ISSN 0974 - 0996April - June | 2013 | Vol :: 06 | No :: 02

green buildings : features, barriers and policy optionsIGBC green building rating systembuilding energy efficiency: initiatives by Indian citiesbuilding simulation to estimate energy efficiencya low energy consumption house from the Himalayas

energy efficientbuildings:materials, tools and techniques

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he phases of energy in a building's life cycle are five, Taccording to the UNEP document on 'Buildings and Climate Change, Summary for Decision Makers', published in 2009. Energy starts its journey in a building in the form of embodied energy, which is inherent in the materials and components used for the building. While initial embodied energy is the total non-renewable energy that goes into the manufacture of a material and plays a large role in the choice of building materials, recurring embodied energy is non-renewable energy consumed to maintain, repair, restore, refurbish or replace materials, components or systems during the building's life span.

The associated environmental implications of embodied energy, such as resource depletion, emission of greenhouse gases, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation are embedded in the measurement of embodied energy. Most of the embodied energy in a building is derived from maintenance and refurbishment of the envelope, finishes and services. There is a strong argument and widespread concern about the inert strength of low- embodied energy materials, which generally is not an efficient choice in high-rise buildings. While acknowledging the concern, it must also be said that the challenge lies not in the choice of low-embodied energy materials and components for the building, but in their wise integration in the building design, by protecting such weaker materials from premature failure, thus not compromising on structural durability.

Next is grey energy, which takes form and magnitude while transporting materials for construction and operation from the production site to the building site. It has also been found that the mode of transport influence the environmental impacts greater than the distance the material travels. Sourcing local materials, paying attention to the mode of transport and making distance a criterion in selection and purchase of building materials, components and finishes are the best ways to take control of the grey energy spent for a building.

During the construction phase of a building, the building energy life cycle enters the third phase, called the induced energy. Due to the population density in urban zones, high-rise buildings are favoured to avoid urban sprawl, and unsurprisingly the energy needed for building construction has also risen. With land becoming a scarce resource, the only way out in reducing the induced energy is to make energy efficiency a part of the package. Exploring options like integrating solar power in multi-residential buildings and combined heat and power options in the industrial sector right from the design stage will help bring down the induced energy.

Once a building is erected, the next big thing is to provide comfort and services to its occupants

throughout the active lifespan of the building, and this is where the fourth phase of energy, the operational energy, comes into play. It is, in other words, the amount of energy that is consumed by a building to satisfy the demand for heating, ventilation and cooling, lighting system, other equipments and appliances taken together. It is independent of the materials used, and deals with the end use of the amount of renewable or non-renewable energy required to maintain the building functions and occupant activities. Right from the air-conditioning systems to the computers used by the occupants, every single component in the building adds up to the operational energy. Heat recovery, passive cooling, natural ventilation, and improved day-lighting are strategies that can contribute to reduced demand for operational energy. Over the span of a building's life, the operational energy, rather than the embodied energy, is the largest energy consumer. According to a study by Cole and Kernan (1996) on the energy use of a typical office building during a 50 year life period, the

2 initial embodied energy remains constant at 4.82 GJ/mover the 50 year period which was examined, while the recurring embodied energy increases from zero at the time of building completion, to a cumulative value of

26.44 GJ/m by year 50.

And finally, at the end of a building's life, is the need for demolition energy to pull it down. It is time to do away with the conventional demolition practices, which currently contributes heavily to the energy consumed in a building's life cycle. High-tech demolition systems are being developed and put into practice in many parts of the world. A notable one is the Taisei Ecological Reproduction System (Tecorep System) developed in Japan, which takes account of energy conservation as well as environmental protection. The system is designed to even generate power during demolition work, for use on the site, and is the first such method developed in the world.

The craze to build 'fast and cheap' is feared to have caught up with the taste to build green, and is being witnessed to create a vicious circle of critical overuse of resources. In actual practice, energy efficiency in the building sector may best be achieved by reducing the material input, minimizing the use of high-embodied energy materials, enhanced use of recycled materials, the choice of materials that ensure recyclability, integrating systems and methods to control operating energy, and more importantly, ensuring a long and useful life for the building without compromising on the needs of its occupants.

K. Madhusoodanan Editor

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building energy: fast and cheap versus life cycle perspective

Cover Feature

Energy Audit

Global Focus

Green buildings: features, barriers and policy options 06Brahmanand Mohanty

IGBC green building rating system: national by choice, 14global in performanceAnand M

High-performance buildings 20Sudarshan Ananth

Builiding energy efficiency: initiatives by Indian cities 24Amresh Deshpande and Ankur Tulsyan

Estimating energy efficiency - through building simulation 30Sumesh G Nair

Low energy consumption house technologies: 35a lesson from the HimalayasRam Chandra Khanal

Architecture and engineering towards high-performing buildings 44Surekha Tetali and Vishal Garg

Energy audit of urban water supply pumping installations 50 and action plan for energy savingsRaju Gupta and Manish Kumar

Energy efficiency in the building sector - 60sharing good practices from ADEME

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ISSN 0974 - 0996April - June | 2013 | Vol :: 06 | No :: 02

green buildings : features, barriers and policy optionsIGBC green building rating systembuilding energy efficiency: initiatives by Indian citiesbuilding simulation to estimate energy efficiencya low energy consumption house from the Himalayas

energy efficientbuildings:materials, tools and techniques

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his issue of energy manager brings you articles, Tview points and developments on solar electricity as a technology and a business. As rightly pointed out by Mr. Subramanian, despite occasional spurts of demand, solar power remained at the margins of energy generation for long mainly because of the cost of production of photovoltaic cells and low efficiencies. The time is now for solar power to be scaled up to supply power to the grid than concentrating on small scale deployment of isolated systems. There is also a need to strengthen research efforts to increase the efficiency of the solar cells and solar thermal systems. As mentioned in Dr. Tatti's article India has an installed capacity of 210 GW as of December 2012, the world's fifth largest. Of these non-renewable power plants constitute 88.55% and renewable plants 11.45%. The increasing energy demands of urbanization and the progressing economy have already forced the energy sector to make increasing additions to its power generation capacity. Still, there is a huge gap between demand and supply: the energy access gap. There is also a very wide gap in funding, between what is required and what is available.

However, there is a consensus that solar energy is the best practical solution for India, which lies in the tropical zone and receives an average solar radiation to the tune

2of 200 MW/km , with 250-325 sunny days, in a year. Policies at the central as well as at the state level and enormous potential of solar energy have lured major companies to make an entry into the solar PV industry. Figures and output seem lucrative for such projects, but there are many challenges that are often faced by the developer, the foremost among them being the lack of availability of land, inadequate transmission infrastructure and the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation. Providing subsidy is not the most optimal method to promote dissemination of solar energy solutions. When subsidy is linked with attendant constraints on technology choices, limitations on the methods of availing the benefits, and restrictions on choices, the market cannot be expected to blossom. Entrepreneurs need to be able to make the correct choices for their projects, and they require financial support for project implementation.

Dr. Vijayakumar says in his article that the present PV market is growing at a very high rate of 35% to 40% per year, and more than 80% of the world PV industry is based on crystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafer technologies. In India, the solar industry is now dominated by a few companies, either in the public sector or as joint ventures with major global players, set up barely 5 years ago. As pointed out by Dr. Sasi Kottayil in his article, National policy of India on solar energy has triggered, catalysed by regularly rising fuel

ηand electricity prices, a solar awakening in the south Indian states in recent times. Service providers are now mushrooming in the region. Some of them, at least it appears, are not very careful when developing system designs for solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems. Switching over to the sun from the grid demands a change in approach in order to adapt to the inherent differences between the two systems. Developers need to take effort in the present phase of energy crisis to contribute towards learning how to interface the DG with the grid. Economics is an important aspect of all developmental efforts; but waiting idly for favourable economics will never deliver it.

Under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which targets setting up a generation capacity of 20,000 MW by 2022, MNRE announced the guidelines for rooftop and other small solar power plants connected to distribution networks (below 33 kV) in June 2010. This component of the Mission had been designed essentially as a state-driven scheme to encourage the states to declare their solar policy for grid-connected projects focusing on distribution network and to encourage setting up of small solar grid-connected projects by as many states as possible. This was considered necessary for large-scale replication in future, particularly for meeting rural needs in the next phase of the Solar Mission. The projects were registered with the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) through a web-based process, and 78 projects were selected to set up 98 MW capacity projects in 12 states. Of these, 69 projects, with a total capacity of 88.80 MW, have been connected to grid.

In order to encourage multiple channel partners to access support and reach out to the people, a process of accreditation of solar system integrators has been introduced by MNRE. Reputed agencies such as Credit Rating and Information Services of India Ltd (CRISIL), Indian Credit Rating Agency (ICRA) and Fitch have been involved in the process. The Mission - A comprehensive policy for R&D has been put in place to achieve the objectives of cost reduction and efficiency enhancement.

Reports say that investor interest is rapidly growing. There is an increased awareness about the opportunities in India among investors globally because of the decline in Europe, and China being a closed market. The reach for the sun is being driven by a host of private sector players. Voices from the industry make it clear that the real explosion will be in domestic and on-grid rooftop solar panels.

K. Madhusoodanan Editor

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Rising up to the sunCover Feature

View Point

Research and Innovation

Energy Management

Global Focus

Nature's power unleashed: the promising 06solar electricity businessSudhindra Tatti

Electricity from the sun: the possibilities 15K P Vijayakumar and Angel Susan Cherian

Sizing SPV systems for large commercial establishments 22Sasi Kottayil

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: an update 30Adityanand Srivastava

Kerala's 10,000 solar rooftop power plants 37Interview with Dr. M Jayaraju, Director, ANERT

Optimizing the performance of solar still by incorporating 42condenser and fluidics principlesSubramanya Krishna Bhat

Smart byte can be much better than smart grid 48João Batista Gomes

Two innovative renewable energy technologies from France 53Antoine GOURDON

ADEME - Destination 2020 59

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ISSN 0974 - 0996January - March | 2013 | Vol :: 06 | No :: 1

- nature's power unleashed- electricity from the sun - the possibilities- sizing SPV systems for large commercial establishments- JNNSM - an update- Kerala's 10,000 solar rooftops

solarelectricity

a promisingbusinessof the future

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he contemporary energy system, dominated by Tfossil fuels is on the verge of a paradigm shift. This shift is towards a more efficient and sustainable system, based on renewable and low-carbon solutions, driven by concerns including climate change, pollution, emission reductions, depletion of natural resources and supply security. A future sustainable energy system is seen as being based on three pillars: energy efficiency, renewables, and clean fossil fuel technology. Energy efficiency has a crucial role to play in this transition and is very much expected to moderate the growth in global demand for energy especially with the surge in energy demand from developing economies.

Of the fossil fuels that currently provide over 90% of primary energy worldwide, natural gas is known to be relatively gentle on the environment, emitting only about half of the CO let out from coal. Though there is no one-2

stop shop to satisfy the entire demand for energy or the emission reduction requirements, it has an important part to play in progressing towards a sustainable energy future.

Natural gas is considered as a favourite energy carrier, thanks to its capacity to deliver major amounts of energy for efficient use in industrial processes with higher efficiency levels, minimal losses and considerably lower emissions. Around the world, natural gas has a multitude of industrial uses, including heating and cooling, drying and dehumidification, process heating for glass melting, food processing, metals preheating, on-site electricity generation through fuelling of boilers, turbines and co-generation systems, waste treatment and incineration. Natural Gas is used as a feedstock for the manufacturing of a number of chemicals and products. Gases such as butane, ethane, propane etc, are used as a feedstock for such products as plastic, fertilizer, anti-freeze, fabrics, fertilizers and pharmaceutical products. These businesses account for a major share of all industrial natural gas use.

Natural gas in its various forms will play an essential role in this transition due to its cleanliness, flexibility, and other favourable characteristics. Both in terms of supply and end-use efficiency, it finds a place in the sustainable energy system as a clean and climate-neutral source of energy. Its scalability is also an advantage in that it can fit into the energy system on any scale from a small boiler for domestic hot water to a 1000MW power station. A Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) analysis found that replacing coal boilers with efficient or super-high-efficiency natural gas boilers would reduce annual CO emissions by about 52,000 to 2

72,000 tons per year per boiler.

On a global level increased supply and low prices of natural gas have led to an increase in manufacturing, creating new jobs and economic value, and projections show that the industrial natural gas demand is on the rise. It is true that at least for the next thirty years natural gas can fulfil the role of a reliable back up energy source, till we catch up with wind, solar power and other renewables to meet our energy demand.

However, it is well understood that the contemporary energy system that drove mankind to prosperity cannot be revamped all of a sudden and the journey towards a clean, green and sustainable energy system is going to be inevitably gradual. This transition has to be firmly supported by all efforts in reducing the energy demand, improvements in energy efficiency, achieving lower energy intensity, and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix. While conventional energy resources and technologies will still play a lead role, it is of crucial importance that natural gas stocks are wisely used in the transition. To successfully integrate natural gas in the transition phase, it is necessary to identify its sector wise technological potential, the role of natural gas in the process and the determining factors for success. It is at this point that the factors like industrial pricing, security, heat discharges and industrial expertise need to be carefully analyzed. Also, for socio-political, economic, environmental and geopolitical reasons, each country will have its own challenges to address in this process.

As predicted in a study by IEA, India's total industrial energy consumption between 2007 and 2050 is expected to grow 3.5 times under the baseline low-demand scenario and 4.2 times under the high-demand scenario. An important shortcoming reported in the IEA statistics on India is that over 22 Mtoe of electricity, 28 Mtoe of biomass and waste, and 7 Mtoe of natural gas consumption are not allocated to particular sub-sectors but are reported under "non-specified industry". Overall, about 43% of industrial energy use in India is reported under the non-specified category. Hence, a transition from conventional energy mix to a new, more efficient one is equally important and challenging for a country like India. India's major challenge will be to balance economic growth, energy security and lower emission levels without compromising on any of these. While this is not impossible, the country needs to be well equipped for a smooth transition to a sustainable energy supply.

K. Madhusoodanan Editor

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Slow, but win we will

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Cover Feature

Energy Management

Energy Audit

Global Focus

Current status of and future outlook for natural gas 06as an option for energy securityShubhashis Dey

Natural gas: market reforms and energy security 11Nitin Zamre

Is shale gas an attractive transition energy option for India? 15Lawrence M. Cathles III

Natural gas: the fuel of choice 22Prasoom Dwivedi & Geo Jos Fernandez

Reducing the total cost of ownership of natural gas engines 28Shankar Karnik

Advanced metering infrastructure, a solution for 34today's power scenarioSrikanth Chandrasekaran

Improving energy efficiency in a thermal power station 38through renovation and modernizationR K Jain

Industrial energy audit - a process approach is a must 42Avijit Choudhury

Energy saving potential in an exhaust systems 48manufacturing facilityMittal P P

Energy efficiency in industrial utilities: case study 55Rahul Acharya

ADEME’s role in the French investments for the future 58

ISSN 0974 - 0996October - December | 2012 | Vol :: 05 | No :: 4

natural gas:a promising transition fuelfor sustainable energy future

natural gas for energy security: status and outlooknatural gas: market reforms and energy securityis shale gas an attractive transition energy option for India?reducing the total cost of ownership of natural gas enginesadvanced metering infrastructureprocess approach in industrial energy audit

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n this era of energy constraints, industries, especially Ienergy intensive ones are constantly looking for ways

in which they can improve the efficiency of their

manufacturing operations in terms of energy consumed.

Also, companies do realize that investments in

improving energy efficiency dictate short-term

profitability and long-term financial performance. Having

said this, the actual picture on the ground is still far from

encouraging. We can cite many issues such as lack of

concerted policy mechanisms, motivation, incentives,

assessment tools, funding supports, training, specialists

with comprehensive capabilities, etc. as the reasons for

this situation.

It is true that the improvements in energy efficiency will

help industries improve their financial position in the

short term, but reaping actual benefits depends on how

the opportunity is approached. Industries normally tend

to become hasty in implementing the easiest or

simplest energy conservation projects without

considering all the opportunities available. There can be

several opportunities in a facility which will help reduce

the utility costs that might not be as conspicuous to

grab attention initially, and finding all of them can be

time consuming. Industries will have to invest in time,

effort and resources to identify these opportunities and

to do it right. Hasty decisions and focusing on the so

called no cost energy conservation measures can more

often be counterproductive and can sometimes even

destroy the chances of identifying and implementing a

much better energy efficiency improvement project in a

facility.

Even when energy intensive industries realize that

energy efficiency is critical to their operations, high cost

fluctuations and narrowing profit margins force

companies to stick on to their inefficient equipments or

operations. It can be seen that such less than optimum

practices are painfully prevalent in many industries

where it is known that energy efficiency can save cost

and also make them competitive. In some cases, it

translates to inefficient operation of plant and

equipment-for example leaving motors running

continuously, irrespective of whether they are in use or

not. In other cases, the culprit is inefficient equipment.

Some of the equipments commonly used in energy

intensive processes are boiler systems, Compressed air

system, Pumping system, Fans and Blowers, Cooling

towers, Chillers and HVAC equipments, Furnaces,

Driers, Diesel Generators, other motor driven systems

etc. The energy management strategy should basically

concentrate on a number factors ranging from

optimising process parameters to waste heat recovery,

apart from improving energy conversion efficiency of

these systems. Often lack of funding support is cited as

the reason for deferring efficiency investments. But the

hesitation on the part of companies is not only due to

capital investment concerns, but also due to the lack of

sufficient information regarding latest technologies,

available alternatives, benchmarks and paybacks. This

can be illustrated from the following fact - industry

experts estimate around two-thirds of global industrial

electricity is consumed by electric motors driven

equipments. And yet, market penetration of medium-

voltage variable-speed drives - which improve the

efficiency of industrial motors by as much as 40-60

percent by regulating their speed - was as low as 13

percent in Europe in 2009, according to estimates from

market research firm Frost & Sullivan.

Nevertheless, we hope that the emerging regulatory

scenario does not leave much scope for indecisiveness

and procrastination - companies will have to act fast to

improve their energy efficiency to keep up with the times

when regulatory pressures will intensify. It is imperative

to know that the scope for savings even with existing

technologies is large, and in the near future process

innovations will lead to further gains for those who are

open to it.

Energy auditing is truly an important first step in

identifying energy-efficiency opportunities in any

industrial facility, to provide a clear picture of the energy

supply and usage and can act as a roadmap for

significantly improving enterprise energy use and

reducing energy-related costs. Many industrial facilities

in India do this exercise; a vast majority do this to meet

mandatory requirements. Even though energy auditing

helped us to make positive impacts on improving

energy efficiency in India, it is high time to scrutinize

whether we have been able achieve its full potential.

We are also pleased to gratefully acknowledge the

extension of funding support from ADEME (The French

Environment and Energy Management Agency) for a

further period of two years aimed at improving the

dissemination of energy efficiency messages through ηenergy manager magazine. With this support, we hope

to be able to take out the message of energy efficiency

in the industrial sector with even more dedication and

vigour.

K. Madhusoodanan

Editor

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(Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com or energymanagerhq@gmail.com)

Haste not,the time is for thoughtful action

Cover Feature

Energy Management

Renewable Energy

Global Focus

Operating performance of industrial utilities and 06energy conservation opportunities Kunal Gadre

Energy-efficient pumping systems 16Gajanan Sahasrabudhe

Compressor-house warming 21Ashok S

Low-temperature waste heat utilization in 26typical Indian industries R K Yadav, Ashish Agarwal and Om Prakash Chourasia

Thirty ways to improve boiler plant efficiency 32Ashwini Mishra

Latest developments in off-grid cogeneration applications 37Elena Barbizet

Thermal imaging - a stepping stone to sustainable 43energy conservationJayakumar R

Barriers and challenges in use of paddy straw as biomass fuel 50Monish Ahuja

Energy innovation: from factories to buildings to airports 57Terry A'Hearn

Interview with ADEME CEO and News from ADEME 63

ISSN 0974 - 0996July - September | 2012 | Vol :: 05 | No :: 3

Industrial utilities and energy conservation opportunities Compressor-house warmingLow-temperature waste heat utilizationTips to improve boiler plant efficiencyDevelopments in off-grid cogeneration

energy efficiency

in industrial utilities

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Cover Feature

Best Practice

Opinion

Energy Management

Renewable Energy

Global Focus

Sustainable Living

Maximum utilisation of metered data 06Raviraj Kadiyala

Metering and monitoring - enabling technologies to deliver energy efficiency 12Jasjeet Singh Hanjrah

In-circuit reliability of energy meters 16Rajesh Nimare

Hot and cold running savings 22Fluke

Free cooling: an energy conservation measure 25Balbir Singh and V. K. Sethi

Impact of system load factor in transmission & distribution losses 30K. K. Babu

Energy efficient computing 37Soujanya Nemalikanti and Polavarupu Sindhura

Charring-briquetting : a novel cooking fuel technology 43B. P. Nema

Wind turbines for oceanic areas : innovations and developments 47Ron Steenbergen

Energy and environment symbiosis 54A. K. Jain

f all the investments that industrial units make to help Oreduce their energy spend, Energy Metering, Monitoring and Targeting System (MM&T) is undoubtedly the number one priority. Organisations implement monitoring and targeting systems from the Operational, Economic and Business perspectives. A recent study conducted by the Carbon Trust in over 1000 small businesses has concluded that on average an organisation could save 5% of its original energy expenses through M&T system. Other most recurrent benefits demonstrated through M&T programmes are better environmental performance, better production budgeting and provides support to environment management standards such as ISO 50001. It also helps in improving the prospects of obtaining financing for energy efficiency projects, better forecast of energy expenses leading to improved budgeting, and a diagnosis of energy waste in processes. It is true that at the industrial level (macro level), the key success factors for monitoring & targeting include process energy complexity, consistent production variables, significant energy costs and regulatory support, but the backbone of any successful energy monitoring and targeting programme, is advanced metering.

Advanced metering - a wise investment

Advanced metering is the most essential energy efficiency investment that any unit wishing to control its energy costs must make. The increased granularity of data provided by an advanced meter will assist units to implement a highly effective energy management programme. The accurate and regular consumption data derived from the advanced metering system mainly allows units to realize Base load reductions - for example by identifying unnecessary constant energy use, Process optimisation -as in the case of limiting the duration of high-energy use at the start and end of working schedules, and Peak usage reduction - analyzing timings and frequencies to establish the causes of peaks in energy usage, and understanding the causes in terms of specific activities or equipment.

Saving opportunities identified from advanced meter data can be pursued in several ways, including Information-based (behavioural) energy savings, Process-based energy savings as well as Investment-based energy savings. Combined with an understanding of how employees use energy across the business, possible information based/ behavioral savings can be identified and relevant behavioral changes can be targeted via a motivational programme. Advanced metering data can identify and quantify the effect of implementing these measures and monitor their impact over time. Typically costing nothing to implement, such savings foster a best practice approach to energy consumption within the organization. As mentioned before, data from advanced meters can also identify where processes can be optimised and quantify their impact. Energy savings can be achieved by changing the start-up and shutdown times of specific systems or by altering their power usage and temperature settings.

Advanced metering data can identify inefficiencies in equipment and infrastructure as well. The energy consumption of specific systems can be rated against manufacturers' specifications and more efficient equivalents, which can make or break a business case for an equipment upgrade or replacement. Though investment-based energy savings involve significant capital costs, the improvements have higher persistence levels than information-based or process based savings.

Though there are a variety of advanced metering solutions in the market, including the Fiscal meter, Clip-on, Secondary meter, Comms and HH, the half-hourly (HH) meters have become the most commonly used instruments for advanced metering systems. The half-hourly data can also be aggregated for billing purposes, avoiding the requirement for estimated bills.

Barriers to advanced metering, monitoring and targeting

Advanced metering for generating energy consumption information is only half of the story. What is more important is the analysis of data to relate consumption data with the production to evolve a meaningful benchmark to see whether it is a good, poor or an average performance. The interpretation needs to look at many factors such as capacity utilization level, ambient conditions, physics and chemistry of the process involved etc.

Although energy metering, monitoring and targeting is considered to be the most essential feature of energy management system, the key pillars for its successful implementation are people, system and technology.

The senior management needs to be committed for a culture change, moving the organization from one that considers energy consumption as a necessary cost to one which views energy as a resource that needs to be managed as effectively as the organization manages its raw materials or its workforce.

The organisation should ensure that managers responsible for energy consumption are accountable for it, one way to do this is to allocate energy budget to the individual production departments. The energy budget should be given as much emphasis as all other aspects of the production budget and energy performance should be included in the regular performance review and reward systems.

With the organisation motivated to identify energy saving ideas, the organisation needs to be in a position to implement the energy saving projects. Unlike other areas of production management, energy saving will tend to involve a large number of very small projects, hence the organisation requires the capability to identify, evaluate, design, engineer and manage the implementation of such projects.

Studies have demonstrated that SMEs using advanced metering can identify an average of 12% carbon savings and implement an average of 5% carbon savings through reduced utility consumption. But given the potential benefits of advanced metering, this technology definitely faces barriers, especially in gaining grounds among the SME community. And these emerge from both ends - from the customer as well as the supplier. Barriers from the Customer-side include a less than desirable level of awareness of advanced metering, linking energy use to costs and their transparency, availability of metering services, understanding of available service options and of course limited time and resources, those from the Supply-side point to the capacity of metering service providers, insufficient incentives for suppliers and concerns of stranded asset.

A small number of advanced metering service providers currently offer a range of different commercial services for business users, varying from remote collection of data from existing half-hourly meters to installing new advanced meters or providing 'clip-on' meter reading devices for existing

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The road to efficient energy metering,monitoring and targeting

meters where compatible. However, there is currently a lack of full end-to-end metering services for the SME market. The smaller service providers tend to specialise in either data collection or meter installation and sometimes form strategic alliances with companies providing complementary services.

In light of the significant savings achievable through metering, it is essential that the potential benefits of advanced metering is widely understood. There is also a need to stimulate market demand by developing case studies that demonstrate the reduction in energy consumption and costs made possible using this technology. Also, steps to introduce a mandatory roll out of advanced meters for SMEs will ensure that a significant cost effective carbon saving opportunity is not missed.

K. Madhusoodanan

Editor

(Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com or energymanagerhq@gmail.com)

ISSN 0974 - 0996January - March | 2012 | Vol :: 05 | No :: 1

metering,monitoring andtargeting: The Gateway to

Efficient Energy Management

Utilizing your metered dataM&M – technologies that enable energy efficiency Energy meters and their reliabilityEnergy efficient computingWind power developments in Oceania

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s the FAO Issue Paper 'Energy-Smart Food for the APeople and Climate', 2011 rightly states, the spectrum of food systems is a complex and diverse one, ranging from basic subsistence farming to large commercial, corporate farms supplying to huge supermarket chains across the world. All of these systems, inevitably, are dependent on energy.

It has been estimated that the food sector uses around 30 percent of total global primary energy consumption including both direct and indirect energy. Direct energy is used at the operational level primarily on farms and processing plants, for irrigation, land preparation and harvesting, while indirect energy includes energy that is required to manufacture inputs such as machinery, fertilizers and pesticides. Taken together, the food sector contributes over 20 percent of total GHG emissions. Primary farm and fishery production accounts for around one fifth of the total food energy demand, but produces two thirds of the GHG.

Our cause of concern

Agricultural production involves adding auxiliary energy to the natural system, in many forms such as human labour, animal power, fossil fuels, renewable energy or mechanical energy obtained from the consumption of liquid fuels in engines. Petroleum products fuel boats, tractors and other vehicles that transport food. Natural gas is used to manufacture chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Fossil fuels are combusted to generate electricity and heat for processing, refrigeration and packaging. A range of fuels are used for cooking. It is this increased reliance of global food systems on fossil fuels that is now becoming a cause of concern.

This anxiety is compounded by FAO projections indicating that by 2050 a 70% increase in current food production will be necessary to meet the expanding global demand for food. Fluctuating energy prices, future energy security and concerns on GHG emissions present challenges for the food sector as it seeks to reduce its environmental impact and support sustainable development. A new paradigm of agriculture and food production is needed to respond to the increasing competition for land and water, rising energy costs and the subsequent price increases for inputs produced from fossil fuels and the anticipated impacts of climate change.

Becoming Energy Smart

Leapfrogging to more efficient systems and using renewable energy, which would allow fossil fuels to be reserved for areas where no other affordable energy options exist, could be the most viable solution for the food sector during the coming decades. To stay ahead in the stride towards sustainability, the entire food sector, from the farmer's field to the consumer's plate, needs to become more 'energy-smart'.

The concept of energy -smart food systems involves providing sustainable energy for the food sector and generating sustainable energy from the sector. This can be made possible through increasing the efficiency of direct

and indirect energy use so that the energy intensity (MJ/kg of food produced) decreases, using more renewable energy as a substitute for fossil fuels without reducing food productivity; and improving access to modern energy services.

For this to become a reality, it will require nothing less than a transformation along the food chain than shifting to low-carbon energy systems, using energy more efficiently and strengthening the role of renewable energy in farming systems. Lowering the energy inputs in essential areas, such as farm mechanization, transport, heat, electricity and fertilizer production can help the food sector mitigate the risks from its reliance on fossil fuels. Increased deployment and use of local renewable energy inputs in agriculture can not only reduce the food sector's dependence on fossil fuels and lower GHG emissions, but will also improve energy access in rural areas and allay energy security concerns.

For the food sector to become energy-smart for both households and large corporations, strong and long-term supporting policies and innovative multi-stakeholder institutional arrangements have to be put in place. Financial mechanisms to support the deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy will also be necessary to facilitate the development of energy-smart food systems.

A number of measures for changing agricultural processes and practices to reduce GHG are being promoted, including carbon sequestration, improving productivity outputs per unit of GHG generated, improvements in energy efficiency, a better selection of materials and the use of renewable energy.

Good agricultural practices including conservation agriculture, integrated food-energy systems, improved management in fertilizer and chemicals application as well as improved water management also give us signs of hope. Energy inputs can also be further reduced through water management policies that promote precision irrigation, low-head drip irrigation, waste water recycling and fertigation. Overuse of fertilizers can be reduced providing training services to farmers on precision application methods and recommended dosages.

Addressing the food/energy/climate nexus is a crucial and complex challenge, demanding significant and sustained efforts at all levels of governance: local, national and international. 'Climate-Smart Agriculture' will be achievable if it is built upon the pillars of energy access, energy efficiency and energy substitution through the greater deployment of renewable energy systems. As UNEP opines, making the transition to low-carbon 'Climate-Smart Agriculture' can contribute to 'green economy', will improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.

K. Madhusoodanan

Editor

(Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com or energymanagerhq@gmail.com)

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Cover Feature

Opinion

Energy Management

Energy Financing

Global Focus

Electrical energy consumption of Indian agricultural sector – an analysis 06K. V. S. Ramachandra Murthy and M. Ramalinga Raju

Energy efficiency in Indian agriculture 12Anil Kumar Singh and V. P. Chaudhary

Improving energy efficiency in agriculture 20Shaji James P. and Mary Regina F.

Agricultural Demand Side Management (Ag DSM) scheme of BEE 25 Jitendra Sood, Gaurav Kumar, Naveen Kumar and Pawan Kumar Tiwari

Energy concerns in agriculture: integrated farming systems - a viable alternative 31 Jacob John

Energy conservation in Indian Ammonia-Urea plants 37 S. Nand and Manish Goswami

Monitoring and verification: verifying your energy savings 43 Pankaj Gupta

Energy efficiency project implementation through ESCO route-a case study 48S. K. Nayak

Investing in energy efficiency in India: a perspective 52Ankur Bhatnagar

Renewable energy certificates: a high potential market mechanism for green power development in Asian countries 57Hemant Nandanpawar

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On the stride towards'Climate-Smart Agriculture'

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Santosh GoenkaFounder & ChairmanBetter-India Media GroupBetter India Foundation

must say right from the content to the design I would rate the Imagazine of exceptional quality. I have been a publisher and founder of over 100 niche titles and what I see in your product is a great team working with a very clear purpose. Please keep up the good work and count on me for supporting it to grow to newer heights and sustainability.

Best wishes to your team.

ISSN 0974 - 0996

energy efficiency in the agriculturesector

greening

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electrical energy consumption of Indian agricultural sector – an analysis

the energy efficiency picture of Indian agriculture

energy concerns in agriculture: integrated farming systems - a viable alternative

investing in energy efficiency in India - a perspective

RECs for green power development in Asian countries

October - December | 2011 | Vol :: 04 | No :: 4

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ften, a country's largest energy users and major Opurchasers of energy-using equipment are government facilities and services. But despite the much understood and talked about benefits of energy efficiency, actions have often lagged behind other energy efficiency policies, especially in developing countries and transition economies.

According to a study, the number of towns and cities in India are close to 4378, comprising 30% of its population, recording a steep increase since Indian independence. This growth in Urban India has led to a sudden spurt in demand for urban infrastructure and infrastructural services. For example, the total connected load of street lighting in all the 4378 cities and towns is nearly 4,400 MW (21 billion units p.a), and the GHG emissions are 15.56 million tonnes of CO per annum. The main culprits are of 2

course pumping and street lighting, of which pumping accounts for at least 30 - 40% of electricity used. Moreover, water supply and street lighting systems take away 50- 60% of the total energy budget in municipalities. Still, energy is not a priority for municipalities, and therefore actions geared towards efficient energy use at municipal level, are seen more as an inconvenience than as a necessity.

Barriers to Overcome

There are various reasons for this lack of interest in energy among municipalities. Energy costs do not currently represent a large enough outlay for municipal authorities to force them to worry about it and introduce energy saving measures. Perhaps another reason is that there are no expert personnel in the municipal authority or anyone devoted, even part-time, to analyze the energy situation of the municipalities.

The actions to be implemented in the municipalities in most cases require those that extend to other departments, and therefore require an authority strictly from the higher echelons within the council. If mayor and councilors do not agree on the energy saving projects, the project will face a lack of strong commitment of key-persons or decision makers, and inevitably will be pushed downwards in the priority list against the business-as-usual technical projects. With the absence of clear incentives for energy savings (i.e. low energy prices, lack of metering, lack of regulations etc), there are several barriers to energy efficiency in municipalities. Innovation, commitment, and persistence, are also the much required elements to overcome the several barriers that encompass Municipal energy saving projects.

Approaches

For any local and state governments managing energy for public facilities, energy concerns are universal:

Is our facility operating at optimal efficiency?

Can we reduce our energy usage and energy cost?

How can we reduce our carbon footprint?

Poor efficiency in the street lighting systems can be attributed to a lack of design based approach, use of lighting components from secondary market, inadequate metering and monitoring facilities, absence of proper

guidelines on lamp/fitting selection and control systems and selection of tenders on 'Low cost' basis for O & M of street lighting. At the same time, reasons for Poor efficiency in municipal water pumping include the changes in system with the demand, major retrofits of pumps and other system components, changes in operating practices/schedules, less thrust for minimum acceptable efficiency values for pump/motor as part of tender, and the practice of comparing tenders based on 'first cost' but not on 'life cycle cost'.

Potentials

Experience from a number of cities in several countries has shown that solutions to overcome these barriers are available. One example is establishment of Municipal Revolving Funds, the basic idea of which is that savings from investments in energy efficiency projects with short payback are repaid to the Revolving Fund and used to finance new projects that will generate more savings and repayments. In this way sustainable process can be initiated, and step by step all municipal facilities can be upgraded.

Studies conducted by TERI in 21 municipalities in India (AP, Karnataka, Maharashtra & Delhi) put forth the following figures:

_ Total population: 55.14 lakh

_ Energy cost: Rs. 5000 lakh (1400 lakh kWh)

_ Energy saving potential vary between 15 to 40%

_ Total cost savings: Rs. 1050 lakh (220 lakh kWh)

_ Savings per person: Rs. 19/person per annum

_ GHG potential per annum is about 50,000 MT

Municipal Energy Efficiency Programme

Municipalities need to take up the challenge of increasing energy efficiency as representatives of this sector and as leaders in the industry. It is beneficial to develop a long-term strategy with an overall “Municipal Energy Efficiency Plan” covering all energy consuming sectors owned, operated or subsidized by the municipality, viz utilities, buildings, street lighting, etc. It should ideally meet objectives such as:

To identify regulatory, infrastructure, population, technological and organizational trends and assessing their effect on electricity use by the sector

To identify, describe and present solutions for overcoming the main barriers to energy efficiency in municipal facilities;

To develop a Municipal Energy Efficiency Plan for a city, and start up of its implementation;

To develop capacities and skills on Municipal Energy Efficiency Planning within the city administration and local consultants, specialists, organizations and associations.

Our Municipalities have to use less energy and use it more efficiently. This is necessary not only to mitigate climate change issues but also to reduce energy vulnerability in an uncertain world. This has, therefore, much to do with our long term energy security.

K. Madhusoodanan

Editor

(Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the

editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com or energymanagerhq@gmail.com)

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Cover Feature

Opinion

Energy Management

Renewable Energy

Global Focus

Sustainable Living

Energy efficiency in the municipal sector – key challenges and prospective solutions 06Rajesh Deshpande and Chandrakant Kulkarni

The potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency in Indian cities: experiences from ICLEI's Urban Climate Project 12Ashish Rao Ghorpade and Laasya Bhagavatula

Energy efficiency in municipal sector – key observations and suggestions 18Swaminathan Krishnamurthy and R P Gokul

Energy efficiency in the commercial buildings sector – A macroscopic view 25 Srikant Kasturi & Nisha Menon

Energy efficiency of buildings in Europe 29 Marina Economidou

National energy conservation award winner: TELECOM Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram, India 34 M. Sudheendran

Municipal Demand Side Management – a quasi-satirical & critical view 40 Deepak Chandran & Sanath Kumar

Energy management in practice – a Swedish success story 46Karolina Petersson

The promise of small-scale renewable energy and the smart grid 53Mini Thomas

Indo-U.S. cooperation on climate change and energy 56Timothy Neely

Economic instruments for sustainable tourism 60Dripto Mukhopadhyay

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in Municipalities

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energy efficiency in

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– approaches & challengesenergy efficiency in the municipal sector - key challenges and prospective solutions

the potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency in Indian cities: experiences from ICLEI's urban climate project

energy efficiency in the commercial buildings sector – a macroscopic view

energy efficiency of buildings in Europe

national energy conservation award winner: Telecom Bhavan, BSNL Thiruvananthapuram, India

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ourism is the world's fastest growing industry, and in Trecent years, it has played a fairly leading role in the developing economies. Tourism industry contributes about 5 per cent to India's gross domestic product (GDP) and has also emerged as a major source of employment — a Ministry of Tourism study indicates that tourism supports 47 million jobs (directly and indirectly) accounting for about 9 per cent of the total jobs in India. With changing lifestyles, economies and definitely more MICE travels, the industry is only poised to grow further in the coming years. Several studies also show that there has been a positive attitudinal shift in people towards sustainable, or rather responsible travel and tourism activities. The optimal use of natural resources, protection of the environment, respect for the socio cultural aspect of host communities are important for the long term socio-economic viability tourism as a business. These principles are applicable to any form of tourism whether traditional mass tourism as well as the niche products like ecotourism, green tourism or responsible tourism. Management of energy consumption is of paramount importance in any tourism project. ECO Tourism

IUCN defines “ecotourism” as environmentally-responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, to enjoy, study and appreciate nature (and accompanying cultural features, both past and present), that promotes conservation, has lower visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations.Ecotourism needs to be seen more as a philosophy or as an approach where communities are part of the tourism initiative and thus, derive financial incentive to conserve biodiversity and ensure fair distribution of economic benefits of tourism to all stakeholders. Ecotourism, if practiced in an appropriate way, can not only provide local communities with a source of income, but also help them take pride in being a part of the tourism activity that is promoted in the destination and even act offer a responsible stewardship to the host and the environment equally. As important stakeholders, communities thus become protectors of the biodiversity and partners in conservation.From an energy as well as from a global standpoint, sustainable tourism (particularly ecotourism) offers a more economically and environmentally sound alternative to conventional hotels for lodging projects in remote and off-grid locations. By focusing on the unique qualities of their surrounding natural environment and practicing to the fullest extent the principles of sustainable tourism,

ecolodges are able to attract a growing number of visitors without having to provide the amenities and services expected from conventional hotels. Such facilities thus become able to minimize energy consumption, rely on renewable energy sources to meet part or most of their energy needs, reduce the capacity and cost of their energy supply systems and, as a result, lower operating costs and improve profitability. Challenges Ahead

As the continuous expansion of global tourism sector results in increasing pressure on the environment, tourism destinations need sustainable development now than ever before. The option before policy makers and communities is to make every form of tourism sustainable from the social, environmental, and economic and management standpoint. The governments have a crucial role in providing the necessary basic infrastructure, support services as well as in formulating and implementing a legal framework that promotes resource efficient tourism activity at the same time addressing crucial functions like land use, labour laws, etc. Needless to say, it calls for a serious approach towards an integrated / holistic approach in tourism planning. As different from planning and management of 'tourist spots', integrated tourism planning should encompass a destination as a whole, complete with the host, the visitor and the environment that makes it special.The key challenges here are minimizing resource use, reducing and managing the amount of waste generated, and acknowledging and conserving the value of natural and cultural heritage in tourism destinations. The local and indigenous communities should be an integral part of the planning, development and operation of tourism destinations which would ultimately contribute to their socio-economic well-being.At present, there are many cases of tourism projects that are passed off under the 'ecotourism banner', but are actually more resource depleting than the conventional ones. Our responsibility is to opt only for ecotourism initiatives that are genuine, and be the change agents who recognize them and share them with the wider community.

ηIt is in this context that energy manager is bringing out a special edition of the magazine focusing on eco-tourism and energy efficiency. We would like to know your thoughts on the subject, and also welcome your feedback and comments on this issue. K. MadhusoodananEditor(Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the

editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com or energymanagerhq@gmail.com)

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Energy Management

Renewable Energy

Sustainable Living

Energy conservation within the hospitality and tourism industries 06Walter Jamieson

Environment and resource management in the tourism industry; the specific case of the accommodation sector 12Brahmanand Mohanty

Tourism and energy- need for promoting carbon neutral initiatives 18U V Jose

Energy efficiency measures in the airline industry and their potential in India 22 Prasoom Dwivedi

Energy management in ecotourism: the way forward 26 Mohammed Nahar J

Green sustainable resort in the tropics 32 Anthony Wong

National energy conservation award winner: Holiday Inn Gem Park, Ooty 36 Suresh Nair

Energy efficiency: an option to low carbon economy 42Paramesh H. and A.K. Shyam

Conservation, accounting and management ofcoal in thermal power plants 50M. Siddhartha Bhatt, Rajashekar P. Mandi and N. Rajkumar

How can renewable energy technology be extensively adopted in developing nations? 57Langton Makoni

Waste: the potential energy resource 60Salman Zafar

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The magazine issued for Jan-Mar-2011, and the supplementary copy of PAT scheme are ηexcellent. I really appreciate the efforts taken by SEEM & Editorial team of energy manager magazine for bringing

out such important & precise information through the magazine. Thanks to all the team members.

Yogesh D. SonawaneEnergy Manager-Indian OperationsTRENT Limited

ηenergy manager

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April - June | 2011 | Vol :: 04|No :: 2 ISSN 0974 - 0996

eco tourism &energyefficiency energy conservation within the hospitality and tourism industries

environment and resource management in the tourism industry; the specific case of the accommodation sector

tourism and energy- need for promoting carbon neutral initiatives

energy efficiency measures in the airline industry and their potential in India

energy management in ecotourism: the way forward

green sustainable resort in the tropics

national energy conservation award winner: Holiday Inn Gem Park, Ooty

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mall Business is the largest contributor to any Seconomy in the world. MSMEs play a significant role as one of the growth engines of the Indian economy. In fact, these have been playing a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the country while also facilitating the achievement and streamlining the objectives related to mass employment generation, low investment, Import substitution, significant export earnings, labor intensive mode of production, capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology and contribution to domestic production. As per the quick results, a total of 60 million people is employed in the MSME sector and its total production is nearly Rs 8 lakh crores. MSMEs contribute 45 per cent of the industrial output, generate 40 per cent of exports, and provide employment to, and creates as many as, nearly 10 lakh jobs each year. However, a lot remains to be done for the sector to make it all the more dynamic and self-reliant. For instance, there are several gaps to be filled like technological obsolescence, lower level of productivity, non-availability of information , poor management practices and lack of credits for modernization. The underperformance of Small Scale Industries sector is largely attributed to “unconscious incompetence” of this sector. In the current liberalized Indian economy, the MSMEs are under unprecedented pressure to improve their competitiveness, apart from reducing environmental pollution, for their survival and growth. In the liberalized economy the cumulative impact is a transformation of the economic environment in which SSI is operating, has and these have no other option than to 'compete or perish'. The survival and growth of small scale industries largely depends on ability to innovate, improve operational efficiency and to increase productivity. But in reality these industries are not aware of its deficiencies, new skill and technology requirements, market requirements, emerging opportunities and threat, in order to survive in the present global environment. Poor Energy Performance of Small Industries Sector

The MSME sector in India is generally less efficient in process and utility energy use as compared to larger enterprises, and also in comparison to other countries. There is also general disregard towards environmental management in small scale units. The poor energy and environmental performance is directly related to the lack of technical capacity in these enterprises to identify, access , adapt and adopt better technologies and operating practices.The quantum of energy saving will be much higher if measures for saving high cost energy like major retrofit , process modification etc are considered. Some case studies suggest that enhanced energy management leads to increased productivity as well for these enterprises, yet such a win–win potential is apparent only in very few cases.

Energy Efficiency is the Key for overall competence of Small Industry sector In order to enable MSME to adopt more efficient energy use patterns, it is essential to demonstrate positive impact of reduced energy use to entrepreneurs in terms of increased productivity and higher profitability.As Majority of the MSME exist in clusters, survival and growth of such clusters in the current globalized era hinges on three vital dimensions of sustainability viz. Economic, Environmental, and Social. In energy intensive units, the first two dimensions depend on effective utilization of energy, a key input in their operations. The improved Energy-Efficiency helps not only in enhancing competitiveness through cost reduction, but also in substantially improving sustainability of this sector by way of improved product quality and improved productivity apart from mitigating issues related to environmental sustainability resulting from energy use. In order to improve the energy efficiency, a good understanding of factors influencing these is very essential. Though energy use and associated environmental problems at an individual unit level is trivial, it assumes significant proportion at the cluster level, especially in a growing cluster meriting serious attention. Moreover, energy efficiency improvement in such clusters helps not only in enhancing their competitiveness through cost reduction but also in reducing energy related environmental pollution, thus contributing towards their sustainability. Comprehensive Energy efficiency improvement measures shall be considered as the single most effective tool for the sustainability of small industry sector, which needs addressing to issues like, w Recognize and address the energy conservation needs of Small Industry clusters w Assist Small Industry customers in implementation of energy efficiency measures including financing mechanism w Improve competitiveness of small Industries' customers through reduced energy related costs w Increase awareness of energy efficient business practices including improvements in operations and maintenance methods So the immediate task here is to transform these industries to a stage of at least the Industries are aware of its relevant weaknesses. The Industries should try to learn and start comparing performance of similar industries at home and abroad. Bench marking the performance of the Industries and comparing these with successful ones will help to attain long term sustainability of the sector.

ηIt is in this context energy manager is bringing out a special edition of the magazine focusing on energy efficiency issues in the MSME sector. A special supplement on PAT Mechanism is also reaching you free along with this issue of the magazine. K. MadhusoodananEditor(please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at madhukoovaprath@gmail.com)

Small Business is Big Business

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Energy Management

Energy Financing

Renewable Energy

Global Focus

Focus India

Climate Change

Sustainable Living

India never-ending power crisis: role of MSMEs in solving it 06Dr. Bhamy V. Shenoy

Energy use and energy efficiency in the Indian MSME sector 12Dolf Gielen, Antonios Levissianos and Sujit Das

Demonstration of energy-efficient technologies for MSMEs: transition 16 towards a low-carbon economyProsanto Pal and Vasudevan N

Energy efficiency initiatives in the MSME sector by BEE, 19 SIDBI and WBStaff Correspondent

How much do you know about energy in your MSME? 22Robert ANGIOLETTI

ESCO fund: the Thailand experience 28Asavin Chintakananda

Rice husk as a distributed source of power in 'Rice Belt' of India 31Rituraj

Trends in plastics and aluminium recycling 35Salman Zafar

The need for off grid electrification in South Africa 40Stephen David White and Dhevan Pillay

Achieving energy savings: clearing the hurdles to municipal energy 44efficiency projectsHana Chmielewski, Pradeep Kumar, Laura Van Wie McGrory

Carbon capture and storage: a promising option for helping 49 meet the climate change challengeJay Braistsch

Water efficiency – in a fix? 53Sakshi Chadha Dasgupta

The principles of solar concentration 57Eerik Wissenz

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Foreword

PAT: an innovative mechanism for enhancing 06energy efficiency of industries in IndiaS.P. Garnaik and S. Diddi

PAT – an objective analysis 11V. Raghuraman

Industry perspective of PAT– 14operational and M&V aspectsRamesh Bhatia

Energy management – an important 18ingredient of perform, achieve and tradeAmit Chadha

Maximizing profits through perform, 22achieve and trade mechanism in IndiaJayakumar R

PAT scheme for thermal power plants in India 28G.Subramanyam

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Energy Press | SEEM Bhavan | KRA-A79Kannammoola | Thiruvananthapuram | Kerala | IndiaTel : +91 - 471 - 2557607 | 3242323E : energymanagerhq@gmail.comWeb: www.energyprofessional.in

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India, the statutory agency set up under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 has introduced this unique market based mechanism – the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) – to reduce India's energy intensity in the industrial sector, leading to reducing our carbon footprint. BEE through its consultants and experts are in the process of setting targets for specific energy consumption for Designated Consumers which is expected to complete by March 2011 [S. P. Garnaik and S. Diddi, BEE]. This supplement to the widely read print quarterly “energy manager” magazine published by Energy Press since 2008 for Society of Energy Engineers and Managers, the professional body of Certified Energy Managers and Auditors in India, could not be more timely.

Most of the times, only a few recommendations of energy audits get implemented due to various reasons - organizational or otherwise. By having a mechanism like PAT in place, it is expected that most of the organizations would be taking energy efficiency to higher levels in order to achieve the given targets, says Amit Chadha in his paper. Organizations in order to reap the economic benefit of PAT scheme have to equip themselves with systematic tools that synchronize top management support, employees' contribution, empowerment of middle-level managers, technological support, etc. [Jayakumar R].

This supplement is not a comprehensive treatise of the entire PAT mechanism. However, it highlights the opportunities which can be derived from the challenges of this scheme. The scheme is intended to implement energy efficiency measures through the certification of energy savings, which can be traded as ESCerts (energy saving certificates; 1 ESCert equivalent to 1 MTOE). As noted by V Raghuraman, target setting and baseline computation are evolutionary, and considering the diversity of industrial processes and unit operations, there are bound to be challenges in agreeing to benchmarks. PAT, being initiated with 700-odd units and with good amount of consultation and preparation with concerned stake holders, is likely to be a manageable exercise.

To accurately determine the savings created in a plant when energy efficiency measures are implemented, scientific and pragmatic M&V Tools (Monitoring & Verification) [Ramesh Bhatia] as well as qualified personnel competent enough and selected accordingly to exhibit their due diligence become pre-requisites. G. Subramanyam in his paper identifies some of the issues like trading process for ESCerts, cross-sectoral use of ESCerts, etc.

Regulatory action is a powerful instrument of an energy efficiency policy. Here, PAT, which is a performance-based regulation, may tend to allow actors to choose the means to reach the objectives, as results are more important than the methods. The market is thus free to evolve. This liberty has a price: this regulation warrants a standard procedure which may be used by the BEE to justify that the expected results respect the regulatory requirement. It is expected

that BEE will enforce this PAT mechanism step-by-step, with promulgation of an initial regulation with a low-level requirement for the market to automatically accept. As the medium or long term requirements are also announced, the market should be able to give a feedback on the initial guidelines, which should enable BEE to refine their procedures.

Voluntary Agreements (VA) as an energy efficiency mechanism are in vogue for quite some time in Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, etc., with national-level variations. Industrial standards and regulatory policies are not that common. Such policies often fall into two categories: -

(a) “conduct” requirements such as undertaking audits (Portugal and India) or employing energy manager for certain category of consumers (Italy and Japan) and

(b) “performance” requirements, associated with certain utilities such as motors (United States and Canada).

Industrial Energy Efficiency standards for Japan represent a mix of these two approaches. Now, India is leading by having a mix of these two approaches added with experimentation of a trading mechanism to provide the market its due role in energy efficiency investments. PAT scheme can also be termed a mix of VAs and regulatory strategies, when participants are enticed to go beyond regulatory requirements or standards.

It may be wrong to limit the PAT mechanism terming it purely to allure market force for energy efficiency investments. An energy inefficient industrial process is really a thief that steals money from clean water, infant immunizations, female literacy and all other development basics; the high energy cost also pulls our industry backwards in their struggle to compete in the international market. The so-saved and thus made-available energy through the PAT mechanism will enable us light up million houses which are yet to see a light bulb, addressing the issue of energy security to the nation and its nationality. My friend Ajay Mathur and his team, being erudite practitioners, will doubtless add such innovative policy tools to their armoury in their attempt to reduce India's energy intensity. With these, let me submit this first attempt to familiarize the PAT mechanism to the energy professionals, business people, policy makers, researchers and active citizens on whose efforts the energy efficiency enhancement will accomplish. Implementation is not easy, but it is cowardice in not attempting it. When the BEE takes up the responsibility to lead this change, we should support this move, without complacency or fear of the challenges ahead of us. I place on record our sincere gratitude to the authors who contributed freely to this endeavour and our supporters who helped us publish this.

Dr Ramadas HarikumarVice PresidentSociety of Energy Engineers and Managers

A timely PAT

perform, achieve andtrade mechanism

Advisory Board

Dr. Bhaskar Natarajan | ICEF, India

Binu Parthan | REEEP, Vienna

Dr. Brahmanand Mohanty | Advisor, ADEMEDalip Singh | President, Seem, India.Dr. B.G. Desai | Energy Expert, India

C. Jayaraman | General Secretary, Seem, India.Dr. Kinsuk Mitra | Winrock International, India

Dr. G. M. Pillai| WISE, India

Dr. N.P Singh | Advisor MNRE, India

Prof. P.R. Shukla | IIM Ahmedabad, India

Editorial Board

Prof. Ahamed Galal Abdo | Advisor Minister of Higher

Education, Egypt

Darshan Goswami | US Dept. of Energy, USA

Prof. (Dr.) Hab Jurgis Staniskis | Director, Institute of

Environmental Engg., Lithuania

R. Harikumar | Seem, IndiaProf. P.A. Onwualu | DG, RMR&D Council, Nigeria

R.Paraman |Devki Energy Consultancy,India

Ramesh Babu Gupta | India

Dr. Rwaichi J.A. Minja | University of Dar Es Salaam,

Tanzania

Prof. (Dr.) K. K.Sasi |Amrita University, India

Prof. (Dr.) R. Sethumadhavan | Anna University, India

Prof. Sujay Basu | CEEM, India

Editor

K. Madhusoodanan|SEEM, India

Co-ordinating Editor

Sonia Jose

Business &MediaM.R.Menon | Energy Press, India.

Book DesignCottonads, Kochi

Translation Coordinator

R. Sudhir Kumar|CPRI, Bangalore

Circulation ManagerB.S. Sreeja

Financial ControllerRajan M. Menon | Energy Press, India.

Printed and Published by

G. Krishnakumar, Energy Press

for the Society of Energy Engineers and Managers

and printed at St Francis Press, Ernakulam, India

Disclaimer : The views expressed in the supplement

are those of the authors and the Editorial team. SEEM

|SSEF | energy press | energy manager does not

take responsibility for the contents and opinions and

will not be responsible for errors, omissions or

comments made by writers, interviewers or

advertisers. Any part of this publication may be

reproduced with acknowledgement to the author and

magazine.

January - March 2011 energy manager supplement

Supported by::

January - March | 2011 | Vol :: 04|No :: 1 ISSN 0974 - 0996

SUPPLEMENTperform, achieve andtrade mechanism

PAT: an innovative mechanism for enhancing energy efficiency of industries in India

PAT – an objective analysis

Industry perspective of PAT –operational and M&V aspects

S.P. Garnaik and S. Diddi

V. Raghuraman

Ramesh Bhatia

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and Challenges

Best Practices

Sustainable Living

A systems context for industrial symbiosis 06Ernest Lowe

Conserving resources: The case for industrial symbiosis in India 12Marian Chertow

Industrial symbiosis through eco-industrial clustering: A synthesis 18 of a multi-country study in agriculture sectorC. Visvanathan and A. Prem Ananth

Social embeddedness in resource efficiency improvement: Case of 28 eco-industrial systems in JapanVenkatachalam Anbumozhi

Developing industrial symbiosis: a Portuguese case study 34Inês Costa

Developing a ramie eco-industrial park in China 40Han SHI, Qingfu ZENG

Sustainable industrial development: the design of sustainable 46 industrial parksUmang Agrawal and Teresa Domenech

Eco-industry development: Case study in Thailand 51Pipat Poopeerasupong

Asset management for main street 56Kerry Philips

Energy independence for rural villages using biogas 59G.Subramanyam

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relationships as a tool to foster industrial agglomerations. For example, energy cascading, waste exchange, combined heat and power generation at the industrial estate level are some opportunities to include symbiotic relationships.

The Indian context of industrial symbiosis is very different from that in the developed economies. India is a developing economy with a large population, limited resources and a number of developmental imperatives such as alleviation of poverty, gender inequality, unemployment, malnutrition and so on. With large-scale investments into overall social development, the country has very little budget to allocate for industrial symbiosis development. Support to industries is often extended through pro-development policies.

Industrialization in India is dominated by thousands of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and hundreds of large-scale industries. Large-scale industries often have the technical competency and investments to develop symbiotic relationships, whereas the SMEs are lacking these and thus work mostly in a disjointed manner. Where symbiotic relationships exist among SMEs, they are often faint, unregulated and resource-inefficient. Symbiotic relationships between and within industries can be augmented only by building social capital. In simple sense, social capital is the relationships, attitudes and values that govern the interactions among people, businesses and institutions. The central belief of social capital is that relationships matter and that social networks are a valuable asset. Experience across six case studies illustrated in the article 'Industrial Symbiosis through Eco-Industrial Clustering: A Synthesis of a Multi-country Study in the Agriculture Sector' has clearly proved that social capital within the clusters has helped in building,

sustaining and enriching symbiotic relationships.

Learning from the success stories of industrial symbiosis across the world, time has come for the Indian industrial sector to unite and work for synergistic gains leaving aside mere market competition. The key challenge lies in integrating 'symbiosis' in industrial development policies with emphasis on resource efficiency. Industrial production and effluent discharge standards have to be tweaked to encourage reuse, recycling, recovery and combined heat and power generation as well as reducing resource intensity. Some initiatives in this direction, as observed from the six case studies, could be

wScaling up the ongoing cleaner-production initiatives in industrial development to include and promote industrial symbiosis centres in India

wCultivating attitudes for social capital building among entrepreneurs, policymakers and the community, particularly in agriculture-dependent sectors to ensure long-term growth, wealth creation and prosperity

wFraming integrated environmental, economic and social policies specific to sectors and localities giving rebates to projects with symbiotic relationships, such as eco-industrial parks

wRaising park promoters' and entrepreneurs' capacity to conceptualize, plan and implement infrastructure to foster symbiotic linkages in new and upcoming projects

wIncreasing policymakers' and stakeholders' awareness on prospects of industrial symbiosis and its direct and indirect sustainable development benefits to the community at large

(Prof. C. Visvanathan, Ph.D is Professor in Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.)

...continued from page 3

ymbiosis is taken from the Greek words syn meaning S'with' and biosis that means 'living', which together describe the long term or short term relationship between two species. The term 'symbiosis' was first used in biology by Heinrich Anton de Bary, a German mycologist, in the year 1879, who described it as "the living together of unlike organisms". Symbiotic relationship is a biological term used to describe the relationship between two entities that depend on each other for survival. Hence the symbiotic relationship is defined: 'the relationship between two or more different species of organisms that are interdependent on each other for their benefits is known as symbiotic relationship'. Most of the activities in symbiotic relationships are associated with food, protection and reproduction.There is nothing as waste in the nature; all the waste products generated by any organism are used by other

beneficiaries, each one creating symbiosis. We can take many examples from the nature, such as plover bird acting as a toothpick for the fierce crocodile by removing tiny morsels of food that is stuck between the crocodile's teeth. These food particles are the source of food for the bird. So what is waste for the crocodile is valuable food material for the bird.Industries need energy, materials and infrastructure to deliver products and services generating some amount of waste materials. These wastes are conventionally viewed as things which could damage the environment and very expensive to be disposed of with minimal damage to the environment. We can find that what is waste for one industry could be valuable resource for another, reducing the overall use of virgin raw materials and minimizing waste flows. Several factories can be built close to each other so that

they share common infrastructure as well as take advantage of each others' waste energy and materials. For instance, a bio-ethanol factory can be located next to a gas-fired power station and use the latter's surplus heat for its production process, a fertilizer factory can use the sulphur from an oil refinery, and so on. This means a more effective use of materials and energy. So, Industrial symbiosis (IS) basically imitates nature's collaborative solutions.In recent years, IS has captured the attention of scholars, planners and industrial actors as a new path towards achieving more sustainable industrial systems, and offer new opportunities to combine environmental improvement, economic development and local regeneration through the construction of eco-industrial parks.

Though there are many self–organized, successful, and documented cases of IS evolved out of market coordination, increased public policies and planning might deliver better results for its future development. Globalization, miniaturization, and resource scarcity will all play roles in the future development of IS.

With increased communication on the part of industry and some enabling and coordinating on the part of the authorities, there are good opportunities for more companies to develop more symbiotic relationships – to the benefit of the environment, the climate, and themselves.

ηIn this issue of energy manager , we introduce eight articles focusing on the development of IS around the world. These articles also give focus on the social, cultural and economic dimensions of IS while discussing their significance in making progress in the transition towards a more sustainable global society. We hope our readers, majority are policy makers, industry managers and academia, will find the information

ηcontained in this special issue of energy manager handy and will provide outline avenues and innovative ideas to participate and contribute to the development of IS, that will potentially ensure progress in Industrial Symbiosis.

K. MadhusoodananEditor

please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor @ madhukoovaprath@gmail.com

Industrial Symbiosis

Learning from the Nature

prospects and challenges

October -December | 2010 | Vol :: 03|No :: 4 ISSN 0974 - 0996

industrialsymbiosis

a systems context for industrial symbiosisconserving resources: the case for industrial symbiosis in Indiaindustrial symbiosis through eco-industrial clustering: multi-country study in agriculture sectorsocial embeddedness in resource efficiency improvement: case study from Japandeveloping a ramie eco-industrial park in China

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mature technology but it has now to be adopted in large installations like power generation. It has a rather well-known cost and can penetrate the market in a short term only with financial incentives. R&D shows much room for cost reductions. Estimates for different techniques for CCS vary considerably, but latest studies reveal that the cost for carbon mitigation by CCS will be much less than the earlier estimates. There are new promising ideas being explored, such as more efficient lower temperature catalytic conversion of coal to produce Hydrogen and Methane, CO 2

separation based on phase separation and poly-generation (production of variable mixtures of electricity, methane, liquid fuel and ammonia). Public support and R&D are essential to address many hurdles that surmount CCS technology. It is expected that the widespread deployment of CCS technology can begin in 8-10 years, indeed an aggressive goal.

ηThe next issue of energy manager (October- December 2010) will be focusing on Industrial Symbiosis - Prospects and Challenges. We have planned a whole lot of featured topics for 2011, such as Energy Efficiency in Micro, Small and Medium enterprises, Green Tourism, Municipal Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Sector.

We hope that the energy efficiency community will find the topics useful, and so invite suggestions from our readers for improving the content and the quality of the magazine.

K.MadhusoodananEditor

Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at editor@energyprofessional.in

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Cover Feature : Carbon Capture and Storage for Sustainable Energy Future

Opinion

Best Practices

Energy Management

Renewable Energy

Global Focus

Climate Change

Sustainable Living

Why Carbon Capture and Storage? 06

Getting India Ready for Carbon Capture and Storage 10Rudra Kapila and Jon Gibbins

Storing Carbon Dioxide Underground 14Toby Aiken

Climate Change and Carbon Capture and Storage 19Staff Writer

Clean Development Mechanism and Carbon Sequestration 23in Sustainable AgriculturePallavi Saxena and Abhishek Chandra

Dispensing with Thermal Burning of Fossil Fuels: 26the Only Chance We Have as a Global CivilizationDr. Peter L. Griffiths.

Principles of Steam System Efficiency-Steam Traps 30Armstrong International

The Energy Efficiency Power Plant: 37A Concept Whose Time Has ComeDilip R. Limaye and Peter Du Pont

Rational Exuberance for Renewable Energy: 42An Economist's View Srinivasan Sunderasan

Chile and India are in Unison Towards 'Energy Efficiency' Concept 46Jimena Bronfman

Carbon Emission Policies and Market Introduction 49of Technologies - The European Perspective Rob P. Kool

The Crisis of Crude and Climate - A Door to Development 54Liz Thompson

India Can be a Shining Example to Solve Energy 59Crisis by Gandhian ApproachBhamy V. Shenoy

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individual Nations, as well as Nations in tandem, to take real steps to insure development that decreases harm to the environment.

Without the darkness of UN Conferences, but with true economic objectives for large States and large global economies, like India, China, the US, Brazil, South Africa, the European totality, the Latin America totality, other major regions of Asia etc. we will see a coming together of minds, and an honest look at inclusive energy costs. We might see the construction of solar energy collectors in the outer space - in the long-term, but in the short-term we

...continued from page 3

Get Ready for Carbon Capture and Storage

he current energy supply scenario Tindicates that dependence on fossil fuels is here to stay, at the very least, up to the period 2020-2030. The projected increase of the share of renewable energy sources will not be sufficient to control CO emissions 2

within the safe limits. Continued and sustained dependence on fossil fuels cannot be undone in all planning and undertaking that involve future use of energy. So the fossil fuel dependence in the coming decades shall be consistent with the fulfillment of the Kyoto obligations. In this context, for substantial reduction of worldwide CO emissions by 50% and more 2

beyond 2030, capture and storage technologies such as CCS offer a particularly well suited option for power generation and other heavily polluting industrial sectors in order to fill the gap between the Kyoto scenario and a 50% and more emissions reduction. Even though many climate change experts believe in a portfolio approach such as energy efficiency improvement and increased use of clean energy, CCS brings in most promising solutions, especially for countries reliant on large fossil fuel reserves.

The idea of CCS is to separate CO 2

from other gases (e.g. Nitrogen, Hydrogen) and to store it away from the atmosphere. Power plants are the best candidates for CCS since they are large centralised sources contributing upto 35% of the world emissions in 2001.

Co is routinely separated today at 2

some large industrial plants such as natural gas processing and hydrogen and ammonia production facilities, although these plants remove CO to 2

meet process demands and not for storage. So, Capture is a proven and

will see the collected information to lead us now to the production of those NEGAWATTS measured in Rosenfelds in order to bridge the time until we again can believe that energy is not a major part of the economy's basics. Remember how four decades ago the first 8 editions of the Samuelson book used in most classes of ECONOMICS 101 was

talking of Capital, Labor, Primary Materials, and had no single mention of the word Energy? If we are careful today, this sort of future might yet be in our cards - but this time we do not shove "externalities" under the rug..

(Dr Pincas Jawetz is retired International Consultant On Energy Policy. He is presently running The Sustainable Development Media Think Tank).

Dear Editor:

Congratulations on producing an important magazine such as this focusing on energy efficiency as it relates to business and every day life.

Your articles are quite comprehensive and in-depth and provide readers with highly knowledgeable information.

As the editor of an environment/climate change magazine, I do believe that the world can utilize energy differently through a mix of hydrocarbons and alternative energy such wind and solar to mitigate the impact of climate change.

Energy demand will continue to increase and projections are that trade in oil will double by 2030 and trade in natural gas will triple over the same period.

Some 64% of electricity worldwide now comes from the combustion of fossil fuels which add to greenhouse-gas emissions.

At the same time climate change is rapidly becoming a more prominent challenge for countries worldwide.

I believe some of your articles in your magazine are already pointing to way on reducing energy consumption.

Keep up the good work!

Linda Hutchinson-Jafar,Editor, Earth ConsciousTrinidad and Tobago, West Indies

Cover Feature

Best Practices

Research and Innovation

Renewable Energy

Energy Management

Energy Audit

Global Focus

Focus India

Case Study

Demand Side Management Opportunities in India 6Jayant Sathaye

Load Research in Demand Side Management 11S Padmanaban

Financing DSM and Energy Efficiency: The Role of State Energy 16Conservation FundsDilip R. Limaye

Operational Optimization of Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants 22M.Siddhartha Bhatt, S.Seetharamu & N.Rajkumar

The Cheaper Choice is often the Most Expensive to Live With 26 Armstrong International

Nanotechnology and Architecture: with special reference to 30Corb's Architecture in ChandigarhArchana Chaudhary

Multiple-Effect Drying and Condensation: an Innovative and 34Efficient Desalination Technology Stephane Viannay, Jean-Paul Domen and Antoine Gourdon

Ligno-cellulosic Ethanol – Resource Base and Technology Trends 37Sandeep Kumar, Setu Goyal and Salman Zafar

The "H" Factor : Sustaining Energy Efficiency Through 42Energy EffectivenessDhevan Pillai

Steam Generation and Utilization Efficiency Improvement as 45CDM Project Activities A. K. Perumal and Mr. S. R. Majumdar

Energy Efficient Building: Better do it right from the start. 50Rob Kool & Antoinet Smits

Solar Energy from the Rajasthan Desert Can Meet India's Future 56Power Needs Darshan Goswamy

System Upgrades Improve Efficiency : Case study ofHotel Le Meridien, Bangalore 60 Staff Writer

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n India, the traditional approach to Idetermine how best to provide the necessary energy to meet the country's economic growth remains to rely on increasing conventional energy supply, mostly through coal-based thermal power stations. And, energy is not an economic output that must be maximized at all costs. Rather, it is an input to the generation of goods and services, such as heating, lighting, and consumer goods. Reducing the input needed to provide these goods and services would have benefits that will reverberate throughout a country's economy, including improved environmental quality and economic competitiveness.

Reducing a country's energy intensity (the energy consumed per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) is a meaningful goal and it has positive economic ramifications. Energy efficiency is one approach that has a positive payback. A growth of power shortages in the country would threaten its economic growth and it needs to be avoided while delaying new investments in new power

plants. As a result, it becomes more important than ever to find ways to use energy more efficiently. One tool that has proven effective for delivering energy efficiency in many countries is demand-side management (DSM).

DSM refers to a mechanism that utilities through targeted educational or incentive-based programs use to modify end-use electrical energy consumption by increasing energy efficiency (reducing overall consumption) or by using load management to reduce demand at times when it is beneficial in terms of cost to do so. Such measures could significantly improve the reliability of electric power systems and help reduce the gap between supply and demand, while lowering the economic and environmental costs of electric services.

Making use of DSM measures requires special programs that help overcome various barriers that prevent many cost-effective DSM measures from being adopted. Such barriers exist even in countries with fully developed market economies. Without DSM programs, these energy and peak demand savings either would not occur or would materialize only after significant delay, and in any case could not be relied upon, forcing utilities to construct expensive back-

up capacity and causing higher rates. Numerous studies in many countries worldwide have found that cost-effective DSM programs can reduce electricity use and peak demand by approximately 20 to 40%.

DSM programs consist of the planning, implementing, and monitoring activities of electric utilities that are designed to encourage consumers to modify their level and pattern of electricity usage. The critical question that a utility needs to answer is how much it wants to be involved in these programs. Answers to some of these questions have been provided in this issue by eminent authors who are experts in the field of Demand Side Management. We hope you will enjoy reading these articles and enrich the common knowledge through your interactions.

ηThe next two issues of energy manager will be featuring Carbon Capture and Storage and Industrial Symbiosis. I sincerely request our readers to give your feedbacks on topics featured in the current issue and we look forward to receive continued patronage.

K.MadhusoodananEditor

Please contribute your articles and case studies to reach the editor at editor@energyprofessional.in

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ManagingDemands

access to financing. As far as electrical utilities are concerned, barriers preventing them from undertaking DSM programmes include lack of sufficient financial incentive, hidden subsidies for other options, and lack of expertise and infrastructure to deliver DSM programmes. Together these barriers lead to real or perceived “transaction costs” that discourage investment even when it is cost- effective to do so. These barriers can be overcome through appropriate policy measures and by careful design of DSM programmes.

Scaling up DSM policies and programmes

In order to minimize the overall requirement of power, energy conservation and demand side management are being accorded high priority in the National Electricity Policy. 'Enhanced Energy Efficiency' has also been identified as one of the 8 missions of the National Action Plan for Climate Change. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has already launched many initiatives to achieve DSM potentials: energy audits for power intensive industries, energy conservation measures in all Government buildings, Energy Conservation Building

Code (ECBC), labelling of appliances, promotion of high efficiency pump sets in agricultural sector, promotion of energy efficient technologies in industry, energy efficient lighting technologies in public street lighting, commercial and domestic establishments.... Many other initiatives are under preparation in the framework of the national mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (PAT, financial instruments...). Besides, appropriate policy can promote the adoption of suitable load management techniques, differential tariff structure for peak and off-peak supply and metering arrangements (Time-of-the Day metering). And finally, the Union Power Minister, Shri Sushilkumar Shinde launched the DSM website (www.bee-dsm.in) during the National Energy Conservation Day function, on December 14th, 2009.

Scaling up DSM policies and programmes, and changing our mind set towards more energy efficient personal behaviour will help us to be more competitive, more sustainable and to preserve the planet. Thanks to

ηenergy manager for helping us in that direction.

Be part of the DSM movement to meet India's future power needs in a more sustainable manner! (Mr Robert ANGIOLETTI is Senior Energy Expert of the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), seconded to the BEE, India)

1NPC - State-wise electricity consumption and conservation potential in India – December 2009

...continued from page 3

Cover Feature

Best Practices

Research and Innovation

Renewable Energy

Energy Management

Energy Audit

Focus India

Global Focus

Sustainable Living

National Missions : India's Answer to Climate Change 6Ramanathan Menon

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency 12Bureau of Energy Efficiency

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission 17Staff Writer

Copenhagen : The Way Forward 20K. Madhusoodanan

Driving Energy Savings Through Condensate Management 24P.K. Senthilkumar

Sustainable and Energy Efficient - The Buildings of the German Government in Berlin 28Dr.- Ing. Olaf Böttcher

Will Mankind Go the Way of the Dinosaurs- Post Oil Energy Technology 34Béla Lipták.

Evolving Wind Energy Technologies : The Potential in India 37Harry Valentine

Smart Grid and Advanced Metering Infrastructure 42Srini Krishnamurthy

Energy Audit in a Commercial Establishment- A Case Study 48M.Thirugnanasambandam and Dr. S. Rajakarunakaran

Energy in India and the World : Key Energy Statistics - 2009 53B.G. Desai

Energy and Indoor Air Quality Certification of Buildings In Portugal 56Alexandre Fernandes

Can We Continue to Ignore? 59Chandrashekar Hariharan

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his issue of Tfocuses on eight national missions of India under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), at a time when the global climate negotiations in Copenhagen aimed at forging carbon emissions reduction strategies turned out to be disappointing many. We think this is the right time to showcase the eight national missions announced by the Indian Government , as a voluntary initiative based on the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” and, if implemented properly , will pave the way for an environmentally and economically sustainable development in the country.

Despite two years of ambitious preparations, Copenhagen meet could not deliver the rare gathering of world leaders a determined, legally binding action plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Accord contains no reference to a legally binding agreement, as some developing countries and climate activists wanted, instead produced a softer interim consensus.

On the positive side, the Copenhagen summit for the first time, unites the US, China and other major developing countries in an effort to curb global greenhouse gas emissions, which the Kyoto Protocol could not achieve. The dramatic offer of $100 billion in aid from the developed countries to poor countries to help them move to less-polluting sources of energy as well as to deal with the required adaptation came as a silver lining in the outcome of the summit.

So all the hope to save the planet is not lost and the hard work is only begun, in Copenhagen. The achievement however is not trivial, given the complexity of the issue and the differences among rich and poor countries. We must also respond more proactively to issues like population control, reproductive health, gender equality, literacy,

çenergy manager

sustainable consumption and also to efforts to bring in more equality by bridging the gap between the rich and the poor to contribute to an environmentally benign world.

Hope a proper deal can be struck at the next year's climate talks in Mexico.

is entering into the third year of its publication and we are grateful to our readers and authors and to all those who rendered support to this publication having a noble cause. The next issue of energy manager is to focus on demand side

çenergy manager

management and related topics.

We tried our best to add more value to this publication, and it is up to the readers to peruse our efforts.

wishes all its readers, authors, subscribers, advertisers and well wishers a very happy new year 2010.

çenergy manager

K.Madhusoodanan

Editor

Please contribute your articles and case studies to

reach the editor at editor@energyprofessional.in

Climate :Changes and Challenges

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Cover FeatureGreen Buildings and Energy Efficiency

Best Practices

Research and Innovation

Focus India

Climate Change

Events

'Mean' Green 06Shiva Kishan

Integrated Project Delivery - Expanded Sustainability 13James M. Suehiro

Selection of Glazing for ECBC Compliant Buildings 18Satish Kumar, Anurag Bajpai

Indoor Artificial Lighting Design 24Deepak Kumar C.

Retrofitting The Empire State Building: 31A Leading Example for Deep Energy Efficiency Retrofits for Existing Buildings Aalok Deshmukh

Energy Efficient Construction Materials and Technologies 37C. Jayasree

The Renewable Energy House in Brussels- 44A Best Practice Sustainable Energy BuildingChristine Lins and Kim Vanguers

Atmospheric Vortex Engine 48Louis Michaud and Eric Michaud

"Make Energy Conservation a Part of Our DNA" 53- Exclusive Interview with Sreekumar Cr., Schneider Electric

Wind Energy will Play a Significant Role in the Fight 57Against climate changeChristian Kjaer

'SEEM - Armstrong International Workshop 61Sept.11-13, 2009 , Energy Saving Techniques - PetroEnergy-2009'Staff Correspondent

Environmental Terrorism -

Global Challenges in Local Places

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he impact of global economic crises that struck in late 2008 has re-emphasized Tinterdependencies in global financial markets around the world. The world is rapidly shrinking, and what happens in one location has its repercussions in others. Climate change is the single most important issue that our planet is facing and it is likely to trigger severe disruptions with ever-increasing consequences for local, regional, and global security. Droughts, famines, and weather-related disasters could claim thousands or even millions of lives and aggravate existing tensions within and among the nations.

We can draw some parallels between global terrorism and climate change. We do not know when a terrorist strike will occur, where they will strike and how damaging and costly these will be. The traditional response to terrorism in many cases could not address the root of the problem, for its effective eradication. Climate change already claimed more lives than what terrorism did. According to the World Health Organization, global climate change now accounts for more than 160,000 deaths annually and the related impacts would persist even if global emissions are cut dramatically because of the significant time lag between the cause and the effect. Widespread impacts of climate change could lead to waves of migration, threatening international stability. Eradicating the root causes of global terrorism is difficult, as is the solution to climate change. We need to define the sustainable consumption levels and improve drastically the global resource utilization efficiency. This is more a philosophical puzzle than a technological one. But as in the case of terrorism, now the immediate solution is to treat the symptom with our economic muscle power, like the US spending massive sums of money for its home land security, by acting globally. But the reverse is to be done in the case of climate change, i.e., we have to act locally to mitigate global climate change.

The Kyoto Protocol is a small but crucial step in this direction for a more stable climate. There need to be broader global consensus on the need to shift to a clean, efficient energy system based on renewable energy sources.

With increasing ecological resource pressure, countries with ecological wealth are poised to emerge as growing geopolitical forces, playing increasingly important roles in determining the countries' competitiveness as well as their citizens' ability to lead secure and rewarding lives. Today, 81 percent of the world's population lives in countries that use more resources than what is available within their own hold. These countries rely on resource surplus countries for their needs. Growing ecological resource scarcity is likely to influence and reshape our world map, from the present distinction between “developing and developed” countries to one of Ecological Creditor countries and Ecological Debtor countries.

'Green Buildings' – a Natural ChoiceçThis issue of energy manager focuses on 'Green Buildings' with special emphasis on

energy efficiency aspects. 'Green Building' has emerged as a natural means to conserve the scarce ecological resources and to enhance the environment. It benefits the community and the environment apart from its builder's bottom line. 'Green Building' basically draws close to building and its site in harmony with the local climate, site conditions, culture and community, in order to reduce resource consumption and to improve resource efficiency, while enhancing quality of life. 'Green Building' takes a holistic approach to programming, planning, designing, and constructing (or renovating) buildings and sites. It involves connecting interlinked issues such as site and climate, building orientation and form, lighting and thermal comfort, materials, etc., and optimizing all these aspects in its performance. This makes the building a unique synergic design and the design process must occur early in its conception and involve interdisciplinary teamwork. We received a large number of articles covering various aspects of building 'green' but could not include all the articles in the current issue. The

çfuture issues of energy manager will feature more articles on this topic.çWith the current issue, energy manager has completed two years of its publication. We

expect some good suggestions from our readers for improving its content and quality of the magazine. We have already started working on this and hope that the next issue of the magazine will reach our readers with improved value.

Please contribute your articles and case studies to the editor at editor@energyprofessional.in

K.Madhusoodanan

Editor

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Dear Editor

Thanks a lot for the copy of your fine magazine

ç‘energy manager'. I was happy to see that while most of our technical magazines serve the interests of the manufacturers' and are full of advertisements, yours is written for the user. By the way, I like both your efficient pump on the cover and the article inside.

Is there a web address from which I could copy the cover with the elephant and my article?

Best regards,

Prof. Béla LiptákPresident, Liptak Assoc. P.C.Stamford, USA

Dear Editor

Thank you for sharing the attached magazine. It is very informative and provides the updated information in the field of energy and environment. You are providing the resources and knowledge for the young minds/engineers to enhance their capabilities on renewable energy, environment, etc. I think this kind of information is so critical to make this GLOBAL WORLD energy independent and pollution free.

Thank you for your great service to humanity.

Thanks and Regards,

Darshan L. Goswami, M.S., P.E.,Project Manager, US Department of Energy

Cover Feature :Energy Efficiency in Pumping System

Opinion

Best Practices

Research and Innovation

Focus India

Renewable Energy

Sustainable Living

Climate Change

Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Pumping 06Nirmal C. Tiwari

Technical and Economic Feasibility of Solar Photo-Voltaic 12Water Pumping System in SudanProf. Mahmoud A. Hammad and Eltahir K.M. AbdelGadir

Profiting from Partnerships: India and Germany 20Together on the Path to EfficiencyFelicitas Kraus and Steffen Joest

Thus, Spake the Pumps 26Dalip Singh

Can an Automation Engineer Control the Economy? 29Prof. Béla Lipták

Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Change Materials 34P. Meenatchi Sundaram

Water Hammer – A Natural Though Avoidable Phenomenon 39Armstrong International

Prospects for Underground Pumped Hydraulic Storage for India 42Harry Valentine

India's Current Power Scenario and the Future Plans 45Harishankar Brahma

Biomass Combined Heat and Power Systems 50Salman Zafar

The Deserts of the World as Everlasting Power Houses 56for Sustainable Energy and WaterDr.-Ing. Hani El Nokraschy

Sparking a Low-Carbon Energy Revolution: 59Copenhagen and BeyondChristopher Flavin

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July - September | 2009 | Vol :: 02|No :: 3 ISSN 0974 - 0996

Energy Efficiency in

Pumping System

Energy Efficiencyin Agricultural Pumping

Can an Automation Engineer Control the Economy?

Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Change Materials

India's Current Power Scenario and the Future Plans

Sparking a Low-Carbon Energy Revolution

Cover FeatureEnergy Efficiency in Steam System

Opinion

Best Practices

Research and Innovation

Renewable Energy

Sustainable Living

Climate Change

Events

Added Profits Delivered in Steam System Efficiency 6Patricia Provot

Rethinking the Benefits of Combined Heat and Power 11C. Thomas Tucker

The U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program : Steam Tool Suite and Steam Resources 15James Quinn and Anthony Wright

Oxygen Trimming – an Effective Approach to Boiler Energy Efficiency 22Amit Chadha

Results of a Steam System ESA at a Chrysler Assembly Complex 24Riyaz Papar and Ken Peebles

Small Hydro Power Development :Needed – Proper Regulatory and Policy Framework for market development 30V. K. Damodaran

Optimizing Energy Use in a Petrochemical plant : A case study 35Ven V. Venkatesan

Energy Efficient Strategy for Water Lifting in Multistoried Buildings 42Mrityunjaya Kappali and Uday Kumar R.

Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste 47Salman Zafar

Redefining Road to Development: for Sustainable Climate Change Solutions 52Deepa Gupta

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Snap off Energy - Climate Nexus 58Shyam Saran

SEEM Workshop at Kochi on Energy Efficiency in Compressed air system, Inaugural Speech by R. Venugopal, Controller of Explosives 61

Steam System Efficiency – a Neglected Discipline

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team system represents a significant opportunity in cost saving especially in process industries. It is often a neglected S

discipline taking note of the fact that about 45% of industry's energy consumption is directed to boiler rooms. In many industries energy efficiency improvements in steam system can save 10-20 % in fuel cost. So the benefit is substantial by running these systems at their optimum efficiency.

Delivering the best outcome, in order to boost industry's competitiveness, requires a whole system approach to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of your steam system. The system can generally be broken down into four areas such as generation, distribution, end use and energy recovery, for identifying the energy efficiency improvement opportunities.

For generation, several factors such as optimizing excess combustion air, cleaning heat transfer surfaces, optimizing boiler blowdown, and managing water treatment related to boiler operation can offer energy efficiency improvement opportunities.

Proper insulation is most important to minimize losses. Selection, sizing, and maintenance of steam traps, design of system to ensure adequate drainage and venting, and designing for the appropriate pressure drops, are areas to look for energy efficiency improvement in the distribution system.

For end use, optimizing the size and maintaining steam traps and heat transfer surfaces contribute to efficient operation.

Returning the condensate in a steam system saves energy as well as water treatment costs. Properly sized and insulated condensate return piping can save significant energy. Hot return condensate can also be used in a flash recovery system to help provide low-pressure steam, for energy recovery.

Majority of the steam system improvement opportunities requires only operational or behavioral change and where ever investment is needed, the pay back period mostly falls below 2 years. Though these opportunities are with in the reach of industries, these are often not claimed. The financial and engineering priorities shall merge for this to happen, and barriers are to be addressed effectively. As steam is viewed as an ubiquitous utility, proper monitoring and bench marking of specific fuel and steam use by appropriate metering will be a good approach to start with, to realize the cost implication. Awareness creation through training, technology selection, proper maintenance and monitoring of fuel and other system inputs are vital for achieving system efficiency optimization.

Global competition and decentralized corporate structures provide formidable challenges as well as new opportunities for manufacturing industries to optimize cost input. Decentralized corporate structures give rise to independent profit centers within an organization and foster internal competition among profit centers. Steam system optimization poses a great opportunity to industry managers for proving effective contribution and securing corporate objectives by way of reduced cost input.

K.Madhusoodanan

Editor

Dear Editor:

At a time when there are a plethora of books, magazines and journals devoted to energy issues, it is an extraordinary challenge to produce an energy magazine that stands out for its informational content and journalistic appeal. I have been impressed at the quality of your articles and their significance to contemporary issues. I wish SEEM's Energy Manager success in all its future endeavors.

Sincerely

S. PadmanabanDirector, South Asia Regional Initiative on Energy (SARI), USAID, New Delhi

Dear Editor:

Many thanks for submitting the soft copy of the Jan-Mar 2009 issue of Energy Manager. I am sure that the Energy Center at the University of Jordan can take part in the future issues of your magazine.

With all my best wishes and regards

Sincerely Yours

Dr. Ahmed Al-SalaymehDirector of Energy CenterAssociate Professor, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Jordan

Dear Editor

The latest issue of Energy Manager is excellent. I found the articles on energy conservation unique as distinguished from other magazines. The story on solar energy is also outstanding. What impresses me about Energy Manager is the layout. This shows the commitment of the people behind it.

Dr. A. JagadeeshRenewable energy expert2/210 First Floor, Nawabpet, Nellore 524 002, A.P.

Dear Editor:

Thanks for the soft copy of the January-March 2009 issue of Energy Manager Magazine. I must say the magazine is really fantastic. In my own way I will try to popularize the future editions of your publication for a noble cause. And, by doing so, I will also become a part of your great mission.

Muralidharan.K.ABranch ManagerVijaya Bank, Edakkad, Kannur Dist., Kerala 670663

Dear Editor:

Thank you for sending me the soft copy of Energy Manager. Upon reading the magazine, I realized that it would be an excellent media for promoting the AVE and for displaying some of the high resolution color figures that AVEtec has been working on recently. Colorful figures can really help getting difficult new concepts across to readers.

Louis Michaud, P. Eng.PresidentAVEtec Energy Corporation, Canada

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Energy Efficiency in

Steam SystemAdded Profits Delivered in Steam System Efficiency

Steam Tool Suite and Steam Resources

Rethinking the Benefits of Combined Heat and Power

Snap off Energy - Climate Nexus

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cover feature understanding barriers to energy efficiencyOvercoming Barriers to Energy Efficiency 7U V Krishna Mohan RaoEnergy Pricing policy: A barrier to efficiency improvement? 11V. SanthakumarBarriers to Efficient Lighting—A User’s Perspective 14Dr. D. Parameswara Sharma

opinion India’s Nuclear Future 18Alan Caruba

best practices Water-side heat recovery: Concepts, Chillers and Systems 22Trane India Limited

research & innovationMore and More Compact and Efficient Heat Exchangers 26Staff Writer, Energie plusHigh Pressure Fogging 29Pierre MAGNES, Technical Director, and Dr. Robert CASTRO,Scientific Director, MEDCLAN

technology fact sheet‘FREE’ hot water generation - A case study from dairy industry 31V. V. Kanetkar

energy management“A stitch in time saves nine” 33Marching towards “unconscious competency”C. Jayaraman

energy financingFinancing Renewable Energy Projects in India 38Somak Ghosh

renewable energyRenewable Energy Law For India: Need And Current Status 40G.M. PillaiParabolic Concentrator Replacing Flat Plate Collector For ProcessingWater And Steam 44K. Varatharajan

sustainable livingSustainability dilemmas require thinking out of the boxStaff Writer 47

focus IndiaIndia’s Energy Conservation Building Code 50Staff Writer

climate changeHow to secure the foundations of sustainable development into the future? 53Staff Writer

corporate initiativesLulu International Convention Center Going Green 56Staff Writer

ee products finder 57

e news 58

forth coming events 62

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ntBuildings - eco-friendly10 22

Compressed Air System

26 Dr. Olah’s prescription

32 Biomass gasifiers

46 Seeds of Change

49Methanisation in Farms

54 A global Warning

15Energy managers Key players 07 Eco-Efficiency

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special feature

Eco-Efficiency - How Eco-Industrial Parks Practice it ?Brahmanand Mohanty 07

Buildings - Going beyond being ‘eco-friendly’Chandrasekhar Hariharan 10

Energy managers - Key players in India’s green growth Brahmanand Mohanty 15

View point

India needs a lot more energy managers Interview with Dr. Ajay Mathur, Director General, BEE 18

best practices Best Practices in Compressed air System Management S. Jothibasu 22

research and innovation

Dr. Olah’s prescription Chandra Shekhar 26

Demand Controlled VentilationCéline Ravallec 29

Renewable Energy

Biomass gasifiers for meeting Industrial Energy needs - a note of caution M Venkata Ramanan and R Sethumadhavan 32

energy management

Capacity development for sustainable energy Dalip Singh 37

energy financing

ESCOs – Boosting Energy Efficiency Shishir Athale and Mohan Chavan 40

sustainable living

Seeds of Change Aromal Narendran 46

global focus

Methanisation in Farms- The European Experience Stéphane Signoret 49

climate change

Count the joules Sujay Basu 52

A Global Warning Staff Correspondent 54

Trend Setters

ADEME: A model Energy Management Agency 58

Events 61

ISSN 0974 - 0996