emissions from biomass boilers - the state of the art · austrian centre of competence in biomass...
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BIOENERGY 2020+ Austrian Centre of Competence in Biomass to Energy
Manuel Schwabl [email protected]
Biomass & Air Quality
10. October 2017, Piacenza, ITALY
Wieselburg
Güssing
Graz
BE2020 locations
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Areas of competence
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Combustion Gasification Bioconversion
B I O M A S S utilisation
Areas of competence
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Combustion Gasification Bioconversion
• Advanced application oriented characterisation
methods for fuels
• Biomass for residential and tertiary applications
• Marketable micro- und small-scale CHP plants
• Biomass for medium and large scale applications
• Emission characterisation & emission reduction
Areas of competence
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Combustion Gasification Bioconversion
• Increase of resource
basis including
biogenous residues
• Biomass for industrial
applications, e.g.
substitution of natural
gas
• Syngas-platform for
bio-refineries
• Plants with poly-
generation (heat,
electricity, fuel)
• Hybrid systems with
other RE
Areas of competence
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Combustion Gasification Bioconversion
• Bioconversion to gaseous and liquid biofuels
• Pre-treatment technologies to enhance biogas
yield
• Nutrient recovery and recycling
• H2 utilisation and biogas up-grading
• Cascadic use of biomass
Areas of competence – cross cutting topics
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
emission reduction by model based control
CO
em
issio
ns
Sustainable supply
and value chains
Automation & control
Modelling & simulation
Close contact to industry
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
… a n d m a n y m o r e …
Academic work in numbers - 2017
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
9 Master Thesis
6 Bachelor Thesis
>15 PhD Thesis
More than 30 journal papers
More than 40 conference papers
Interested in internship/thesis writing?
Partner in ERASMUS+ programme and eligible for „thesis abroad“ program of PoliMi
State of the art of residential small scale combustion appliances and innovative products Manuel Schwabl [email protected]
Biomass & Air Quality
10. October 2017, Piacenza, ITALY
Overview
What is emitted by biomass boilers
The evolution of emissions
Technology impressions
Upcoming Challenges
Innovation examples
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Emissions from biomass boilers E
mis
sio
ns fro
m
inc
om
ple
te c
om
bu
stio
n
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Volatile organic compounds
(VOC): e.g. Methane,
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
• Particulate matter (PM): soot and
other organic particulates
Em
issio
ns d
urin
g
co
mp
lete
co
mb
ustio
n
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Sulphur oxides (SOx)
• Chlorine Acid (HCl)
• Particulate matter (PM): Inorganic
aerosols and coarse particles
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Combustion Technology Fuel properties
Emission formation Emission from Incomplete combustion
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Time
Temperature
Turbulence
- Streak formation
- Availability of oxygen
- Air excess ratio
- Air excess ratio
- Dimensioning of
combustion chamber
- Air excess ratio
- Lining of combustion
chamber
- Cold surface
Emission formation Emission from Incomplete combustion
Piacenza, 10. October 2017 Kaltschmitt M., Hartmann H., et al.; Energie aus Biomasse, 2009, SpringerLink
Emission formation Emission from Incomplete combustion
Secondary & tertiary reactions during combustion
Piacenza, 10. October 2017 Evans, Robert J., und Thomas A. Milne. „Molecular characterization of the pyrolysis of
biomass“. Energy & Fuels 1, Nr. 2 (1987): 123–137.
Emission formation Emission during complete combustion
NOx emission
Piacenza, 10. October 2017 Kaltschmitt M., Hartmann H., et al.; Energie aus Biomasse, 2009, SpringerLink
Emission formation Emission during complete combustion
SOx, HCl and PM emission
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Bottom ash
Condensation on coarse
fly ash particles
Coarse fly ash particles
entrained from the fuel bed
K, Na, S, Cl, easily
volatile heavy metals
released from the fuel
to the gas phase
Gas phase reactions
Cooling phase
Nucleation
Condensation
Coagulation
The evolution of emissions
Manuel Schwabl [email protected]
Biomass & Air Quality
10. October 2017, Piacenza, ITALY
The evolution of emissions Carbon Monoxide
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
CO
[mg/m3]
0
excess air ratio
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1 2 3 4 5
a
b
d
c
a) simple, manually charged
wood boiler;
b) downdraught wood log boiler;
c) automatic furnace with
combustion technology as of
1990
d) automatic furnace with
enhanced combustion
technology as of 1995.
Automatic furnaces with
appropriate combustion process
control can be operated under
optimum conditions.
The evolution of emissions Carbon Monoxide
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1980 1985 1990 1996 2001 2007 2012
CO
[m
g/M
J]
source: FJ BLT Wieselburg; compiled: Bioenergy2020+
The evolution of emissions energy efficiency
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1985 1990 1996 2001 2007 2012
eff
icie
nc
y [
%]
source: FJ BLT Wieselburg; compiled: Bioenergy2020+
The evolution of emissions Total Organic Hydrocarbons
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
0
5
10
15
20
25
110 113 30
1999 - 2004 2005 - 2009 2010 - 2014
VO
C [
mg
/MJ
]
minimum average median maximum
source: FJ BLT Wieselburg; compiled: Bioenergy2020+ GmbH
quantity
period
The evolution of emissions Nitric Oxides emission
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
110 113 30
1999 - 2004 2005 - 2009 2010 - 2014
NO
x [
mg
/MJ]
minimum average median maximum
source: FJ BLT Wieselburg; compiled: Bioenergy2020+ GmbH
quantity
period
The evolution of emissions Particulate Matter emissions
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
110 113 30
1999 - 2004 2005 - 2009 2010 - 2014
PM
[m
g/M
J]
minimum average median maximum
source: FJ BLT Wieselburg; compiled: Bioenergy2020+ GmbH
quantity
period
The evolution of emissions Benzene(a)pyren Real-life Emissions
■ Best-case scenario
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Best Case Worst Case Moderne „traditional“
Automatically fed biomass
combustion
Firewood single room heaters
1x Start und Stop,
8 h full load
Abwechselnder
Start&Stop-Betrieb
Primär & Sekundärluft Kelz et al. 2012,
Ozgen et al. 2014
Kelz et al. 2012
Orasche et al. 2012
Technology Impressions
Manuel Schwabl [email protected]
Biomass & Air Quality
10. October 2017, Piacenza, ITALY
Log wood boiler
source: www.sht.at, www.ligno.at,
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Wood chip boiler
source: www.kwb.at; www.hdg-bavaria.com
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
HDG
Pellet boiler technology
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
source: www.windhager.at, www.hargassner.at, www.eta.co.at, www.pelletsheizung.at
Multi fuel burner
Crawler burner Auger type burner
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
source: www.kwb.at, Ligno Heizsysteme GmbH
Key Technologies for emission evolution
Downdraft boilers concerning log wood systems
Induced draught
Combustion chamber with lining
Air excess control system
• By lambda probe or CO sensor
• Modulation of fuel mass flow or air suppy mass flow
Staged combustion
• Air excess ratio in bed 0.7-0.9
Load modulation of combustion system
Flue gas recirculation (for appliances > 100kW)
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Top 25% products
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
0
50
100
150
< 25 kW 25 - 35 kW 35 - 50 kW 50 - 100 kW >100 kW
CO
[m
g/M
J]
Log wood Wood chips Pellets
0
10
20
30
40
< 25 kW 25 - 35 kW 35 - 50 kW 50 - 100 kW >100 kW
PM
[m
g/M
J]
Log wood Wood chips Pellets
Musil-Schläffer B., McCarry A., Schmidl C., Haslinger, W. European Wood-Heating
Technology Survey. Final Report 10-01. APRIL 2010, prepared for New York State Energy
Research and Development Authority
http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/Publications/Research-and-Development-Technical-Reports/Other-
Technical-Reports/European-Wood-Heating-Technology-Survey.aspx
Secondary emission abatement measures
■ Oxy-catalyst
■ PM separation systems
■ Electrostatic precipitators
■ Baghouse filters
■ Cyclones
■ Condensing heat exchanger
■ Scrubber systems
■ Catalytic or non-catalytic DeNOx
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Köb Viessmann Group
Clariant
Zumikon by Ruegg Oekosolve
Upcoming Challenges
Manuel Schwabl [email protected]
Biomass & Air Quality
10. October 2017, Piacenza, ITALY
Real-life emission
Boiler sizing
Energy dissipation system
Building control system
Weather
Fuel
Consumer
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Frequency of start & stops
Full load hours
Necessity to modulate power output
Probability of instable conditions
Pushing the boundaries – R&D tasks being tackled
Technology progress
• Differences between type tested systems and series products
• System – Thinking. Integration of the whole heat dissipation system
when assessing real-life emissions.
• Extreme air staging. Challenging in residential combustion appliances:
instabil fuel bed, increased risk of corrosion is possible
• Secondary measures. Challenging in residential application, question
of economics. Downscale and development process still ongoing
• Model based control of load and combustion (e.g. incl. weather
forecast)
• Bidirectional heat grids (Prosumers)
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Pushing the boundaries – R&D task being tackled
Fuel influence
• Aerosol forming elements (chlorine, sulphur, potassium, sodium,
zinc,…), nitrogen content
• High quality „Design“ fuel – but where remains the fuel flexibility?
• DeNOx to increase the fuel range also in small scale
• Fuel applicability testing necessary in particular for series products
Piacenza, 10. October 2017
Sustainable developments
Wood briquette candle
burner
• variable and low heat output
(1.8-4 kW)
• constant combustion conditions
and low emission release
• maximal comfort for end-user (especially for low-energy and passive houses)
Tradition meets Hightech
Tiled stove & heat pump
• Dissipation of tiled stove heat to house
heating system
• Variable operation of heat pump (outdoor air or
heat from hypocaustic space of tiled stove)
• Maximizing energy efficiency
Ho
use s
yste
m
Am
bie
nt
air
or
tile
d s
tov
e
Combustion chamber
Combustion chamber is divided in two parts by
a ring, where secondary air is supplied
■ High temperature in CC1 (primary
combustion)
■ Secondary air provided at teh ring
■ Long residence time in the second
combustion chamber CC2
SA SA
PA PA CC1
CC2
Bottom
PA
SA
Ring for
secondary air
supply
Prototyping: Feeding process:
Grate (platform) for
briquette
Briquette insertion
through combustion
chamber
Briquette cranked at
ignition position
Prototyping
■ Combustion chamber:
Insulated cavity for
secondary air
Insulated cavity for
primary air
Combustion
chamber
Grate for
briquette
Primary air
Secondary air
Secondary air
ring and
partition of
combustion
chamber into
two parts
Prototyping: ingition
Applied square timber
(~200g) with firelighter Ignition by hand
Fast initial combustion:
• Fast glowbed buildup
Start of
feed motion
(11,9cm/h~4,3kW)
■ Results with the first prototype:
Results and Highlights
6h burning period
CO PM NOx orgC Eff.
Full load [mg/Nm3/13%O2]
120 30 220 1,8 85
% Full load [mg/MJ]
88 21 150 1,2
Part load [mg/Nm3/13%O2]
223 27 250 3,5 84
% Part load [mg/MJ]
150 18 170 2,5
Low heat output <3 kW possible
Variable output regulation
Combustion periods up to 8 h are feasible
Combination of advantages of pellet and log
wood stoves (natural draught, costs)
Tests with several briquetts from EU market
Tests of misuse behavior
Austroflamm Mr. Wu available in autumn 2017
www.austroflamm.at
Market introduction
Thank you very much for your attention
Manuel Schwabl Head of Unit Emission Technology & Research, Direct Heating Systems Area Combustion [email protected] Tel: +43 7416 52238 41
BIOENERGY2020+ GmbH
Location Wieselburg
Piacenza, 10. October 2017