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First Year Diploma Semester - II

PREFACE

Elements of ElectronicsElectronics Engineering Group

Printed at: Repro Knowledgecast Ltd., Mumbai

TEID : 971

Written as per the revised ‘G’ Scheme syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) w.e.f. academic year 2012-2013

First Edition: November 2015

Salient Features

• Concise content with complete coverage of revised G-scheme syllabus. • Simple and Lucid language.

• Neat, Labelled and Authentic diagrams.

• Illustrative examples showing detailed solution of numericals.

• MSBTE Theory Questions and Numericals from Summer-2007 to Winter-2015.

• Includes MSBTE Question Papers of Summer, Winter - 2014 and 2015. • Three Model Question Papers for practice.

• Important Inclusions: Additional Theory Questions, Practice Problems, KnowledgeBank.

PREFACE Target’s “Elements of Electronics” is compiled with an aim of shaping engineering minds of students while catering to their needs. It is a complete & thorough book designed as per the new revised G-scheme of MSBTE curriculum effective from June 2012. Each unit from the syllabus is divided into chapters bearing ‘specific objectives’ in mind. The sub-topic wise classification of this book helps the students in easy comprehension. Each chapter includes the following features: Theory is provided in the form of pointers. Neat labelled diagrams have been provided wherever

required. Italicized definitions are hard to miss and help students map answers easily. Illustrative Examples are provided in order to understand the application of different concepts and

formulae. By introducing them after formulae, these examples enable students to gain command over formulae. An array of problems from simple to complex are included. (Examples here are similar to problems asked in previous years’ MSBTE Question Papers and also problems important from examination point of view)

Formulae are provided for quick recap and last minute revision. MSBTE Theory Questions covered in separate section to give a clear idea of the type of questions

asked. (Reference of answer to each question is provided.) MSBTE Numericals till latest year are included with complete solutions. MSBTE Waveform Questions offer conceptual solutions to waveform based question. Additional Theory Questions help students to gain insight on the various levels of theory-based

questions. Problems for Practice (With final answers) covers a variety of questions from simple to complex. Knowledge Bank is designed to enrich students by providing the knowledge required to understand

the concept covered in syllabus but does not fall in the scope of syllabus. MSBTE Question Papers of years 2014 and 2015 are added at the end to make students familiar with the MSBTE examination pattern. A set of three Model Question Papers is designed as per MSBTE Pattern for thorough revision and to prepare the students for the final examination.

Best of luck to all the aspirants! From, Publisher

SYLLABUS

Topic and Contents Hours Marks

Topic 1] Passive Components Students will be able to:

16 20

Differentiate active & passive components by observation, specification & application. Use various passive components as per requirements and applications.

1.1 Resistor: [8 Marks]

Classifications of resistors, material used for resistor General specification of resistor- maximum voltage rating, power rating, temperature coefficient, ohmic ranges, operating temperature

Classification and application of resistor

Colour coding: with three, four & five bands

LDR – Working, characteristics & application

TDR- listing of its type

Potentiometer : linear and logarithmic, constructional diagram, specifications, applications of carbon and wire wound resistor

1.2 Capacitor [6 Marks]

Classification of capacitors, dielectric materials used in capacitor

Capacitor specifications: working voltage, capacitive reactance, frequency characteristic

Fixed capacitor : specifications & applications

Electrolytic capacitor: constructional diagram & working

Variable capacitors: requirement of variable capacitor, construction, working, specification of air gang, PVC gang capacitor, trimmer capacitor

Coding of capacitors using numerals, colour band system

1.3 Inductor: [6 Marks]

Introduction of magnetic materials- Ferromagnetic & ferrimagnetic, B-H curve, hard & soft magnetic material, concept of Hysterisis, permeability, corecivity, reluctivity & losses in magnetic material

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, self & mutual induced e.m.f.

Induction – Definition & expression (with simple derivation) of self inductance, mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, Q factor, inductive reactance

Constructional diagram & application of air core, iron core & ferrite core, inductor frequency range for- AF, RF, IF toroidal inductor.

Working principle of slug tuned inductor

Colour coding of inductor.

Topic 2] Semiconductor Diodes Specific objectives: Students will be able to:

16 24

Draw symbol and constructional sketch of various types of semiconductor, optical diodes.

List diodes for the various applications.

Understand concepts of P-N junction diode, zener diode, special diodes, optical diodes with schematic symbols

2.1 P-N junction diodes Working principle, circuit diagram & characteristic of P-N junction diode,

static & dynamic resistance, specification, forward voltage drop, maximum forward current power dissipation

2.2 Zener diode Constructional diagram, symbol, circuit diagram and characteristics of zener

diode. Specification: Zener voltage, power dissipation, dynamic resistance 2.3 Special diodes Construction, symbol & applications of PIN diode, Schottky diode, Tunnel

diode 2.4 Optical diodes Construction, symbol, operating principle & applications of LED, IRLED,

Photo-diode, LASER diode Topic 3] Rectifiers and filters Specific objectives: Students will be able to:

10 16

Draw circuit of different types of rectifiers. Compare different types of rectifiers with respect to their parameters and applications. Compare different types of filters.

3.1 Rectifiers: Need of rectifiers, types of rectifiers

HWR,FWR (bridge and centre tap) circuit operation input/output waveforms for voltage & current

Parameters of rectifier ( without derivation): Average d.c. value of current & voltage, ripple factor, ripple frequency, PIV of diode, TUF, efficiency of rectifier

Comparison of three types of rectifiers 3.2 Filters: Need of filters

Circuit diagrams, operation and input-output waveforms of following types of filters: Shunt capacitor Series inductor LC filter π filter Numerical examples based on parameters of rectifiers

Topic 4] Wave shaping circuit Specific objectives: Students will be able to:

08 16

Draw circuit of different types of wave shaping circuits. Compare different types of wave shaping circuits with respect to the parameters and applications.

4.1 Linear wave shaping circuit Need of wave shaping circuits, comparison between linear and non-linear

wave shaping circuits Operations of wave shaping circuits Linear circuits: RC integrator & differentiator 4.2 Non-linear wave shaping circuits Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clippers using

diodes: series, shunt, (biased and unbiased) Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clampers: positive

and negative

Topic 5 – D.C. circuits and Network Theorems Specific objectives: Students will be able to:

14 24

Use basic rules of electrical circuits with the view of solving problems on electrical circuits.

Use various theorems to determine unknown electrical quantities in the network

5.1 Fundamentals of D.C. circuit Review of Ohm’s law Concept of open &short circuit Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law Maxwell’s loop current method 5.2 Node analysis

Concept of ideal & practical current and voltage sources, source conversion Star/Delta & Delta /Star conversion (no derivations) Network terminology- active, passive, linear, non-linear bilateral, unilateral

network 5.3 Network theorem: Statement, explanation & applications of following Superposition theorem Thevenin’s theorem Norton’s theorem

Maximum power transfer theorem Numerical examples on above topic.

TOTAL 64 100

Contents

Chapter No. Topic Page No.

Unit - I: Passive Components

1 Resistors 1

2 Capacitors 26

3 Inductors 48

Unit - II: Semiconductor Diodes

4 Semiconductor Diodes 77

Unit - III: Rectifiers and Filters

5 Rectifiers 111

6 Filters 139

Unit - IV: Wave Shaping Circuits

7 Wave Shaping Circuits 163

Unit - V: D.C. Circuits and Network Theorems

8 D.C. Circuits and Node Analysis 192

9 Network Theorems 218

Model Question Papers

Model Question Paper I 262

Model Question Paper II 265

Model Question Paper III 268

MSBTE Question Papers

Question Paper – Summer 2014 271

Question Paper – Winter 2014 274

Question Paper – Summer 2015 277

Question Paper – Winter 2015 280

Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors

1

Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target

1.1 Electronic Components

1.5 Linear resistors

1.5.(a) Fixed linear resistors 1.5.(b) Carbon film resistor 1.5.(c) Wire wound resistors 1.5.(d) Carbon composition resistors

1.3.(a) Colour coding with four band system1.3.(b) Colour coding with three band system1.3.(c) Colour coding with five band system

1.7 Non-linear resistors

1.7.(a) Light dependent resistor (LDR)1.7.(b) Thermistors (TDR) 1.7.(c) Comparison of TDR and LDR

1.3 Colour coding of resistors

1.6.(a) Potentiometers 1.6.(b) Linear potentiometers 1.6.(c) Logarithmic (non-linear) potentiometers 1.6.(d) Specifications and applications 1.6.(e) Comparison of linear and logarithmic potentiometer

1.2.(a) Characteristics of resistors

1.4 Classification of resistors

1.2 Resistors

1.6 Variable linear resistors

Resistors UNIT I

2

Elements of Electronics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Electronics) MSBTEPublications Pvt. Ltd. Target 1.1 Electronic components The components used in designing or assembling of an electronic circuit are called electronic components. Every circuit usually contains multiple electronic components such as diodes, resistors, capacitors, transistors etc. Basic classification of electronic components: Passive components: i. The electronic components, which by themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing

an electrical signal are called passive components. ii. These components conduct current in both the directions hence are known as bilateral/

bidirectional devices. e.g. Resistors, capacitors, inductors. Active components: i. The electronic components, which by themselves are capable of amplifying or processing an

electrical signal are called active components. ii. These components conduct the current only in one direction and therefore are known as

unilateral/unidirectional devices. e.g. Electronic tubes and semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, FETs, UJTs etc. Comparison between passive and active components:

Passive component Active component i. The electronic components which by

themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal are called passive components.

The electronic components which by themselves are capable of amplifying or processing on electrical signal are called active components.

ii. It does not introduce any gain. It may introduce the gain. iii. It has bidirectional functions. It has generally unidirectional functions. iv. These components do not act as an energy

source. These components act as an energy source.

e.g. Resistors, inductors and capacitors Transistor, diodes and power devices. Discrete components: i. The components, which are discrete in nature i.e., individual form, are called discrete

components. ii. These components may be active or passive in nature. e.g. Resistors, capacitors, transformers, semiconductor diodes, etc.

Electronic components

Active componentsPassive components

Resistors Capacitors Inductors Electronictubes

Semiconductordevices

Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors

3

Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target Non-discrete components: i. The components which are connected together to build a single circuit and not discrete in

nature are called non-discrete components. ii. These may be active or passive components. iii. Combination of non-discrete components form integrated circuits. Parasitic components: i. The components do not exist physically, but are due to electrodes or wirings are called

parasitic components. ii. Conceptually, they are present in the device and in the electronic circuits. iii. These components play an important role when circuit is operated at high frequency. e.g. Inter electrode capacitances, junction capacitances, stray capacitance, charge storage

capacitances, diffusion capacitances etc. 1.2 Resistors i. The flow of electric current through any material encounters an opposing force. This opposing

force is called resistance of the material and this property of a device is called resistor. ii. The passive component, which opposes the flow of electric current and has positive

temperature coefficient of resistance is called a resistor. iii. It can conduct current in both directions and therefore is known as bilateral device. iv. According to Ohm’s law: V = IR

Resistance R = V

I

where, V is potential difference between two points of material and I is current flowing through it. v. a. The resistance (R) of a resistor is directly proportional to length (L) of material used i.e.,

R L and R is inversely proportional to area of cross-section of material used (A) i.e., 1

RA

R L

A

b. Proportionality sign is removed by introducing proportionality constant which is called as specific resistance of the material. It is denoted by rho ().

R = L

A

where, = Specific resistance of material used. vi. Factors affecting resistance: a. Length b. Area of cross-section c. Nature of material d. Temperature vii. Unit: The resistance is measured in ohm (). It is the smallest unit of resistance. Larger units of resistance are kilo ohm and mega ohm. 1 Kilo ohm = 1 k = 1 103 1 Mega ohm = 1 M = 1 106

4

Elements of Electronics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Electronics) MSBTEPublications Pvt. Ltd. Target viii. Symbol: ix. Materials used for resistor: a. Nichrome b. Tungsten c. Bronze d. Eureka e. Manganese f. Constantan 1.2.(a) Characteristics of resistors: i. Resistance value ii. Temperature coefficient of resistance. iii. Voltage coefficient of resistance iv. Frequency range v. Tolerance (Accuracy) vi. Shelf life vii. Load life viii. Resistivity ix. Power handling capacity x. Working voltage. General specifications of resistor: i. Maximum voltage rating: a. The maximum voltage at which the resistor can operate without failure is called

maximum voltage rating. OR The maximum voltage that can be applied to a resistor without any damage to it is

called the voltage rating. b. It is given by Vmax = (power rating resistance value)1/2 Vmax = (P R)1/2 c. The working voltage is usually rated as d.c. value. ii. Power rating: a. The maximum amount of heat dissipated by a resistor at maximum specified

temperature without any damage to resistor is called power rating of a resistor. b. It is expressed in watt (W) at specified temperature. c. As temperature increases, power rating decreases. iii. Temperature coefficient of resistance: a. The percentage change in resistance per unit change in temperature is called

temperature coefficient of resistance. b. It is denoted by letter alpha (). c. The temperature coefficient can be positive or negative depending upon whether

resistance increases or decreases with temperature.

d. Temperature coefficient () = 1 2

1

T T

T 1 2

R R

R (T T )

106 (ppm /C)

where, 1TR = value of resistance at temperature T1C

2TR = value of resistance at temperature T2 C

Fixed resistor

R R

Variable resistor

Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors

5

Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target iv. Tolerance: a. Tolerance of a resistor measures deviation of the resistance value from its actual

(indicated) value in percent. Thus, tolerance is defined as the accuracy to which value of resistor can be made or selected.

b. Tolerance indicates factor by which the actual value of the resistor may be either grater or smaller than specified value of the resistor.

c. It may range from 0.001% to 20%. d. Different values of tolerance are due to different types of resistors and different

materials used in making them. e. Significance of Tolerance: Low percent of tolerance means high manufacturing accuracy and high percent of

tolerance indicates low manufacturing accuracy. v. Operating temperature: a. The maximum temperature, at which the resistor can be operated without failure is

called maximum operating temperature. b. It is also called temperature rating. c. If operated above this temperature, resistor gets damaged. vi. Wattage: a. The wattage of a resistor is the power handling capacity of a resistor. b. It is the amount of power it can dissipate without excessive heating. c. The power rating of a resistor is given in wattage. e.g. Normal available resistors have power ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, 1W, 2W. d. The size of resistor depends on its power handling capacity. Small resistors are

designed to handle low powers. vii. Resistivity (or specific resistance) is defined as the resistance of the piece of that material

which is 1 metre long and of unit cross-sectional area. viii. Frequency range: a. The range of frequency, upto which the resistor offers pure resistance, is called

frequency range. b. The resistor may be pure resistor at low frequency as it offers only resistance, but it

may have capacitive or inductive impedance at high frequencies. ix. Shelf life is defined as the change in value of resistance during storage usually quoted

for one year. x. Load life: a. Load Life is defined as the change in value of resistance after specified time, at

specified temperature. b. Resistors are tested for change in resistance after 1000 hours at 70 C. xi. Ohmic range: a. Ohmic range of a resistor is defined as its minimum to maximum resistance value

that can be manufactured. b. Ohmic range changes depending on the type of material and different

manufacturing processes used for a resistor. c. It ranges from few ohms to several mega ohms.