emotion&emotion regulation in inter group conflict

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83 3 Ei d Ei Regui i Iergru Cic  An Appraisal-Based Framework ERan HalpERIn, KEREn SHaRvIt, d JamES J. GRoSS “the sheer ssi exeded i ursuig ehic cic cs u r ex i h des jusice he re ee igs . . . a b dy hee c be exied by bdess hery.” (Horowitz, 1985, p. 140) S chrs wh sudy ieri reis d ehic cics he g recgized he cer re yed by eis i cic esci, de- esci, d resui (Hrwiz, 1985; lider, 2006; peerse, 2002). this suggess h sychgic reserch hs uch cribue he udersdig rge-sce rrced cics, which re he es yicy ddressed i he ieri reis ierure. Surrisigy, hweer, sych- giss he deed reiey ie ei he re ei d ei regui i such iese cics. our g i his cher is rese geer rewrk r exiig ei d ei regui i iergru cic siuis. our cus is iese ircbe cics. Hweer, gie he uciy sychgic reserch he re eis i such cics, we drw u fdigs r he brder di eis d iergru reis. We begi ur cher by defig key cces i he sudy ei, ei regui d he sychgy  iergru cics. We he irduce cceu rewrk r exi ig hw ei d ei regui ec idiidus’ beies, iudes d behirs regrdig he cic. nex, bsed reiew he ierure, we y ur

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8/4/2019 Emotion&Emotion Regulation in Inter Group Conflict

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3E i d E i Regu i i

I ergr u C ic An Appraisal-Based Framework

ERan HalpERIn, KEREn SHaRvIt, d JamES J. GRoSS

“the sheer ssi ex e ded i ursui g e h ic c ic c s u r ex i h d es jus ice he re ee i gs . . . a b dy he ec be ex i ed by b d ess he ry.”

(Horowitz, 1985, p. 140)

S ch rs wh s udy i er i re i s d e h ic c ic s h e rec g ized he ce r r e yed by e i s i c ic esc i , esc i , d res u i (H r wi z, 1985; li d er, 2006; pe erse ,

2002). this sugges s h sych gic rese rch h s uch c ribu e hu ders di g rge-sc e r r c ed c ic s, which re he es y ic

ddressed i he i er i re i s i er ure. Sur risi g y, h we er, sychgis s h e de ed re i e y i e e i he r e e i dregu i i such i e se c ic s.

our g i his ch er is rese ge er r ew rk r ex i ie i d e i regu i i i ergr u c ic si u i s. our cus is i e se i r c b e c ic s. H we er, gi e he uci y sych gic rese

he r e e i s i such c ic s, we dr w u f di gs r he br derd i e i s d i ergr u re i s. We begi ur ch er by def i gkey c ce s i he s udy e i , e i regu i d he sych gyi ergr u c ic s. We he i r duce c ce u r ew rk r ex i i g h

e i d e i regu i ec i di idu s’ be ie s, i udes d behreg rdi g he c ic . nex , b sed re iew he i er ure, we y

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Intergroup Con lICts and theIr resolutIon84

r ew rk hree s ges i ergr u c ic s—c ic u bre k, de-escd rec ci i i . We c c ude by discussi g ide s r u ure rese rch.

BasIC de InItIons and ConCepts

Emotions

Des i e s ec cu r gr w h i he fe d e i (lewis, H i d-J es, &B rre , 2008), c se su def i i he c ce is s i e usi e. p r di fcu y here is h here re u d e dis gree e s reg rdi g he he rec b u d ries he fe d. Bec use he er “e i ” is dr w r cus ge, here re i s dis gree e b u he he e h require ex i(e.g., e i w rds, e i ex erie ce, e i ex ressi s, r e ibeh i r; see Frijd , 2004; niede h , Kr u h-Gruber, & Ric, 2006).

I his ch er, we d Wi i J es’s (1884) c ssic ers ec i e ei s s res se e de cies. acc rdi g his iew, e i s re exib e res se

seque ces (Frijd , 1986; Scherer, 1984) h re c ed r h whe e er i di id-u e u es si u i s eri g i r ch e ges r r u i ies& C s ides, 1990). I her w rds, e i s r s r subs i e e e i

i i res d i i r icu r er (Z j c, 1998).C re c e s e i i c ude subjec i e ee i gs, b di y ch ges, c

ex ressi s, d her hysi gic re c i s. these c e s he dis iguish e i s r her he e such s i udes r be ie s (C ci &G rd er, 1999). H we er, ur ers ec i e e i s high igh s he r e w

ddi i c e s—c g i i e r is s d res se e de cies—whi we see s ce r he u ders di g he r e e i s i i ergrc ic s.

Rec g i i he sy bi ic re i s be wee e i d c g i i h s ex e si e rese rch he c g i i e s ec s discre e e i s (l z rus, 199

R se , 1984; Scherer, 2004; S i h & E sw r h, 1985). I is w we es b ishedh i s si u i s, e i s i c ude c rehe si e e u i he e

e ici i g s i u us (which y be c sci us r u c sci us). Des i e di ere ces i

er i gy, i is ssib e ide i y se er r is di e si s h re ci he wri i gs s sch rs. these i c ude e s ess, ici ed ee i c i i y, cer i y, ercei ed bs c es, res sibi i y ribu i

se , her, r si u i ), d re i e s re g h (c r bi i y).I ddi i he r is c e , ar d (1960) sugges ed h e

e i is re ed s ecifc c i e de cy. m re rece y, Frijd (1986)ide ifed s ecifc y es c i re di ess h ch r c erize 17 discre e e iR se (1984) d R se , Wies , d Sw r z (1994) h s dis i guished be wee

c i s, c i e de cies, d e i g s. Whi e ge er i es r gi here c e s e ch e i , d hus c be redic ed by s ecifc e -

i s, he r s r i hese i es i c ex -s ecifc res se e ded c u beh i r de e ds u er us ex er c rs d is here re quexib e (Frijd Kui ers & er Schure 1989; R se 2002) the c ssic ex e

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emotIon and emotIon regulatIon In Intergroup Con lICt 85

cre i g s er e ir e , bu c ke he r ei her fgh r igres se e de cies, de e di g he si u i .

Emotions, Moods, Sentiments, and Group-Based Emotions

E i s re rese jus e se er y es ec i e res ses (Gr ss, 200F r ur ur ses i his ch er, i is i r dis i guish g e i sse i e s, d ds. as we h e see , e i s re u ic e ires ses s ecifc e e s. Se i e s, by c r s , re e duri g c fgur i

e i s (ar d, 1960; Ek , 1992; Frijd , 1986). acc rdi g his iew, e i se i e is e r y s b e e i dis si i w rd gr u , r sy b (H eri , 2008b). E i se i e s di er r dsi h ds y ic y d h e we -def ed bjec s, where s e i s

e s d .I rece ye rs, here h s bee gr wi g i eres i he c ce gr u -b sed

e i s, which re ers e i s h re e by i di idu s s resu e bershi i r ide ifc i wi h cer i gr u r s cie y (m ckie, De s, &

S i h, 2000; S i h, 1993; S i h & m ckie, 2008). acc rdi g y, rese rch h ssh w h i di idu s y ex erie ce e i s y i res se ers

i e e e s d c i i ies, bu s i res se e e s h ec her gr u wi h which hey ide i y (m ckie e ., 2000; W h , Br sc be, &

K r, 2006; Yzerby , Du , Wigb dus, & G rdi , 2003). Gr u -b sed e -i s re ers ex erie ces h c be rge ed e e s, i di idu s r s

gr u s. I he er c se, hey re def ed s i ergr u e i s, h is, e ih re e s resu he e be gi g ess cer i gr u , d

her gr u (S i h, Seger, & m ckie, 2007).o he s cie e e ysis, whe i ergr u e i s re sh red

e si u e us y by rge u bers i di idu s i cer i s cie y, heydef ed s c ec i e e i s (B r-t , 2001; S e h & S e h , 2000). DeRi er (1992) i r duced re ed c ce , e i c i e. He sugges e

h e i c i e is he ggreg e he e i ex erie ces idu s cie y e bers, bu r her ch r c eris ic he s cie y h i

i s ide i y d u i y. a h ugh s he curre ch er cuses i di idu , he s cie e e ysis, i is w r h i g h i di idrie ces e i s ccur wi hi cer i s cie c ex . He ce, he c ecc fgur i e i s— r e i c i e—is i r he u dersi g he r e i di idu is ic e i s i he c ex i ergr u c(B r-t , H eri , & de Ri er , 2007).

Emotion Regulation

I rece ye rs, sch rs i he e ergi g fe d e i regu i h e ke

u he issue h w e i s y be ered r i ue ced. ty ic y, heir cuh s bee i di idu s d i er ers re i s (Gr ss, 2007). this r chis gr u ded i re i us w rk sych gic de e ses (Freud 1926/1959) s ress

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Intergroup Con lICts and theIr resolutIon86

Sh d , & R driguez, 1989). We w u d rgue h s e he i sigh s h h e beeg i ed r s udies e i regu i y be ied he i ergr u c e

a he i di idu e e , e i regu i re ers r cesses h re e g whe i di idu s ry i ue ce he y e r u e i hey ( r heex erie ce, whe hey ( r hers) h e he , d h w hey ( r hers) ex erie ce

d ex ress hese e i s (Gr ss, 1998). E i regu i y be u ic c r ed, c sci us r u c sci us, d y h e i s e ec s e r re i he e i ge er i e r cess. E i regu i y ch ge he degree which e i res se c e s c here s he e i u ds, such s whe

rge ch ges i e i ex erie ce d hysi gic res di g ccur i hbse ce ci beh i r.

the curre i er ure i s u f e i ies e i regu i r cesssi u i se ec i , si u i difc i , e i de y e , cch ge, d res se du i (Gr ss, 1998). these i ies re dis i guishedby he i i he e i -ge er i e r cess which hey h e heir ri ri c (Gr ss & th s , 2007). F r ex e, he “si u i se ec i ” s r eg

ccurs ery e r y i he r cess d i es c i s h ke i re ( r eike y h e wi e d u i si u i s h re ex ec ed gi e rise des

( r u desir b e) e i s. I c r s , he “res se du i ” s r egy cce i he e i -ge er i e r cess, er res se e de cies h e bee i i

ed. Des i e he i r ce her regu ry s r egies, ur cus ich er is r cesses c g i i e ch ge. the i re s r his se ec i i

he ex ec ed ic bi i y his s r egy rge-sc e i ergr u c ir icu r, we cus e s re r ise he g i g e e s i rder u

d w regu e cer i i ergr u e i s.

Intractable Intergroup Conficts

S ci c ic s re usu y def ed s si u i s where “ w r re ers s gr u s i es he be ie h hey h e i c ib e bjec i es” (Kriesbe2007, . 2; mi che , 1981; Rubi , prui , & Ki , 1994). Fr sych gic

ers ec i e, he e r ce be ie reg rdi g c r dic ry g s r i e

is w ys du -s ge r cess. the frs s ge i es subjec i e e u ireg rdi g he i -gr u ’s g s, he her gr u ’s g s d he i er c i be whe . I he sec d s ge, he e u i is ex ressed i i i d re di

c i cer i w y. He ce, c g i i e r is s d res se e de cies, be bedded wi hi he s ruc ure e i s, re i egr r he s bdef i i c ic , es i g heir i r ce.

Di ere sch rs re er di ere s ges c ic s (mi che , 1981). Krie(2007) r ided rece b e ex e, which described he hree i s ges

r e ch c ic : (1) he e erge ce, u bre k r i es i he c ic ; he esc i he c ic ; d (3) i s de-esc i d se e e . o her

rs h e rece y discussed her i r s ge c ic , e y rec cii (Gibs , 2006). I he rese ch er, we ex i e he r e e i de i regu i i hree s ges i ergr u c ic : c ic u bre k

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emotIon and emotIon regulatIon In Intergroup Con lICt 87

the curre ch er d s b -u ers ec i e, cc rdi g which,e i s, i udes d c i s i di idu s d gr u s i ue ce he c urse

he c ic . this sych gy he “ e e” is e e re i r i i r cc ic s h i her c ex s, bec use i r c b e c ic s re s e

d r r c ed, de d ex e si e i es e , y ce r r e i he ihe i ed s cie ies, d re ercei ed s , irres b e d bei g zer -

(B r-t , 1998; Kriesberg, 1993). acc rdi g B r-t (2007), s cie ies h rei ed i hese ki ds c ic s de e u ique sych gic re er which i c udes sys e c ic -re ed s cie be ie s (i.e., “e h s c icbi sed c ec i e e ry he his ry he c ic , d high y eg i e “c

i e e i rie i ” w rd he e (B r-t & H eri , his the r e h he e i c e his re er ire ys i i i

he c ic is ce r he curre r ew rk. the ure g- er , i rb e c ic s cre es er i e gr u d r he c i u i d ggreg

e i s bey d he i edi e i e r e. S e j r c ic -re ed e e s, which y be cc ied by re e ed disse i i s ecifc i r i

b u he c ic , y r duce s b e gr u -b sed e i se i e s whe e d he c ic . as resu , s b e eg i e i ergr u e

such s e r, ger d h red bec e i here r he s di g sychgic c ex i di idu s i such c ic s (Ke , 1997). the i er c

be wee hese e i se i e s d he e i s h rise i res se c ic -re ed e e s, s we s heir j i i ue ce i udes d cs ds he ce er ur r sed r is -b sed r ew rk.

emotIons and emotIon regulatIon InIntergroup Con lICt: an appraIsal-Based

rameworkDes i e i cre sed i eres i he r e e i i c ic s, we re w re c rehe si e r ew rk r u ders di g h w e i s i ue ce i di idu

d c ec i e be ie s, i udes d beh i rs reg rdi g w r d e ce. I

wi g sec i , we i r duce ew r is -b sed r ew rk h c ures ec s his r cess, d y here re be use u s he re ic ru ure e iric w rk i he fe d. the frs r ur r is -b sed r ew r

(b d circ es i Figure 3.1) describes he seque ce r cesses by which e ise i e s d e i s c ribu e he r i s ecifc i udibeh i r res ses c ic re ed e e s.

the r cess begi s wi h he ccurre ce ew e e d/ r e r ce ew i r i re ed he c ic d/ r rec ec i s c ic

e e . the e e r i r i c be eg i e (e.g., w r, err r ck, d rejei e ce er) r si i e (e.g., e ce ges ure d wi i g ess c

ise), bu i us be r ised s e i g u . a h ugh e e s c be ex erie ceders y, i s c ses hey re ex erie ced direc y by ew gr u e bers dr s i ed her gr u e bers hr ugh he edi i e ders he ss

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Intergroup Con lICts and theIr resolutIon88

gr u s he direc y ex sed i di idu s, hey w u d ex erie ce gr u -b sede i s (m ckie e ., 2000; S i h, 1993).

Such sh r - er e e s wi e ici i di idu d gr u -b sed e i s d e sui g i ic res se e de cies, de e di g he er i which hey re

r ised. F r ex e, i e c c i ed by u -gr u e bers w rd hi -gr u h is r ised s u jus d is cc ied by he e u i i -gr u s s r g w u d i duce ger (H eri , 2008 ; Huddy, Fe d , &C ssese, 2007). He ce, he subjec i e r is e e is cruci c r

de er i i g he ki d e i h wi resu r he e e .acc rdi g he r sed r ew rk, i he c ex g- er c ic s, r is e e s is i ue ced by hree i c rs. Firs , he e e y

r ed i cer i w y, d his r i g i ue ces i di idu s’ r is e e (H eri , 2008b). Di ere r es r he s e e e y e d di erc g i i e r is s, which, i ur , wi e d di ere e i res(Gr ss, 2008). F r ex e, i i i ry c i by he e is r ed s de e si e res se re i us i i c i s by e’s w side, i y e ici

r ssib y s d ess. Bu i r ed s ggressi e c i wi h jus ifed c usei y e d ex re e ger r e e h red.

Sec d, he r is he e e wi be i ue ced by re i e y wide r ec i e c rs. a ex e si e re iew hese c rs is bey d he sche curre ch er bu exh us i e is he w u d i c ude ers

Cognitiveappraisals

of the events

Long-termemotionalsentimentabout theadversary

Reactiveemotions—personal or

group-based

Politicalattitudes,

personal andgroup

actions

Non-affectivefactors (e.g.,

ideology,personality)

Exposure to orrecollectionof conflict

events

On-line emotionregulation

Prospective emotion

regulation

Prospective emotionregulation

i 3.1 a r is -b sed r ew rk r e i s d e i regu i ic ic s.

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emotIon and emotIon regulatIon In Intergroup Con lICt 89

r ues, s ci -ec ic s us, d g- er ide gy b u he cd he e (H eri , 2008b; Sh r i , H eri , & R s er, 2008).Fi y, d s re e , ur r is -b sed r ew rk ssu es h

er e i se i e s wi bi s he c g i i e r is s s ecifc e ethis re ise is b sed u he r is e de cy r ew rk (ler er & Ke er,2000), cc rdi g which e ch e i c i es c g i i e redis si i i er re e e s i i e wi h he ce r r is di e si s h riggerede i . F r ex e, g- er ex er hre he gr u wi ke s c

e bers re u ed hre e i g cues d wi e d higher r isedd ger h wi e ici , i ur , re reque e r res ses (B r-t e ., 20

We sugges h he ccurre ce ew e e , i egr ed wi h hese hrgr u s c rs, wi sh e he c g i i e r is he e e , which wi

he b sis r he de e e c rres di g discre e e i s. I ur , hediscre e e i s, d r icu r y he e i g s d res se e dee bedded wi hi he , wi dic e he beh i r d i ic res ses e e (H eri , 2008b).

the frs r he r sed r ew rk c siders he ce r r e discree i s i de er i i g re c i s c ic re ed e e s. I he sec d r

he r ew rk (s ri ed i es b xes i Figure 3.1) we describe w ssib e hsr he regu i hese e i s i he c ex i ergr u c ic s h

heir ri us h ses. I is w r h i g h , he bes ur k w edge, s r e i regu i h e e er bee e iric y es ed i he c ex i

gr u re i s d c ic res u i . He ce, his r he r ew rk is s ei e d requires e iric id i .

as ed, ri r w rk e i regu i he i di idu e e h s cu se er s r egies h y be used regu e e i s (Gr ss, 1998). W

be ie e h he s re e s r egy i he c ex r r c ed i ec ic s is e i regu i hr ugh c g i i e ch ge d, re s ecifcre r is . Re r is i es ch gi g si u i ’s e i g i w y

ers i s e i i c (Gr ss, 2002). the s direc w y cre e c g i ich ge is sk i di idu s re r ise, c sider er i e ers ec i esre hi k heir i er re i e e s r i r i (ochs er & Gr ss, 2008

a h ugh his r cedure w s qui e success u i reduci g eg i e e i s ii di idu d i er- ers se i gs, i is s c e r y ic b e he i ergr u c ic . the i re s is h he sych gic re er ire

he c ic is e s dee y e re ched (B r-t , 2007) h i di idu s u ike y be wi i g ch ge i u reques . He ce, we w u d rgue hcre i g c g i i e ch ge i such c ex is s ike y be chie ed by usii direc w ys. I r icu r, we be ie e h i is i r dis i guish be w

w y es re r is : i e re r is d r s ec i e re r is .o i e re r is re ers “ he e ch ge e i h s r

c i u us y er es whi e he e i - riggeri g e e u ds” (She es

meir , 2007, . 1518). I he c ex i ergr u c ic , his r cess er i c g i i e ch ge h y be c used by eri g he er i which e ere rese ed he ub ic r r ed this r cess c begi y er he ccur

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Intergroup Con lICts and theIr resolutIon90

begi s ery s er he riggeri g e e (She es & meir , 2007). He ce, hedisse i i desired i er re i r r e he e e he ubsh u d s r i edi e y er he ccurre ce he e e . Such r e sh uhigh igh s ecifc r is s h c rres d wi h e i s h ser e cs ruc i e

ur ses whi e idi g he use r is s h re ss ci ed wi h des ruce i s. F r ex e, i rder u regu e gr u -b sed gui i res se

he i ure e ce su i , he edi re r s y i edi e y high ighhe i -gr u ’s res sibi i y r he i ure, si ce r is i -gr u res

bi i y is i r r he e i ex erie ce gr u -b sed gui (We ., 2006).

Bu success u regu i e i s i g- er c ic s sh u d by er he e r ce riggeri g e e . pre i us f di gs h e de

s r ed he e ec i e ess re r is whe i is i i i ed i d ce eriggeri g e e s (Gr ss & le e s , 1997). there re, ur r ew rk i r duces ew s r egy e i regu i hr ugh c g i i e ch ge, e y r si e re r is . the gic u der yi g r s ec i e re r is is h sig ifc

ch ges i he g- er e i se i e s d be ie s e bers gr uh re i ed i ergr u c ic s wi er heir r is s d res

e i re c i s s ecifc e e s. S ecifc y, he reduc i eg i e igr u se i e s r he der i g- er eg i e be ie s ri r e e s c er he er i which i di idu s wi e e u y i er ree e s. F r ex e, he er i which i di idu s r ise ew e ce r -

s by he e y be high y de e de he e e s g- er hhey ee w rd h e . He ce, reduci g e e s g- er h red

cre e er i e gr u d r re c s ruc i e e i res ses si i we s eg i e c ic -re ed e e s. this s r egy is high y sui b e he uc ex i ergr u c ic , bec use i erc es he di fcu ies i “re iregu i e i s g rge u i s.

a ddi i d ge r s ec i e re r is is i s bi i y y e res se e de cies h wi rise ce e i is e ici ed. I

w rds, r s ec i e re r is y bri g b u b h qu i i e (e.g., wer e e r) r qu i i e (e.g., “ igh ” i s e d “fgh ” res se e de cies

ch ge i he ex erie ced e i . this s r egy e i regu i see sre ic b e (e.g., hr ugh educ i ch e s), ye ch gi g such g- ee i s d be ie s y be ery di fcu (B r-t & H eri , his u e).

applyIng the model In dI erent stageso the Con lICt

our r is -b sed r ew rk c ures he ur-s e r cess e e→ e i -res se→ e i regu i→ i ic - si i /beh i r. We be ie e h hi

r ew rk y use u y be ied hree j r s ges i ergr u c ic

c ic u bre k d esc i , c ic de-esc i , d rec ci i i . wi g sec i s, we re iew f di gs r rese rch c duc ed i di erec ic s i rder high igh he r es yed by e i d e i regu

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frs r cuses he r e e i s i gi e s ge, d is descri i e iure. the sec d r c siders h w i e d r s ec i e re r is y be

used di i ish c ic , d kes r i e r ch.I sh u d be ed h s e iric s udies d e h e cused s e y

he s ecifc i k be wee e i s d i ic si i s/beh i r reg rdi g c ic , d h e i c r r ed her s ec s he de (e.g., r is se i regu i ). He ce, si ce ur i is r se de h is br de

h he es re i us y es ed, we use ur c rehe si e r ew rk e ure i us e iric s udies d ge er e redic i s r u ure i es ig i s

Confict Outbreak and Escalation

this s ge re ers he i es i r r s r i e dis greei i e c ic . I i es decisi - ki g r cesses by e ders, which,de cr ic s cie ies, us be b cked u by ub ic su r . this ki d su r isesse i due he high risk d e i s crifces required r he ei ed. the degree which s cie y e bers su r ri us c urses ggres-si e c ec i e c i y rge y de e d heir e i s.

e i o b /e c i C fic the e ih h s bee s reque y s udied wi h res ec his s ge he c

ger. a ger is e ked by e e s i which he i di idu ercei es he c i s hers s u jus , u ir r s de i i g r cce b e s cie r s (a er

1982). I ddi i , i i es r is s re i e s re g h d high ce i (m ckie e ., 2000). the i egr i hese w ch r c eris ics

cre es e de cy c r (Berk wi z, 1993; m ckie e ., 2000), hi , kick he ger e ki g rge (R se e ., 1994).

I i e wi h i s ch r c eris ics, re i us s udies c duc ed i he c ex re -w r d c ic s h e c sis e y u d c e r d direc ss ci i be

ger d ribu i b e he u -gr u (H eri , 2008 ; S , ler& Fischh , 2006). o her s udies u d h i di idu s wh ee gry r

u ure i i ry cks s ess risky (ler er & Ke er, 2001) d rec s

si i e c seque ces such cks (Huddy e ., 2007). acc rdi g y, s udiec duc ed i he U i ed S es wi g he 9/11 cks u d h i di idu s were high y su r i e a eric i i ry res se i Ir q de sewhere (Cheu g-B u de & B u de , 2008; Huddy e ., 2007; ler er,G z ez, S , & Fischh , 2003; Ski k , B u , ar ich, & m rg , 2006)this y e re c i is ex c y he ki d h r es esc i c ic s.

F r u e y, i s c ses, ger is he y e i riggered by he e ’s r c i s, ggressi e s e e s r i i ry c i s. o her e i

re c i s, such s e r, y e d w he res se e de cies ger. Fe rrises i si u i s ercei ed hre d d ger i di idu s d/ r heir e

r e r s cie y, d e b es d i e res ses (Gr y, 1989). Fe r is ss ci e wi h r is w s re g h d w c r er he si u i (R1984) s we s i cre sed risk es i es d essi is ic redic i s (ler er &

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cre e s e e ir e (Frijd e ., 1989; R se e ., 1994). there re, his s ge he c ic , e r y disc ur ge gr u e bers r e g gi g i

i e i i ry c i i ies, due e e ed risk es i es d id ce e deI deed, se er s udies h e u d h e r re c i s g a eric s h9/11 err r cks i cre sed es i ed risks err ris d w r (Huddy e 2007; ler er e ., 2003) d decre sed su r r i i ry c i i ies d h w r i Ir q (Huddy e ., 2007).

as sugges ed by ur r sed he re ic de , sh r - er e i s de ei c ex re e duri g e i se i e s w rd he u -gr u . th

s des ruc i e e i se i e h i ue ces be ie s, i udes d bei rs he s ge c ic u bre k is h red. H red is sec d ry, ex re

eg i e e i (R yz , mcC u ey, & R si , 2005; S er berg & S er berg,2008) wi h e i y des ruc i e i c i ergr u re i s (H2008 ; pe erse , 2002; v k , 1997). I is direc ed r icu r i di idu gr u d de u ces he u d e y d i c usi e y (S er berg, 2003)

s c ses, h red i es r is he beh i r u -gr u s s er dee -r ed, er e e i ch r c er. as resu , h red is ss ci e

wi h ery w ex ec i s r si i e ch ge, d wi h high e e s desthe e u i sh r - er c ic -re ed e e s hr ugh he e s h

u ic y i cre ses su r r i i i i g i e c i s d r esche c ic (S ub, 2005). I e is c i ced he des ruc i e i e i she u -gr u d ee s des ir reg rdi g he ike ih d he u -g

ch gi g i s w ys, he i e er i e y see s he y re s b e rece s udy c duc ed i Isr e he e e he a is e ce su i i 200

u d h b e d bey d y her e i , se i e h red i cre sed e de cy Isr e is su r ex re e i i ry c i w rd p es i

(H eri , 2008b).C rres di g wi h he r sed r ew rk, we sugges h he e e g- er h red y s i ue ce he beh i r i es i s ger. a

h ccurs i he rese ce high e e s h red wi s ike y bri g ex re e ggressi e re c i . I c r s , ger h ccurs i he rese ce w e e s h red y e d re c s ruc i e r ch e de cies (Fische

R se , 2007). I e be ie es h he e gr u c ch ge i s beh id h i s i e i s re de e si e r i ce (i.e., w e e s h red“high s re g h” r is e bedded i ger y cre e e de cy e g ge ic s ruc i e r b e s i g d crisis ge e , i s e d he re c i e re c i (H eri , 2008 , 2008b).

e i r i o b /e c i C fic I e wish id esc i he c ic , e i regu i sh u d

cruci r e i he s ge decisi ki g reg rdi g ssib e e si e c iS r egies i e re r is c be used i rder u -regu e e e s

i e e r d d w regu e ger. F r hese ur ses, he r i g e e s he ssess e s ssib e res ses he sh u d high igh he high riski ed i i i i i g i i ry c i this sh u d be d e by e h sizi g h

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c eyed ess ge sh u d be s b ced s ssib e reg rdi g he res sibi i b h sides he si u i . Such i r i y reduce he e e s r

u ir ess d i jus ice d here re reduce e e s ger.S r egies r s ec i e re r is sh u d cus e s reduce g- er h red w rd he e d des ir b u he si u i . th

e s sh u d e h size hu ess d he er ge ei y he u -gr u s wes he bi i y i di idu s d gr u s ch ge heir ch r c eris ics,

ues, si i s, d beh i r (Dweck, Chiu, & H g, 1995). I ddi i , s r egie ers ec i e ki g c be used, i rder i cre se u ders di g reg rdi g

he i es d g s he d ers ry (G i sky & m sk wi z, 2000). We rh such g- er r cesses, disse i ed hr ugh educ i ch e s, cu urr duc s d her s cie ech is s, wi er he beh i r i es

re c i e eg i e e i s, which re he se es ur d egi ires ses e si e c s r r c i s.

De-escalation o the Confict

this s ge i es e s chie e s e s r c ic res u i r er e ce gree e . I s c ses de-esc i is i e r, g d di f

r cess. I i es bre ki g such we -es b ished b s s eg i i g e e ies, wh h d bee r er y c sidered “ urderers” r “ err ris s.” I ddi i ,i requires di fcu r cess c r ises i r i eres s r e e ide

gic be ie s. pub ic iews y ce r r e i i hibi i g r e c ur gi g r cesses.

e i d - c i as resu he dr w - u ure hisr cess, g- er e i se i e s y i r e. tw c r di

d wer u se i e s d i e his r cess— e r d h e (J ry wicz &B r-t , 2006). a y s e w rd e ce u res u i i ergr u c ic s requi wi i g ess ke risks. there re, he e i se i e e r, which hi d

he wi i g ess ke risks, is reque y c sidered s he s sig ifcb rrier res u i .

I c r s he res r i i g r e re c i e e r he esc i s g i e c ic is re dy i i , se i e e r y s bi ize he si u i d re e u u e s eg i e. m re s ecifc y, resesugges s h ex erie ces hre d e r i cre se c ser is , rejudicee h ce ris , d i er ce (Ducki & Fisher, 2003; Fe d & S e er,1997; J s , G ser, Krug ski, & Su w y, 2003; S e h & S e h , 2000). Du

recurri g ex erie ces hre d d ger resu i g r he c ic , s ciee bers y bec e er-se si ized cues h sig d ger d exis i s

c s re di ess de e d he se es (J ry wicz & B r-t , 2006).the her i r se i e i he s ge c ic de-esc i is h

H e i es ex ec i d s ir i r si i e g , s we s ee i gs b u he ici ed u c e (S s & S sse , 1985). H e cig -se i g i g use i gery cre i i y c g i i e exibi i y e

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C seque y, h e ws e bers gr u s h re i ed i i e c i gi e u ure h is di ere r he s d c e u wi h cre

s u i s he dis u es he c re he c ic (J ry wicz & B r-t , 20the be ie h e ce u res u i he c ic is ssib e is esse i

w rd ki g risks d c r isi g. I deed, s udy c duc ed i n r herIre d u d h h e w s si i e y re ed he dissi i he dere i e, which, i ur , w s si i e y re ed wi i g ess rgi e hs ry (m eschberger, Dix , nie s, & C ir s, 2005).

Reg rdi g he eg i e e i s, i w u d be r her e i g sugges he i s ike ger r h red, which c ribu e he u bre k d esc ic ic s, s y r e i he c i u i d i e ce he c ic

s h red is c cer ed, his redic i h s r e id. o e rece s udy u dh i di idu s wh ex erie ced sh r - er e is des h red i i es egi i s i he midd e-E s e ded rejec y si i e i r i b u

e , d se c i u i eg i i s, c r ise d rec ci i(H eri , 2008b).

I he c se ger, h we er, rese rch rese s ixed ic ure reg rdi g i sr e i e r s de-esc e c ic s. a his s ge, ger y resu r ercregressi i he wi i g ess he her side chie e e ce r r i e

c i s ex re is s duri g eg i i s. S udies c duc ed i n r her Ired i S i reg rdi g he c ic i he B sque c u ry h e de s r ed hger w rd he e y c s i u e sig ifc e i b rrier i ce e i c r ises, c sis e wi h i s r e he esc i

(p ez, 2007; t e ., 2007). Ye i her c ses, ger e rs i cre se su rr risk- ki g i eg i i s, d c seque y y c ribu e he e

res u i c ic s (H eri , 2008b; Rei e , H eri , & Federic , 2008) We sugges h ger w ys c i es r ch e de cy, bu he u

he c u res se (i.e., c s ruc i e ersus des ruc i e) y be de er i ed byc c i e e s se i e e r, h red d h e.

a her i r c eg ry e i s h y c ribu e r cessesde-esc i c ic s re r e i s rge ed he i -gr u (Rl wery, I d , & H id , 1999). Duri g he r cess eg i i w rd c ic

res u i , cer i e e s r ew i r i b u he i -gr u ’s c i s (cks g i s c b s) y bri g b u se ere hre he si ii ge gr u e bers. Such hre y gi e rise gr u -b sed r e i s, which re def ed s e i re c i s beh i r h is r ised s ib sic r ues i which e be ie es ( r rece re iew see t g ey, S uewig& m shek, 2007). the s reque y s udied r e i s i he c ex c ic s re gr u -b sed gui d sh e.

Gr u -b sed gui is ss ci ed wi h r is h e’s i -gr u is ressib e r c i s h i e r s r ues which he gr u is c i(Br sc be, 2004). Gui is cused he wr gd i g i se d

ch r c eris ics he i r (t g ey, W g er, F e cher, & Gr z w, 1992)C seque y, i i es gr u e bers rec i y he wr gd i g d c e s e he ic i s (D sje Br sc be S e rs & m s e d 1998; Iyer

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nu er us s udies c duc ed i he c ex s ri us c ic s (e.g., B s i ,S u h-a ric , d midd e-E s ) h e de s r ed h i di idu s wh rec g i

heir w gr u ’s res sibi i y r he h r c used he e s d ex ee ce c ec i e gui , re i ed c e s e d er re r i s ic i s heir w gr u ’s c i s (Br w & Ceh jic, 2008; Br w , G zá ezZ ge k , & Ceh jic, 2008; K der s, Wer er, & D r , 2008; p g &Hu , 2007; Sh r i e ., 2008; W h e ., 2006). as such, gui y c ribu

i r i g he re i s be wee e gr u s d ci i e he r cc ic res u i .

Gr u -b sed sh e is s ss ci ed wi h r is i r er beh i he r i -gr u e bers (l z rus, 1999). Ye u ike gui , sh e i ies

h he wr gd i g re ec s he ge er ch r c er he er e r rs (t ge ., 1992). C seque y, he res se e de cies ss ci ed wi h sh e r

rge ed w rd he se (G dberg, 1991). there re, he c ribu i sh e he e ce u res u i he c ic s is ess c e r. a h ugh e ide ce exis

si i e e ec s sh e c s ruc i e i ic e de cies (Br w & Ceh2008; Br w e ., 2008), i s c ses sh e y e ds desire dis

he i -gr u r he sh e-i ki g si u i (Iyer, Sch der, & licke , 2007;Sh r i e ., 2008).

d - c i e i r i I rder ci i e c icde-esc i d res u i , i e e r s sh u d be de u regu e grb sed gui , whi e idi g he u -regu i sh e. F r hese ur sek w edge he i -gr u ’s wr gd i gs (e.g., r ure, ressi , d ki i gi ce s) sh u d be disse i ed he ub ic reque b sis, i rder gi e rise erce i s hre he gr u ’s si i e i ge d i duce r

s c ec i e res sibi i y r he wr gd i gs. this i r i sh ur ed i w y h d es re ec eg i e y he r ised dis si i

gr u e bers. I her w rds, i rder gi e rise gr u -b sed gui d sh e, gr u e bers us be ie e h hey h e he bi i y ch ge heirbeh i r d i r e heir i ge by ur i g he h e ce.

pr s ec i e e i regu i e r s his s ge sh u d cus d

regu i g- er e r. pre i us rese rch h s sh w h i e r y s gei ergr u c ic (i.e., he esc i s ge), e h sizi g he re i e s re ghe i -gr u y reduce e e s e r d e d c r i e de cies (m

e ., 2000). We sugges h duri g he de-esc i s ge, he s e regur cess (i.e., high igh i g i -gr u s re g hs d u -gr u we k esses) y

reduce he e r risk- ki g i e s chie e e ce, d he ce i cresu r r eg i i s wi h he e d r c r ises.

the g- er e r s reduce e r sh u d be cc ied by c sis ee s es b ish se i e s h e b u he u ure he c ic . I d

h e i g- er c ic s ses c sider b e ch e ge i y bec use

e bers he s cie ies i ed i hese c ic s h e e er ex erie ced e ce-u si u i , d he ce c i gi e he be ef s e ce. there re, e r si duce h e sh u d high igh re is ic d c cre e g s d w he ge er

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a g, 2008). a exh us i e is ssib e e s s i u i g such r cy i c ude reque rese i si i e ch ges h k ce i

si i r c ic s r u d he w r d, e h sizi g i cre e he ries b u ch gbi i y i gr u s’ ch r c eris ics d beh i rs (Ryde , Huge berg, R y, & m ckie

2007) d high igh i g he der e seg e s wi hi he e gr u .

Reconciliation

the e d i e ce d e e r res u i he c ic d ecessresu i ge ui e y e ce u re i s g he r ies (Kriesberg, 1998; leder ch1997). o e , ger r cess rec ci i i is required i rder w s

e ce u re i s be wee he gr u s. Rec ci i i i es dee sygic d cu ur r s r i h g es bey d r res u i

c ic (B r-t , 2008; Ke , 1997; leder ch, 1997). Such r cess requiresers ec i e ch ge, s we s ch ge i e eryd y c i i ies gr u e bers.

e i r c ci i i the w s r i e e i s i hes ge rec ci i i re rgi e ess d e hy. F rgi e ess is usu y def

s e i r cess h i es e i g g s ger d rese(B u eis er, Ex i e, & S er, 1998; E righ & Fi zgibb s, 2000). acc rdi g y,

w s udies c duc ed g pr es s d C h ics i n r her Irere e ed h ger w rd he e gr u w s eg i e y re ed w

ess rgi e (t e ., 2007; t e ., 2008 , 2008b). Wh ws is hr cess i ed r i g rgi e ess sh u d i e ck w edg e u

res sibi i y r r ci ies c i ed duri g he c ic d i cre si g u ders di g he u -gr u ’s s i es d i eres s.

a her e i r cess h is i r r rec ci i i is e which is her- rie ed e i s e h s e s r he ercei ed ecs e hers d is c grue wi h heir ercei ed we re (B s , ahlish er, & ts g, 2005). Beh i r y, e hy i duces desire he hers dd jus ice he (Zh u, v ie e, & Eise berg, 2003). Se er s udies c duc edi he s c ic se i gs n r her Ire d (m eschberger e ., 2005; t

e ., 2008b) d B s i (Ceh jic, Br w , & C s , 2008) re e si ire i shi be wee e hy d wi i g ess rgi e he e s. as udy c duc ed i Isr e u d h e hy e by ar b chi dre w rd Jewchi dre w s eg i e y re ed su r r i e ce (Shech & B sh2005). n d er d li i (2006) sugges ed h ex sure ex ressi s e hy by d ers ry y s ci i e wi i g ess rec ci e.

e i r i r c ci i i o e y c sider he e irer cess rec ci i i s r cess regu i i ergr u e i s

ws he r res u i he c ic . thr ugh u his r cess b h

he c ic ce he re e d us ch e ge d w regu i g such g-eg i e e i s s e r, h red d ger, which h e gr du y bui u ggreg ed er ye rs c ic We sugges h he r cess rec ci i

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w rds, c r ry he w re i us s ges he c ic , which were ch r cized by e i re c i s ew c ic re ed e e s, he i ch e g

he s ge rec ci i i is cre e c di i s h w c s ruc i e wi h rec ec i s s r ci ies c i ed by b h r ies.

F r hese ur ses, s regu ry e r s i he s ge rec ci i i shcus g- er ( r s ec i e) e s i cre se e hy w rd he

gr u . I e rs h he dy ic reduci g i ergr u h red h s uch ic wi h i duci g i ergr u e hy. He ce, ery si i r he s r egy reduci g h red, he ce r r u e i ergr u e hy i es e r s e

ge e bers e ch side d he ers ec i e he her side (D is, 1994)d i gi e h w he e s ee (B s , E r y, & S r i, 1997).a rece s udy c duc ed g C h ics d pr es s i n r her Ire

(t e ., 2008 ) u d h he r u i y cre e i ergr u rie dshi s j r ecede ers ec i e ki g d e hy. these resu s d he r

ge er f di gs reg rdi g he si i e e ec c c i ergr u re(pe igrew & tr , 2006) s ress he eed i s i u i ize cc si s r igr u c c his s ge he c ic bey d s r dic, r d i ergre c u ers.

a her rece s udy c duc ed i w di ere s c ic c exi dige us– i dige us re i s i Chi e d he id-1990s w r i B s i —

u d h re i ders i -gr u res sibi i y r s wr gd i gs, c bi e wi h re-hu iz i he re i us y de-hu ized u -gr u , sig ifce e ed e e s u -gr u e hy (Ceh jic, Br w , & G zá ez, 2008). Wsugges h regu i he b e e i ed ecede s e hy is

d di fcu educ i r cess h sh u d i c ude c rdi ed e r nc de i , r educ i sys e s d e e he ss- edi .

dIreCtIons or uture researChI r c b e i ergr u c ic s re s ur ed wi h eg i e e i s such s

d e r. they s i e high e e s eg i e se i e s such s h red des ir. these eg i e e i s d se i e s wer u y i ue ce he er

i which g i g e e s re r ised d he res ses he . He ce, y c rehe si e sych gic ex i he de e e d eres u i such c ic s us ke i cc u he ce r r e e i

hese r cesses.I his ch er we h e i r duced ew c ce u r ew rk r he r e i s d e i regu i i i ergr u c ic . acc rdi g

descri i e r he de , r i g r cesses, g- er se i e s w rd u -gr u d dee r ed be ie s b u he c ic d he u -gr u sh

gr u e bers’ r is s c ic -re ed e e s. these r is s, i urgi e rise e i s, which wide y i ue ce i di idu s’ i ic d beh i

res ses e e s.Fr rescri i e ers ec i e, we h e r sed w di ere hs e i regu i h y i ig e he i c des ruc i e e i

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c ribu i g r cesses c ic res u i d rec ci i i . the i c ri e i regu i he ry i r duces ew ers ec i e he s ud

e i s i c ic . the i ssu i u der yi g his ers ec i e is h he e ec e i s i i ergr u c ic s c d sh u d be u i ized

ur ses bui di g i b e e ce d rec ci i i . as described i he ch ese si i e regu i e i s g gr u e bers c gre y c ribu e

his i r bu di fcu r cess.Des i e i r de e e s i rece ye rs, he s udy e i s i

c ic is s i i i s i i i s ges. Fur her he re ic w rk is eeded i rde b r e key s ec s he r sed r ew rk. I ddi i , s ecifc redic i

he r sed r ew rk sh u d be e iric y es ed i di ere c ex s c ic s r u d he w r d. these u ure e r s sh u d be b sed u he re ic

d e iric i egr i re e sub-fe ds, e y, he s udy i c ic s, he s udy e i s d he s udy e i regu i

the r ew rk we i r duced es he r u e w rd such i egr i dsugges s se er direc i s r u ure s udies. Firs , ur her rese rch y ide i

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