Symposium onthe Physical & Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA 2007), Bangalore, India, 2007, 4 pp
Wasmer, K./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ Plastic deformation modes of gallium arsenide in nanoindentation and nanoscratching. AppliedGassilloud, R./Pouvreau, C./ Physics Letters 2007, 90(3), 3 pp (joint paper) �Tharian, J./Michler, J.
Wegmann, M./Brönnimann, R./ Barium titanate-based PTCR thermistor fibers: Processing and properties. Sensors and Actuators,Clemens, F./Graule, T. J. A: Physical 2007, 135(2), 394–404 (joint paper) �
Wendlandt, M./Umbrecht, F./ A wireless implantable passive strain sensor (WIPPS). Technical Aids for Rehabilitation (TARHierold, C./Gattiker, F./ 2007), Berlin, Germany, 2007, 89–90Neuenschwander, J./Sennhauser, U.
Zhou, L./Held, M./Sennhauser, U. Connection availability analysis of shared backup path-protected mesh networks. Journal ofLightwave Technology 2007, 25(5), 1111–1119 �
Media Technology Giesen, J./Mueller, K./ Conjoint analysis to measure the perceived quality in volume rendering. IEEE transactions onSchuberth, E./Wang, L./Zolliker, P. visualization and computer graphics. 2007, 13(6), 1664–1671 �
Giesen, J./Schuberth, E./ Image-dependent gamut mapping as optimization problem. IEEE Transactions on ImageSimon, K./Zolliker, P./Zweifel, O. Processing 2007, 16(10), 2401–2410 �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Jenni, P./Mourad, S./Stamm, T./ Computing light statistics in heterogeneous media based on a mass weighted probability densityVöge, M./Simon, K. function method. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 2007, 24(8), 2206–2219 �
Mourad, S. Improved calibration of optical characteristics of paper by an adapted paper-MTF model. Journalof Imaging Science and Technology 2007, 51(4), 283–292 �
Schuberth, E. Measuring the perceived quality of parameterized multimedia algorithms. Dissertation 17434,ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 121 pp
Simon, K. (2008) Farbe im Digitalen Publizieren. Springer, Berlin, 346 pp.
Vöge, M./Simon, K. The Kubelka-Munk model and Dyck paths. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory andExperiment 2007,(2), 1–22 �
Zolliker, P./Simon, K. Retaining local image information in gamut mapping algorithms. IEEE Transactions on ImageProcessing 2007, 16(3), 664–672 �
Technology Avelar, S. Convergence analysis and quality criteria for an iterative schematization of networks.and Society GeoInformatica 2007, 11(4), 497–513 �
Bauer, Chr./Buchgeister J./ Towards a framework for life cycle thinking in the assessment of nanotechnology. Journal ofHischier R./Poganietz, W. R./ Cleaner Production 2007, article in press �Schebek, L./J. Warsen
Birkefeld, A./Schulin, R./ In situ transformations of fine lead oxide particles in different soils. Environmental Pollution 2007,Nowack, B. 145, 554–561 �
Bösch, M. E./Hellweg, S./ Applying Cumulative Exergy Demand (CExD) indicators to the ecoinvent database. InternationalHuijbregts, M. A. J./ Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2007, 12(3), 181–190 �
Frischknecht, R.
Conesa, H. M./Nowack, B./ Mining landscape: a cultural tourist opportunity or an environmental problem? The case of theSchulin, R. Cartagena-La Unión Mining District. Ecological Economics 2007, article in press �
Conesa, H. M./Robinson, B. H./ Growth of Lygeum spartum in acid mine tailings: response of plants developed from seedlings,Schulin, R./Nowack, B. rhizomes and at field conditions. Environmental Pollution 2007, 145(3), 700–707 �
Conesa, H. M./Schulin, R./ A laboratory study on revegetation and metal uptake in native plant species from neutral mineNowack, B. tailings. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2007, 183(1–4), 201–212 �
Dessureault-Rompré, J./ Spatial and temporal variation in organic acid anion exudation and nutrient anion uptake in theNowack, B./Schulin, R./Luster, J. rhizosphere of Lupinus albus L. Plant Soil 2007, online first �
Frischknecht, R./Althaus, H. J./ The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services.Bauer, C./Doka, G./Heck, T./ International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2007, 12(1), 7–17 �
Jungbluth, N./Kellenberger, D./Nemecek, T.
Helland, A./Kastenholz, H. Development of nanotechnology in light of sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007,online first �
Helland, A./Wick, P./Koehler, A./ Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes.Schmid, K./Som, C. Environmental health perspectives 2007, 115(8), 1125–1131 (joint paper) �
Hilty, L. M. Change of thought, not adaption. Impact – the European IT Executive Magazine 2007,(3/2007),18–20
Hilty, L. M. CO2 Reduction with ICT: Prospects and Barriers. 21st International Conference on Informatics forEnvironmental Protection, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, 35–42
Hilty, L. M. Nachhaltige Informationsgesellschaft: Einfluss moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstech-nologien. In: Ralf Isenmann, Michael von Hauff (Ed.), Industrial Ecology: Mit Ökologie zukunft-sorientiert wirtschaften. , Elsevier GmbH, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007,189–205
Hilty, L. M./Edelmann, X./Ruf, A. R'07 World Congress – Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency.Davos, Switzerland, 2007
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Huijbregts, M. A. J./Hellweg, S./ Ecological footprint accounting in the life cycle assessment of products. Ecological EconomicsFrischknecht, R./Hungerbühler, K./ 2007, 10 pp �
Hendriks, A. J.
Köhler, A./Hellweg, S./Recan, E./ Input-dependent life-cycle inventory model of industrial wastewater-treatment processes in theHungerbühler, K. chemical sector. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(15), 5515–5522 �
Köhler, A./Som, C./Helland, A./ Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle. Journal ofGottschalk, F. Cleaner Production 2007, 1–11 �
Luster, J./Menon, M./Hermle, S./ Initial changes in refilled lysimeters built with metal polluted topsoil and acidic or calcareousSchulin, R./ subsoils as indicated by changes in drainage water composition. Water Air and Soil Pollution 2007,Günthardt-Goerg, M. R./ online first �Nowack, B.
Nowack, B./Bucheli, T. D. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environmental Pollution2007, 150(1), 5–22 �
Ossés de Eicker, M./Zah, R. / Spatial accuracy of a simplified disaggregation method for traffic emissions applied in sevenTriviño, R./Hurni, H. mid-sized Chilean cities. Atmospheric Environment 2007, in press �
Paunovic, I./Schulin, R./ Fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from soil solution with immobilized metal ion affinityNowack, B. chromatography. European Journal of Soil Science 2007, online early article �
Ruddy, T./Hilty, L. M. Impact assessment and policy learning in the European Commission. Environmental ImpactAssessment Review 2007, 1–22 �
Scharnhorst, W. Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review. International Journal of LifeCycle Assessment 2006, 1–12 �
Scharnhorst, W./Ludwig, C./ Heavy metal partitioning from electronic scrap during thermal End-of-Life treatment. Science ofWochele, J./Jolliet, O. the Total Environment 2007, 373(2–3), 576–584 �
Siegrist, M./Cousin, M. -E/ Public acceptance of nanotechnology foods and food packaging: The influence of affect and trust.Kastenholz, H./Wiek, A. Appetite 2007, 49(2), 459–466 �
Siegrist, M./Keller, C./ Laypeople's and experts' perception of nanotechnology hazards. Risk Analysis 2007, 27(1), 59–69�
Kastenholz, H./Frey, S./Wiek, A.
Siegrist, M./Wiek, A./Helland, A./ Risks and nanotechnology: The public is more concerned than experts and industry.Kastenholz, H. Nature Nanotechnology 2007, 2(2), 67 �
Streicher-Porte, M./Yang, J. WEEE recycling in China. Present situation and main obstacles for improvement. 2007 IEEEInternational Symposium on Electronics & the Environment, Orlando, FL, USA, 2007, 6 pp
Tuia, D./Ossés de Eicker, M./ Evaluation of a simplified top-down model for the spatial assessment of hot traffic emissions inZah, R./Osses, M./Zarate, E./ mid-sized cities. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(17), 3658–3671 �
Clappier, A.
Türk, V./Knowles, H./ (2007) The Future of Nanotechnology: We need to talk. nanologue.net, Wuppertal Institute forWallbaum, H./Kastenholz, H. Climate, Environment and Energy
Werner, F./Althaus, H -J./ Post-Consumer Waste Wood in Attributive Product LCA. Context specific evaluation of allocationRichter, K./Scholz R.W. procedures in a functionalistic conception of LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2007 12(3), 160 –172 (joint paper) �
Zah, R. Biofuels – which one is the most ecological one? Chimia. 2007, 61(9), 571–572 �
Zah, R. Umweltbilanz von Biotreibstoffen. gwa 2007,(12/2007), 1–7
Zah, R./Böni, H./Gauch, M./ Ökobilanz von Energieprodukten. 2007, 161 ppHischier, R./Lehmann, M./Wäger, P.
Zah, R./Hischier, R./Leão, A. L./ Curauá fibres in the automobile industry – a sustainable assessment. Journal of CleanerBraun, I. Production 2007, 15, 11–12 �
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Zhao, L. Y. L./Schulin, R./ The effects of plants on the mobilization of Cu and Zn in soil columns. Environmental Science andNowack, B. Technology 2007, 41(8), 2770–2775 �
Zhao, L. Y. L./Schulin, R./ Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns.Weng, L./Nowack, B. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71(14), 3407–3418 �
Mobility, Energy and Environment
Analytical Chemistry Bläuenstein, M. Modeling the environmental fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Lake Thun. Diploma thesis,ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 146 pp
Brändli, R. C./Kupper, T./ Organic pollutants in compost and digestate.: Part 2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -Bucheli, T. D./Zennegg, M./ furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkylHuber, S./Ortelli, D./Müller, J./ substances, pesticides, and other compounds. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2007, 9(5),Schaffner, C./Iozza, S./Schmid, P./ 465–472 �
Berger, U./Edder, P./Oehme, M./Stadelmann, F. X./Tarradellas, J.
Bruehlmann, S./Novak, P./ Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study. Applied Catalysis B:Lienemann, P./Trottmann, M./ Environmental 2007, 70(1–4), 276–283 (joint paper) �Gfeller, U./Zwicky, C. N./Bommer, B./Huber, H./Wolfensberger, M./Heeb, N. V.
Burkhardt, M./Kupper, T./ Biocides used in Building Materials and their Leaching Behavior to Sewer Systems. Water Sci.Hean, S./Haag, R./Schmid, P./ Technol. 2007, 56, 63–67 (joint paper) �Kohler, M./Boller, M.
Burkhardt, M/Kägi, R/Simmler, H/ Nanopartikel auf Fassaden erforschen, Push Thema Umwelt 2007, 2, 12–13 (joint paper)Ulrich, A/ Boller, B.
Eschenlohr, L./Friedli, V./ Develier-Courtételle, un habitat mérowingien. 2. Métallurgie du fer et mobilier métallique. CahierRobert-Charrue Linder, C./ d'archéologie jurassienne 14 caj 14, Porrentruy 2007, 1–356Senn, M.
Heeb, N. V./Schweizer, W./ Crystal structure analysis of enantiomerically pure (+) and (-) β-hexabromocyclododecanes.Mattrel, P./Haag, R./Kohler, M. Chemosphere 2007, 66(8), 1590–1594 (joint paper) �
Heeb, N. V./Schweizer, W. B./ Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyMattrel, P./Haag, R./Gerecke, A. C./ clododecanes (HBCDs). Chemosphere 2007, 68(5), 940–950 (joint paper) �Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Zennegg, M./Wolfensberger, M.
Heeb, N. V./Zennegg, M./Gujer, E./ Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper-induced formation of PCDD/Fs.Honegger, P./Zeyer, K./Gfeller, U./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5789–5794 (joint paper) �Wichser, A./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Emmenegger, L./Ulrich, A./Wenger, D./Petermann, J. -L/Czerwinski, J./Mosimann, T./Kasper, M./Mayer, A.
Homazava, N./Ulrich, A./ Micro-capillary system coupled to ICP-MS as a novel technique for investigation of micro-corrosionTrottmann, M./Krähenbühl, U. processes. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2007, 22(9), 1122–1130 (joint paper) �
Hugener, M./Emmenegger, L./ Emissions of tar-containing binders: A laboratory study. Journal of Environmental Science andMattrel, P. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2007, 42(3), 241–247
(joint paper) �
Iozza, S./Müller, C./Schmid, P./ Historical Profile of Chlorinated Paraffins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Sediment Core fromBogdal, C./Oehme, M. Lake Thun (Switzerland). 27th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic
Pollutants – DIOXIN 2007, Tokyo, Japan, 2007, 4pp
Iozza, S./Müller, C.E./Bogdal, C./ Chlorinated Paraffins in the Alpine Region. International Symposium on Persistent OrganicSchmid, P./Oehme, M./Bassan, R./ Pollutants in Mountainous Areas, Salzburg, Austria, 2007, 2 ppBelis, C./Jakobi, G./Kirchner, M./Schramm, K.-W./Sedivy, I./Kräuchi, N./Uhl, M./Moche, W./Offenthaler, I./Weiss, P./Simončič, P.
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Mayer, A./Kasper, M./ Nanoparticle-emission of EURO 4 and EURO 5 HDV compared to EURO 3 with and without DPF.Mosimann, T./Legerer, F./ SAE Technical Paper, Vol. 2089, Sae World Congress & Exhibition, Emissions Measurement andCzerwinski, J./Emmenegger, L./ Testing, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 2007, 335–343 (joint paper)Mohn, J./Ulrich, A./Kirchen, P.
Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Fe(OH)6]2(SO4)3 26H2O). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007,Rose, J./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ (joint paper) �Kretzschmar, R.
Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite and its solid solution with Al-ettringite. 12th International Congress onWinnefeld, F./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, Canada, 2007, 12 pp (joint paper)Kretzschmar, R.
Müller, C. E. Historical record of chlorinated paraffins and other persistent organic pollutants in the sedimentsof Lake Thun. Diploma thesis, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 50 pp
Naef, M. Are the gonad abnormalities in whitefish from Lake Thun linked to elevated concentrations ofpersistent organic pollutants. Diploma thesis, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 46 pp
Schmid, P./Kohler, M./Gujer, E./ Persistent organic pollutants, brominated flame retardants and synthetic musks in fish fromZennegg, M./Lanfranchi, M. remote alpine lakes in Switzerland. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), S16–S21 �
Schmidt, T./Lothenbach, B./ Conditions for Thaumasite formation. 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,Scrivener, K. L./Romer, M./ Montréal, Canada, July 8–13, 2007, 12 pp (joint paper)Rentsch, D./Figi, R.
Senn, M./Eschenlohr, L. Ore-slag-iron. What can we learn from the early medieval smithes in the Central Jura, Switzerland.2nd International Conference on Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Aquileia, Italy, June 17–21, pp 10
Ulrich, A./ Wichser, A./Figi, R./ Identification of storage and release effects of SOx artefacts on DPF systems after long-term use,Heeb, N. V./Neubert, T/ Conference Proceedings of the 11th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesCzerwinski, J./Mayer, A. 2007, 67-1-67-13
Ulrich, A./Barrelet, T./ Spatially resolved plant physiological analysis using LA-HR-ICP-MS. Chimia 2007, 61(3), 111 �
Krähenbühl, U.
Vikan, H./Justnes, H./ Correlating cement characteristics with rheology of paste. Cement and Concrete Research 2007,Winnefeld, F./Figi, R. 37(11), 1502–1511 (joint paper) �
Vital, A./Richter, J./Figi, R./ One-step flame synthesis of ultrafine SiO2-C nanocomposite particles with high carbon loadingNagel, O./Aneziris, C. G./ and their carbothermal conversion. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2007, 46(12),Bernardi, J./Graule, T. J. 4273–4281 (joint paper) �
Wenger, D./Gerecke, A. C./ Diesel Pariculate Traps Reduce the Emission of Endocrine Disruptors. SETAC Europe 17th AnnualHeeb, N.V./Zennegg, M./ Meeting, Porto, Portugal, 2007, pp 336Kohler, M./Nägeli, H./Zenobi, R.
Zennegg, M./Kohler, M./ The historical record of PCB and PCDD/F deposition at Greifensee, a lake of the Swiss plateau,Hartmann, P. C./Sturm, M./ between 1848 and 1999. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), 1754–1761 (joint paper) �Gujer, E./Schmid, P./Gerecke, A. C./Heeb, N. V./Kohler, H. P. E./Giger, W.
Air Pollution/ Alfarra, M. R./Prevot, A. S. H./ Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions.Environmental Technology Szidat, S./Sandradewi, J./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5770–5777 (joint paper) �
Weimer, S./Lanz, V. A./Schreiber, D./Mohr, M./Baltensperger, U.
Bottenheim, J./Brenninkmeijer, C./ WMO/GAW expert workshop on global long-term measurements of volatile organic compoundsHelmig, D./Lewis, A./Oram, D./ (VOCs). GAW Report No. 171, 2007, 31 ppPenkett, S./Plass-Dülmer, C./Rappenglück, B./Reimann, S./Steinbrecher, R./Barrie, L. A./Nickovic, S. A.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Bukowiecki, N./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich (Switzerland):Lienemann, P./Zwicky, C. N./ Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4),Buchmann, B./Weingartner, E./ 878–889 (joint paper) �Baltensperger, U.
Cavegn, A. Optimierung und Validierung der EC/OC-Bestimmung mittels der Thermo-Optischen MethodeMASTERARBEIT ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 64 pp
CollaudCoen, M./Weingartner, E./ Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal ofNyeki, S./Cozic, J./Henning, S./ Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(13) �Verheggen, B./Gehrig, R./Baltensperger, U.
Derwent, R. G./Simmonds, P. G./ The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under theGreally, B. R./O'doherty, S./ Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch,McCulloch, A./Manning, A./ Switzerland from 1994 to 2004. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4), 757–767 �
Reimann, S./Folini, D./Vollmer, M. K.
Emmenegger, C./Reinhardt, A./ Evaporative light scattering: A novel detection method for the quantitative analysis of humic-likeHüglin, C./Zenobi, R./Kalberer, M. substances in aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(7), 2473–2478 �
Eugster, W./Zeyer, K./Zeeman, M./ Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laserMichna, P./Zingg, A./ spectrometery over a Swiss forest. Biogeo Sciences 2007, 4(5), 927–939 �
Buchmann, N./Emmenegger, L.
Fenner, K./Lanz, V. A./ Relating atrazine degradation rate in soil to environmental conditions: Implications for global fateScheringer, M./Borsuk, M. E. modeling. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(8), 2840–2846 �
Fierz, M./Kaegi, R./Burtscher, H. Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of a Portable Electrostatic TEM Sampler. Aerosol Scienceand Technology 2007, 41(5), 520–528 �
Fierz, M./Vernooij, M. G. C./ An improved low-flow thermodenuder. Journal of Aerosol Science 2007, 38(11), 1163–1168 �
Burtscher, H.
Gehrig, R./Hill, M./Lienemann, P./ Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. AtmosphericZwicky, C. N./Bukowiecki, N./ Environment 2007, 41(5), 923–933 (joint paper) �Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U./Buchmann, B.
Greally, B. R./Manning, A. J./ Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–Reimann, S./McCulloch, A./ 2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research D:Huang, J./Dunse, B. L./ Atmospheres 2007, 112(6) �Simmonds, P. G./Prinn, R. G./Fraser, P. J./Cunnold, D. M./O'Doherty, S./Porter, L. W./Stemmler, K./Vollmer, M. K./Lunder, C. R./Schmidbauer, N./Hermansen, O./Arduini, J./Salameh, P. K./Krummel, P. B./Wang, R. H. J./Folini, D./Weiss, R. F./Maione, M./Nickless, G./Stordal, F./Derwent, R. G.
Heeb, N. V./Zennegg, M./Gujer, E./ Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper-induced formation of PCDD/Fs.Honegger, P./Zeyer, K./Gfeller, U./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5789–5794 (joint paper) �Wichser, A./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Emmenegger, L./Ulrich, A./Wenger, D./Petermann, J. -L/Czerwinski, J./Mosimann, T./Kasper, M./Mayer, A.
Hugener, M./Emmenegger, L./ Emissions of tar-containing binders: A laboratory study. Journal of Environmental Science andMattrel, P. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2007, 42(3), 241–247
(joint paper) �
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Huntrieser, H./Schlager, H./ Lightning-produced NOx over Brazil during TROCCINOX: Airborne measurements in tropical andRoiger, A./Lichtenstern, M./ subtropical thunderstorms and the importance of mesoscale convective systems. AtmosphericSchumann, U./Kurz, C./Brunner, D./Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(11), 2987–3013 �
Schwierz, C./Richter, A./Stohl, A.
Kaiser, A./Scheifinger, H./ Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere WatchSpangl, W./Weiss, A./Gilge, S./ stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), SonnblickFricke, W./Ries, L./Cemas, D./ (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia). Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9273–9287. �Jesenovec, B.
Krankowsky, D./Lämmerzahl, P./ Stratospheric ozone isotope fractionations derived from collected samples. Journal of GeophysicalMauersberger, K./Janssen, C./ Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(8) �Tuzson, B./Röckmann, T.
Lanz, V. A./Alfarra, M. R./ Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analyticalBaltensperger, U./Buchmann, B./ modelling of aerosol mass spectra. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(6), 1503–1522 �
Hüglin, C./Prévôt, A. S. H.
Legreid, G. Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOCs) in Switzerland: From the Boundary Layer to theUnpolluted Troposphere DISS 16982, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2006, 138 pp
Legreid, G./Loov, J. B./Staehelin, J./ Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) at an urban background site in Zurich (Europe):Hueglin, C./Hill, M./Buchmann, B./ Seasonal variation and source allocation. Atmospheric Environment 41(38): 8409–8423. �Prevot, A. S. H./Reimann, S.
Legreid, G./Reimann, S./ Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a Swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transportSteinbacher, M./Staehelin, J./ emissions. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(20), 7060–7066 �
Young, D./Stemmler, K.
Liu, L./Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S./ A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the PoKeller, J./Ordóñez, C./ basin. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112, article no. D22303, 16 pp �
Junkermann, W./Hak, C./Braathen, G. O./Reimann, S./Astorga-Llorens, C./Schultz, M./Prévôt, A. S. H./Isaksen, I. S. A.
Lorenzo, R. Sources and characteristics of fine and ultrafine particles in ambient air. Dissertation 1556,Universität Freiburg, Switzerland, 2007, 111 pp
Lorenzo, R./Kaegi, R./Gehrig, R./ A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particlesScherrer, L./Grobéty, B./ for microscopic analysis. Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41(10), 934–943 �
Burtscher, H.
Mäder, J. A./Stähelin, J./ Statistical modeling of total ozone: Selection of appropriate explanatory variables. Journal ofBrunner, D./Stahel, W. A./ Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(11) �Wohltmann, I./Peter, T.
Mayer, A./Kasper, M./ Nanoparticle-emission of EURO 4 and EURO 5 HDV compared to EURO 3 with and without DPF.Mosimann, T./Legerer, F./ SAE Technical Paper, Vol. 2089, Sae World Congress & Exhibition, Emissions Measurement andCzerwinski, J./Emmenegger, L./ Testing, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 335–343 (joint paper)Mohn, J./Ulrich, A./Kirchen, P.
Mohn, J./Werner, R. A./ High-precision δ13CO2 analysis by FTIR spectroscopy using a novel calibration strategy. Journal ofBuchmann, B./Emmenegger, L. Molecular Structure 2007, 834–836(SPEC. ISS.), 95–101 �
Neftel, A./Flechard, C./ Experimental assessment of N2O background fluxes in grassland systems. Tellus, Series B:Ammann, C./Conen, F./ Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2007, 59(3), 470–482 �
Emmenegger, L./Zeyer, K.
Ordóñez, C./Brunner, D./ Strong influence of lowermost stratospheric ozone on lower tropospheric background ozoneStähelin, J./Hadjinicolaou, P./ changes over Europe. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34(7) �Pyle, J. A./Jonas, M./Wernli, H./Prévot, A. S. H.
Reimann, S./Lewis, A. Anthropogenic VOCs. In: Koppmann, R. (Ed.), Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere,Blackwell, 2007, 33–81
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Reynolds-Henne, C. E./ Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino,Siegwolf, R. T. W./Treydte, K. S./ Switzerland). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2007, 21, article no. GB4009, 12 pp �
Esper, J./Henne, S./Saurer, M.
Schaub, D./Brunner, D./ SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzerland: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of theBoersma, K. F./Keller, J./Folini, D./ complex Alpine topography on the retrieval. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(23): 5971–5987. �Buchmann, B./Berresheim, H./Staehelin, J.
Schnadt, P. C./Staehelin, J./ A UT/LS ozone climatology of the nineteen seventies deduced from the GASP aircraftBrunner, D./Thouret, V./ measurement program. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(22): 5917–5936. �Mohnen, V.
Steinbacher, M./Fischer, A./ Perennial observations of molecular hydrogen (H2) at a suburban site in Switzerland. AtmosphericVollmer, M. K./Buchmann, B./ Environment 2007, 41(10), 2111–2124 �
Reimann, S./Hüglin, C.
Steinbacher, M./Zellweger, C./ Nitrogen oxide measurements at rural sites in Switzerland: Bias of conventional measurementSchwarzenbach, B./Bugmann, S./ techniques. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(11) �Buchmann, B./Ordóñez, C./Prevot, A. S. H./Hueglin, C.
Steinle, P./Lorenzo, R. Messung von ultrafeinen Aerosolen an Schweissarbeitsplätzen. Schweisstechnik 2007, 96(4),12–15
Stemmler, K./Folini, D./Ubl, S./ European emissions of HFC-365mfc, a chlorine-free substitute for the foam blowing agentsVollmer, M. K./Reimann, S./ HCFC-141b and CFC-11. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(4), 1145–1151 �
O'Doherty, S./Greally, B. R./Simmonds, P. G./Manning, A. J.
Tanimoto, H./Mukai, H./Sawa, Y./ Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy andMatsueda, H./Yonemura, S./ implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia. J. Environ. Monit. 9(11): 1183–Wang, T./Poon, S./Wong, A./ 1193. �Lee, G./Jung, J. Y./Kim, K. R./Lee, M. H./Lin, N. H./Wang, J. L./Ou-Yang, C. F./Wu, C. F./Akimoto, H./Pochanart, P./Tsuboi, K./Doi, H./Zellweger, C./Klausen, J.
Vollmer, M. K./Juergens, N./ Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) from a tunnel study. AtmosphericSteinbacher, M./Reimann, S./ Environment 2007, 41(37), 8355–8369 (joint paper) �Weilenmann, M./Buchmann, B.
Wohltmann, I./Lehmann, R./ A process-oriented regression model for column ozone. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 112(D12). �Rex, M./Brunner, D./Mader, J. A.
Zanis, P./Ganser, A./Zellweger, C./ Seasonal variability of measured ozone production efficiencies in the lower free troposphere ofHenne, S./Steinbacher, M./ Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(1), 223–236 �
Staehelin, J.
Hydrogen & Energy Borgschulte, A./Bösenberg, U./ Enhanced hydrogen sorption kinetics of magnesium by destabilized MgH2 d. Catalysis Today 2007,Barkhordarian, G./Dornheim, M./ 120, 262–269 �
Bormann, R.
Borgschulte, A./Rector, J. H./ Electrohydrogenation of MgH2 -thin films. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(7) �Schreuders, H./Dam, B./Griessen, R.
Bösenberg, U./Doppiu, S./ Hydrogen sorption properties of MgH2–LiBH4 composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55, 3951–3958�
Mosegaard, L./Barkhordarian, G./Eigen, N./Borgschulte, A./Jensen, T. R./Cerenius, Y./Gutfleisch, O./Klassen, Th./Dornheim, M./Bormann, R.
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Empa Activities 2007Publications
Gremaud, R./Broedersz, C. P./ Hydrogenography: An optical combinatorial method to find new light-weight hydrogen-storageBorsa, D. M./Borgschulte, A./ materials. Advanced Materials 2007, 19(19), 2813–2817 �
Mauron, P./Schreuders, H./Rector, J. H./Dam, B./Griessen, R.
Li, H. -W./Orimo, S./Nakamori, Y./ Materials designing of metal borohydrides: Viewpoints from thermodynamical stabilities. JournalMiwa, K./Ohba, N./Towata, S./ of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446–447, 315–318 �
Züttel, A.
Miwa, K./Ohba, N./Towata, S. - I./ First-principles study on thermodynamical stability of metal borohydrides: Aluminum borohydrideNakamori, Y./Züttel, A./ Al(BH4)3. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446–447, 310–314 �
Orimo, S. - I.
Orimo, S. I./Nakamori, Y./ Complex hydrides for hydrogen storage. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107(10), 4111–4132 �
Eliseo, J. R./Züttel, A./Jensen, C. M.
Riktor, M. D./Sørby, M. H./ In situ synchrotron diffraction studies of phase transitions and thermal decomposition ofChłopek, K./Fichtner, M./ Mg(BH4)2 and Ca(BH4)2, Journal of Materials Chemistry 2007, 17, 4939–4942 �
Buchter, F./Züttel, A./Hauback, B. C.
Rongeat, C./Llamas-Jansa, I./ Determination of the heat of hydride formation/decomposition by high-pressure differentialDoppiu, S./Deledda, S./ scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC). Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2007, 111, 13301–13306 �
Borgschulte, A./Schultz, L./Gutfleisch, O.
Stoltz, D./Bielmann, M./Bovet, M./ Tunneling evidence for spatial location of the charge-density-wave induced band splitting in 1T-TaSchlapbach, L./Berger, H. Se2. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 76(7) (joint paper) �
Zbigniew, L. Surface Verwey transition in magnetite. Physical Review Letters 2007, 99, article no. 206402, 4 pp�
Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage and distribution systems. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for GlobalChange 2007, 12(3), 323–345
Züttel, A./Borgschulte, A./ Tetrahydroborates as new hydrogen storage materials. Scripta Materialia 2007, 56(10), 823–828 �
Orimo, S. I.
Internal Combustion Dimopoulos, P./Bach, C./ Ceramic Foams as Catalyst Substrates: Pre-catalyst Application Homogenising the Exhaust FlowEngines Vogt, U. F./Herrmann, K. upstream of Aftertreatment Devices. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-24-0097. 8th International
Conference on Engines for Automobile ICE2007, Capri, Naples, Italy, 2007
Alfarra, M. R./Prevot, A. S. H./ Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions.Szidat, S./Sandradewi, J./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5770–5777 (joint paper) �Weimer, S./Lanz, V. A./Schreiber, D./Mohr, M./Baltensperger, U.
Alvarez, R./Favez, J. Y./ Tracing of road traffic emissions. Measurement data completion on reference year 2000. GasolineWeilenmann, M. passenger cars Euro-4. Standard program. Empa Untersuchungsbericht 203270g, Dübendorf, 2007,
55 pp
Bach, Ch. Emissionsvergleich verschiedener Antriebsarten in aktuellen Personenwagen – Untersuchung derEmissionen von aktuellen Personenwagen mit konventionellen und direkt-eingespritzten Benzin-motoren, Dieselmotoren mit und ohne Partikelfilter, sowie Erdgasmotoren. Empa Studie, 2007
Bae, M. S./Demerjian, K. L./ Intercomparison of real time ammonium measurements at urban and rural locations in New York.Schwab, J. J./Weimer, S./Hou, J./ Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41(3), 329–341 �
Zhou, X. L./Rhoads, K./Orsini, D.
Bruehlmann, S./Novak, P./ Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study. Applied Catalysis B:Lienemann, P./Trottmann, M./ Environmental 2007, 70(1–4), 276–283 (joint paper) �Gfeller, U./Zwicky, C. N./Bommer, B./Huber, H./Wolfensberger, M./Heeb, N. V.
Dimopoulos, P./Boulouchos, K./ Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in Passenger Car Engines. SAERechsteiner, C./Soltic, P./Hotz, R. Technical Paper Series 2007-24-0065. 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobile
ICE2007, Capri, Naples, Italy, 2007
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Dimopoulos, P./Rechsteiner, C./ Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-naturalSoltic, P./Lämmle, C./ gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32(14),Boulouchos, K. 3073–3083 �
Drewnick, F./Schneider, J./ Measurement of ambient, interstitial, and residual aerosol particles on a mountaintop site inHings, S. S./Hock, N./Noone, K./ central Sweden using an aerosol mass spectrometer and a CVI. Journal of Atmospheric ChemistryTargino, A./Weimer, S./ 2007, 56(1), 1–20 �
Borrmann, S.
Kasper, A./Aufdenblatten, S./ Particulate emissions from a low-speed marine diesel engine. Aerosol Science and TechnologyForss, A./Mohr, M./Burtscher, H. 2007, 41(1), 24–32 �
Messerer, A./Schmatloch, V./ Combined particle emission reduction and heat recovery from combustion exhaust-A novelPöschl, U./Niessner, R. approach for small wood-fired appliances. Biomass and Bioenergy 2007, 31(7), 512–521 �
Rüdy, C./Weimer, S. Nachrüst-Partikelfilter für Diesel-Personenwagen. Empa Untersuchungsbericht 441179, Dübendorf,Schweiz, 2006, 17 pp
Salcedo, D./Onasch, T. B./ Technical Note: Use of a beam width probe in an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer to monitor particleCanagaratna, M. R./Dzepina, K./ collection efficiency in the field. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(2), 549–556 �
Huffman, J. A./Jayne, J. T./Worsnop, D. R./Kolb, C. E./Weimer, S./Drewnick, F./Allan, J. D./Delia, A. E./Jimenez, J. L.
Schreiber, D./Forss, A. -M./ Particle Characterisation of Modern CNG,Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars. SAE Technical PaperMohr, M./Dimopoulos, P. Series 2007-24-0123. 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobile ICE2007, Capri,
Naples, Italy, 2007
Stilli, J./Weilenmann, M. Nachführung der Emissionsgrundlagen Strassenverkehr. Ergänzung der Messdaten auf dasBezugsjahr 2000, Diesel Personenwagen Euro-3, Standardprogramm. Empa Untersuchungsbericht203270f, Dübendorf, Schweiz, 2006, 59 pp
Vollmer, M. K./Juergens, N./ Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) from a tunnel study. AtmosphericSteinbacher, M./Reimann, S./ Environment 2007, 41, 8355–8369 (joint paper) �Weilenmann, M./Buchmann, B.
Solid State Chemistry Aguiar, R./Lee, Y./Domen, K./ Advances in oxynitride perovskites: synthesis and photocatalytic applications. In: Lin, P.B. (Ed.),and Catalysis Kalytta, A./Logvinovich, D./ Ceramic materials research trends. , Nova Publishers, 2007, 35 pp
Weidenkaff, A./Reller, A./Ebbinghaus, S. G.
Aguiar, R./Weidenkaff, A./ Synthesis and properties of oxynitrides (La,Sr)Ti(O,N)3 thin films. Progress in Solid StateSchneider, C. W./Reller, A./ Chemistry 2007, 35(2-4 SPEC. ISS.), 291–298 �
Ebbinghaus, S. G.
Aguirre, M. H./Robert, R./ Synthesis, crystal structure, and microstructure analysis of perovskite-type compoundsLogvinovich, D./Weidenkaff, A. LnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy). Inorganic Chemistry 2007, 46(7),
2744–2750 �
Bocher, L./Aguirre, M. H./ Chimie douce synthesis and thermochemical characterization of mesoporous perovskite-typeRobert, R./Trottmann, M./ titanate phases. Thermochimica Acta 2007, 457(1–2), 11–19 �
Logvinovich, D./Hug, P./Weidenkaff, A.
Bruehlmann, S./Novak, P./ Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study. Applied Catalysis B:Lienemann, P./Trottmann, M./ Environmental 2007, 70(1–4), 276–283 (joint paper) �Gfeller, U./Zwicky, C. N./Bommer, B./Huber, H./Wolfensberger, M./Heeb, N. V.
Bukowiecki, N./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zu_rich (Switzerland):Lienemann, P./Zwicky, C. N./ Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4), 878–Buchmann, B./Weingartner, E./ 889 (joint paper) �Baltensperger, U.
162
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Canulescu, S./Lippert, Th/ The effect of the fluence on the properties of La-Ca-Mn-O thin films prepared by pulsed laserWokaun, A./Döbeli, M./ deposition. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253(19), 8174–8178 �
Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./Logvinovich, D.
Canulescu, S./Lippert, Th./ Preparation of epitaxial La0.6Ca0.4Mn1-xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.2) thin films: Variation of the oxygenWokaun, A./Robert, R./ content. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 241–248 �
Logvinovich, D./Weidenkaff, A./Döbeli, M./Schneider, M.
Endrino, J. L./Palacín, S./ Determination of the local environment of silicon and the microstructure of quaternary CrAl(Si)NAguirre, M. H./Gutiérrez, A./ films. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(6), 2129–2135 �
Schäfers, F.
Endrino, J. L./Palacín, S./ Study of the effects of Si addition on the properties of hard nanocomposite thin film. Paper 0976-Gutiérrez, A./Aguirre, M. H./ EE03-18. 5 ppSchäfers, F.
Gehrig, R./Hill, M./Lienemann, P./ Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. AtmosphericZwicky, C. N./Bukowiecki, N./ Environment 2007, 41(5), 923–933 (joint paper) �Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U./Buchmann, B.
Hannemann, S./Grunwaldt, J. -D/ Combination of flame synthesis and high-throughput experimentation: The preparation ofLienemann, P./Günther, D./ alumina-supported noble metal particles and their application in the partial oxidation of methane.Krumeich, F./Pratsinis, S. E./ Applied Catalysis A: General 2007, 316(2), 226–239 �
Baiker, A.
Heeb, N. V./Bernd Schweizer, W./ Crystal structure analysis of enantiomerically pure (+) and (-) β-hexabromocyclododecanes.Mattrel, P./Haag, R./Kohler, M. Chemosphere 2007, 66(8), 1590–1594 (joint paper) �
Heeb, N. V./Schweizer, W. B./ Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyMattrel, P./Haag, R./ clododecanes (HBCDs). Chemosphere 2007, 68(5), 940–950 (joint paper) �Gerecke, A. C./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Zennegg, M./Wolfensberger, M.
Heeb, N. V./Zennegg, M./Gujer, E./ Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper-induced formation of PCDD/Fs.Honegger, P./Zeyer, K./Gfeller, U./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5789–5794 (joint paper) �Wichser, A./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Emmenegger, L./Ulrich, A./Wenger, D./Petermann, J. -L/Czerwinski, J./Mosimann, T./Kasper, M./Mayer, A.
Homazava, N./Ulrich, A./ Micro-capillary system coupled to ICP-MS as a novel technique for investigation of micro-corrosionTrottmann, M./Krähenbühl, U. processes. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2007, 22(9), 1122–1130 (joint paper) �
Lippert, T./Montenegro, M. J./ Perovskite thin films deposited by pulsed laser ablation as model systems for electrochemicalDöbeli, M./Weidenkaff, A./ applications. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 221–231 �
Müller, S./Willmott, P. R./Wokaun, A.
Logvinovich, D./Aguiar, R./ Synthesis, Mo-valence state, thermal stability and thermoelectric properties of SrMoO3-xNx (x>1)Robert, R./Trottmann, M./ oxynitride perovskites. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 2007, 180(10), 2649–2654 �
Ebbinghaus, S. G./Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A.
Logvinovich, D./Börger, A./ Synthesis and physical chemical properties of Ca-substituted LaTiO2N. Progress in Solid StateDöbeli, M./Ebbinghaus, S. G./ Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 281–290 �
Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A.
Louis-Schmid, B./Rais, P./ Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: A case study from a Late JurassicLogvinovich, D./ hemipelagic section. Terra Nova 2007, 19(4), 259–265 �
Bernasconi, S. M./Weissert, H.
SCI = �
SCIE = �
SSCI = �
163
Empa Activities 2007Publications
Luster, J./Zimmermann, S./ Heavy metals in Swiss forest soils: modification of lithogenic and anthropogenic contents byZwicky, C. N./Lienemann, P./ pedogenetic processes, and implications for ecological risk assessment. In: Anonymous FunctionBlaser, P. of soils for human societies and the environment. Geological Society Special Publication 266,
2006, 63–77
Marozau, I./Döbeli, M./Lippert, T./ One-step preparation of N-doped strontium titanate films by pulsed laser deposition. AppliedLogvinovich, D./Mallepell, M./ Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 2007, 89(4), 933–940 �
Shkabko, A./Weidenkaff, A./Wokaun, A.
Robert, R. Synthesis, structure and thermoelectric properties of cobaltate phases. Dissertation, 2007
Robert, R./Aguirre, M. H./Hug, P./ High-temperature thermoelectric properties of Ln(Co, Ni)O3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd and Dy)Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A. compounds. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(15), 4965–4972 �
Robert, R./Bocher, L./Sipos, B./ Ni-doped cobaltates as potential materials for high temperature solar thermoelectric converters.Döbeli, M./Weidenkaff, A. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 447–455 �
Weidenkaff, A./Aguirre, M./ The Development of Thermoelectric Oxides with Perovskite-Type Structures for Alternative EnergyBocher, L./Trottmann, M./ Technologies. The American Ceramic Society, Proceedings of the 31st International Conference onRobert, R. Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Daytona Beach, Florida, 2007, pp 501–509
Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./ Nanostructured thermoelectric oxides with low thermal conductivity. Physica status solidi (RRL)Aguirre, M. H./Bocher, L./ Rapid Research Letters 2007, 1(6), 247–249 (joint paper) �Schlapbach, L.
Zennegg, M./Kohler, M./ The historical record of PCB and PCDD/F deposition at Greifensee, a lake of the Swiss plateau,Hartmann, P. C./Sturm, M./ between 1848 and 1999. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), 1754–1761 (joint paper) �Gujer, E./Schmid, P./Gerecke, A. C./Heeb, N. V./Kohler, H. P. E./Giger, W.
164
EMPA Activities 2002Conferences
Empa staff participate in many national and international scientificevents every year, either as organizers or guest speakers, or by presentingpeer-reviewed papers and/or peer-reviewed posters. Please note that the listbelow only represents a selection of these activities.
Advanced Materials and Surfaces
Corrosion and Eckermann, F./Uggowitzer, P. J./ In-Situ Microtomography of Locally Induced Current Controlled Corrosion on Aluminium Alloys,Materials Integrity Suter, T./Stampanoni, M./ 212th ECS Meeting, Washington, USA, 10-08 w
Schmutz, P.
Faller, M. Metalle und Umwelt – Verhalten von Blechen gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen, Spenglertag 2007,Suissetec, 03-14 w l
Faller, M. Nichtrostende Stähle für Sonderklimaten, 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung Befestigungsmittel imHochbau, gfkorr, Stuttgart, DE, 04-18 thru 19 n w l
Reiss, D. Is a rating of atmospheric zinc corrosion possible? 23rd Task Force meeting of ICP ECE WegMaterials, Paris, FR, 03-13 l
Schmutz, P. Corrosion Mechanisms and Protection of WE43 Alloy in «Biologically Relevant» Environments,212th ECS meeting, Washington, USA, 10-09 w l
Schmutz, P. Locally Resolved Characterization of Electrochemical Reactivity in Controlled nm thick ElectrolyteLayers, 212th ECS Meeting, Washington, USA, 10-09 w
Suter, T. Detection of Hydrogen in Ropes, OITAF-Meeting, Empa Dübendorf, 09-03 thru 04 w l
Suter, T./Eckermann, F./ Electrochemical Tools for Studies on the Micrometer and Submicrometer Level, InternationalStampanoni, M. Society of Electrochemistry, 58th Annual meeting, Banff, CA, 09-09 thru 14 w l
Zgraggen, M./Suter, T. Bewertung von Korrosion an Tragseilen, OITAF-Meeting, Empa, Dübendorf, 03-09 thru 04 w l
Functional Polymers Araujo de Castro, F./Borin, J./ Polymer-dye as a new low dose gamma radiation dosimeter, Euromat 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 09-10Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ thru 13 w
Graeff, C. F. O.
Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Influence of thickness on the laser ablation of a triazene polymer. E-MRS conference Strasbourg,Lippert, T./Wokaun, A./ FR, 05-28 thru 06-01 w
Lukyanchuk, B.
Heier, J. Strukturierung von Polymeren, Mikro- und Nano-technologie für die MEM-Industrie, EmpaWorkshopreihe Herbst 2007, 11-06 w l
Heier, J./Castro, F./Nüesch, F./ Interface control in organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells by phase separation processes, SPIEHany, R. Optics + Photonics, San Diego, USA, 08-26 thru 30 w
Löwe, Ch. Oxidation Induction Time Measurements on Polyethylen/Ethylenevinylacetate BlendsChemilumineszenz Symposium, Burgdorf, 11-20 w l
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
165
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Nagel, M./Fardel, R./Feurer, P./ Photopolymer films as absorbing sacrificil layers applied for UV-laser-Induced forward transferNüesch, F./Lippert, T./Wokaun, A. (LIFT). COLA – 9th International Symposium on Laser Ablation, Tenerife, ES, 09-24 thru 28 w
Nagel, M./Fardel, R./Nüesch, F./ Novel applications of aryltriazene photopolymers as absorbing sacrificial layers for laser-assistedLippert, T. forward transfer of sensitive materials. IUPAC 3rd International Symposium on Novel Materials
and Synthesis (NMS-III) and 17th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and FunctionalPolymers (FCFP-XVII), Shanghai, CN, 10-17 thru 21 w l
Nüesch, F. DSC approval- Testing benchmarks for reliable products, NanoEurope and DSC IC InternationalConference, St. Gallen, 09-11 thru 13 w l
Nüesch, F. Solar Cells based on Photographic Dyes, 3rd Plastic Electronics Conference, Frankfurt, DE, 09-29thru 30 w l
Nüesch, F. Photovoltaik an der Empa, Von heutigen zu zukünftigen Materialien, 7. Nationale PhotovoltaikTagung, Luzern, 11-09 w l
High Performance Barna, E. Effect of organosilane grafted nanoparticles on the nano scratch resistance of polyurethane clearCeramics coatings, ICCE15, 15th Annual Int. Conference on Composites/Nano Engineering, Haikou, CN,
07-06 thru 21 w
Bayraktar, D. Properties of B-site substituted La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-σ, perovskites for application in oxygen separationmembranes, Int. Conference on Electroceramics, Arusha, TZ, 07-31 thru 08-03 w
Blugan, G. Oxidation and Corrosion of Silicon Nitride at 1200°C and 1500°C, 5th China Int. Conference onHigh Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province, CN, 05-10 thru 13 w
Braun, A. Impact on ferrocene on the structure of diesel soot, European Aerosol Conference, Salzburg, AT,09-09 thru 14 w
Clemens, F. Piezoelectric characterisation on PZT-single fibres and correlation with AFC-structures,International Symposium on Piezocomposite Applications (SPA 2007), Dresden, DE, 09-27 thru 28w l
Duval, S. Effect of minor element addition on the electrical properties of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ, Conference SolidState Ionics SSI-16, Shanghai, CN, 07-01 thru 06 w
Graule, T. Synthesis of porous ceramic materials and their application in bacteria and virus filtration, ECers,10th Int. Conference, Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, DE, 06-17 thru 21 w l
Heel, A. Flame Spray Synthesis of Nanostructured Perovskite-Composites for Fuel Cell Applications,European Aerosol Conference 2007, Salzburg, AT, 09-09 thru 14 w
Heiber, J. Influence of varying the powder loading content on the homogenity and properties of extrudedpzt-fibres, 5th China Int. Conference on High Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province,CN, 05-10 thru 13 w
Holtappels, P. Development of oxide ceramics for application in solid oxide fuel cells, IUPAC Conference onNovel Materials and Synthesis III and Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers XVIII ((NMS-III &FCFP XVIII), Shanghai, CN, 10-17 thru 21 w l
Kübler, J. Development of ceramic composites for industrial wood cutting tools, 5th China Int. Conferenceon High Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province, CN, 05-10 thru 13 w l
Kübler, J. Development of ceramic composites for industrial wood cutting tools, ECers, 10th Int. Conference,Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, DE, 06-17 thru 21 w l
Michalow, K. Flame Spray Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Wox-Tio2Nanoparticles, The 12th Interna-tional Conference on TiO2 Photocatalysis: Fundamentals & Applications, New York, USA, 09-24thru 27 w
Vogt, U. Nitrogen Bounded Silicon Carbide Foam Composites for High Temperature Porous Burner Systems,Conference High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (HTCMC), New Delhi, IN, 09-04 thru 07w l
Joining and Interface Dong, Z. Z./Klotz, U. E. Excellent shape recovery of Fe-Mn-Si based alloys with V(C,N) precipitation, SMST 2007, Tsukuba,Technology JP, 12-02 thru 05 w l
166
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Duarte, L. I./Klotz, U. E./ Experimental study of the Fe-Ni-Ti system at 800°C and 1000°C, COST Action 535, Thalu FinalLeinenbach, C./Löffler, J. F. conference, Interlaken, 10-21 thru 24 w
Elsener, H. R./Klotz, U. E. Active brazing filler metals containing TiC nanoparticles formed by in-situ decomposition oforganic binder systems, Löt07 -8th International Conference on Brazing, High Temperature Brazingand Diffusion Welding, Aachen, DE, 06-19 thru 24 w
Janczak-Rusch, J. Design, brazing and characterization of metal-ceramic joints, XVIIIth Physical Metallurgy andMaterials Science Conference AMT 2007 (Advanced Materials and Technology), Jachranka, PL,06-19 w l
Janczak-Rusch, J. PhD programmes in material science: International PhD School for High Performance MaterialsAimed at Sustainable and Environmentally Compatible Applications, XII Workshop of PolishMaterials Society, Augustow, PL, 09-04 w l
Klotz, U. E./Elsener, H. -R./Liu, C./ Active Brazed Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride – Interfacial Nanostructure and Applications, IVKhalid, F. A. International Materials Symposium – A Materials Science Forum, Porto, PT, 04-01 thru 04 w l
Leinenbach, C./Gelder, N./ Shielding gas brazing of martensitic stainless steel with copper free silver based filler metals,Klotz, U. E. Löt07-8th International Conference on Brazing, High Temperature Brazing and Diffusion Welding,
Aachen, DE, 06-19 thru 24 w
Roth, M./Janzcak, J./Klotz, U. E./ New concepts in brazing technology, Forum of Technology – Turbine Forum 2007, Nizza,Leinenbach, C. FR, 04-17 thru 20 w l
Roth, M./Liu, C./Klotz, U./ Application of CALPHAD Modelling in Joining Technology, International Conference of Non-Leinenbach, C. ferrous Materials, Changsha, CN, 11-25 thur 30 w l
Sivasubramaniam, V./ Composite lead-free solders: design and process optimization, Euromat 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 09-10 w
Janczak-Rusch, J./Botsis, J.
Materials Processing Hadad, M. Wear performance of sandwich structured WC-Co-Cr thermally sprayed coatings using differentand Characterization intermediate layers, Wear of Materials WOM, Montréal, CA, 04-15 w l
Leparoux, M. Synthèse par plasma thermique de nanopoudres de carbures – SiC et TiCN, Science et Technologiedes Poudres & Poudres et Matériaux Frittes (STP2007), Ecole des Mines d'Albi, FR, 05-24 w
Siegmann, S. Synthesis of Phase and Size Controlled Nanopowders using RF Thermal Plasmas, InternationalPlasma Conference, Sharm El Sheikh, EG, 01-14 thru 18 w l
Siegmann, S. Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,International Thermal Spray Conference 2007, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, CN, 05-15 w
Siegmann, S. First Application and Case Studies of EN 15340 Shear Test in the Field of Automotive, Aircraft, andMedicine, AGV 7 Arbeitskreis, Berlin, DE, 10-25 w l
Vaucher, S. Real-time Temperature and Phase Transformation during Microwave processing of AluminiumCopper Iron by Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, 11th International Conference on Microwave andHigh Frequency Heating, Oradea, RO, 09-03 thru 06 w
Mechanics of Micro- Bidiville, A./Wasmer, K./ Towards the Correlation of Mechanical Properties and Sawing Parameters of Silicon Wafers, 22ndMaterials and Michler, J./Ballif, Ch./ European Photovoltaic Solar Energy & Exhibition, Mailand, IT, 09-03 thru 07 F
Nanostructures Van der Meer, M./Nasch, P.
Hohl, M./Nelis, T./Michler, J./ New tool for fast and precise chemical analysis of thin oxide layers: pulsed rf-glow-dischargeTanner, Ch./Gonin, M./Fuhrer, K. time-of-flight mass spectrometry, ECASIA 2007, Brüssel, BE, 09-09 thru 14 F
Miyazoe, H./Terashima, K./ Focused electron beam induced etching and in-situ monitoring: Fabrication of sub-beam sizedMichler, J./Utke, I. nanoholes, 20th International Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conference, Kyoto, JP, 11-05
thru 08 F
Moser, B. Micromechanics Inside the SEM: What Can We Learn From In-situ Experiments?, MRS FallMeeting, Boston, USA, 11-26 w l
Nelis, T. Current state of pulsed analytical discharges and their future use for GD-OES and GD-MS, ECASIA07, Brüssel, BE, 09-13 w
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
167
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Radice, S./Kern, P./Dittmann, R./ Bio-coatings with controlled porosity by electrophoretic deposition of TiO2-polystyrene compositeDietsch, H./Michler, J. particles, ESB 2007 – 21st European Conference on Biomaterials, Brighton, UK, 09-09 thru 13 F
Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K. Mechanical characterization of multilayer nitride coatings, The International Conference onMetallurgical Coatings and Thin Films ICMCTF, San Diego, USA, 04-23 thru 27 w
Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K. In-situ nanomechanical characterization of TiN/NbN, NbN/CrN and CrN/NbN coatings, MaterialsSociety Conference, Boston, USA, 11-26 thru 30 w
Schwaller, P. Determination of complete stress-strain curves of UV-LIGA materials from nanoindentationexperiments, 2nd Vienna International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Technology, Wien,AT, 03-14 thru 16 w
Schwaller, P. Determination of mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires by in-situ SEM experiments, Nanomech8 – 8th European Symposium on Nanomechanical Testing, Hückelhoven, DE, 09-03 thru 05 w
Utke, I./Friedli, V./Purrucker, M./ Scaling Laws for Resolution in FEB Induced Deposition, International Conference on Electron, Ion,Michler, J. and Photon Beams and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), Denver, USA, 05-30 thru 02-06 F
Wasmer, K./Bidiville, A./Michler, J./ Effect of Strength Test Method on Silicon Wafer Strength Measurements, 22nd EuropeanBallif, Ch./Van der Meer, M./ Photovoltaic Solar Energy & Exhibition, Mailand, IT, 09-03 thru 07 F
Nasch, P.
Nanoscale Materials Castaldi, L. E-MRS 2007, Strasbourg, FR, 05-31 w
ScienceEquey, S. Comparison of the behaviour of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and ashless additives on steel and
diamond-like carbon coatings, Leeds-Lyon Symposium, Lyon, FR, 09-07 w
Ernst, K. -H. Butandioc acid derivatives on Cu(110): Sergeants and soldiers, 2D enantiomorphism and surfaceexplosion / 233rd ACS National Meeting / Chicago, USA, 03-27 w l
Ernst, K. -H. World in a mirror: Chirality in the natural sciences, Habilitationsprobevorlesung, UniversityZurich, 05-24 w l
Hug, H. J. NIST, Washington, USA, 01-17 w l
Kappenberger, P./Schmid, I./ The Role of uncompensated spins in Exchange Bias, MMM 2007, Baltimore, USA, 09-01 w
Romer, S./Hug, H. J.
Keller, B. A. 1st Annual CCMX-Meeting, Fribourg, 20-03 w l
Marioni, M. A. INRIM, Torino, IT, 11-22 w l
Merz, L. et al. Reversible phase transition in buckybowl monolayers: STM study of corannulene on Cu(111),ECSCD-9, Vienna, AT, 09-03 w
Parlisnka-Wojtan, M. E-MRS Warschau, PL, 09-17 thru 21 n
Parschau, M. et al. Homochirality in racemic 2-dimensional organic crystals and the implication on 3-dimensionalchiral conglomerate formation, 3rd International Workshop on Surface Physics, Polanica Zdrój, PL,09-12 w
Patscheider, J. ICMCTF 2007, San Diego, USA, 04-23 n
Pélisson, A. ICMCTF 2007, San Diego, USA, 04-27 w
Roba, M. Lubrication of biomaterials used in hip implants, Nanotribology, Vietnam 2007, 03-26 w
Thai, Q./Dianoux, R./Hug H. J. ICNT+T 2007, Stockholm, Schweden, SE, 07-02 thru 06 w
nanotech@surfaces Cañas-Ventura, M. E. Exploiting template surface and end-group functionalities to guide the self-assembly of specificsupramolecular architectures, TNT2007, San Sebastian, ES, 09-05 w
Fasel, R. Molecular self-assembly on nanostructured template surfaces, Physics Seminar, InternationalUniversity of Bremen, Bremen, DE, 05-15 w l
Fasel, R. Molecular self-assembly on nanostructured template surfaces, International Conference onNanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007, Stockholm, SE, 07-05 w
168
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Gröning, P. Nanotechnologie: Innovationsmotor der Zukunft, Anlage-Apéro Baloise BankSoBa, Hotel Victoria,Basel, 03-15 w l
Gröning, P. Kunststoffe: Basis neuer Werkstoffe, 7. Ostschweizer Technologiesymposium, Olma Messe,St. Gallen, 08-24 w l
Gröning, P. Carbon Nanotubes: An Overview, ABB Research Laboratory, Dättwil, 09-07 w l
Gröning, O. Hydrogen Ion induced Modifications of Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes, Winterscool MaterialsScience TU Munich, DE, 02-26 thru 03-01 w l
Gröning, O. STM/STS study of the (10-100) 2-fold surface of the d-AlNiCo Quasicrystal, Int. Conference onNanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007, Stockholm, SE, 07-03 w
Mäder, R. Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy on the, (12110)2-fold d-AlNiCo Quasicrystalline Surface, Quasicrystals – The silver Jubilee, Tel Aviv, IL, 10-19 w
Passerone, D. Modelling oxygen influence on ceramics wettability by liquid metals: Ag-Al2O3, High TemperatureCeramics HTC 2007, Alicante, ES, 03-05 w
Ruffieux, P. Site-selective adsorption of molecules on Ag/Pt(111) strain relief pattern and investigation of thelocal electronic properties, International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007,Stockholm, SE, 07-04 w
Civil and Mechanical Engineering
Meier, U. What kind of future developments are needed?, fib-Conference Externally BondedReinforcement, Empa Akademie, Dubendorf, 01-18 w l
Meier, U. CFRP in Construction: Dreams versus Reality, Swiss Re Seminar Composite Materials, Swiss ReCentre for Global Dialogue Rüschlikon, 01-26 w l
Meier, U. Fibre Reinforced Polymers in Civil Structures: Future R&D Needs, Seminar of BASF UndergroundConstruction International, UGC Headquarters Zurich, 02-12 w l
Meier, U. The Swiss Experience with Carbon Fibre Composites in Sustainable Infrastructure, 2nd Interna-tional Conference on Recent Advances in Composite Materials (ICRACM), India Habitat Centre,New Delhi, IN, 02-22 w l
Meier, U. New opportrunities through the combination of FRP and timber, University of Cambridge,Engineering Department, Cambridge, UK, 03-08 w l
Meier, U. Thin thermoplastic CFRP tapes support wooden structures, COBRAE (Composite Bridge AllianceEurope) Conference 2007, University of Stuttgart, DE, 03-30 w l
Meier, U. Benefits of Composites in Civil Engineering: How are we ghoing from here?, COBRAE (CompositeBridge Alliance Europe) Conference 2007, University of Stuttgart, DE, 03-31 w l
Meier, U. Langzeiterfahrung bei der Verstärkung von Bauwerken mit kohlenstofffaserverstärktenPolymerbändern, Kongress zum Thema Instandsetzung von Infrastrukturbauten, ÖsterreichischerIngenieur und Architektenverein, Wien, AT, 04-27 w l
Meier, U. New Opportunities by Combination of FRP and Timber, 14. Internationales Techtextil-Symposiumfür Technische Textilien, Messe Frankfurt, DE, 06-13 w l
Meier, U. Advanced Thermoplastic CFRP Tendons, International Workshop on Thermoplastic MatrixComposites THEPLAC 2007, Grand Hotel Masseria Santa Lucia, Ostuni, Brindisi, IT, 06-28 w l
Meier, U. Is there a future for automated application of CFRP strips for post-strengthening?, Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structutres (FRPRCS-8), University of Patras, GR, 07-16 w l
Meier, U. State-of-the-art and future potential of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers for CivilEngineering, Seminar SGL Group – The Carbon Company, Meitingen, DE, 08-21 w l
Meier, U. Stork Bridge, U.S.-Europe Workshop on Long Term Bridge Performance, Empa Akademie,Dubendorf, 09-12 w l
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
169
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Meier, U. Worlds-First CFRP in Civil Engineering, Swiss CFR composites mission to England of the BritishEmbassy Berne, Weston Conference Centre Manchester University, UK, 10-04 w l
Meier, U. Kohlenstofffasern im Bauwesen, Seminar Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Muttenz,10-05 w l
Meier, U. Wrap up Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, The 3rd InternationalConference on Structural Healtmonitoring, Fairmont Waterfront Hotel, Vancouver, CA, 11-16 w l
Richner, P. Forschung – die Basis erfolgreicher Innovationen, Allianz der Bauindustrie, Zürich, 03-15 w l
Richner, P. CO2-optimiertes Bauen als Grundlage für die Zukunft Plenarversammlung bauenschweiz, Bern,11-15 w l
Building Technologies Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Parametric study on the dynamic heat storage capacity of building elements, 2nd PALENCHeiselberg, P. Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st
Century, Crete Island, GR, 09-27 thru 29 w
Frank, T. Climate Change Impacts on Building Indoor Environment and Energy Demand, CISBAT 2007Renewables in a Changing Climate – Innovation in the Built Environmen, Lausanne, 09-04 thru 05w l
Frank, T./Manz, H./ Validation procedures for transient temperature, load and energy calculations in buildingLoutzenhiser, P. simulation codes, 12th Symposium for Building Physics, Dresden, DE, 03-29 truh 31 w l
Frank, Th./Güttinger, H./ Thermal Comfort Measurements in a Hybrid Ventilated Office Room, 9th REHVA World Congress,van Velsen, S. Clima 2007 WellBeeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, FI, 06-10 thru 14 w
Haas, A./Dorer, V./Weber, A. FC system models for building simulation – challenges and solutions, 4th Fuel Cell ResearchSymposium on Modelling and Experimental Validation, FZ Juelich, DE, 03-06 thru 08 w
Koebel, M. Synchrotron Torr-pressure XPS studies on 2D Pt-nanoparticle array cleaning for modelcatalysts/ISHHC XIII: International Symposium on Homogeneous and HeterogeneousCatalysis, Berkeley, CA, USA, 07-16 thru 20 w
Simmler, H./Brunner, S. In situ Performance Assessment and Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) inBuildings, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Wuerzburg, DE, 09-18 thru 19n w l
Weber, R. Chemical heat staorage using Na-leach, Intersolar 07, Freiburg, DE, 06-21 thru 22 w l
Zimmermann, M. Vacuum Insulation – Challenges and Opportunities for Becoming a Standard InsulationTechnology, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Wuerzburg, DE, 09-18 thru 19 w l
Zimmermann, M. IEA Annex 50 – Lösungsansätze für die bewohnte Baustelle, Ökosan `07 – High-qualityrehabilitation of large volume buildings, Weiz, AT, 10-10 thru 12 w l
Zimmermann, M. 2000 Watt-Gesellschaft: Nicht nur die Heizung zählt, 13. Internationales Holzbauforum/Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DE, 12-05 thru 07 w l
Zimmermann, M./Dettli, R./ Environmental Impact of energy standards, 11th Internation Passive House Conference, Bregenz,Baur, M./Philippen, D./ AT, 04-13 thru 14 w l
Frischknecht, R./Faist, M.
Center for Synergetic Crettol, R. Tensairity. Innovative Sheltering. Eindhoven, NL, 12-21 thru 23 w l
StructuresLuchsinger, R. Bauen mit Luft, Trainierbare Tragwerke-Lebende Bauten. Symposium, Stuttgart, DE, 01-26 w l
Luchsinger, R. Bauen mit Luft: Die neue Leichtbau-Tragstruktur Tensairity. IBK Seminar, ETH Zürich, 04-24 w l
Luchsinger, R. Leicht gebaut: Tragstrukturen in Natur und Technik. Bionik Workshop für die Industrie, Empa,Dübendorf, 11-27 thru 28 n w l
Luchsinger, R. et al Biomimetic self-repairing membranes for pneumatic structures. SEB annual main meeting,Glasgow, UK, 03-31 thru 04-04 w l
Luchsinger, R. et al Synergetic Structures and Tensairity. Tensinet Symposium, Milano, IT, 04-16 thru 18 w l
170
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Luchsinger, R. et al The new light-weigt structure Tensairity. SEWC 2007, Bangalore, IN, 11-02 thru 07 w l
Plagianankos, T./Luchsinger. R. Static response of a spindle shaped Tensairity column under compression. IASS Symposium 2007,Venice, IT, 12-03 thru 06 w
Concrete/Construction Holzer, L. Cryo FIB-nanotomography for quantitative microstructure analysisin materials science.Chemistry 4D-microscopy in life science, ETHZ and University of Zürich, 01-15 thru 19 w l
Holzer, L. «Quantitative analysis of complex suspensions using Cryo-FIB-nanotomography» Microscopy anMicroanalysis, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 08-04 thru 11 w l
Leemann, A./Hoffmann, C. Selbstverdichtender Beton, ASTRA-Tagung, Neues aus der Brückenforschung, Bern, 11-19 w l
Lothenbach, B. Thermodynamic modeling, Characterisation Techniques für Cementitious Materials, Marie CurieTraining Course 2, Ljubljana, SI, 03-05 thru 09 w l
Lothenbach, B. Thermodynamic modeling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of portlandcement, MHM 2007, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference hosted by the Czech Technical University,Prague, CZ, 06-25 thru 27 w
Lothenbach, B./Schmidt, Th./ Influence of limestone additions on sulfate ingression, RILEM, Workshop Proceedings, UniversityRomer, M. of Gent, BE, 09-03 w l
Lothenbach, B./Winnefeld, F./ The influence of superplasticizers on the hydration of Portland cement, 12th InternationalFigi, R. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, CA, 07-08 thru 13 w
Matschei, T./Herfort, D./ Relationships of cement paste mineralogy to porosity and mechanical properties, MHM 2007,Lothenbach, B./Glasser, F. P. ECCOMAS Thematic Conference hosted by the Czech Technical University, Prague, CZ,
06-25 thru 27 w
Rössler, C./Eberhardt, A./ Influence of hydration on the fluidity of normal portland cement pastes, 12th InternationalKucerova, H./Möser, B. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, CA, 07-08 thru 13 F w
Winnefeld, F./Leemann, A./ Alkaliaktivierte Stein- und Braunkohlenflugaschen als Bindemittel für Beton, Tagung Bauchemie,Lucuk, M./Svoboda, P./ GDCh-Fachtagung, Siegen, DE, 09-27 thru 28 F w
Neuroth, M.
Winnefeld, F./Zingg, A./Holzer, L./ Interacion of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers and cements: influence of polymer structureFigi, R./Pakusch, J./Becker, S. and C3A-content of cement, 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal,
CA, 07-08 thru 13
Zingg, A./Holzer, L./Winnefeld, F./ Einfluss von Fliessmitteln auf die Nukleation von Hydratphasen und auf die PartikelstrukturMünch, B./Pakusch, J./ frischer Zementpasten, Tagung Bauchemie, GDCh-Fachtagung, Siegen, DE, 09-27 thru 28 w
Uribe-Arocha, P./Becker, S./Käch, A./Gauckler, L.
Mechanical Systems Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Nanocomposite epoxy resin as matrix for GFRP laminates with enhanced fracture behavior,Engineering Necola, A./Rees, M./Gasser, Ph./ COMP-07, 6th International Symposium on Advanced Composite Technologies, Corfu, GR, 05-16 w
Terrasi, G.
Birchmeier, M./Brunner, A. J./ Experimental characterization of Active Fiber Composites used as piezoelectric transducers forParadies, R./Dual, J. emitting and receiving Lamb waves in plate-like structures, ATEM 07, JSME-MMD, Fukuoka, JP,
09-14 w
Brunner, A. J. Organizer Session OS17 «Sensors and Sensor Networks for Adaptive and Smart Structures:Challenges and Approaches» (mit K. Kageyama – Toyko University und A. Todoroki – TokyoInstitute of Technology), International Conference on Advanced Technology in ExperimentalMechanics, atem’07, Fukuoka, JP, 09-12 n w l
Brunner, A. J./Terrasi, G. P. Delamination Resistance Testing of Glass-Fiber Composite Laminates, 22nd Annual TechnicalConference of American Society for Composites (ASC), Seattle, USA, 09-17 w l
Dürager, Ch./Brunner, A. J. Wireless Signal Transmission and Excitation for Piezoelectric Active Fibre Composite Elements,ATEM 07, JSME-MMD, Fukuoka, JP, 09-14 w
Haa, S./Wissler, M./Pelrine, R./ Enhanced Performance of IPN Electroelastomer, SPIE Conference, San Diego, USA, 03-22 w
Stanford, S./Kovacs,G./Pei, Q.
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
171
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Lochmatter, P./Kovacs, G. Concept study on active shells driven by soft dielectric EAP, SPIE Conference, San Diego, USA,03-22 w
Michel, S./Dürager, Ch./ Electro Active Polymers as a Novel Actuator Technology for Lighter-Than-Air Vehicles, SPIEZobel, M./Fink, E. Conference, San Diego, USA, 03-22 w
Paradies, R./Schläpfer, B. Finite element modeling of piezoelectric elements with complex electrode configuration 18thInternational Conference of Adaptive Structures and Technologies (ICAST 2007), Ottawa, Ontario,CA, 10-03 w
Terrasi, G. Increasing the acceptance of High Performance Concrete Prestressed with CFRP, Civil EngineeringStructures Seminary Eater Term, University of Cambridge, UK, 05-25 w l
Terrasi, G. Prefabricated thin-walled structural elements made from high performance concrete prestressedwith pultruded carbon wires, FRPRCS 8, Patras, GR, 07-16 w
Wissler, M./Mazza, E./Kovacs, G. Electromechanical coupling in cylindrical dielectric elastomer actuators, SPIE Conference,San Diego, USA, 03-22 w
Mechanics for Campanile, F. McGill Univesity, Design Seminar, 10-12 F l
Modelling and SimulationCampanile, F./Thwapiah, G. ICAST (International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies), 10-03 thru 05 F
Holdsworth, S. PVP2007/CREEP 8: 8th Intern. Conf. on Creep and Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures, San Antonio,USA, 07-22 thru 26 F
Holdsworth, S. EPRI Specialist Workshop on Creep Fatigue Interaction, Marco Island, USA, 10-01 thru 02 F l
Holdsworth, S. 5th Intern.Conf. on Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants, EPRI, Marco Island,USA, 10-03 thru 05 F
Holdsworth, S. MPA-Seminar 2007, Stuttgart, DE, 10-11 thru 12 F
Holdsworth, S. Seminar, IWM Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg, DE, 11-26 F l
Thwapiah, G./Campanile, F. CEAS Kongress/DGLR-Jahrestagung, 09-10 thru 13 F
Road Engineering/ Hugener, M. Arbeitshygienische Aspekte beim Einbau von teerhaltigem Heissmischgut, Forum Strasse,Sealing Components Strassenbau-Tag Olten, 03-13 w l
Hugener, M. Recycling of Asphalt: Environmantal and sustainability issues, ISAP-SIIV Workshop on AsphaltRecycling and Materials Re-Use in Asphalt Pavements, Varirei Conference, L'Aquila, IT, 06-28 w l
Hugenschmidt, J. GPR for the non-destructive testing of traffic infrastructure, Workshop Metodi innovativi per ilcontrollo e il monitoraggio delle costruzioni, Bologna, IT, 06-01 w l
Hugenschmidt, J. Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit von Georadar-Untersuchungen auf Betonbrücken, FBH /ASTRA – Studientagung «Neues aus der Brückenforschung», Bern, 11-20 w l
Hugenschmidt, J./Mastrangelo R. The Inspection of Large Retaining walls Using GPR. 4th Int Workshop on Advanced GroundPenetrating Radar IWAGPR 2007, Naples, IT, 06-27 w l
Partl, M. N./Hean S. Langzeitverhalten von Fahrbahnübergängen aus Polymerbitumen auf Brückenobjekten, FBH /ASTRA – Studientagung «Neues aus der Brückenforschung», Bern, 11-20 w l
Poulikakos, L./Arraigada, M./ Environmental Footprint of Vehicle Freights; 3rd ECTP (European Construction TechnologyHeutsch, K./Partl, M. N. Plattform) in Amsterdam, NL, 11-10 F
Raab, C. Auswirkungen von Geotextilien auf den Schichtenverbund bei butumenhaltigem Hocheinbau aufBetonstrassen, Tagung Asphaltverstärkungen mit Einlagen. Erfahrungen und Perspektiven,Dübendorf, 05-15 w l
Structural Engineering Bergamini, A. Tunable stiffness tructures for vibration suppression and other applications, 10-03 thru 05 w
Christen, R./Bergamini, A./ Filtering of NDT signals obtained fromwrapped steel cables, 03-20 thru 22 w
Motavalli, M./Novakovic, A.
172
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Czaderski, C. Versuche und Berechnung an 2.5 x 2.5 m grossen Brettsperrholzplatten – Forschung an der Empa,Dübendorf, 11-07 thru 08 w l
Czaderski, C./Aram, M. R. Stable debonding at discontinunity, 07-07 w
Farshchi, D. M/ Motavalli, M./ Nonlinear FE Modeling of in-plane behavior of plan masonry walls and investigating effects ofMarefat, M. S./Schumacher, A. post-tensioning as a parametric Study, 05-13 thru 16 w
Feltrin, G./Bischoff, R./Meyer, J. Zustandsüberwachung von Bauwerken mit drahtlosen Sensor-Netzwerken, 05-22 thru 24 w l
Feltrin, G./Meyer, J./Bischoff, R. Keynote lecturer, Data Processing Aspects of Lang Term Monitoring with Wireless SensorNetworks, 10-24 thru 26 w l
Gsell, D./Feltrin, G. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressabel leaf-springs, 10-24 thru 26 w
Meyer, J./Bischoff, R./Feltrin, G./ A Low Power Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring, 11-14 thru 16 w
Motavalli, M.
Motavalli, M. Neuste Forschungserkenntnisse zur Erdbebensicherheit der gängigsten Bauweisen bestehenderGebäude in der Schweiz, 04-26 w l
Motavalli, M./Czaderski, C. FRP Composites for Retrofitting of Existing Civil Structures in Europe: State-of-the-Art Review,10-17 thru 19 w l
Weber, F./Distl, G./Huber, H./ Design, Implemenation and Field Test of the Adaptive Damping System of the Franjo TudjmanNuetzel, O./Motavalli, M. Bridge nearby Dubrovnik, CR, 09-19 thru 21 w
Wood Arnold, M. Transverse anisotropy in thermally modified beech and spruce, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 F
Bordeanu, N./Eyholzer, C./ Chemical tailoring of cellulose-nanofibrils and their applications in (bio) composit materials, 09-11Zimmermann, T./Richter, K. thru 13 F
Gülzow, A./Steiger, R./Gsell, D./ Dynamic Field Performance of a Wooden Trough Bridge, EVACES 07, Porto, PT, 10-24 thru 26 w
Wilson, W./Feltrin, G.
Richter, K. Future-oriented developments on wood surfaces, Holz Innovativ, Rosenheim, DE, 04-18 thru 19 n
Schwarze, F. W. M. R./Skyba, A. Susceptibility of thermo-hydro-mechanically(THM) densified wood to colonization anddegradation by soft rot fungi, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 w
Steiger, R./Arnold, M. Relevance of wind-induced compression failures regarding bending strength and stiffness ofSpruce structural timber, COST E53, Warsaw, PL, 10-15 thru 17 w
Steiger, R./Gehri, E. Glued-laminated timber – Shear test of glue lines, CIB W18-Meeting 40, Bled, SI, 08-28 thru 31 w
Widmann, R./Beikircher, W./ Mechanical properties of thermal treated hardwood (beech) with regards to its use for structuralFischer, A. purposes, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 F
Widmann, R./Beikircher, W./ Bending and tension strength of finger-jointed boards made of thermally treated beech, COST E34,Richter, K. Bled, SI, 09-05 thru 06 w
Zimmermann, T./Pöhler, E./ Mechanical and morphological characterization of cellulose fibrils and their composites, WoodBordeanu, N. Fibres Plastics conference, Forest Products Laboratory and Forest Products Society, Madison, WS,
USA, 05-21 thru 25 w
Materials and Systems for the Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body
Advanced Fibers Amberg, M. Innovations on textiles, metallization on webs and fibers, University of Ljubljana, SI, 11-28 w l
Balazs, D. J. Multi-functional nanocomposite plasma coatings for biomaterials, Seminar Series of Max PlanckInstitute for Polymer Research, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, DE, 02-23 w l
Halbeisen, M. Nanotechnology – new functionalities for textiles, Coating Technologies Congress, Schaetti AG,Zürich, 06-08 w l
Hegemann, D. Plasma functionalisation of textiles, ACTECO – 2nd Training Day, Turin, IT, 04-18 w l
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
173
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Hegemann, D. Control of Plasma Polymerization Processes, 18th International Conference on Plasma Chemistry,Kyoto, JP, 08-27 w l
Hegemann, D. Nanostructured Textile Surfaces Using Plasma Coatings, 3rd Int. Technical Textiles Congress,Istanbul, TR, 12-01 thru 02 w l
Heuberger, M. New fibers – The key to sustained innovations, Textile Trends 2007, Berlin, DE, 02-15 w l
Heuberger, M. Quantifying Dynamics and Structure of thin confined films under shear, International Conferenceon Science of Friction (ICSF 2007), Irago, JP, 09-11 w l
Hossain, M. M. Nanoporous Coatings Deposited by RF Plasma – Improving Interfacial Properties in Fiber-rein-forced Composites, 28th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Roskilde, DK, 09-03thru 06 w
Hufenus, R. Nanocomposite melt-spun fibers, EGE University, Izmir, TR, 03-02 w l
Hufenus, R. Towards a photocatalytic fiber for degradation of malodor, Fiber Society Fall Conference, Davis,CA, USA, 10-09 thru 11 w
Reifler, F. A. Auf dem Weg zu photokatalytisch aktiven Fasern: Elemente der Faserentwicklung, 46th Man-MadeFibers Congress, Dornbirn, AT, 09-19 thru 21 w l
Biomaterials Mauclaire, L./Zinn, M. Effect of biopolymer composition and purity on biofilm formation of mcl-polyhydroxyalkanoate,Biosurf VII, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 08-29 thru 31 F
Ren, Q. Process engineering for production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids from polyhydroxyalkanoates,ESBP 2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-01 thru 03 w
Ren, Q. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates: from biosynthesis to applications, Besuch vonProf. Qingsheng Qi, State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Life Science School, CN, ShandongUniversity, CN, 10-22 thru 24 w l
Schmid, M./Ritter, A./ Autoxidation of Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA, Eur. Fed. Polymers/ICF,Grubelnik, A./Zinn, M./ Krakau, PL, 07-08 thru 12 F
Wampfler, B.
Thöny-Meyer, L. mcl-Polyhydroxyalkanoates depolymerase as a tool for novel proteins microarrays, WorkshopCOST Action 868, Biotechnical functionalisation of renewable polymeric materials, Barcelona, ES,04-16 thru 17 w
Thöny-Meyer, L. Medium chain length-polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) depolymerase as a tool for novel proteinmicroarrays, ESBP 2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-03 w
Zinn, M. Production of tailor-made polyhydroxyalkanoate: Batch versus chemostat culture, Workshop COSTAction 868, Biotechnical functionalisation of renewable polymeric materials, Barcelona, ES, 04-16thru 17 n w l
Zinn, M. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates: A versatile set of biodegradable polyesters, Firstannual meeting of COST 868, Graz, AT, 09-12 thru 14 n w l
Zinn, M. Recent advances of bacterial synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates, ESBP2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-03 n w l
Zinn, M. Biosynthesis and properties of olefinic polyhydroxyalkanoates, International Conference onBiodegradable Polymers, Production, Characterisation and Application, SCI Biotechnology Group,London, UK, 12-10 w l
Zinn, M./Furrer, P./Hartmann, R./ Bacterial synthesis and production of poly((R-3-hydroxyalkanoate) with tailor-made properties,Noger, D./Pletscher, E./ BioPerspectives, Köln, DE, 05-30 thru 06-01 F
Ramsauer, T./Ren, Q./Thöny-Meyer, L.
Materials-Biology Bruinink, A. Cell – material interactions: cell-biological evaluation of implant and nanomaterials. VAMASInteractions Meeting, Gaithersburg, USA, 02-13 thru 19 w l
Bruinink, A. Cell – (nano-) materials interactions.8th Annual XERR Metting, Zürich, 11-22 w l
174
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Kaiser, J. -P. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) affect cell behaviour cell type specific. European Societyof Biomaterials (ESB), Brighton, UK, 09-09 thru 13 w l
Krug, H. F. Are nanomaterials Nanonoxes? Implications and Applications of Nanomaterials in Environmentand Health. Ecetoc Meeting, Brüssel, BE, 05-10 w l
Krug, H. F. Impact of Nanotechnological Developments on Health and Environment NanoBioRAISE,Frankfurt, DE, 05-20 w l
Krug, H. F. The NanoCare project – introduction and overview EuroNanoForum, Düsseldorf, DE, 06-20 w l
Krug, H. F. Risiken der Nanomaterialien Dialog NanoSafe Textiles, St. Gallen, 11-16 w l
Krug, H. F. Are nanomaterials Nanonoxes? Implications and Applications of Nanomaterials in Environmentand Health? International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection andPollution (ISNEPP), Fort Lauderdale, USA, 12-12 w l
Lischer S./Mokbul Hossain, M. Multifunctional Nanocomposite Plasma Coatings – Enabling New Biomaterials Applications. MRSMeeting, Boston, USA, 11-26 thru 30 w l
Maniura-Weber, K./Smith, M./ Single cells in 3 D microwells: correlating cell architecture with osteogenesis. Gordon ResearchRottmar, M./Born, A. -K./ Conference, New Hampshire, USA, 07-15 thru 20 F
Ochsner, M./Vogel, V./Textor, M.
Wick, P. The Presence of Carbon Nanotubes Affect Cell Physiology and Interferes with Cell Adhesion. 2ndVienna International Conference, Micro- and Nano-Technology, Wien, AT, 03-14 thru 16 w l
Wick, P./Manser, P./Kaiser, J. -P./ Influence of agglomerated structures of carbon nanotubes on cytotoxicity in vitro. NanoEurope,Dettlaff-Weglikowska, U./ St.Gallen, 09-11 thru 13 F
Limbach, L./Roth, S./Stark, W. J./Bruinink, A.
Protection and Bertaux, E. Comfort and frictional properties of sport socks, AUTEX, Tampere, FI, 06-26 thru 28 w
PhysiologyBogerd, C. P. Heat transfer of full-face motorcycle helmetsInternational Conference on Environmental
Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w
Bruehwiler, P. Motorcycle Helmets: Protection Brings Questions, Conference Traumatisme crâni-cérébral sévère:les possibilités – les limitations, Genève, 06-21 w l
Bruehwiler, P. Radiant flow through bicycle helmets: A thermal manikin study, International Conference onEnvironmental Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w
Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Temperature responsive polymers for smart clothing applications, SCS Fall Meeting 2007,Lausanne, 07-12 w
Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications, Aachen Dresden International TextileConference 2007, Aachen, DE, 11-29 thru 30 w
Derler, S./Schrade, U. Tribology of human skin and mechanical skin equivalents in contact with textiles, 16thInternational Conference on WEAR OF MATERIALS, Montreal, CA, 04-15 thru 19 w
Psikuta, A. Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator for clothing research, International Conferenceon Environmental Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w
Rossi, R. Thermoregulation im Ausdauersport in der Hitze, Seminar Bundesamt für Sport, FachgruppeAusdauer, Magglingen, 05-09 w l
Rothmaier, M. Flexible Light Diffusing Textile as an Applicator for Photodynamic Therapy in the Head Neck Area,POF, Turin, IT, 09-10 thru 12 F
Selm, B. Radiation properties of two types of luminous textile devices containing plastic optical fibers,Microtechnologies for the New Millennium 2007 SPIE, Cran Canaria, ES, 05-02 thru 04 w
Weder, M. EKG Langzeitmonitoring mittels textilen Stickelektroden, NanoEurope2007, Messe und Konferenz,St. Gallen, 09-11 w
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
175
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology
Edelmann, X. Qualitätsmanagement nach ISO 9001 als Basis für ein umfassendes Führungssystem imGesundheitswesen, Europäisches Forum Alpbach 2007 «Nie wieder Vollbeschäftigung? Perspektive2010», Arbeitskreis 01: Qualität im Gesundheitswesen – Jobmotor der Zukunft?, Alpbach AT, 08-30 l
Edelmann, X. R’07 World Congress, Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency, September 3-5,2007, Davos, 09-03 thru 05 n
Ruf, A./Edelmann, X. R'07 World Congress on Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency – InnovativeTechnologies and Frameworks to Improve Material and Energy Efficiencies in the Production, Useand Recycling in Materials, Council of the Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences,CAETS 2007, Tokyo JP, 10-23 thru 26 l
Acoustics/Noise Brink, M./Thomann, G/ Huber, P./ A new noise impact assessment method for noise policy, Istanbul, TR, 08-29 thru 31 w
Prevention Schierz, C.
Eggenschwiler, K. Education in noise control engineering with the limited support of universities, Global Noise Policy– Workshop on «Education in Noise Control Engineering», 19th International Congress onAcoustics ICA, Madrid, ES, 09-04 w l
Heutschi, K. Ground effect calculations for micro structured terrain, 19th International Congress on AcousticsICA, Madrid, ES, 09-02 thru 07 w l
Nguyen, C. H. Vibroacoustic FE analysis of a piezo-shunted adaptive plate bonded to an air cavity ICAST2007,Ottawa, CA, 10-04 thru 05 w
Pietrzko, S./Mao, Q. Novel sensing systems for active control of sound radiation and transmission, Invited paper, 8thConference on Active Noise and Vibration Control Methods, Krakow, Krasiczyn, PL, 06-11thru 06-14 w l
Pietrzko, S./Mao, Q. Some results on control of sound radiation using shunt piezoelectric materials. Invited specialsession on S-Shunt damping technology for control of sound and vibration, 14th InternationalCongress on Sound and Vibration, Cairns, AU, 07-09 thru 12 w l
Poulikakos, L./Arraigada, M./ Environmental Footprint of Freight Vehicles, ECTP (European Construction Technology Plattform)Heutschi, K./Partl, M. Conference, Amsterdam, NL, 11-19 thru 20 w
Thomann, G./Bütikofer, R. Quantification of uncertainties in aircraft noise calculations, Internoise, Istanbul, TR, 08-29 thru 31 w
Electronics/ Callegari, V. Focused ion beam modification of photonic crystal structures Nano FIB Meeting, Manchester, UK,Metrology/Reliability 06-28 thru 30 F l
Flisch, A. Computertomography zur Formerfassung und Defekterkennung, NTB / SAQ Seminar, Buchs, 05-09w l
Flisch, A. New developments for fast computed tomography inspection of foundry products, 47thInternational Foundry Conference, Portoroz, SI, 09-12 thru 14 w l
Gattiker, F. Wireless implantable passive strain sensor, Sensor Conference 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 05-22 thru 24 w
Grossmann, G. Zuverlässigkeit von Loten. 10. Europäisches Elektronik-Technologie Kollegium Mallorca, ES, 03-21thru 23 w l
Hack, E. ESPI-measurement of strain components on a CFRP reinforced bending beam. ICEM 13,Alexandroupolis, GR, 07-02 thru 05 w
Jacob, P. PolySilicon Extensions and Etching Residues as a Reliability Risk, MicroNanoReliability 2007,Berlin, DE, 09-01 w l
Jacob, P. «Introduction Into ESD Challenges» ESREF-EuFANet Workshop «ESD, ESDFOS und EOS from aFailure Analysis Point-of-View», Arcachon, FR, 10-10 w l
Jacob, P. ESD-Oberflächenentladungen (ESDFOS) durch Prozessmaschinen in Fertigung und Verarbeitungvon Mikro- und Nanostruktur-Chips. Tagesseminar an der Empa-Akademie, Dübendorf, 11-20 n w
Miceli, A. MC Simulation of scatter intensities in a cone-beam CT system a 450 kV X-ray tube. European NDTDays in Prague 07, Prague, CZ, 11-05 thru 09 w
176
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Tharian, J. Degradation and Failure Mode Analysis of III-V Nitride LEDs. IPFA 2007 14th InternationalSymposium on the Physiacal & Failure Mode Analysis of Ics, Bangalore, IN, 07-11 thru 13 F
Thierry, R. Novel scatter correction in Cone-Beam CT. International Symposium on Digital industrialRadiology and Computed tomography, Lyon, FR, 06-25 thru 27 w
Media Technology Giesen, J./Mueller, K./ Conjoint Analysis to Measure the Perceived Quality in Volume Rendering, IEEE VisualizationSchuberth, E./Wang, L./Zolliker, P. Conference, Sacramento, USA, 10-28 thru 11-01 w
Technology and Eugster, M. Workshop 'Ecological and Social Footprint of Electronics', R'07 World Congress, Davos, 09-03Society thru 05 n
Frischknecht, R./Althaus, H. J./ Renewable Energy Assessment within the Cumulative Energy Demand Concept: Challenges andDones, R./Hischier, R./ Solutions, 14th SETAC Europe Case Studies Symposium, Gothenburg, SE, 12-03 thru 04 w
Jungbluth, N./Nemecek, Th./Primas, A./Wernet, G.
Gauch, M. Ecological Assessment of Biofuels; UNIDO-Workshop on Promoting Susatinable BiofuelsProduction and Use in Central and Eastern Europe; Cavtat, HR, 11-12 F l
Hilty, L. R’07 World Congress, Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency, Davos, 09-03thru 05 n
Hilty, L. CO2 Reduction with ICT: Prospects and Barriers. Keynote Lecture. 21st conference Informatics forEnvironmental Protection EnviroInfo 2007, Warsaw, PL, 09-13 F l
Kastenholz, H. Industry and risk assessment of nanomaterials, Society for Risk Analysis Europe 2007 AnnualConference, Den Haag, NL, 06-17 thru 06-19 F l
Som, C./Hilty, L. Qualitative Risk Assessment for Converging Technologies, ISETS'07, Nagoya, JP, 11-24 F
Streicher-Porte, M. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and economic evaluation of material flows as a combined model fordurable consumer goods. ISIE, International Society for Industrial Ecology, Toronto, CA, 06-18 thru21 F
Wäger, P./Som, C. Waste Management in Switzerland –Achievements and Perspectives, ISETS'07, (keynote speech),Nagoya, JP, 11-23 F l
Widmer, R./Gauch, M./Zah, R. Evaluation and comparison of bio-fuelled mobility with all-electric solutions using Life CycleAssessment, EET-2007 European Ele-Drive Conference Brussels, BE, 05-30 thru 06-01 F
Zah, R. Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels: Experiences in Switzerland – Potentials for India. 4thInternational Conferences on Biofuels, best paper, Winrock International, Delhi, IN, 02-01 thru 02F l
Zah, R. Environmental Impacts of Biofuels, Biofuels: Linking Support to Performance, Joint OECD/ECMTRoundtable, Paris, FR, 06-07 thru 08 l
Mobility, Energy and Environment
Air Pollution/ Bond, S./Vollmer, M. Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric H2 during the Transition to Hydrogen-based Transportation,Environmental Technology CONCAWE, Brussels, BE, 11-05 thru 06 w l
Buchmann, B. Mehrwert für die Umweltbeobachtung durch die Synergien von vollzugsorientiertem undforschungsorientiertem Ansatz auf nationaler, europäischer und globaler Ebene IKUB-Workshop2007/ Umweltbeobachtung – fachübergreifend und analysierend, Bern, 09-12 w l
Emmenegger, L./Delemont, C./ 8th int. Conf. on Emissions Monitoring (CEM2007)/Empa, Dübendorf, 09-05 thru 06 n
Gehrig, R.
Emmenegger, L./Tuzson, B./ Continuous Measurement of CO2 Isotopic Ratios by Infrared Spectroscopy using FTIR and QCLMohn, J./Zahniser, M. S./ Instruments / Stable Isotope Infrared Spectroscopy/Florence, IT, 09-06 thru 08 w l
Eugster, W.
Gehrig, R./Hüglin, Ch./ PM measurements in Switzerland/ Royal Society of Chemistry Conference: Particles and Photo-Buchmann, B. Oxidants in Europe/ Prag, CZ, 09-25 thru 26 w l
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
177
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Henne, S./Folini, D./Klausen, J./ Ausbreitungsstudien mit FLEXTRA, FLEXPART, LM-LPDM/MeteoSwiss, Zürich, 02-28 w l
Ubl, S.
Hueglin, Ch./Gehrig, R./ PM10 equivalence in Switzerland: Relationship between a TEOM-FDMS and the reference methodSchwarzenbach, B. at a suburban site/Workshop on Demonstration of equilvalence of ambient air models/spra, IT,
05-02 thru 04 w l
Klausen, J./Zellweger, Ch./ Surface Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Measurements at Bukit Koto Tabang – Achievements andHenne, St./Ilahi, A. F./Siregar, S. Challenges/ Symposium on GAW-Related Activities/Jakarta, ID, 08-02 thru 03 w l
Lanz, V. A./Alfarra, M. R./ Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site in Zurich (Switzerland) byBaltensperger, U./Buchmann, B./ factor analytical modeling of aerosol mass spectra/EGU General Assembly 2007/Vienna, AT, 04-15Hueglin, C./Prévôt, A. thru 20 w
Mohn, J./Tuzson, B./ Probing the carbon cycle by CO2 isotopic analysis/Research Seminar/University Berne, 11-02 w l
Emmenegger, L.
Reimann,S./ Stordal, F./ SOGE: System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe/EU workshop inSimmonds, P./O’Doherty, S./ inverse modelling for verification of national and EU bottom-up GHG inventories/Ispra, IT, 03-08Vollmer, M. K./Greally, B./ thru 09 w l
Maione, M./Arduini, I./Lunder, C./Schmidbauer N./Folini, D./Manning, A.
Vollmer, M. K./Reimann, S./ Emissions of Halocarbons and SF6 from China/35th meeting of AGAGE scientists and cooperatingSOGE-A team networks/Clifden, IE, 06-11 thru 15 w l
Zellweger, C./Buchmann, B./ The WMO-GAW World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Methane:Klausen, J. Activities during the last 10 Years with a Focus on Carbon Monoxide/NOAA ESRL 2007 Global
Monitoring Annual Conference/Boulder, USA., 05-02 thru 03 w
Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, C./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./ Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers between air, water, sediment and fish in lake ThunScheringer, M./Hungerbühler, K. (Switzerland), Dioxine 2007-27th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic
Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02 thru 07 w
Gerecke, A. C./Kohler, M. Brominated flame retardants, NFP 50 Scientific Meeting, Magglingen, 09-09 thru 11 w
Gerecke, A. C./Seiler, C. PCB und bromierte Flammschutzmittel in Innenräumen – Erfahrungen und neue Fragen, XERRSymposium Indoor Air, Universität Zürich, 11-08 w l
Homazava, N./Ulrich, A./ Element-Specific Investigation of Micro-corrosion Processes in Al Alloys by ICP-MS, 2007Krähenbühl, U. European Winter Plasma Conference, Taomina, IT, 02-18 thru 23 w
Iozza, S./Müller, C./Schmid, P./ Historical Profile of Chlorinated Paraffins and Chlorinated Biphenyls in a Sediment Core from LakeBogdal, C./Oehme, M. Thun Switzerland, Dioxine 2007-27th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic
Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02 thru 07 w
Iozza, S./Schmid, P./Oehme, M./ Chlorinated Paraffins in Humus Layers from the Alps (MONARPOP), Dioxine 2007-27thBassan, R./Magnani, T./Belis, C./ International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02Vannini, P./Jakobi, G./Kirchner, M./ thru 07 w
Sedivy, I./Kräuchi, N./Uhl, M./Moche, W./Offenthaler, I./Weiss, P./Simončič, P.
Senn, M Ore – slag – iron: what can we learn form the early medieval smithies discovered in the ironproduction district of the Central Jura, 2nd International Conference on Archaeometallurgy inEurope 2007, Aquileia, IT, 06-17 thru 21 w
Ulrich, A./Homazava, N./ Elementspezifische microanalytische in-situ-Untersuchungen von Korrosionsprozessen beiKrähenbühl, U. Aluminiumlegierungen mittels ICP-MS. CANAS 2007 Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie,
Konstanz, DE, 03-18 thru 21 w
Ulrich, A./Wichser, A. A novel mountable cell design for LA-ICP-MS analysis of ancient metal objects, CANAS 2007Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie, Konstanz, DE, 03-18 thru 21 w
Wenger, D./Gerecke, A./ Secondary Effects of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters: Reduced Emissions of Potential EndocrineHeeb, N. V./Zenobi, R. Disruptors, 11th Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-12 thru 15 w
178
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Zennegg, M./Vonmont, H. Schwarzstäube in Wohnungen, XERR Symposium Indoor Air, Universität Zürich, 11-08 w l
Hydrogen & Energy Borgschulte, A. Catalysis of hydrogen going into materials, Second Educational Workshop of the SustainableHydrogen programme of ACTS, Nunspeet, NL, 05-25 w l
Borgschulte, A. H-D exchange reactions to probe surface reactions during the decomposition of hydrides, WS-21«Hydrogen a Future Energy Carrier», Avila, ES, 09-03 thru 05 w l
Borgschulte, A. Tetrahydroboranates the New Hydrogen Storage Materials, International Symposium on Hydrogen& Energy, Richmond, Virginia, USA, 11-12 thru 15 w l
Lodziana, Z. Surfaces, nanoparticles and catalysis, PhD school at University of Vienna, AT, 12-12 w l
Remhof, A. Magnetic Nanostructures, Physikalischen Kolloquium, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE, 07-02 w l
Züttel, A. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), Toyota MotorCorporation, Material engineering division 3, Higashifuji technical center, JP, 01-24 w l
Züttel, A. Hydrogen in Materials: Potentials and Limitations, University of Zürich, Physics Department,Zürich, 05-31 w l
Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage materials: Potentials and Limitations, Royal Society of Chemistry, UniversityCollege London, UK, 07-02 thru 05 w l
Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage materials: potentials and limitations, Aseva Summer School, WS-21: Hydrogenas a future energy carrier, Hotel Reina Isabel Ávila, ES, 09-03 thru 05 w l
Züttel, A. Hydrogen Storage Materials for Mobile Applications, First Polish Forum Fuel Cells and HydrogenTechnologies, Zakopane, PL, 09-05 thru 07 w l
Züttel, A. Grundlagen der Wasserstoffspeicherung, Universität Konstanz, Physik Departement, Konstanz,DE, 09-10 w l
Internal Combustion Alvarez, R./Weilenmann, M./ Real-world NO and NO2 emission factors of modern light vehicles, derived from reliable onlineEngines Favez, J. -Y. measurements. 6th international conference on Urban Air Quality, Zyprus, GR, 03-27 thru 30 w
Bach, Ch. Challenges and Options in the Transport Sector – Greenhouse Gases, Energy Efficiency andPollutants; Annual SPS-Meeting 2007, ETH, Zurich, 02-21 w l
Dimopoulos, P. Ceramic Foams as Catalyst Substrates: Pre-catalyst Application Homogenising the Exhaust Flowupstream of Aftertreatment Devices/Soceity of Automotive Engineers SAE, 8th InternationalConference on Engines/Capri Naples, IT, 09-16 thru 20 w
Dimopoulos, P. Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in Passenger Car Engines/Soceity ofAutomotive Engineers SAE, 8th International Conference on Engines/Capri Naples, IT, 09-16 thru20 w
Favez, J. -Y./Weilenmann, M. Cold start emissions of passenger cars at different low ambient temperatures. 6th internationalconference on Urban Air Quality, Zyprus, GR, 03-27 thru 29 w
Mohr, M. The influence of Vehicle Preconditioning on Particle Number Measurements, InternationalConference on Transport and Environment: A Global Challenge Technological and PolicySolutions, Milano, IT, 03-19 thru 21 w
Mohr, M. 11th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-13 thru 15 n
Soltic, P./Dimopoulos, P./ The Potential of Hydrogen-Enriched CNG in Internal Combustion Engines, 2nd Annual CongressThurnheer, T. Natural Gas Vehicles, Berlin, DE, 10-23 thru 24 w l
Weilenmann, M./Bach, Ch./ Fuel Cell Based Powertrain Concept for a Municipal Vehicle in the Project hy.muve Project. AVLFavez, J. -Y./Novak, Ph./Büchi F. International Commercial Powertrain Conference, Graz, AT, 05-09 thru 10 w
Weilenmann, M./Bach, Ch./ Model-based determination of hydrogen system emissions of motor vehicles using climate-Novak, Ph./Fischer, A./Hill, M. chamber test facilities, 2nd Hydrogen Safety conference. San Sebastian, ES, 09-11 thru 13 w
Weimer, S./Alfarra, M. R./ Mass spectral signatures of aerosol particles from wood burning emissions, European AerosolSchreiber, D./Mohr, C./Mohr, M./ Conference EAC, Salzburg, AT, 09-10 thru 14 w
Prévôt, A. S. H.
Organisation n
Poster = F
Lecture = w
invited = l
179
Empa Activities 2007Conferences
Solid State Chemistry Aguirre, M. Synthesis and characterization of bulk and thin films of perovskite-type oxides materials forand Catalysis ther-moelectric applications, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, Zuerich, 02-20 thru 21 w
Bukowiecki, N. RDI-SR-XRF – Hourly size-segregated detection of trace elements in ambient air, ClarksonUniversity, Potsdam NY, USA, 09-20 w l
Bukowiecki, N. Abrasion particles from road traffic, Annual Meeting of the American Association for AerosolResearch, Reno NV, USA, 09-25 w
Bukowiecki, N. RDI-SR-XRF – Hourly size-segregated detection of trace elements in ambient air, DELTA Group, UCDavis, USA, 10-02 w l
Robert, R. Synthesis, structure and properties of thermoelectric complex cobalt oxide, InternationalConference on Advanced Ceramics & Composites, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA, 01-21 thru 26 w
Weidenkaff, A. The Development of Thermoelectric Oxides with Perovskite-type Structures for Alternative EnergyTechnologies, International Conference on Advanced Ceramics & Composites, Daytona Beach,Florida, USA, 01-21 thru 26 w l
Weidenkaff, A. Synthesis of oxynitride perovskite thin films and their novel functional properties, E-MRS SpringMeeting 2007, Strasbourg, FR, 05-28 thru 06-01 w l
Weidenkaff, A. Synthesis and Characterisation of oxynitride perovskites, IBM MRC Oxide Workshop, IBMResearch Centre Rüschlikon, Rüschlikon, 06-27 w l
Weidenkaff, A. Materials Development for High Temperature Solar Thermoelectric Oxide Modules, GDR CNRSConference on Thermoelectrique, University of Caen, Caen, FR, 06-29 w l
Weidenkaff, A. Perovskite-type thermoelectric oxides and oxynitride, European Conference on Solid StateChemistry, Caen, FR, 09-11 thru 14 w
Weidenkaff, A. Thermoelectric oxides and oxynitrides with perovskite-type structure, MRS fall meeting, Boston,USA, 11-26 w
EMPA Activities 2002ConferencesOrganizational Chart 2008
Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02
b
ba
c
Absolute differencein NOx emissions (t/year)
22–35
11–21
4–10
(-3)–3
(-10)–(-4)
(-21)–(-11)
(-35)–(-22)
R
support material
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
g
182
Director general DeputyProf.Dr Louis Schlapbach Dr Peter Hofer
Structural EngineeringProf. Dr Masoud Motavalli
WoodDr Klaus Richter
High Performance CeramicsDr Thomas Graule
Functional PolymersDr Frank Nüesch
nanotech@surfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning
Nanoscale Materials ScienceProf.Dr Hans Josef Hug
Mechanics of Micro-Materialsand NanostructuresDr Johann Michler
Protection and PhysiologyDr René Rossi
Advanced FibersDr Manfred Heuberger
Materials-Biology InteractionsProf. Dr Harald Krug
BiomaterialsDr Linda Thöny-Meyer
Empa FellowProf. Dr h.c. Urs Meier
DEPARTMENTS
Advanced Materials and SurfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning
Civil and Mechanical EngineeringDr Peter Richner
Materials and Systems for the Protectionand Wellbeing of the Human BodyMarkus Rüedi
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
LABORATORIES LABORATORIES LABORATORIES
Materials Processing and Characterizationa.i. Dr Johann Michler
Joining and Interface TechnologyDr Manfred Roth
Corrosion and Materials IntegrityOliver von Trzebiatowski
Mechanical Systems EngineeringDrGiovanni Terrasi
Mechanics for Modelling and SimulationProf. Dr Edoardo Mazza
Concrete/Construction ChemistryDr Pietro Lura
Road Engineering/Sealing ComponentsProf. Dr Manfred Partl
Contact to EmpaMail [email protected] +4144 823 44 44www.empa.ch/portal
ortal
Adaptive Material SystemsProf.Dr Edoardo MazzaProf.Dr Paolo Ermanni (ETH Zürich)
Materials for Healthand PerformanceMarkus Rüedi
Natural Resourcesand PollutantsDr Peter Hofer
Materials for EnergyTechnologiesDr Xaver Edelmann
International National InternalProf. Dr Herbert H. Einstein, MIT, USA Prof. Dr Jürg Dual, ETH, Zürich Dr Pierangelo GröningProf. Dr Teruo Kishi, NIMS, Japan Prof. Dr Thomas Egli, EAWAG, Dübendorf Dr Erwin HackProf. Dr Erkki Leppävuori, VTT, Finland Dr Karl Knop, CSEM, Zürich Dr Barbara LothenbachProf. Dr Klaus Müllen, MPI, Germany Prof. Dr Viola Vogel, ETH, Zürich Dr Katharina ManiuraProf. Dr Yves Petroff, ESRF, France Prof. Dr Alexander Wokaun, PSI, Villigen PD Dr Bernd NowackProf. Dr Claudia Stürmer, Konstanz University Germany N.N. Prof. Dr Louis Schlapbach
Research Commission Dr Georg Spescha, Executive Secretary
Organizational Chart
2008
Public-privatePartnerships
Reliability NetworkDr Urs Sennhauser
NanotechnologyProf. Dr Hans J. Hug
Research Programs
Building Technologiesa.i. Mark Zimmermann(Prof. Dr Jan Carmeliet, 1.6.)
183
Technology and SocietyProf. Dr Lorenz Hilty
Media TechnologyProf. Dr Klaus Simon
Acoustics / Noise PreventionKurt Eggenschwiler
CommunicationDr Michael Hagmann
Human ResourcesAndré Schmid
InformaticsDr Christoph Bucher
Finances/Controlling /PurchasingHeidi Leutwyler
Mechanical Engineering /WorkshopStefan Hösli
Logistics and InfrastructurePaul-André Dupuis
Construction 3 Research InstitutesDaniel Beerle
Marketing, Knowledge andTechnology TransferGabriele Dobenecker
Information, Reliability andSimulation TechnologyDr Xaver Edelmann
Mobility, Energy and EnvironmentDr Peter Hofer
SupportRoland Knechtle
LABORATORIES LABORATORIES SECTIONS
Electronics / Metrology / ReliabilityDr Urs Sennhauser
Center for SynergeticStructuresEmpa–FESTODr Rolf Luchsinger
Technology Centerfor the Lake ConstanceRegion (TEBO)Peter Frischknecht
Business IncubatorMario Jenni
Empa AcademyDr Anne Satir
Master’s Program in Micro andNanotechnology (MNT)Dr Pierangelo GröningDr Dirk Hegemann
International PhD SchoolSwitzerland – PolandProf. Dr Jolanta JanczakPaul W.Gilgen
Programs for Education and Continuous Training
Internal Combustion EnginesChristian Bach
Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyDr Brigitte Buchmann
Analytical ChemistryDr Heinz Vonmont
Hydrogen & EnergyProf. Dr Andreas Züttel
Solid State Chemistry and CatalysisDr Anke Weidenkaff
ChairmanDr Norman Blank, Zürich
Advisory Commission
Prof. Dr Crispino Bergamaschi, HorwProf. Dr Peter Chen, ZürichDr Christoph Grolimund, ZürichDr Thomas Hinderling, Neuenburg
Dr Peter Löw, BaselProf. Dr Jan-Anders Manson, LausanneDr Markus Oldani, BadenDr Max Oppliger, Zürich
Dr Fiorenzo Scaroni, ZürichDr Walter Steinmann, BernDr Thomas von Waldkirch, Zürich
Members
Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30
a
c
Absolute in NOx em(t/year)
22
11
4–
(-3
(-1
(-2
(-3
Empa
CH-8600 DübendorfÜberlandstrasse 129
Phone +41 44 823 55 11Fax +41 44 821 62 44
CH-9014 St.GallenLerchenfeldstrasse 5
Phone +41 71 274 74 74Fax +41 71 274 74 99
CH-3602 ThunFeuerwerkerstrasse 39
Phone +41 33 228 46 26Fax +41 33 228 44 90
www.empa.chwww.empa-akademie.ch
ISSN 1660-1394
Materials Science & Technology
support material
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
g