CONTENTCONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM HISTORY CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS SPECIALITIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS RECENT TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS APPLICATION AREAS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMSYSTEM

What is an Embedded System An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware & software,

either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device

Embedded System Design : H/W +S/W» Application Software» OS (porting or design)» Device Driver» Hardware (target platform)

HISTORYHISTORY

One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961

Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality.

The first microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004, was designed for calculators and other small systems but still required many external memory and support chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a "standard" for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based controllers.

CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM SYSTEM

Stand-alone Embedded Systems

Real-time Systems Network Information Appliances

OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING BLOCK OF HARDWAREBUILDING BLOCK OF HARDWARE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Input devices Output devices

SOFTWARE IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMSOFTWARE IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Software : Device driver + OS + Application programSoftware : Device driver + OS + Application program Device driver Digital IO (GPIO-LED, Relay, Switch,…) , ADC, DAC, U(S)ART,

Timer/counter, WDT, I2C, SPI, PWM, Actuator, Sensor, Touch screen, IRDA, Network (Ethernet, X.25, Wireless...), USB, IEEE1394 (Firewire), Audio, Video Graphic, LCD, Keyboard, Mouse, DMAC, Bluetooth

OS or non-OSOS or non-OS OS roles and missions → Process Management : Task scheduling, Context switching → Resource Management : CPU, MMU, Disk, I/O devices → File System : FAT, NTFS, EXT2/3, JFS, NFS → Device Driver : I/O, Network → GUI, Security, ... Embedded system OSEmbedded system OS →Multi-tasking, Network, Multimedia, Portable, Preemptive, Deterministic

(Hard Real-time), Robust & Reliable

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,

rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

User interface Processors in embedded systems Ready made computer boards Peripherals Tools Debugging Reliability

User interface

SPECIALITIES OF EMBEDDED SPECIALITIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Performance Power Consumption Cost Size Software Up gradation capability

RECENT TRENDS IN EMBEDDED RECENT TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Processor Power Mobile Devices Operating Systems Communication Interfaces and Networking Capability Programming Languages

Automative Ignition SystemEngine ControlBrake System

MedicalInfusion Pumps

Dialysis Machine Prosthetic DeviceCardiac Monitor

Networking Router Hubs

Gateways

Consumer ElectronicTV

Set-Top BoxPDA

Kitchen ApplicationToys/Games

Telephone/Cell PhonesCamera/GPS

Industrial ContolRobotics

Control SystemArt.Satellies

MissilesNuclear Reactors

Space StationsShuttles

Office Automation Fax

CopierPrintersScanners

Card ReadersMonitors

APPLICATION AREASAPPLICATION AREAS

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

Thus embedded systems contain programmed instruction running via processor chips. They perform control, protection & monitoring tasks. In broad terms embedded systems are programmable devices or systems which are generally used to control or monitor things like processes machinery, environmental equipment & communications.

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Embedded Systems Architecture, Designing and Programming – By Rajkamal. Embedded Systems Programming and Designing – By Michael Barr. Designing Of Embedded Hardware – By John Keysoukisi. Embedded System Design – By Frank Vahid. www.embedded.com www.nptel.iitm.ac.in

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