emotion
DESCRIPTION
Emotion. Emotion. Emotion. Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience. Controversy. Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?. Commonsense View. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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EmotionEmotion
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EmotionEmotion
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EmotionEmotionEmotions are a mix of 1) physiological Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and
3) conscious experience.3) conscious experience.
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ControversyControversy1)1) Does physiological arousal precede or Does physiological arousal precede or
follow your emotional experience?follow your emotional experience?
2)2) Does cognition (thinking) precede Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?emotion (feeling)?
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Commonsense ViewCommonsense ViewWhen you become happy, your heart starts When you become happy, your heart starts
beating faster. First comes conscious beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
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James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange TheoryWilliam James and William James and
Carl Lange proposed Carl Lange proposed an idea that was an idea that was
diametrically opposed diametrically opposed to the common-sense to the common-sense
view. The James-view. The James-Lange Theory Lange Theory proposes that proposes that
physiological activity physiological activity precedes the precedes the
emotional experience.emotional experience.
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Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard TheoryWalter Cannon and Walter Cannon and
Phillip Bard Phillip Bard questioned the questioned the
James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory and proposed that and proposed that
an emotion-an emotion-triggering stimulus triggering stimulus
and the body's and the body's arousal take place arousal take place
simultaneously.simultaneously.
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Two-Factor TheoryTwo-Factor TheoryStanley Schachter Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer and Jerome Singer
proposed yet proposed yet another theory another theory
which suggests our which suggests our physiology and physiology and
cognitions create cognitions create emotions. Emotions emotions. Emotions have two factors–have two factors–physical arousal physical arousal
and cognitive label.and cognitive label.
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Schachter & Singer studySchachter & Singer study
epinephrine injectionepinephrine injection confederate acting irritable or euphoricconfederate acting irritable or euphoric
if told about the epinephrine > no emotionif told about the epinephrine > no emotion if not told > experience the emotion if not told > experience the emotion
consistent with the confederateconsistent with the confederate
*take home point: the interpretation of the *take home point: the interpretation of the bodily arousal determines the emotional bodily arousal determines the emotional experience experience
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Cognition and EmotionCognition and EmotionWhat is the connection between how we What is the connection between how we thinkthink
(cognition) and how we (cognition) and how we feelfeel (emotion)? (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?thinking?
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Cognition Does Not Always Cognition Does Not Always Precede EmotionPrecede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed
higher levels of activity in the amygdala higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).(Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. W
halen, PhD, D
artmouth
College, w
ww
.whalenlab.info
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Embodied EmotionEmbodied EmotionWe know that emotions involve bodily We know that emotions involve bodily
responses. Some of these responses are very responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to fear arises), but others are more difficult to
discern (neurons activated in the brain).discern (neurons activated in the brain).
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Emotions and Autonomic Emotions and Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System
During an emotional experience, our During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.energy in the body that arouses us.
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Physiological SimilaritiesPhysiological SimilaritiesPhysiological responses related to the Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, and love look emotions of fear, anger, and love look
very similar.very similar.
Excitement and fear involve a similarphysiological arousal.
M. G
recco/ Stock Boston
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Physiological DifferencesPhysiological Differences
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from
the right (depressed) for emotions.
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Two Routes to EmotionTwo Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious emotions are immediate, without conscious
appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.
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Expressed EmotionExpressed EmotionEmotions are expressed on the face, by the Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?non-verbal language of emotion universal?
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Nonverbal Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication
Most of us are good at deciphering Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal emotions through non-verbal
communication. communication.
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Emotional ExpressionEmotional ExpressionWhen culturally diverse people were shown When culturally diverse people were shown
basic basic facial expressionsfacial expressions, they did fairly well at , they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
Elkman &
Matsum
oto, Japanese and C
aucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
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Experienced EmotionExperienced EmotionIzard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,shame, and guilt.
Even blind children display these facial expressions.
Lew M
errim/ Photo R
esearchers, Inc.
Nancy B
rown/ The Im
age Bank
Tom M
cCarthy/ R
ainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo R
esearchers, Inc.M
arc Grim
berg/ The Image B
ank
Bob D
aemm
rich/ The Image W
orksM
ichael New
man/ PhotoEdit
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The Effects of Facial The Effects of Facial ExpressionExpression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowingbrows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ M
ichael Kausm
an/ The N
ew Y
ork Times Pictures
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Gestures and Cultural Gestures and Cultural DifferencesDifferences
Cultural differences in the use and Cultural differences in the use and meaning of gesturesmeaning of gestures
Cultural differences in the display of Cultural differences in the display of emotion emotion
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Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-BeingSubjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling
of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.on new positive psychology is on the rise.
http://web.fineliving.com
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Does Money Buy Does Money Buy Happiness?Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can
breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.
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Values & Life SatisfactionValues & Life SatisfactionStudents who value love more than money
report higher life satisfaction.
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Predictors of HappinessPredictors of HappinessWhy are some people generally more Why are some people generally more
happy than others?happy than others?