emc, tropospheric and ionospheric aspects of sps mpts operations

8/3/2019 EMC, Tropospheric and Ionospheric Aspects of SPS MPTS Operations

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lnitial AssessmentElectromagnetic CompatibilityAspects of Proposed SPSMicrowave PowerTransmission System (MPTS)Operations

February 1978

Prepared for theDivision of Solar EnergyU.S. Department of Energyunder Contract EY-76-C-06-1830


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N O T I C EThis re p o n war prepared ar .n account 01 .work sponmred by the Uni td Stam Governrnenr. N e ~ t h e r hc

Unitd Stater nor th e D e ~ c r n e n tsf Energy. ,lor any of their emptoyees, nor an y of :hctr COntraCrCrJ,subcontraaors, or rheir mp!oyw, r a k s 3n y warranty, empress or implied, or arsurn- any legal Itabllityor responsibility for the accuracy. completeness or uset~~lnersf any iniormation, apparalus, product or procmsdisclosed, or reprmena that its usewould nor inirinee privately own ed nghts.The views, opinions and conclusions co-~tairedn thbr r*pn are those of the contranor and do notneceuarily represent those of the Unit& States G o v ~ r ~ ~ e n tr the United Stater Departmentof Energy

PAC1FlC NORTHVIEST LABORATORYoperated byBATTELLEfor theUXlTED STATES DEP.4RTMENT OF ENERGYk d e r Contraci EY-XC-06-1830

Primed in the Umtd Stat- of Amcr~uAvalbhlc from%e5nl! I-hnial Informsfionkw.crUn~tcd arn acp~nmcnt f Commerce

5& PET! Royal R t u dCgri~i%~erdi rg~niaU 1 5 1P.im: hinted Cop) L " l ~ cr o l r ch tUM)


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I N I T I A L A S S E S S M E N TELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ASPECTS OF

PROPOSED S P S MI CROWAVE POWERTRANSMISSION SYSTEM (MPTS) OPERATIONS

( I n c l u d i n g R a dio F re qu en cy I n t e r f e r e n c e , E l e c t ro r n a g n e ti c I n t e r f e r e n c e and t h eE f f e c t s o f P o s s i b l e I o n o s p h e r i c M o d i f i c a t i o n o n C om m un ic atio ns a nd O t h er E l e c -t r o n i c S ys te ms )

Feb r ua r y - - 1978

Prepared By :

P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t L a b o r a t o r yR ich land , Wash ing ton 99352

f o r

D i v i s i o n o f S o l a r E n erg yDEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

DO E Contract E' t -76-C-06-1830


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PRELIMINARY DRAFTSATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS RFI-EM1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PNL- 2482UC-97aFEBRUARY 197

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SPS EMC "POINTS"

SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT I" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F i g u r e A: SPS M i cr ow a ve E n er g y D i s t r i b u t i o n ( a f t e r R -3 9) . . . .SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POINT I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 11" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .i g u r e B : SPS N o i s e S i d e ba n d L e v e l s a t E a r t h ( a f t e r R.31)

. . . . . . .i g u r e C : SPS H a rm o n ic L e v e l s a t E a r t h ( a f t e r R.31)SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POINT I 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 111" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POINT I 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT I V " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POINT I V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPS EMC "RESEARCH PLAN" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPS BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-i


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PRELIMINARY DRAFTSATELLI TE POWER SYSTEMS RFI-EM1 PNL-2482UC-97aFEBRUARY 1978PREFACE

Thi s presentation is intended to provide the general rea der with ananalysis of major concerns raised by the proposed SP S Microwave PowerTransmission System (MPTS) with regard to other radio and electronicsystems. No attempt has been made to present a comprehensive techni-cal analys is of the various points. Extensive technical discussio nsof most o f the points raised can be found in the references.


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SPS EMC "POINTS"

b I . Incidental energy from a SPS microwave power transniission which fallsoutside the rectenna area could produce harmful effects on so Ke elec-

e tronic systems throughout the hemisphere from which the SP S is visible.This appears to be an unavoidable result of any practicalSPS microwave power transmission system due to fundamentallimitations on the confinemen t of the transmission beam.Power le.vels produced throughout a hemisphere could degrade

the performance of microwave receivers. The degree of degra-dation would range fro m negligible to catastrophic.Affected receivers could be modified to mitigate the problembut the cost and effectiveness of the modifications have notbeen determined.Effects on a variety o f other electronic systems areexpected within a radius of 20 to 30 km from the centerof rectenna and may occur at much larger distances.Modifications to subje ct systems may be required.

The severity o f the problems increases as the total powertransmitted from SPSs is increased and if SPSs are allowedto operate with substantial faults in their microwave powertransmission control systems.


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SPS EMC "POINTS" (Continued)

I. This incidental energy could provide secondary benefits ifit could be used for limited communications purposes suchas distribution of standard time and frequency informationor as a navigational aid.

Further evaluation of this point will require a detailed determinationof the consequences to potential victim sys tems , including the cost

and effectiveness of possible modifications.


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SPS EMC "POINTS"

% 11 . Spurious emissions, at frequencies outside a band presumed to beallocated to SPS microwave power transmission, could caus e harmfulinterference to existing or planned uses o f the microwave spectrum.

Spurious emissions are strongly dependent upon engineeringdetails which are no+ ye t determined.

*Ava ila ble estimates indicate that some limits set by exjst-ing international rules and recommendations for the preven-tion of interference might be exceeded.Control of spurious emissions may have a significant effecton the design and cost of the microwave power transmissionsys em.

* T h e severity of the problem increases directly with totaltransmitted SPS power.Th e impact on potential victim systems has not been evaluatedin detail.

Further evaluation o f this point will require additional informationon expected SP S spurious e~:iissions and detailed study o f the impacton potential victim systems.


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SPS EMC "POINTS"* I V . SPS micro\vave power transmissicn will require modification o f existi~g

int2rnational radio rules.*There is at present n~ prodisicn '(;r :'?TS 3psration and logicalextension of existing rules might preclude it.Considering points I , 11, and I11 above there may be technicalobjections to SPS microwave power transmission operations.International pol i tical considerations are involved.

Further pursuit of this point will require a careful assessment o fpoints I, I1 and 111, including selection of a candidate frequencyband for SPS operations, and an organized effort on the part of someagency to obtain international agreenent on a frequency allocation.


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSIOr4 O F P O I N T I "

Due t o n a t u r a l and te c h n i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o c o n c e n t r a t ea l l t h e pow er t r a n s m i t t e d from an SPS i n t o a f i n i t e a r e a . A s m a l l f a c t i o no f t h e pow er w i l l i n e v i t a b l y be t r a n s m i t t e d i n u n d e s i r e d d i r e c t i o n s . T h i sr e p r e s e n t s a l o s s f ro m t h e m ic ro wav e power t r a n sm i s s i o n sy s te m a nd i s t o b emin imized f o r economic and o th e r re aso ns . B e c a u se o f t h e v e r y h i g h t o t a lpow er t r a n s m i t t e d by an SPS t h e i n c i d e n t a l s i d e l o b e o r s c a t t e r r a d i a t i o n mayh av e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on m ic ro wav e r e c e i v i n g e q u ip m e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h ea r e a fro m w hic h t h e SPS i s v i s i b l e , n e a r l y an e n t i r e h e m is p h er e . F i g u r e Ash ows t h e p ower l e v e l s c om pu ted f o r a t y p i c a l c u r r e n t SPS d e s i g n ( f r o mR e f e r e n c e R-39 ) f o r a s i n g l e 5 GW sy s t e m . A t t h e e d g e o f t h e e a r t h a s s e e nfrom the SPS t h e po wer l e v e l i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 3 m i c r o wa t t s / c m 2 . F i g u r e Ai s t o some d e g r e e i d e a l i z e d . D e t a i l s of t h e p a t t e r n w ould v a ry du e t os m al l d e s i g n c ha n ge s o r t o l e r a n c e s i n an a c t u a l t r a n s m i t t i n g a n t e n n a as se m -b l y and p a r t i a l f a i l u r e s of t h e tr a n s m i s s i o n c o n t ro l s ys te m c o u ld r e s u l ti n h i g h e r p ow er l e v e l s o u t s i d e t h e m ain l o b e . An i n c r e a se i n t h e t o t a lpower t r ansmi t t ed f rom S PS s, e i t h e r by t h e a d d i t i o n o f more s t a t i o n s o ran i n c r e a se i n p ower p e r s t a t i o n , wou ld i n c r e a se t h e a v e r a g e power l e v e lthro ugh out t h e hemisp here . In th e case of many SPSs usin g a common fr e -q u en c y, t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r a y e n e rg y w ould b e q u i t e c om ple xand w ould v a ry w i th t im e a s r e l a t i v e s a t e l l i t e p o s i t i o n s ch an ge d s l i g h t l y .The power l e v e l s p r e d i c t e d i n F i g u r e A a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o d e g r a d e t h e p e r -f or m an c e o f a w id e r a n g e of m ic ro wav e r e c e i v i n g sy s t em s o p e r a t i n g a t f r e -quencies removed from the SP S t r a n s m i t t i n g f r eq u e n c y du e t o o v e r l o a d an d

-6 -


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km R A D IU S A T E Q U A TO R

hIb 3 0 0 0 K MI R A D I U S

lo0 r m s I O F E A R T H+ 1 d B I% F A I L U R E S I

+1min A R CATTITUDE CONTROLG R A T I N G L O BE S

10 mS U B A R R A Y

e = ANGLE FROM BORES IGHT, deg


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSIONS OF POINT I" (Continued)n o n l in e a r e f f e c t s . The d eg r ee o f d eg r ad a t i o n co uld v a ry fro m n e g l i g ib l et o c a t a s t r o p h i c d e pe nd in g on s uc h f a c t o r s a s t h e t y p e and o r i e n t a t i o n o fr e c e i v i n g a n t e n n a , r e c e i v e r f re q ue n cy and d e t a i l s o f t h e r e c e i v e r d e s i g n .,At one ex t r eme, a l o w - a l t i t u d e s a t e l l i t e o r a i r b o r n e sy ste m p a ss i n g th ro u ghth e main beam peak power d e n s it y of 23 MW/cm2 would be se v e re ly a f f e c t e d .A l ow- ga in o m n id i r ec t i o n a l an t en n a des ig n ed f o r an y f r eq u en cy n ea r t h eMPTS main beam f requency wi l l in te rc ep t and d e l i v e r t o th e r e ce iv erapprox imate ly 114 w at t o f power. Th is i s above th e damage lev e l f o r manymicrowave components , and can be expecte d t o i n t e r f e r e with o r damage anyr e c e i v e r n ot s p e c i f i c a l l y d es ig ne d t o r e j e c t t h e MPTS f r eq u en cy .Even a t t h e e d g e o f t h e h e m is ph er e from which t h e SPS s a t e l l i t e i s v i s i b l e ,w he re t h e p ow er d e n s i t y f rom a s i n g l e s a t e l l i t e i s e x p ec t ed f ro m F i g . A t obe 0 .3 microwatt /M2, a 2M d i am e t e r a n te n na p o in te d t ow ard t h e s a t e l l i t ew ould i n t e r c e p t and d e l i v e r t o a r e c e i v e r on e m i c r o w a t t, enough t oo v e r lo ad a low no is e param et r ic amp1 i f i e r ,

I n p r i n c i p l e i t w ould be p o s s i b l e t o add f i l t e r s t o a f f e c t e d r e c e i v e r s t ore jec t the SPS power f r equency , b u t i n p r a c t i c e t h e r e j e c t i o n r l a : / n o t bec o m p l e t e l y e f f e c t i v e i n a 1 1 cas es and may in t ro duc e o th er p rob lems , e . g . ,i n c r e a s e d n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i n v e ry low n o i s e r e c e i v e r s o r p h as e d i s t o r t i o n s .The s u b j e c t of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of p o t e n t i a l l y a f f e c t e d s ys te m s f o r r e j e c -t i on o f i n t e r f e re nc e f rom th e SPS power t r an sm iss io n f r equency w i l l be


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT I" (Continued)4

significant in obtaining the necessary international agreements for SPS4 microwave power transmission operation (see Point IV).

Detailed evaluation of the total impact of SPS stray power and the effec-tiveness and cost of means for mitigating this impact will be a very largetask considering the number of potential victim systems and the complexityof the evaluation and testing that will be required.

The overall impact, and cost of mitigating it, may depend on the exactfrequency chosen for SPS transmission so this point should be evaluated aspart of the SPS frequency selection process.

Power levels at and near the rectenna area will be sufficient to affectthe operation of a variety of electronic equipm ent, including, but notlimited t o, receiver systems. This Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)or "High Power Effects" should be no more than a nuisance if adequatelyanticipated.

Prediction of the type and severity of effects to be expected on equip-ment which was not designed to interact with electromagnetic radiationis extremely difficult due to the large number of variables involved.

The susceptibility o f systems can vary widely due to minor details ofa particular device or installation. We have calculated that typical com-puter circuits might malfunction if exposed directly to the microwaveintensities expected (from Figure A) at 20 to 30 km from the center of the


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SPS EM C "DISCUSSIONS OF POINT I" (Continued)r e c t e n na . E f f e c t s have been no te d fra m r a da r sy st e ms a t s i m i l a r i n t e ns i -t i e s ( R e f e r e n c e 6 - 3 " ) . In ge n e r a l , e l e c t r on ic sy s t ems w ould be sh i e ld e d t osome degree by t h e i r u sua l m e t a l l i c e nc lo su r e s and would thus be e xpe cte dt o f u n c t i o n p r o p e rl y i n h ig h er i n t e n s i t y f i e l d s . The s e n s i t i v i t y of anumber of systems and types of equipment must be i n v e s t i g a t e d t o a s s e s st h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i m p or ta n t EM1 p ro blem s a t l a r g e r d i s t a n c e s fro m t h er e c t e n n a .A co ns ide rab le body of knowledge i s av a i la b le fo r dea l i ng wi th EM1 and,w i t h p ro p e r p r e c a u t i o n s a nd a p p r o p r i a t e m o d i f i c a t i o n s , i t s h ou l d be p os -s i b l e t o o p e r a t e v i r t u a l l y a ny d e s i r e d e q ui pm e nt , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y m i cr o-w a ve r e c e ive r s , i n t h e h i g h e s t i n t e n s i t y f i e l d s SPS w i l l produce on orn e a r t h e e a r t h .

T r a nsmis sions f rom the SPS w i l l be e a s i ly de t e c t a b l e t h roughou t r ough lya hemisphere . The f requency of the se t r an sm iss io ns mus t be c l os e l y con-t r o l l e d f o r p ro p e r o p e r at i o n o f t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a nt en n a s ys te m and s omight be used as a s tan dard f requency . I f s u i t a b le modula t ion could bea pp l i e d t he pow er t r a nsmis s ion s migh t a l so p r ov ide a t ime r e f e r e nc e .E i t h e r o f t h e a bo v e, o r o t h e r p o s s i b l e l i m i t e d c o m m u ni ca ti on s' u s e s ,which might be compatible w i t h the pr ime purpose sf SPS could provides i g n i f i c a n t s e co n d ar y b e n e f i t s . T h i s p o i n t ha s a p p a r e n t l y n o t been e x -p lo r e d i n d e t a i l .

* Pan American Spe cia l In ve st ig at io n Repor t 508 a s quoted i n B-3, p . 29-38.


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SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR PO I I IT I

The detailed plot of power beam intensity as a function o f angle is fromR-39. R-10 provides details on design considerations for the transmit-ting antenna and other components of the microwave power transmissionsystem. R-31 and R-24 also conside r antenna design. Power beam prgpa-gation is considered in R-31, including scatter due to weather or theionosphere.


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 1 1 "The SP S MPTS will inevitably radiate power at frequencies other than theintended power transmission frequency. Exactly what the extent of thesespurious emissions will be and what power spectral densities will be producedat the surf ace of the earth depend strongly on engineering details which arenot ye t determined. Preliminary estimates, based on components similar tothose proposed fo r SPS DC to microwave conver ters, antenna system designsrepresentative of those now planned and the use of filters believed to bepractical for SPS have indicated problems in complying with current inter-national rules limiting interference with other uses of the microwave spectrum.Interference radiated by an SPS transmitter would be particularly significanta's it would a ffe ct most of a hemisphere.

The spurious emissions expected from a SPS MPTS transmitter are of twobasic kinds. Random noise sidebands will be produced at frequencies adja-cent to the nominal transmission frequency and, due to non-linear ities,appreciable power will be produced at harmonics of the transmission fr equency.The spur ious emissions seen at the earth depend strongly on the choiceof DC to microwave conv erter, use of microwave filters, and overall systemdesign.

Figure B indicates the spurious power spectral flux density in noise side-

bands expected at the ground for two candidate systems as calculated inR31. Also shown are limits, established by international rules and recom-mendati ons , to prevent interference to various systems. (The interferencelimits shown differ in some cases from those of R31, in part because o fdifferent assumptions about receiving antennas o f victim systems.

-1 2-


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-// / 45 db AN T EN N A* / -

-V l Y K L Y S T R O NA M P I - I T R O N W I T H F I L T E R -

--, -+ U .S . I S M B A N D

I I

- R A D I0 A S T R O N OM Y 6 0 d b A N T E N N 4

--

I

-1000 M H z( 1 4 50 M H z )

-100 M H z - 1 0 M H z -2 M H z + 2 M H z + l o M H z t 100 M H z t 1000M H z( 2 35 0 M H z ) ( 2 44 0 M H z ) ( 2 45 0 M H z ) ( 2 46 0 M H z ) ( 2 55 0 M H z ) ( 3 45 0 M H z

C C l R 74, VOL. l l RPT. 387-2 ( L I N E- O F - S IG H T M I C R O W A V E L I N K S )I T U R E G U L A T I O N 4 7 0 N F ( L I N E - O F - S IG HT M I C R O W A V E L I N K S )ITU REGULAT IO N 4 7 0 N I ( L IN E -O F -S I G HT M I C R O W A V E L I N K S )I T U R E G U L A T I O N 4 7 0 N G A ( T R O P O S P H E R I C S C A T TE R , 4 0 d b A NT E N N A A S S U M E D )C C l R 74, VOL. l R PT . 224- 3 AN N EX 1 R A D I0 A S T R O N O M Y ) D O TS M A R K E D A S S IGNEDBAN D S. BR O AD B AN D IN T ER FER EN CE SOU R C ES LOC AT ED BETW EEN BAN D S C AN C AU SEH A R M F U L I NT E RF E RE N CE T O C O M M O N O U T - O F - B AN D O B S E R V A T I O N SC C l R 74 , VOL. I R E C O M M E N D A T I O N 3 6 5 - 2 ( D E E P - S P A C E R E S E A R C H ) 4 5 d b A N TE N N A A S S U M E D


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-1 4-SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 11" (Continued)

. An assumption generally made in evaluating radio frequency interferencethat might be produced by SPS is that a frequency band 100 MHz widewill be allocated for rnicrcl;!ave ;over transmission and that only inter-ference outside this frequency band need be considered. In Figure B ithas been assumed that 2 400 to 25CC i,lHz, which is available for Industrial,Scientific and Medical (ISM) uses in the United States, will be allocated.In fact there is no present frequency allocation wh i c h would allow SPSoperation (see Point IV). Even with this assumption the noise sidebandsshown in Figure B would exceed acceptable interference levels for lownoise receiving systems especially in cases where r eceiving antennas mightbe pointed toward or near a SPS. In particular, Radio Astron omy, DeepSpace Research and Tropospheric Scatter Communications Systems are pro-vided specific protections, in International Telecommunications Union (ITu)rules or International Radio Consul tative Commi ttee (CCIR) reco mmenda tions,which might be violated by SPS microwave power transmission.

Figure C shows estimated 1 eve1 s of harmonic power (from Reference R-31)with recommended interference limits. Because of uncertainties inantenna gains and appropriate bandwidths comparison of the two is notentirely straightforward. Note particularly that the vertical sca le

of this figure is simply power flux with no bandwidth information.(Bandwidths of 4 kHz were assumed for communications systems and10 MHz radio astronomy.) The presentation is intended to be conservative--


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H I R D H A R M O N I C

S E C ON D H A R M O N 1 C TH I RD I -IARMONI C

G H ZC C I R 7 4, VO L . I I R P T 38 7 -2 ( L I N E - O F -S I G H T M I C R O W A V E L I N K S )I T U R R 7 - 2 7, 2 8 , 2 9 ( SPEC 1 F l C BA N D PR O TEC T1 O N F O R L O S L ; N K S )C C l R 7 4, VO L . I R P T 2 2 4 - 3 A N N E X 1 R A D I 0 A S T R O N O M Y ) D O T SM A R K A S S I G N E D B A N D S , " US UA L B A N D W I D T H 1 ' A S S U M E D ,C C l R 7 4, VO L . ii R E C O M M E N D A T I O N 3 6 5- 2 ( D E E P S P A C E R E S E A R C H )H A R M O N I C O U T PU T C AL C U L AT ED F O R M O D EL U S 1 N G 48 kw K L Y S T R O N SH A R M O N I C O U T P U T C A L C U L A TE D F OR M O D E L U S IN G 5 kw A M P L I T R O N S


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 11" (Continued)

interference could be experienced at levels below those shown--butindicates that, according to the preliminary esti mates, SPS harmonicradiation would exceed established recommendations and in some cases(3.g., 3rd harmonic) violate ITU radio regulations.

The above does not indicate that SPS spurious emissions cannot be con-trolled to meet most appropriate limits, only that in the case of thepreliminary design investigated in R-31 it did not. As stated abo ve,spurious emissions are extremely sensitive to design details. Otherestimates may be found in Appendix I, and References R-24 and R-53.All suggest interference prcblems.

In addition to spurious emissions from the SPS transmitter othercomponents of the MPTS sys tem, notably the rectenna array, may con-tribute harmonic radiation and possibly noise. The rectenna elementsare necessarily non-linear and will generate and r adiate harmonics atlevels ye t to be determined and which would be expected to vary withseveral factors such as accuracy of matching to the rectenna load.At the power levels involved in SPS MPTS, imperfect metal-to-metal junctions in any part of the system may also, due to non-linearity of their electrical conductiv ity, generate significan tharmonics. Spurious radiation from the rectenna syste m, either fromrectenna elements or miscellaneous metallic structures , could be asignificant source of RFI near the rectenna site.


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SPS EM C "DISCUSSION O F PO INT 11" (Continued)

a The total of spurious emissions wou l d be proportional t o the total power pro-

vided by SPS and would thus increase as a larger number of SPS are act ivated.a Any spurious emiss ions, whether or n o t :hey exceed presen t re gu la ti on s ,

would degrade the usefulness of parts of the already crowded radiospectrum. Emissions from a SPS in synchronous or b i t could have an im-portant impact on the growing number of systems which receive weaksignals from space.

Communications s a t e l l i t e s , and possibly broadcast s a t e l l i t e s which havebeen assigned frequencies near those proposed for SPS, wou ld share the

' limit ed a rc of synchronous or bi t acce ssi ble from the United S ta te s, soreceiving antennas wou l d be aimed in the general direction of SPSt ransmitters . Sa te l l i t e signal strengths are l imited b o t h by re gu la tionand basic technological considerations.

Radio and Radar Astronomy and Deep Space Research deal with s ignals tha tapproach the weakest det ec ta bl e, using large antennas which i t may benecessary or desirable to point near SPS location s. In part icul ar,Radio Astronomy has been assigned certain protected bands b u t as a matterof pr ac ti ce uses a wide range of othe r frequencies s ubj ect t o exist inginterference. S P S spurious emissions wou l d further limit the frequenciesavailable for observations.

*

Detailed i nvestig ation of the eff ec t of S P S M P T S emissions a t unauthor-ized freque ncies may have sone in flue nce on choice of operat ing frequency


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF PO:::?-- I I " ( S o n t i n u e d )t o m i ni m iz e a d v e r s e i m p a c t. No e x a c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f im p ac t i s p o s s i b l e ,h o w e v e r , w i t h o u t m o r e e x t e n s i v e i n f o r m a t i o n o n e x p e c t e d s p u r i o u s e m i s s i o n s .T h i s in f o r m a t i o n w i l l n o t be a v a i l a b l e u n t i l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c o m p on e nt s,w h ic h i n som e c a s e s d o n o t e x i s t y e t , h av e be en t e s t e d an d SPS sy s t e m d e s i g nan d t e s t i n g ha ve p ro c ee de d f u r t h e r . The e x t e n t o f s p u r i o u s e m i s s i o n sw i l l p re su m ab ly h av e an i m p o r t a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e d i f f i c u l t y of o b t a i n -i n g n e c e s s a r y i n t e r n a t i o n a l a gr ee m en t f o r SPS o p e r a t i o n s and f u r t h e rd e s i g n e f f o r t t ow a rd r e d u ci n g t h e s e e m i ss i o ns s eem s a p p r o p r i a t e .


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SPS EM C REFERENCES SECTION OF FO INT 11

Conipu ta t ions o f e s t ima ted SPS sp u r i o u s e m i s s io n a r e fo un d i n R-31, R-24,an d R -5 3. I n t e r f e r e n c e l i m i t s a r e fo un d i n ITU Radio Regula t ions (S-I),i n p a r t i c u l a r a r t i c l e 7 , fo ot n ot e 470, and in CCIR XI II th Plen ary Assem-bly (B-5) , Volumes I 1 and IX.

A g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n o f SPS i n t e r f e r e n c e im p a c t s a p p e a r s in R-3 9. Forf u r t h e r i n fo r m a t io n on i n t e r f e r e n c e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r R ad io A strononiys e e R - 1 2 , R-8, and R-11.


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF PO INT 111"

A small pa rt of the energy in t he microwave power beam wil l be absorbedin passing through the ionosphere. The lo ss of energy wi ll be ins ign i f -ic an t in terms of the eff ic ie nc y of the power transmission system b u t willre su lt in appreciabl e modification of the ionosphere. This will produce,among oth er e f f e c t s , changes in the propagation of r adi o waves through orre fl ec te d from the ionosphere. Presen t understanding of the ionosphereand i t s i nt er ac ti on s with radio and microwaves i s n o t a d e q u a t e t o predictthe severi ty of a l l effe cts that might re su lt .

Use of th e ra dio spectrum a t fre quencies below several hundred MHz i sst rongl y influenced by ionospheric proper ti es which SPS MPTS operations~llightmodify. The si tuat ion i s complicated by the fa c t th a t the minimumpower densities apparently required for an economically practical SPS arethought to be approximately a t the thre sho ld f or production of ionosphe ricir re gu la ri ti es caused by intense heating.

Even i f ir re gu la ri ti es a re not produced, systems using frequenciesnormally re fl ec te d by th e ionosphere , including low frequency navi-gation systems and shortwave communications, would be affected.If ionospheric i r r e g u l a r i t i e s ar e produced, shortwave communications could

be disrupted over some paths and undesirable ionospheric reflection of


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 111" (Cont inued)h ighe r f r equenc ie s , n o t normal ly r e f l ec ted , inc lud ing TV broadcas t f r e -quencies , could produce in ter fer en ce over wide ar ea s , wi th in a rad ius o fperhaps 2000 km from the SPS r ece iv ing po in t .Predict ion of ionospheric modif icat ions that might be caused by SPS,a n d o f the consequent e f fec ts o n communications and ot he r systems i scomplica ted by na tura l v ar ia b i l i t y of the ionosphere .

Experiments have been conducted which produced substantial modificationof the ionosphere , inc luding i r re g u la r i t i e s , by means of absorp t ion ofradio energy in the high frequency port ion of the frequency spectrum.One signif icant conclusion from these experiments has been that thethe o re t i ca l p r ed ic t ions of ionospher ic behav io r r e su l t ing from in ten -t ion al hea t ing have not been en t i re ly accur a te .

Experiments done t o date have not adequately approximated SPS MPTSoper a t ions . Si gn i f i ca n t ionospher ic modif ica t ion has on ly been producedby the use of frequ encie s s p e c if ic a l l y chosen f o r maximum energy tra ns -f e r to the ionosphere , i . e . , in the h igh f requency band. These f requen-c i e s ar e much lower than tho se proposed f o r S P S , and because they werechosen to correspond to ionospheric plasma resonances ( pl asma fre qu en cy )the experimental condit ions do not approximate SP S opera t ions . Exper i -ments us ing f requencies which be t te r represen t SPS operations have notbeen able to provide more than a small fraction of energy that SPS woulddepos i t i n the ionosphere .


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 111 " ( C o n t i n u e d )

I o n o s p h e r ic m o d i f i c a t i o n ex pe r i me n ts w h ic h l i t e r a l l y d u p l i c a t e SPSo p e r a t i o n w ou l d r e q u i r e e qu ip m en t a nd t o t a l p ow er l e v e l s a p p r o x i m a t i n g

, t h o s e o f an a c t u a l SPS a nd t h u s w o u l d be v e r y e x p e n s iv e . S i m u l a t i o n o f SPSe f f e c t s on t h e i o n o s p h e r e s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e h ow eve r w i t h much l o w e r p ow erl e v e l s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t e ne rg y a b so r p t i o n i n t h e i o no sp he re i ss t r o n g l y d e p en d e nt up on f r e q u e n c y . F o r f r e q u e n c i e s f a r e no ug h r em ov edf r o m t h e p la sm a f r e q u e n c y p o we r a b s o r p t i o n s c a l e s a s on e o v e r f r e q u e n c ys q ua r ed . T h us , f o r e xa m pl e, a t a f r e q u e n c y o f 24 MHz energy could bet r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e i on os ph er e a t a r a t e s i m u l a t i n g SPS o p e r a t i o n s a t2 45 0 MHz f r o m a beam o n o n l y 1 / 1 0, 00 O th t h e i n t e n s i t y an d t o t a l e n e r g yo f an a c t u a l SPS. D e t a i l s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s be tw ee n t h e i o n o sp h e rea nd r a d i o w av es h a v e o t h e r s u b t l e f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c ie s h o w e ve r sot h a t e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f r e s u l t s o f l ow f re qu en cy e xp er im en ts t o SPSo p e r a t i o n i s n o t t r i v i a l .

T h er e i s g e n e ra l a gre em en t t h a t i o n o s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o n e x pe r im e n tsa r e n ee de d w h i ch a p p r o p r i a t e l y s i m u l a t e SPS o p e r a t i o ns . T he re i s n o tc o m p le t e a gr ee me nt as t o d e t a i l s o f t h e e x p e r im e n t s r e q u i r e d , w h atf r e q u e n c y o r f r e q u e n c i e s t o u se , a nd e x a c t l y wh a t m ea su re me nt s ne e d t ob e made. One w o u l d , f o r e x a m pl e , l i k e t o u s e a h i g h f re q u e n c y w h i c hw o u ld c l o s e l y a p p r o x im a t e SPS e f f e c t s b u t t h e a mou nt o f p ow er r e q u i r e d ,and hence c o s t , r i s e s r a p i d l y w i t h f re q ue n cy . I t a l s o a p pe a rs t h a t SPSm o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i o no s ph e re c o u l d h ave o t h e r i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s , i n


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT 111" (Continued)

addition t o those on radio propagation, and plans for experiments shouldinclude consideration of ot her appropriate measurements.

In view of the ab ove, and the substantial cost o f the required experiments($4 million i s the lowest figure quoted, Reference R47), extensive addi-tional planning is required fo r researc h in this area.


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SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POIi4T 111

A b a s i c a n a l y s i s o f SPS m ic ro wa ve p ower t r a n s m i s s i o n i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h ei o n o s p h e r e i s b e gu n i n R31 a nd e xp an de d i n 236 t o ~ r o v i d e h e o r e t i c a lp r e d i c t i o n s o f i o no s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o n e x 5 c c t e d : q u a l i t a t i v e e s t im a te so f e f f e c t s on r a d i o p r op a ga t i on ,a nd r eco mm en da tio ns f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y .

R47 d e sc r i b e s a r e c e n t s e r i e s o f e xp e r i m en t s i n i o n o s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o np e r f o r m e d f o r SPS e v a l u a t i o n , qua1 i a t i v e l y d e s c r i b e s p os s i S i e i ~ ~ p a c t so f SPS i o n o s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o n s , a nd makes s p e c i f i c r e co m me n da ti on s f o rf u r t h e r w o rk .

F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on i o n o s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o n e x pe r im e n ts a nd co n-s equenc es s ee R9, R62, an d R45.


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT I V "

b Use of the radio spectrum is controlled by international and nationalregulations. At present there is no provision for SPS microwave powertransmission. The closest approximation currently recognized is forIndustrial , Scienti iic and Medical (ISM) purposes. The International Tel e-communications Unicn (ITU) a special ized agency of the United Nat ions,provides for ISi4 operations in ,4rticle 5, footnot 2 357 of the InternationalRadio Regulations as follows:

"The frequency 2450 MHz is designated for industrial, scientific andmedical purposes except in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Roumania,Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R., where the frequency 2375 MHz is used.Emissions must be confined within i 50 MHz of the frequencies designated.Radiocommunication services operating within these limits must acceptany harmful interference that may be experienced from the operation ofindustrial, scientific and medical equipment."

The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Rules and Regul a-tions also allocate this band, amcng others, for IS?! purposes and definesISM equipment (in 18.3(f)) as "Devices which use radio waves f or industrial,scient ific, medical, o r any other purpose including th e transfer of energyby radio and which are not used nor intended to be used for radio communi-cation" (emphasis added).

The FCC further notes that "Equipment operating on an ISM frequency may beoperated with unlimited radiation on that frequency." (18.102 (b)) but that

A

"No harmful interference shall be caused to authorized communications ser-vices from spurious or harmonic radiation" (18.14 (c)).-25-


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SPS EMC "DISCUSSION OF POINT IV" (Continued)

It has been tentatively assumed in SPS microwave power transmission designstudies and radio frequency evaluations that the ISM band from 24 00 to 2500 MHzwould be allocated to SPS operations. Such an allocation does not now exist.Two important point must be noted. First the 2400-25 00 MHz band is notallocated to ISM purposes throughout the world. Seco nd, SPS microwavepower transmission would be a substantial departure from conditions for e-seeable when the existing allocation was made. The area of interferenceproduced from an ISM installation at the surface of the earth is limitedby line of sight propagation characteristics a t microwave frequencieswhereas an SPS would cover roughly a hemisphere. There are communicationservices presently using this band, some but not all o f which a re incountries where it is not allocated to ISt4.

Existing regulations could be changed at a World Administrative Radio Con-ference (NARC), one of which is scheduled fo r 1979 , to explicitly permitSPS microwave power transmission. In view of the substantial impact SPScould have on radio communications, as outlined in points I, I1 and I11above, approval of a request for such changes could hardly be regarded asassured. Convincing demonstrations would be required that consequenceswould be acceptable.

Th e proposed SPS microwave power transmission system raises concernsin a number of areas, beyond radio spectrum allocation, which may wellinfluence any decisions on necessary International Radio Regulation


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changes. In particular there is a great deal of sensitivity and concernover possible undesirable modifications of th e earth 's atmosphere, in-cluding th e ionosphere, and over th e possibility of biologically harmfuleffects from electromagnetic radiation.

Modification of the international Radio Regulations would require theapproval of a majority o f the world's nations and it is conceivablethat approval migh t be denied fo r reasons not directly related to tech-nical concerns.

SPS EMC REFERENCES FOR POINT IV

International rules governing usage of the radio spectrum ar-e contained inITU Radio Regulations (S-1). See in particular articles 5 and 7. Theseregulations are principally based on CCIR recommendations. See in par-ticular Volumes I1 and IX of the XIIIth Plenary Assembly (B-5).United States regulations are contained in Federal Communications Commis-sion Rules and Regulations (S-2). See in particular Parts 2 and 18.


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SPS EMC "RESEARCH PLAN"

Further work on points I and I 1 will require assessment of the impact ofmicrowave radia tion from the SPS power transmission syste m, both at theintended power transniission frequencie s and all expected spuri ous emis sionson existing radio communications, rad ar, radio astronomy services and otherelectronic systems. This assessment should include a determination ofoptimum SPS operating frequency to minimize harmful effects and an evalu-ation of the need .f or control of spurious emissions. A detailed assessmentwill require more highly refined estimates of the emissions expected fromall parts of the SPS s ystem, estimates which in many cases cannot be madeuntil SPS design and testing are furth er advanced. Sufficient informationis avail able now howev er to begin useful basic evaluation. Th e processesaf impact assessment and design refinement are expected to proceed inter-actively to a technical optimum. Assessment of SPS impacts is closelyrelated to the general concept of efficient radio spectrum utilizat ion, atopic which is of substantial continuing interest. The U.S. Department ofCommer ce, Offi ce of Telecornrnunications has played a leading part in wor kin this area and could be expected to provide substantial assistance inSP S interference assessment.

It is expected tha t SPS desig n and testing will be supervised by NASA andthat they will be able to provide all, or most, of the data required toestimate emissions from the SPS MPTS. Som e additional spec ific tests forinterference assessment may be required from time to time but nothing is


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-29 -

SPS EMC "RESEARCH PLAN" (Continued)

h foreseen that would be a major perturbation of overall schedules orbudgets.

b

Specific tests may be desirable to determine the susceptibility ofrepresentative electronic apparatus and systems to electromagneticinterference from SPS. There does not seem to be an immediate pressingneed for such tests but they could be simple and inexpensive to perform.

As part of a detailed assessment it may be necessary to make both lab-oratory and field measurements of the severity of over-1 ading problemsin microwave receivers and the effectiveness of means for mitigating anyproblems found. This might require a substantial effort but its scopecannot be planned until the problems to be expected have been assessedin more detail.

The questions raised in point I1 1 will require a' substantial researcheffort because basic scientific knowledge is not now adequate to evaluatethe potentially very serious consequences o f SPS ionospheric modification.

Experiments will be required to simulate ionospheric modifications thatwould be expected during SPS MPTS operation and extensive measurementswill be needed to determine the consequences for radio communications andother systems. Existing facilities are not adequate to perform these

* experiments and the necessary construction will be expensive. Costs havebeen estimated at from $4 mill ion for additions to an existing facility


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S P S E MC "R E S E A R C H P L A N " (Continued)

(in Reference R47) t o $34 t o $126 million f or construction of new f a c i l i t i e s( i n Reference R36). There i s a t present some divergence of o ~ i n i o n s t od e t a i l s of appro pri ate experiments. In view of the cost and importance ofthe work further efforts should be made t o reach a consensus before devel-oping detailed plans. A meeting of experts in this area seems highlydesirable t o define as well as possible the course of appropriateexperiments. Measurements of consequences beyond those t o communicationsshould al so be considered. In view of the schedule of the SPS evalua tiont h i s meeting should be scheduled fo r ear ly 1978.

Further work on resolution of point IV will consist in some sense ofe f fo r t s dir ec ted toward obtaining i nte rna tio nal agreement on a frequencyal locat ion for SPS MPTS. Studies undertaken fo r points I , I1 and I11 willsubstantially develop the necessary technical assessment of consequencesand could, with rel at iv el y l i t t l e additional e f f o r t, provide the neededsupport in th i s ar ea . Some agency w i l l , however, have t o undertake theadvocacy of the required allocation, with due sensitivity t o all the con-siderations involved. I t w o u l d seem t o be desirable that the impact eval-uation and advocacy roles be kept we1 1 separated.

The co st of research on ionosphe ric modifica tion e ff ec ts o n radio propa-gation, responsive to point 11, cannot be adequately estimated until details


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SPS EFiC " RESEARCH PLAN" (C o n t i n u e d )9

o f t h e n e ce ss ar y w or k a r e d et er m in e d and t h e d i v i s i o n o f ' e f f o r t b e t -)r ween t h e s e s t u d i e s a nd t h o s e on o t h e r i o n o s p h e r i c e f f e c t s has b ee n

c l a r i f i e d .


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APPENDIX I

Notes on th e SPS Noise C al cu la ti o n of R-31

Two f r eq u e n c y -d e p e n d en t e f f e c t s n e g l ec t e d i n t h e n o i s e c a l c u l a t i o n o f R -31w i l l , i f i n cl ud e d , s u b s t a n t i a l l y a l t e r t h e n o i se s pe ctru m o b t a i n e d.

T he f i r s t i s bean1 sc a n n i n g a n d / o r b r ea k u p f o r r a d i a t e d f r e q u e n c y c om p on en tsaway fro m t h e c a r r i e r . The e f f e c t i v e o f f - f r e q u e n c y g a i n d ep en ds c r u c i a l l yupon a n t e n n a f e e d d e t a i l s , an d t h e s e co u l d be ch o se n t o m i ni m iz e sp u r i o u sr a d i a t i o n . In a n o th e r c o n te x t S e c ti o n 6 . 6 . 1 of t h e r e p o r t c a l c u l a t e s f o r t h es l o t t e d w a ve gu id e r a d i a t o r p ro po se d a f re q u en c y s c an n in g s e n s i t i v i t y o f 1 a r cm i nu te pe r 612 Hz f re q u en c y d e v i a t i o n . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a d e v i a t i o n o f30 0 kH z w i l l s c an t h e m ain l o b e o f f t h e e a r t h . L a rg e r d e v i a t i o n s w i l l e ve n-t u a l l y scan a dsgraded beam back on. A t a ny g iv e n l o c a t i o n i n t h e b ea m ' ssc a n p a th t h e r e wou ld b e p a r t i c u l a r n a rr ow f r e q u e n c y r a n g e s wh er e n o i se c o u l dbe o b se rv ed p o s s i b l y a s i n t e n s e a s t h a t c a l c u l a t e d b elo w, b u t most of thespect rum would be much q u ie te r .T he s ec o n d e f f e c t i s t h e f r e q u e n c y de p en d e nc e o f c o h e r e n c e i n a n a m p l i t r o nc a sc a de . The r e p o r t ' s c a l c u l a t i o n t r e a t s t h e a nte nn a as a c o l l e c t i o n o fi n d e p e n d e n t 1 0 - t u b e c a sc a d e s . Ante nn a g a in f o r e ac h 1 0 - tu b e c o h e r e n t l yr a d i a t i n g a ss em bly i s e s t i m a te d a t 3 3 . 7 dB based on i t s s h a re of t h e a r r a ya re a and an a ssumed coherence fa c to r o f . 5 . T he t o t a l p ower o u t p u t o f t h ec a s c a d e i s t a k e n t o be t e n t i m e s a s n o i s y a s o ne t u b e t o a c c o u n t f o r f e d -t h r o u g h n o i se b e in g c u m u l a t i v e a l o n g t h e c a sc a d e . C o h er en c e i s ta k e n t o be


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-33 -SPS EM C A P P E N D I X I (Continued)frequency independent, and the radiated spectrum shape is assumed t o be the same

t as that of a single tube.w Power dens ity re sul t i s -160 dBW/M2Hz a t band center f a l l in g of f as the s in gl e-

tube spectrum does.The coherence length in an i n f in i t e cascade depends st rong ly on the stage gain,and a t the -3 dB point i s ju st one tube. From th i s ar i se two sep ara tecal cul ati on s:

A ) For out-of-band noi se, each tube-and-rad iato r i s trea ted as anindependent noise source whose antenna gain and pattern are thatof a single slotted waveguide section, and whose noise o u t p u t i sth at of a sin gle tube. The gain i s estimated a t 21 dB based u p o ndet ail ed considera tion of a center-of-antenna fu ll y dense guidesec tio n. This gives fo r a uniformly illuminated antenna a powerdensity result of -183 dBW/M2-Hz at band center falling off as thesingle-tube spectrum does, plus the in-band contribution below.Corrected for 11.5 dB ill uminat ion ta pe r i t i s -178 dBW/M2-Hz, o r18 dB less noisy than the report 's result .

B ) For in-band noi se, the noi se ori gi na ting in any tube i s assumed t obe present at the same S/N and completely coherent in the outputsof a l l tubes downstream. A tr ee i s assumed driving 128 8-tubecascades which make up the subarray. If amplitrons are used inthe t ree , the f i r s t one dominates the arr ay noise output and tr ee


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SPS E M C A P P E N D I X I (Continued)

d e t a i l s ar e unimportant. Four-way branching was assumed fo r thef i r s t three l ev el s, and a 2-way branch fo r the fourth sta ge. Thef i r s t t ree s ta ge ' s noise appears in a l l 1024 o f the radiatingguide secti ons (a mul ti pl ic it y gain of 1024) and th sse sectSonsare a l l coherent, giving an antenna gain of 1 .2x105 or 51 dB .Other contributions are all smaller, the next tree stage contrib-ut ing 114 as much because of the smaller area over which coherencei s maintained, and so o n . The power densit y r e su l t i s -151.4 dBW/M2Hz a t band cent er. Away from band center th e received noisepower dens ity will f a l l rapidly due t o los s of coherence, a n d dueto beam breakup induced by the lumped phase s h i f t of the ampli tronsand f i l t e r s , and eventually become negli gibl e ccrpared with calc ula-t ion A .

The ne t e f fec t of considering the frequency dependence of coherence i s t o in-creas e the predicted noise density near the ca rr ie r by about 9 dB, and decreasethe predicted noise f a r from the c a r r i e r by about 18 dB.


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SPS BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES

B General Information on Microwave Power Transmission:

R-28 provides a brief, overall review of microwave power transmissionv

techno1 ogy and potential.

Extensive studies done f or a space-to-space microwave power link aredocumented in R-54, R-60, and R-61.

Studies of microwave power transmission systems for SPS (or similarprojects) are found in R-24 and R-53 with R-31 being perhaps the mostcomprehensive.

In addition, R-65 discusses expected atmospheric effects on an SPS micro-wave power beam.

Measurements of microwave power transmission effici ency, with particularconsideration of the rectenna system are found in R-18 and R-37 whichdescribe laboratory tests and R- 20 and R-5 which describe field tests ofa 30 KW rectenna.

R-10 provides a wealth of detail on engineering considerations in SPSincluding microwave power transmission.

R-39 provides a comprehensive, up-t o-date, summary of the impacts andbenefits o f SPS microwave power transmission as currently envisioned.

L


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-36-SPS BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES (Continued)

Specific Topics in Microwave Power Transmission:For general information about microwave to DC conversion tube technologysee R- 15, for amplitrons R-41, R-54, R-68, for klystrons R-0.

For tubes discussed for particular application in SPS see R -41 , R-24 ,R-31 , and R-53.

Antenna designs for the SPS power transmitter are described in R-10 andR-31. R-39 provides a detailed diagram of expected sidelobe levels fora well developed design.

For discussion o f propagation of a power beam tbrcugh the atmosphere,including scatter see R-65, R-31, and R-34. Information about atmosphericeffects on microwave propagation in general may be found in R-64, B-4,R-19 , R-29 and R-30, R-17 , and B-3.

Detailed discussions of rectenna systems are found in R-1 8, R-37, andfield tests are described in R-20 and R-5.

Radio frequency interference that might result from SPS microwave powertransmission is estimated in R-31, R- 24, and R-5 3 with a rec ent assess-ment of the impact in R-39. For information on radio spectrum usage forradio astronomy see R-12 and R-8.

International radio regulations appear in S-1. B -5 provides the techni-cal basis for many of these rules and includes additional recommendations.S- 2 contains U.S. domestic radio rules and regulations.


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SPS BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES (C o n t in u e d )

The ef f e c t s of th e SPS microwave power beam on th e ion osp her e and t h e i rc o ns e qu e nc e s f o r r a d i o p r o p a g a t io n a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n R-31, R-36, ndR-47 wi th a r ev iew in R-39.

M o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i o n o s p h e r e by r ad i o w av es a n d r e s u l t i n g e f f e c t s onr ad i o co mmu ni ca ti on s a r e d i s c u s s ed i n R-62 an d R-45.

F or f u r t h e r i n f o r ma t i o n on i o n o s p h e r i c m o d i f i c a t i o n an d co n seq u ences t h e r eo fs e e R-6, R-9, R - 1 1 , R-46, R-66, R-69, nd R-70.


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REFERENCES

BOOKSB#

B-1 Deleted ; now R31 .B-2 "Solar Power Satellite System Definition Study," VOL I - Executive

Summary (June 28, 1977); VOL I 1 - System Requirements and Energy Con-version Options (July 29 , 1977); VOL I 1 1 - Construction, Transporta-tion and Cost Analyses (August 8 , 1977) ; VOL IV - SPS TransportationSystem Requirements (August 1, 1977); and VOL V - SPS Transportation:Representative System Descriptions (July 28 , 1977). NAS9-15196.

B-3 "Radar Handbook," Merrill I. Skolnik , 1536 pages, copyrighted 1970.

B-4 "Radar Observations of the Atmosphere," L. J . Batten, 1973, Universityof Chicago Press.

B-5 "XIIIth Plenary Assemb ly, Geneva, 1974," VOL I - Spectrum Utilizationand Monitoring (Study Group 1); VOL I1 - Space Research and Radio-astronomy (Study Group 2) , .VOL IV - Fixed Service Using CommunicationSate1 ites (Study Group 4); VOL V - Propagation in Non-Ionized Media(Study Group 5) ; VOL VI - Ionospheric Propagation (Study Group 6)VOL VIII - Mobile Services (Study Group 8); VOL IX - Fixed ServiceUsing Radio-Relay Systems (Study Group 9); and VOL XI - BroadcastingService (Television) Including Video-Recording and Sate1 i te Appl ica-tions (Study Group 1 1 . Pub1 ished by the ITU - CCIR Documents.

-38-


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REFERENCES

LETTERS

L-1 "Force Resulting from the Electromagnetic Radiation of Energy from theSSPS Antenna," D . Cermignani, GAC Inter-Office Memo, 1 September 1972.

L-2 "SSPS Microwave Antenna Deflections due to Temperature," W. Besendorfer,GAC Inter-Office Memo, 31 July 1972.

L-3 "SSPS Microwave Antenna Temperatures," L . Royce, GAC Inter-Office !demo,27 July 1972.

L -4 "Solar Power from Satellites--Some Questions," Peter Glaser, PhyrfcsToday, pp. 9-15 and 66-6 9, July 1977.

L-5 "International Telecommu nications~ nion," contains Organization andTechnical Cooperation, current as of September 1976.


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REFERENCES

MICROFICHEMi

M-1 "Sate1 i te Power Systern: Engineering and Economic Analysi s Summ ary,"NASA-TM-X-73344, 282 p , November 1976.

M-2 "Space-Based Solar Power Conversion and Delivery Systems Study. VOLUYE1: Executive Summary," Interim Report, G. A. Hazelrigg, Jr., 38 p,June 30, 1976 (ECO N, Inc., Princeton, NJ).

M-3 "Space-to- Earth Power Transmission System," G. H . Stevens, et a l, NASA-TM-X-73489, 143 p, November 1976.

M-4 "Microwave Power Transmission System Studies. VOLUME 1. ExecutiveSummary," 0. E. Ma ynard, et al, 231 p, December 1975 (Raytheon Co.).

M-5 "Microwave Power Transmission System Studies: VOLUME 2. Introduction,Organizati on, Environmental and Spaceborne Systems Analyses," 0. E. May-nard, et a1 , 262 p, December 1975 (Raytheon Co. .

M-6 "Microwave Power Transmission System Studies. VOLUME 3. Section 8:Mechanical Systems and Flight Operations," 0. E. Naynard, et a l, 234 p,December 19 75 (Raytheon Co. .

M-7 "Microwave Power Transmission System Studies. VOLUME 4. Sections 9through 14 with Appendices," 0. E. Maynard, et al, 235 p, December1975 (Raytheon Co . .

-40-


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MICROFICHE REFERENCESM,"

M-8 "Atmospheric Propagation Constraints on Microwave Power Transmission,"W. D. Brown, 22 p, April 1977 (Sandia Labs, Albuquerque, Ne w Mexico).

w

M-9 "Critical Areas: Satellite Power Systems Concepts," NASA-TM-X-74694,168 p, July 1975.


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REFERENCES

REPORTS AND ARTICLESR-'-R-0 "Analytical Designs of a Space-Borne Magnetically-Focused Klystron

Arpl ifier," DR. G. i4 . Branch and DR: T. G. Mihran, NASA CR-72461,Contract NAS3-11514, October 2 5, 1968.

R-1 "Commercial Applications of Microwave Energy, The Canadian Effort,"W. Nyslouzil, :?iierowave Joum.aZ, pp. 51-5 4, May 1975. Author is withNational Research C ouncil , Ottawa, Canada.

R-2 "Committee on Radio Frequencies," National Research Council. Contentsare 1 ) Terms of Reference: a) Functions and Tasks and b) Organizationand 2) Plembershi : a) Cornmi ttee on Radio Frequencies , b) Subcom mi tteeon Radio Astrononiy and c) Subcomniittee on S pac e Science.

R-3 "Electromagnetic Compatibility, An Overview," R . F. Ficchi, !4icrowaveJournal, pp. 39- 43, January 1975.

R-4 "Energy Deposition in Artificial Ionospheric Heating Experiments,"J. Alex Thomson, J. Geophys. Res. & Space Phys.75, No. 31, p. 6 446 ,1 November 1970. Author: Research Institute for Engineering Science s,Wayne State University.

R-5 "Evaluation of a Microwave High-Power Reception-Conversion Array forWireless Power Transmission," R. M. Dickin son, Technical Memorandum33-741 , 1 September 1975, NASA CR-145625. Author is with JPL.

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-43-REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERENCES

R-6 "Eviden ce for Precipitation of Energetic Particles by Ionospheric 'Hea ting 'b Transmission," J. W. Wright, J. Geoph3s. Res. -0 , NO. 31, p. 4383, Septem-

ber 1, 1975. Author is with NOAA-ERL.

R-7 "Final Report of the ERDA Task Group on Satellite Power Statio ns," ERDA-761148, O'ffice of the Administrator, ERDA, Noverrlber 1976.

R- 8 "Frequency Allocations for the Radio Astronomy Servic e," National Academyof Scien ces, in preparation for the World Administrative Radio Conference- 1979, 1st Revision - November 1975.

R-9 "Heating of the Lower Ionosphere by Powerful Radio Waves," Lowell H.Holway , Jr. and Gerald Meltz, J. Geophgs . Res. -8 , No. 34, p. 8402,December 1 , 1973.

R-10 "Initial Technical, Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Space SolarPower Concepts," two volumes - VOL I: Summary and VOL 11: DetailedReport, both dated August 31 , 1976. NASA TM X 74389 (JSC-11568).

R-11 "Ionospheric Heating by Power Radio Waves," G. Meltz , L. H. Holway , Jr.and N. M. Tomljanovich, Radio Science -, No. 11, pp. 1049-1 063, November1974.

A R-12 "List of Radio and Radar Astronomy Observatories (1974)," and "Supplement,"The National Research Council , Committee on Radio Frequencies, Assembly

. of Mathematical and Physical Scienc es, 1974.


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-44-REPORTS A N D ARTICLES REFERENCESg

R-13 "Man-Made N o is e i n t h e M icro wave ~ k e ~ u e n c ~ange, An RFI Problem AreaI d e n t i f i e d an d A n a l y z e d , " Edw ard N . Skomal , ' d i cro~ave oum aZ, pp . 44-47 ,J a n u a r y 1 97 5 . A u t h or i s w i t h A e r o s p a c e C o r p o r a t i o n , El S e g u nd o , C

R-14 "Microwave Power So ur ce s ," ?dierowcue Jou_ wcZ , pp. 18-2 2, 197 5,P r i n c i p a l a nd Col l a b o r a t i n g C o n t r i b u t o r s : ( Tu be S o u r c e s ) J a c q u e sCol l a r d [ V a ri a n A s s o c i a t e s ] e t a 1 . ; (Mu1 t i p 1 i e r S o ur ce s) A 1 Kenr ick[Ca l i fo rn i a Mic rowave] e t a1 . ; (Bul k E f f e c t S o u r c e s ) Wes M a t t h e i ,Microwave Assoc. ; (YTO, V C O S o u r c e s ) H ar r y F ow l er [ I d a t k in s - J o h ns o n ] e t a1 .

R-15 "Microwave Tube Tech nolo gy Rev iew," Dr. S t a n l e y F . Kaise l , !d ie rowaveJ o u r n a l , p p. 2 3 - 42 , J u l y 1 9 77 .

R -16 " O b s e r v a t i o n s by Ra d io A s t ro n o m e rs o f ATS-6 S a t e l l i t e T r a n s m i s s i o n s ,June 18-2 2 , 1974 , " Na t iona l Academy of S c i en ce s , R epor t o f t h e Subcommit -t e e on Rad io As tronomy of th e Committee on Rad io Fre qu en c ie s , Na t io na lR e s e a r c h C o u n c i l .

R-17 " P r o p a g a t i o n P henom ena A f f e c t i n g S a t e l l i t e C o mm u ni ca ti on S y s te m s O p e r a t i n gi n t h e C e n t i m e t e r an d M i l l i m e t e r W a v el en g th B a n d s ," R . K . C r a n e , P r o c e e d .IEEE -9 , p . 1 7 3 , 1 9 7 1 .

R-18 " R a d i a t e d M i cr ow av e P ow er T r a n s m i s s i o n S y s te m E f f i c i e n c y M e a s u r e m e n t s ,"R . M. Dick inson and W . C . Brown, NASA Technical Memorandum 33-727 (NASACR-142986), May 15 , 1975. Auth ors a r e wi th JPL.


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II R-19 "R a i n f a l l A t te nu a t i on o f Ce n t im e te r Waves: Compar ison o f Theory andMeasurenient ," Richard G. Eledhurs t , IYZE T ~ a n s a c s i o n s n A ?z?ennas a d

w P r o p a g a t i o n , p . 5 5 0 , J u l y 1 9 65 . A u t h o r i s w i t h T e l e co m m u n i c a t i o n s Re-s e a r c h L a b s , H i r s t R e s e ar c h C e n t r e , G e n e ra l E l e c t r i c C o . , W ernbley, E n g l a n d .

R-20 "R ece pt io n Con vers ion Subsys tem ( R X C V ) f o r M icrowave Power Transmi ss io nSy stem , Fi na l R ep or t, " Raytheon Company, JPL C o nt ra ct No. 953968 , NASACR-145917, dated 1 September 1975 .

R-21 " I n i t i a l S t a n d a r d s and G u i d e l i n e s ( CS&G) f o r S a t e l l i t e Power S t a t i o n ( SP S )Development," DOE-NASA Workshop on same, October 18, 1977, Working Draf tCo-Chairmen: Fred A . Koonianoff (DOE) and Ralph LaRock (NASA), he ld a tH u n t s v i l l e , A la bam a.

R-22 " S o l a r Power fr om S a t e l l i t e s , " P e t e r E . G l a s e r , P h y s i c s T o d a y , p . 3 0 ,F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 7 . ( S e e L-4 f o r com ments on t h i s a r t i c l e . )

R-23 "Some Rece nt Tr en ds in EM C T e s t s a n d M e a s u r e m e n t s , " W . S. Lambdin,~ ~ i c r o w a v eo u m a Z , p p . 4 9 -5 1 , M a rch 1 9 7 5 . W ith El e c t r o m e t r i c s , D i v i s i o nP en ri l C or po ra t io n, Amsterdam, New York.

R-24 "Sp ace - to - Ear th Power T ra nsm is s io n Sys tem ," Grady H . S t e v e n s a n d R i c h a r dS chuh , NASA TM X 73 48 9, NASA T e c h n ic a l Memorandum, November 19 76 .

R-25 "Space -Based S o la r Power Convers ion and De l iv e ry Sys tems S tudy : VOLUMEI I : I n te r im Summary Report: da te d 3-31 -76 (NASA-CR-144289)..

R-26 "A S u rv e y o f S a t e l l i t e Pow er S t a t i o n s , " C h a r l e s E . B l o o m q u i s t , PRC R-1844,PRC Sys tems Sc iences Company , Sep tember 1976 . ERDA Repor t SE-2071 /1 .


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-46REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERENCES

R-27 "SPS Conce pt Development and Ev al ua t i o n Program Pl a n , Volume 1 and Volume 2( J u l y 1 97 7- Au gu st 1 9 8 0 ) , " p r e p a re d j o i n t l y by t h e D i v i s i o n o f S o l a r E n er gy ,ERDA , and t h e O f f i c e o f Ene rgy Programs , NASA. R evi ew ed and approv ed byAlan M. Lo ve l ac e , D epu ty A d m i n i s t r a t o r , NASA, and R ob er t W . F r i , D e p u t yA d m i n i s t r a t o r , ERDA. R ep or t da t e d May 19 77 .

R-28 " T he T e c h n o l o g y a nd A p p l i c a t i o n o f F r e e - S p a c e P ow er T r a n s m i s s i o n by M i c r o -wave Beam," W 11 iam C . Brown, 3roceed. of t h e IZEE 62, No. 1 , p. 11 ,J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 .

R-29 " V i r g i n i a P r e c i p i t a t i o n S c a t t e r E x pe ri me nt - E x p e r i m e n t D e s c r i p t i o n( A u gu s t 1 9 7 2 ) , " G od da rd S p ac e F l i g h t C e n t e r , X -7 50 -7 3-54 ( p r e p r i n t )

R-30 " V i r g i n i a P r e c i p i t a t i o n S c a t t e r E x pe ri me nt - D at a A na l ys i s (N ovember1 9 7 2 ) ," G oddard Space F l i g h t C en t e r , X -750-73-55 .

R-31 "Mi c row ave Pow er Tr an sm i s s i on S t u d i e s , " V ol umes I t h rough IV , D ecember1 9 7 5 , C o n t r a c t No. NAS3-17834, NASA Re p o rt No. NASA-CR-134886.

R-32 "Space -B orne Pow er C onv e r s i on i n t o a Mi c row ave Beam and I t s Im pac t ont h e E n v ir o n m e n t of t h e Up pe r A t m o s p h e r e , " 0 . E . Maynard and A . H . Katzo f Rayth eon (W ay lan d, MA) and W . E . Wh itac re of NASA Marshal Spa ce Fl i g h tC e n t e r ( H u n t s v i l l e , A L) , Proceed. of the 12th IECEC, held i n W a s h i n g t o n ,D C , A u g u s t 2 8 t h r o u g h S e p t e m b e r 2 , 1 9 7 7 , R e p o r t # 7 79 2 4 1, p p . 1 4 4 5 - 1 45 2 ,p r e s e n t e d b y t h e A m er ic an N u c l e a r S o c i e t y .


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R-33 "Solar Power Satellite Concepts and Potential Related Space Systems,"Tony E. Redding of NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Houston, TX),IProceed. of the 12th IECEC, held in Washington, DC, August 28 throughSeptember 2, 19 77, Report f77 9236, resented by the American NuclearSociety.

R-34 "Solar Power Satellites-A System Overview," G. Woodcock of Boeing Aero-space Company, F'roceed. cf the 12th IECEC, held in Washington, DC,August 28 through September 2, 1977, Report $779233, pp . 1391-1398,presented by the American Nuclear Society.

R-35 "Space-Based Solar Power Conversion and Delivery Systems Study -VOLUME 11: Engineering Analysis of Orbital Systems (Final Report) ,"Rudol ph J. Adornato, Contract NAS8-31308, March 1977.

R-36 "Space-Based Solar Power Conversion and Delivery Systems Study -VOLUME 111: Microwave Power Transmission Study," March 1, 1977,subcontract ECON-0003.

R-37 "Electronic and Mechanical Improvement of the Receiving Terminal of aFree-Space Microwave Power Transmission Syst em," W. C. Brown, August 1 ,1977, Contract NAS3-19722, NASA-CR-135194.

A R-38 "Systems Definition Space Based Power Conversion Systems," FinalPerformance Review Briefing, NAS8-31628, dated December 2 , 1976.

*


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REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERENCESR#

R-39 " S a t e 1 1 i t e P ow er S y s t e m ( S P S ) M ic ro w av e S u b s y s te m I m p a c t s a n d B e n e f i t s , "R i c h a r d M . D i c k i n s o n , J P L , 2 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 7 .

R-40 "SPS En vir on me nta l Ass ess me nt Pl an (SEAP) , " Char1 e s E . Bl oomqui s t andLl oyd L . P h i l i p s o n , N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 6 , p r e p a r e d f o r E R D A D i v i s i o n o f S o l a rE n e r g y .

R-41 " H ig h P ow er M i cr ow a ve G e n e r a t o r s o f t h e C r o s s e d - F i e l d T y p e , " W i l l i a m C .Brown, J . of h!icrowave Power -, No. 4 , 245 ( 19 7 0 ) , p a pe r p r e s e n te d a tIMPI 5t h Symposium, The Hague, Oct ob er 7-9 , 19 70 .

R-42 " P r o g r e s s i n t h e D e s ig n o f R e c t e n n a s , " W . C . Brown, J . of Microuave Pouer4, No. 3 , 1 6 8 ( 1 9 6 9 ) , IMPI Sy mp os iu m p a p e r E 5 , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 4 t h-I n t e rn a t i o n a l Symposi um on Mi c row ave Pow er , Edmont on, May 2 2 , 1 9 6 9 .

R-43 " S p a c e -B a s e d S o l a r Po we r C o n v e r s i o n a n d D e l i v e r y S y s t e m s S t u d y - V O L U M EI I : E n g i n e e r i n g A n a l y s i s o f O r b i t a l S y st em s ( Se co n d I n t e r i m R e p o r t ) , "30 June 1976 , C on t r ac t N A S8-31308 .

R-44 "T he P o t e n t i a l o f S a t e l l i t e S o l a r P ow er ," P e t e r E . G l a s e r ( I n v i t e dP a p e r ) , Proceed. of the IEEE 65, No. 8, pp . 1162-1176 , A ugus t 197 7 .

R-45 " I o n o s p h e r i c M o d i f i c a t i o n I n d u c e d by H ig h -P o we r HP T r a n s m i t t e r s - - AP o te n t i a l f o r Exten ded Range VHF-UHF Communica t ions and Plasma Ph ys ic sR e s e a r c h , " W i l l i a m F . U t l a u t , Proceed. of the IEEE -3 , 1 0 2 2 - 1 0 4 3 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .


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REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERENCESR-R-46 "Thermal Self-Focusing of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas," F. W. Perkins

r and E. J. Valeo, Phgs. Reo. ktt zrs -2, 1234 (1974).R-47 "Final Report, Ionospheric !,licrowave Beam Interaction Study, September

1977," L. Duncan and W. E. Gordon, NASA Contract NAS9-15212.

R-48 "Limits of Radio Interference and Leakage Currents According to CISPR andNational Regulations," Publication 9 , Third Edition, 1976. Section One:"CISPR Limits of Radio Interference and Report o f National Limits" andSection Two: "Maximum Permissible Values of Leakage Currents and LimitingValues of Capacitance and Energy for Radio Interference SuppressionCapacitors."

R-49 "IEC Catalog of Publications," 1977, ANSI.

R-50 " IEC Pub1 cation #50-902 (1 973), Group 902-Radio Interference," aff 1 i atedto the International Organization for Standardization-ISO, advance editionof International El ectrotechnical Vocabulary.

R-51 "The IEC, What It I s, How It Works, What It Does, Its Origins," December1969, Central Office and Seat of the Commission, Gene va, Switzerland.

R-52 "Advances in Klystron Amplif iers, A Tutorial Treatment Emphasizing Effi-ciency, Bandwidths, and Applications," Erling L. Lien, The MicrowaveJournal -6, No. 12, 33 (December 1973).


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REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERErlCES

R-53 "Feasibility Study of a Satellite Solar Power Stati on," Peter E. Glaser,Owen E. Maynar d, John Nackovciak, J r . , and Eugene L. Ralph , NAS A, Wash-ington, DC , February 1974, NASA-CR-2357.

R-54 "The Sup er Power CW Amplitron," J. F. Skowron, W. C. Brown and G. H.MacMaster, The Is;'icrowava J m r ~ a i , . 65 , October 1964.

R-55 "Electromagnetic Field Immunity--A New Parameter in Receiver Design,"Tomis ~ v o r s, IEZE Tiiansactions on E;ec.troragnetic Cor~pa;;ibilit- VC)LEMC -16 , No. 3, p. 1 49 (August 1974). Author is with the Inst itute o fHigh Frequency Electronics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zuric h,Swi tzerl and.

R-56 "A Preliminary Study of Possible Weather Effects due to Solar PowerSatellite Rectenna Operation," Environmental Effects Office InternalNote, JSC 12519, NASA Lyndon B . Johnson Space Center , Houston, Texas

R-57 "Microwave Power Generation Analysis," Lawrence R. Burdette, AD- 774 81 8,December 1973 (NTIS)

R-58 "Characteristics of Magnetically Focused Large-Signal Travel ing-W aveAmplifiers," Harry K. Detweiler, Technical Report #RADC-TR-68-433,October 1968, Air Force Systems Command, Griffins Air Force Base, NY.

R-59 "Free-Space Microwave Po wer Transmission S tud y, a Microwave Beam PowerTransfer and Guidance System for Use i n an Orbital Astronomy Support


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F a c i l i t y , " W. C . B ro wn , F i n a l , R e p o r t , 2 e p o r t P e r i o d DEC 9 , 1 9 6 9 t o DEC 70,da te d December 9, 1969, and amended June 11, 1970. C o n t r a ct NAS8-25374.

R-60 "Free-Space Mic rowav e Power Tr an sm is s i on Study , A Mic rowave Beam PowerT r a n s f e r an d Gu id an ce S ys te m f o r U se i n an O r b i t a l A s t ro n o my S u p p o r tF a c i l i t y , " W . C. B ro wn , F i n a l R e p o r t - Phase 11 : Re po r t Pe r i o d APR 71 t oAUG 72. C o n t ra c t NAS8-25374, P T-3539.

R-61 "F ree-Space M icrowave Power T ra nsm iss ion S tud y , " W . C . Brown, Repor tPe r i o d : DEC 69 t o JUL 74, d a te d 10 September 1975, Combined Phase 111and F in a l Rep or t . Co n t ra c t NAS8-25374, PT-4601 .

R-62 " I o n o s p h e r i c r i o d i f i c a t i o n b y H i g h Power T r a n s m i t t e r s , " R a d i o S c i e n c e 9,No. 11, November 1974. Sp ec ia l Iss ue . (A1so Refe rence S-3 )

R-63 "M ic rowave Energy Con vers i on , " E. M. Sabbagh, p a r t 111, d at ed May 1962,WADD T e ch ni ca l Re po rt #WADD-TR-61-48, C o n t r a c t No. AF 33 (61 6)- 73 55 .

R-64 " F or w ar d S c a t t e r f r o m R ai n, " R a di o a nd E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n ,N a t i o n a l R e se a rc h C o u n c i l , O t t a w a , C an ad a, PGAP, p. 41 4 ( J u l y 1 9 6 0) .

R -6 5 " A t m o s p h e r i c A t t e n u a t i o n o f M i c ro w a v e P ow er ," V i n c e n t J. F a l c o n e , J r . ,J. Mic rowave Power -, No. 4 ( 1970) .. R-66 "An A t l a s o f t h e M i d l a t i t u d e F -R eg io n R esp on se t o G e om a gn e ti c St or ms ,"M. M e n d i l l o a n d J. A. K lo buchan , 6 Fe bru ary 1974. AD-778 069 (NTI S) .

e


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R-67 " D e n s i t y V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e L ower T h e r m o s p h e r e , " W i l l ia m F . J o h n s o n ,S c i e n t i f i c R e p o r t '2 , F e b r u a r y 1 9 , 1 9 7 4 ( CO O -2 1 95 -1 2 ), U .S . A ECC o n t r a c t A T ( l1 - 1) -2 1 9 5, P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r R e gi n al d E . Newel 1 .

R-68 " T he C o n t in u o u s -C a t h o de ( E m i t t i n g - S o l e ) C r o s s e d - F i e l d A m p l i f i e r , " J o h nF . S kow ro n ( I n v i t e d P a p e r ) , Proceed. of t i e I X E 61 , Nc. 3 , p p . 330-356 (March 1973) .

R -69 "The E f f e c t o f a Ti me V ary i ng C o l l i s i o n Frequency on a R ad i o WaveObl i q u e l y I n c i d e n t on t h e L ow er I o n o s p h e r e , " N . ) I . Mas1 i n (Cav end i shL a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f C am b r i dg e ) , _"roc. R. Soc. ionc?. -4.-48 , 245-26 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) . P r i n t e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n .

R -70 " C o m b i n a t i o n F r e q u e n c i e s i n t h e I n t e r a c t i o n B etw ee n H ig h -P o we r S ho r t- W a veR a d i a t i o n a n d I o n o s p h e r i c P l a s m a ," G . G . G e t m a n t s e v , N . A . Z u i k o v , D . S .K o t i k , L . F . Mi ronenko , N . A . M i t y a k o v , V . 0. R a p o p o r t , Y u . A . S a z o n o v ,

.V . Y u . T r a k h t e n g e r t s a n d V . Ya. Eidman, JETP L e t t . 2 0 , N O . 4 , 1 0 1 - 1 0 2( A u g u st 2 0 , 1 9 7 4 ) . ( Z ~ E T F i s . Red. 20, 2 2 9 - 2 3 2, A u g u s t 2 0 , 1 9 7 4 ) .

R-71 "Mic rowav e Powe r: A F a r - o u t S y s t e m ? , " W . N . A g o s t o , IEEE Spectrwn -3 ,No. 5 , pp. 48-50 (May 19 76 ) .

R-72 " S a t e l l i t e S o la r -P o w er S t a t i o n s , " R. B . A r o n s o n , Nachine Design 47No. 28, pp. 18-20 and 23 (27 N ovember 19 75 ) .


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C

R-73 "Space Power Systems: What Environmental Impact?," B. K. Ching, Astro-*

naut. 2 Aeronaut. 15, No. 2, pp. 6 0-6 5 (February 1977).

R-74 "IEC Report on Activities for 1976," ANSI.

R-75 " IEC HANDBOOK (ANNUAIRE 1977), ANSI.

R-76 "Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics

of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radio-Frequency Equipment(Excluding Surgical Diathermy Apparatus) ," Pub1 ication 1 1 , 1975 CISPRReport. ANSI.

R-77 "Microwave Transmission System for Space Power," R. M. Dickinson, RAUM-FAHRTFORSCHUNG 20, No. 5, pp. 238-241 , September 1976.

R-78 "Preliminary Models for Determining Instantaneous Precipitation Intensi-ties from Available Climatology," Robert W. Lenhard, Allen E. Cole andNorman Sissenwine, Environmental Research Papers, No. 350, 5 March 1971,AFCRL-71-0168 (NTIS)

R-79 "Nonlinear Wave Optics of Parametric Pump Radiation in an InhomogeneousPlasma," Donald F. DuBois, Martin V. Goldman and Dean McKinnis, ThePhysics of Fluids -6, No. 12 , pp. 2257-2269, December 1973.. R-80 "Magnetic Field Effects on Electrons during Ionospheric Modification,"Dwight R. Nicholson, J. of' Geophys. Res. -2, No. 13 , pp. 1839-1845,. 1 May 1977.


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-54-REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERENCES

R-81 "Rev iew of Nonlinear Theory of Ionospheric Modification," !dartin V . Goldman,UC-1003, Department of Astro-Geophysics, University of Colorado atBoul de r

R-82 "Lo w Frequency Radio Astronomy Through an Artificially Created IonosphericWindow ," Michael D. Papagi annis and Michael Mendill o, Jature 255, p . 42-43,1 May 1975.

R-83 "A Large-Scale Hole in the Ionosphere Caused by the Launch of Skylab,"Michael M endill o, Gerald 5 . Hawkins and John A. Klobuchar, Science 187,pp . 343-34 5, 31 Ja nuary 1975.

R-84 "Electron Dynamics and Energy Conversion in O-Type Linear Beam Devices,"Harry K. Detwei e r and Joseph E. Rowe, Advances in Microwaves -, 1971 .


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REFERENCES

SUBSCRIPTIONS

'I S-1 "Radio Regulations of the ITU," VOL 1 - Radio Regulations, AdditionalRadio Regulations and VOL 2 - Appendices to the Radio Regulations,Resolutions and Recommendations. Edition o f 19 76 , Published by theGeneral Secretariat of the International Telecommunication Unio n,Genev a, 1976. ISBN 92-61-001 1-5.

S- 2 "FCC Rules and Regulations," VOL 11, August 1976; VOL 111, August 1976;VOL IV, March 1977; VOL V, December 1 974 , VOL VII, March 1974; VOL VIII,March 19 71, VOL IX, Jun e 197 6; and VOL XI, Augus t 1976. Federal Com-munications Commission, Washington, DC. , Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Governmen t Printing Offic e, Washi ngton , DC 20402.

S-3 "Radio Science," -, No. 1 1, November 197 4, Journal of the United StatesNational Commi ttee, International Union o f Radio Scien ce. Publishedby the American Geophysical Union.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY - CATEGORIESO-a MISCELLANEOUS

b BIBLIOGRAPHIES .c SPS GENERAL INFORMATIONd SPS STUDY PLANSl-a MICROWAVE POWER TRANSNISSION, GENE RAL AND SYSTE" SSTIJgT7-

b MICROWAVE GENERATORS OF INTERESTc SPS ANTENNA CHAR ACTERISTICS (Transmitting)d LINEAR (Non -Freq uency Cor,verting) SCATT ER O F MICRO'lr ? ^e NON-LINEAR (Frequency Converting) SCATTE Rf RECTENNA2-a RA DIO R ULES, REGUL ATION S, POLICI ES, Etc. (Includes Frequency Ass': ts)b RFI GENERAL INFORMATIONc RFI IMPACTS ON SPECIFIC SYSTEMS USERS OR SERVICES

d SPS/RFI STUDIES3-a ION OSPHERIC MODIFICATION BY RADIO/MICROWAVES

b IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC SERVICES, SYS TEMS OR USERSc IONOSP HERIC PROPAGATION (Radio/Radar, Etc. )d SPS IO NOSPHERIC MODIFICATION STUDYe PROPAGATION EFFECTS IN ARTIFICIALLY HEATED IO NOSPHERE


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Fu tur e P ro je c t s o f High-Power Transm iss ion. Hubner, R .Elektro-Monteur/24/8/NDV, 1973Methods f o r th e Transm iss ion o f Energy Over Long Dis t an ces* B o c k r i s , J . D .John Wiley and So ns , I n c . , New York, 1975Thresho ld L imi t Va lues f o r Phys ica l Agents Adapted by ACGIH f o r 1 97 5ANSI C 9 5 . 1 , Sa f e t y Le ve l o f E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c R a d i a t i o n w i t h R e sp ec t t oPersonne l , 1974C h a r t s , T he Sa t e 1 1 t e So l a r Power S t a t i o n ( SSPS) , Aug u st 1 9 7 4 ,prepa red by Arthur D . L i t t l e , I n c .E x c e r p t , EPA /ORP 73-2, Environmenta l Exposure to Non Ion iz i ng Ra di a t i on ,USEPA, May 1973*X-Ray Measurenients Near High-Power KlystronsLenman, R . L .MIT, Cam br id ge , USA'Science (USA), Vol . 16 9, No. 3940, 52-4, Ju ly 3 , 1970Non I on iz in g Radia t io n S tand ards Rules and Regu la t ions f o r Exposure,Fed era l R eg is te r , Vol . 3 6, No. 105 S a t , May 29, 19 71,Par 1910.97Exper iment s Invo lv ing a Microwave Beam t o Power and P os i t io n a H el ic op te r ,IEEE Tran s. Aerospace E le ct ro n, S y s t . , Vol . AES 5 , pp. 692-702, Sept. 1969E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c C o m p a t i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s C e n t e r , A n n a p o l i s , MDDDC Rep ort Bib lio gr ap hy , S ear ch Con trol No. A0030AR ep t. No. ECAC-DAS-1-69, Mar . 6 9 , 43pW o r l d D i s t r i b u t i o n a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A t m o sp h e r i c R a d i o No i seIn te rn a t io na l Te l ecommuni ca t i o ns Union , Geneva (S wi tze r l an d)I n t e r n a t i o n a l R a d i o C o n su l t a t i v e C o m m i t t e eC7063D2 Fl d: 17 9, 20N, 4A GRAI7619


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C o n g re s s io n a l H e a r in g s a nd Co mm it te e P r i n t s N hen G l a s e r T e s t i f i e d o rWas QuotedSDC I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e a r c h S e r v i c e , P 81 21 54 2, 1 0 p .S a t e l l i t e Power S t a t io n sSDC I n t e r n a t i o n a l Search Se rv i c e , P8120 , 718 , 3 p .Sun En er gy S a t e l l i t eNTIS S e ar ch S a t e l l i t e S o l a r Power S t a t i o n s89 re fe re nc es f ro m German s tud y .SDC I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e a r ch S e r v i c e , P 81 20 , 8 13 .S a t e l l i t e P ower S t a t i o n s a u t ho rs c o n t r i b u t i n g t o 9 p .M ic ro w av e E l e c t r i c P ower Tr a n sm i s si o n (A B i b l i o g r a p h y w i t hLehmann, E. J .N a t i o n a l T e c h n i ca l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e , S p r i n g f i e l d , VA (USA),Jun 1976/NTIS, $25.0.R e f e r e n c e s SPS, w i t h a d d i t i o n , H el ms , I .USERDA, A p r i l 197 6( T h is i s a s e l e c t i o n o f t h e mos t p e r t i n e n t itsl:;s i n k1 th rough H5 above) .NASA L i t e r a t u r e S e a rc h #37033. Space Power Systems, March 25, 19 76,P a r t 1, R e fe r en c es P e r t i n e n t t o R e f er e n ce S u b j e c t ( 83 0 r e f e r e n c e s ) .P a r t 2 L i m i t e d D i s t r i b u t i o n Re fe re nc es (1 18 r e f e r e n c e s ) .S o l i d S t a t e S o l a r t o M i cr o w a ve E ne r gy C o n v e r t e r S ys te m a n d A p p a r a t u sDud1 ey , K . W./Macmaster, G . H., (P a t en t ) , US Pa te n t 3,933,323,Mar 20, 1974.D ef en ce S c i e n t i f i c I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e O tt aw a ( O n t a r i o )DDC Re po r t B ib l i o g ra p h y , Search C o nt ro l No. AOR25ERept. No. DSIS-B14, Dec. 70, 213 p.S e a r l e , W. M.


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SPS GENERAL INFORMATION--0-cAeg-Telefunken , Cons idera t ions on the Feas ib i l i ty and Technology o f

q So lar Energy Sate1 1 t e s and Energy T ran s fe r Sa te1 1 t e s , Backnang (WestGermany) ; Dornier-S ys tem G . M . B . P. , Fr i ed rif ch sh af en (West Germany) :Technische Univ. , Berl in (West Germany). (F ac hb er eic h Wei tv er ke hr undKabel tec hn i k ) . A va il i s s u i n g a c t i v i t y .

1 Prepared jo i n t l y with Dorn ier System and Tech. Univ. B er l inSo lar Power From S a t e l l i t e s . Hear ings Before th e Subcommittee on A E RCommit tee on Aeronau t ica l and Space Sciences , Uni ted S ta tes , Senate ,Ninety-Four.commit tee on Aeronaut ical and Space Sciences , Washington, DC , 1976, G P D ,$2.70.S o la r Energy Via Microwave (Sol en er gi Via Mi kr ro va go r)D3C Report Bibliography, Search Control No. AOR25ERe pt. No. FSTC-HT-23-594-72, 72 , 7p.Bergs tro m, Si ggeMicrowave Power Transmission from An Orb i t i n g So l a r Po wer S t a t i o n(Microwave Power Transm ission from O rb i t i ng Sol a r Power S ta t i on t oEar th , Discuss ing Des ign Opt imiza t ion Prob lems)G . Goubau ( U . S. Army, I n st . f o r Ex plo rato ry Research fo r Monmouth,NJ), Journal of Microwave Power, Vol . 5 , p p . 223-231.E lec t r ic Power Genera t ion in Space , Nat ional Aeronau t ics and SpaceA dm inis tra t ion (NASA Edu cat ion al Fa cts on Pr es en t and Fut ure El e c t r i cPower Sources f o r Space Appl i c a t i o n ) , Washington, DC .A na lys is of Tech nol ogi cal Development Problems Posed by th e U . S.an d T ran s fe r i n and f rom Sp ace . F ina l Repor t .Koehn, D ./Je sch e, K./Rath, J . / Teichmann, D./Wirths, G .Jun 1976, NTIS, $12.50.Space Power System s: What Environm ental Impac tChing, B. K.(A erosp ace Corp., El Segundo, CA )As t ro n au t . Ae ro n au t . , 1 5 , 2 , Feb 1977, 60-65.S o l a r P o w e r f r o m S a t e l l i t e sG l a s e r , P . E .Arthur D . L i t t