TEMPO

TEMPO ("time" in Italian; plural: tempi or tempos) is the speed or pace of a given musical piece.The tempo of a piece will typically be written at

the start of a piece of music, and in modern Western music is usually indicated in beats per minute (BPM). This means that a particular note value (for example, a quarter note or crotchet) is specified as the beat, and that the amount of time between successive beats is a specified fraction of a minute. The greater the number of beats per minute, the smaller the amount of time between successive beats, and thus faster a piece must be played.

KINDS OF TEMPO MEANING

Lento Slow

Moderato Moderate in Speed

Allegro Fast

Andante At a Walking Pace

Si Kristo ay Namatay

Example of Music with slow tempo (Lento)

Example of Music with fast tempo (Allegro)

Example of Music with moderate speed in tempo (Moderato)

Mabilis Katamtamang bilis

Mabagal

Identify the event in the following descriptions. Name its tempo.

________________1. Sound of a drum roll________________ 2. Car running out of gasoline________________3. Baby swayed by its mother in a cradle________________4. Sound of an ambulance in an emergency________________5. Cat walking

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

What is the tempo of the following songs. Underline if its is fast, moderate, or slow.

1. Pilipinas Kong Mahal ( Slow, Moderate, Fast )

2. Paper Boats ( Slow, Moderate, Fast )

3. Bahay Kubo ( Slow, Moderate, Fast )

4. Marine’s Hymn ( Slow, Moderate, Fast )

5. Music Alone Shall Live ( Slow, Moderate, Fast )

FORM

FORM refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music, and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections.In the analysis of musical form, any components

that can be defined on the time axis (such as sections and units) are conventionally designated by letters. Upper-case letters are used for the most fundamental, while lower-case letters are used for sub-divisions. If one such section returns in a varied or modified form, a numerical digit or an appropriate number of prime symbols appears after the letter. Even at this simplest level, there are patterns that may be re-used on larger time-scales.

If we label our musical materials, ideas or sections with the letters of the alphabet we can show how musical forms are created.

Any single section of music, consisting of phrases or other musical sections, we can call A. This musical section can be repeated to create an AA form.

If we instead chose to add a new section, B, we would have the musical form AB. This would be two contrasting musical sections.

If we chose to add another A to an AB form, but this time with variation we would have the form ABA'. (The ' is used to indicate variation).

With the processes of repetition, contrast and variation there can be many musical forms.

Common Musical Forms:

• Strophic - AAA, etc.• Binary - AB• Ternary - ABA• Rondo - ABACA, or ABACADA• Arch - ABCBA• Sonata Form - Exposition: (Theme Group 1 -

Theme Group 2) --- Development --- Recapitulation: (Theme Group 1 - Theme Group 2)

• Sonata Rondo - ABA - C - ABA

Exercise 1Identify the Form that is used in every musical phrase in the musical score.

TIMBRE

TIMBRE is the quality of a musical note or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production.

The richness of a sound or note a musical instrument produces is sometimes described in terms of a sum of a number of distinct frequencies. The lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency, and the pitch it produces is used to name the note, but the fundamental frequency is not always the dominant frequency. The dominant frequency is the frequency that is most heard, and it is always a multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, the dominant frequency for the transverse flute is double the fundamental frequency. Other significant frequencies are called overtones of the fundamental frequency, which may include harmonics and partials. Harmonics are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

Kind of

Voice

Quality

Soprano Soft and thin. It can reach the highest level of voice.

Alto Thick. Some voices are low.

Kind of

Voice

Quality

TenorLight and thin. It can also reach high notes.

( Bass )Thick, low and rough. It can reach low notes.

Timbre of Voices in Singing:

•Female Voices

•Male Voices

Gary Valenciano

( Tenor)

Sylvia La Torre

( Soprano )

Jaya( Alto)

Regine Velasquez( Soprano )

Christian Bautista( Tenor )

Martin Nievera( Bass)

Julie Ann San Jose

( Alto )

Exercise 1

Encircle the letter of the correct answer based on the timbre of voice that is

being described.

1. High voice of male.

a. Alto b. Tenor c. Baho d. Soprano

2. Shrill voice of female.

a. Soprano b. Tenor c. Alto d. Baho

3. Low voice of male.

a. Baho b. Tenor c. Alto d. Soprano

4. Husky voice of female.

a. Alto b. Soprano c. Tenor d. Baho

DYNAMICS

DYNAMICS normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic (staccato, legato etc.) or functional (velocity). The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics. Dynamics are relative and do not refer to specific volume levels.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.

Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

Dynamics Symbol Meaningpiano P soft

mezzo piano Mp moderately softpianissimo Pp very soft

forte F loudmezzo forte Mf moderately loudfortissimo Ff very loud

crescendo gradual increase in loudness

decrescendo gradual increase in softness

Sing the score with Dynamics

Exercise 1Lagyan ng simbolong < ang bahagi

ng awit na papalakas at simbolong > naman ang bahagi ng awit na papahina. Ilagay ang mga simbolo sa bahaging itaas ng mga liriko.