elements, mixtures, compounds and solutions introduction to chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
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Elements, Mixtures, Elements, Mixtures, Compounds and Compounds and
SolutionsSolutionsIntroduction to ChemistryIntroduction to Chemistry
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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?
•Chemistry is the study of elements and the compounds they form.
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Conservation of MassConservation of Mass
• The Law of Conservation of MatterLaw of Conservation of Matter states that matter can not be created or destroyed.– Like energy, however, matter can change
forms.
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Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
• Physical propertiesPhysical properties are the observable characteristics of a substance, including the state of matter.
• Physical changesPhysical changes usually involve a change in state of matter.– Example is ice (s) melting into water (l).
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Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
• Chemical propertiesChemical properties of a substance describe the arrangement of elementselements that the substance is made of.
• A chemical changechemical change involves the rearrangement of the atoms of elements to form substances with different physical and chemical properties than the individual elements.
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What is an Element?What is an Element?
• An elementelement is the simplest form of a substance that retains the properties of that substance.
• To break elements down any smaller would result in protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Elements Can Be Elements Can Be CombinedCombined
• When elements are combined several things can result:– A mixturemixture– A chemical reactionchemical reaction– A compoundcompound– A solutionsolution
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What is a Mixture?What is a Mixture?
• A mixturemixture is made up when two or more elements are combined and the properties of the elements are retained. (No chemical reaction has taken place.)– A mixturemixture can be separated by the
differences in the physical properties of the elements that have been mixed.
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Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures
• A mixture can be separated by a number of means such as
•EvaporationEvaporation•DistillationDistillation•FiltrationFiltration•Differences in solubilitysolubility
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What is a Chemical What is a Chemical Reaction?Reaction?
•A chemical reactionchemical reaction occurs when two elements are combined and form a compound that has physical and chemical properties that the elements alone did not have.
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Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
• Exothermic reactionsExothermic reactions are reactions that give off heatgive off heat. – These reactions feel warm/hot since they
are releasing heat into the surroundings.
• Endothermic reactionsEndothermic reactions are reactions that absorb heatabsorb heat.– These reactions feel cool/cold since they
are pulling in heat from the surroundings.
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Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
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What is a Compound?What is a Compound?
• When a chemical reaction does take place, the two elements form a compoundcompound.
• The compoundcompound has physical and chemical properties that the individual elements did not have.
• The two elements in a compound can only be separated by another can only be separated by another chemical reactionchemical reaction.
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What is a Solution?
• A solution is a mixture of a liquid (the solvent) with a gas or a solid (the solute).
• In a solution the molecules of the solute are discretely mixed with the molecules of the solvent.
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What is pH ?What is pH ?
• One characteristic of a solution is its pH valuepH value. Solutions can be acidic or basic.
• The pH scalepH scale is used to indicate if a solution is acidic or basic, and to tell us the strength of the acid or base.
• The pH scalepH scale is a range from 0 to 14 with 7.0 representing neutral (neither acidic or basic).
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AcidsAcids
• Solutions with a pH of 0.1 to 6.9 are said to be acidic.
• Solutions are acidic because they have the ability to release hydrogen (H+) into solution.
• pH values closest to 0 are the strongest acids.
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BasesBases
• Solutions with a pH of 7.1 to 14 are said to be basic or alkaline.
• Solutions are alkaline because they have the ability to release hydroxide (OH-), or accept hydrogen, into solution.
• pH values closest to 14 are the strongest bases.