electron configurations – a review and more…. electron configurations e- configuration notation:...
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Electron Configurations e- configuration notation (noble gas shortcut): Reminder – this version uses a noble gas (group 18) “core” instead of beginning at 1s Write noble gas shortcut for elements 12, 21, & 35. Mg: Sc: Br:TRANSCRIPT
Electron Configurations – a Review and
More…
Electron Configurationse- configuration notation:• Reminder – this notation uses # of
e- in a sublevel as a superscript over the sublevel (block) designation
• Write complete e- configuration notation for elements 2, 6, & 16• He:• C:• S:
Electron Configurationse- configuration notation
(noble gas shortcut):• Reminder – this version uses a noble
gas (group 18) “core” instead of beginning at 1s
• Write noble gas shortcut for elements 12, 21, & 35.• Mg:• Sc:• Br:
Electron Configurationse- dot notation:• simplest notation, only shows
valence e- (e- that may be lost, gained, or shared when chemical compounds are formed - they are from s & p blocks)
• Draw dot diagrams for elements 1-10
Ion Formation…
Ion Formation…Valence electrons:• outer shell electrons that may
be lost, gained, or shared when chemical compounds are formed
Ion Formation…Octet rule:• atoms are most stable when
they have a filled outer shell of valence e- (usually 8 e-)
• noble gases have this configuration without any help – other atoms lose, gain, or share e- to fill their outer shell
Ion Formation…Ions:• Atoms that have either gained
or lost e-.–Gain of e- gives a negative ion called an anion.
–Loss of e- gives a positive ion called a cation.
Ion Formation…Ion examples:• The magnesium ion is Mg 2+. How
many p+ and e- does it have?• The oxide ion is O 2-. How many p+
and e- does it have?• An ion has 7 p+ and 10 e-. What ion
is it?• An ion has 4 p+ and 2 e-. What ion is
it?
Bonding
Chemical Bonds• link between atoms due to
mutual attraction of nuclei for e-
Chemical BondsWhy bond???• Bonding can result in lower
potential energy (this is usually associated with a release of energy)
•Lower energy gives greater stability (greatest stability @ completed energy level)
Chemical BondsBonds are classified by how the
valence e- are distributed around nuclei of combined atoms
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bond – results from electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions (usually done when metal bonds w/ nonmetal)
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bond• Created by transfer of e- from one atom to
another• Active metals readily give up their e-,
usually to a nonmetal atom• Oppositely charged ions are formed by
this process of transferring e-• Cation: + charged ion• Anion: - charged ion
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bondForming ionic bonds: e- are
transferred from atom with lower EN value to one with higher value
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bondForming ionic bonds:• How can you determine if
bond is ionic? See if atoms are active metal & non-metal or look up EN values to get difference. (if EN difference is 1.7 to 4.0, ionic bond)
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bondTypes of ions• Monoatomic – single element
with charge• Polyatomic – 2 or more
elements with charge
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bondIonic compound – composed of
positive & negative ions combined so that the positive & negative charges are equal in number (Ex. NaCl instead of Na2Cl or NaCl2)
Types of Chemical Bonds
Covalent (molecular) bond – results from the sharing of e- between two atoms (usually done w/ nonmetal atoms)
• The e- are not always equally shared (like tug of war)
Covalent Bonds• Bonds between 2 unlike atoms
are never completely covalent•Non-polar covalent – e- are shared equally ( which only happens between two identical atoms)
•Polar covalent – e- are not equally shared (due to differences in electronegativity)
Covalent Bonds• May share 1 or more pairs of
e-•Single bond – single pair of shared e- between two atoms
•Double bond – two pairs of shared e- between two atoms
•Triple bond – three pairs of shared e- between two atoms
Covalent Bonds• Atoms that are bonded
covalently form stable particles called molecules
•Ex. CO2, P2O5, NH3, etc.•7 diatomic molecules to know - H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, I2, Br2
Covalent Bonds• Molecular compound –
chemical compound whose simplest formulas are molecules
Comparing Properties…Ionic Compounds• Held together tightly (due to
attraction of charges)–High melting point–High boiling point–Hard & brittle crystalline solids–Dissolve in water–Carry a current (very well) in
water
Comparing Properties…Molecular Compounds• Most are not tightly held
–Most have low melting point (due to weak attractions between molecules)
–Most have low boiling point–Usually soft, amorphous solids–Some dissolve in water–Do not carry current well in water
Determining Bond Type…Using Periodic Table• Metal Element (left of staircase) + Nonmetal
Element (right of staircase)– Ionic Bond
• Two Nonmetal Elements (right of staircase)–Covalent Bond
Determining Bond Type…Using Electronegativity Values1. Page 161 has a EN chart
–Determine the EN difference between the two elements in the bond
2. Go to page 176 and find the chart of bond types. Use the EN difference to determine type of bond (greater difference = more ionic character).–Nonpolar covalent: difference of 0 to 0.3–Polar covalent: difference of 0.3 to 1.7– Ionic: difference of 1.7 to 4.0
Determining Bond Type…Using Observed Properties from Lab
Activity1.
2.
3.
Representing Compounds - Ionic
Empirical formula or Formula unit – indicates lowest whole number ratio of cations to anions in any sample of an ionic compound(ex. NaF = 1 Na+ ion + 1 F- ion)
Representing Compounds - Ionic
Empirical formula or Formula unit – simplest unit indicated by the formula of any compound (ex. NaF = 1 Na+ ion + 1 F- ion)
• This “unit” doesn’t represent something that can be isolated, it is only the smallest possible ratio to make a neutral electrical charge
• # of ions in one formula unit depends on the charges of the ions to be combined (ex. B + F, Na + Cl, K + O, etc)
Representing Compounds - Ionic
Just a thought…
Can you use the periodic table to determine the charge of an ion?
Representing Compounds - Ionic
Determining formula units by the crisscross method
•Ca + Br•K + P•Al + O•Ca + O•Al3+ + OH1-
•Mg2+ + PO43-
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Molecular formula – shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a compound
•Ex. CO, H2O2, SO3, O2
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Structural formula – shows kind, number, arrangement, and bonds (single, double, or triple) of the atoms in a molecule (or polyatomic ion)
•Ex.
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Lewis structures - diagrams that show valence e- as dots, the inner e- and nucleus are included in the letter symbol for the element being represented
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Lewis structures
Reminder…Group 1Group 2Group 13Group 14
Group 15Group 16
Group 17
Group 18
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Lewis structures–Structures of individual elements may
be joined to form compounds–pairs of dots (or a dash) between
symbols represent bonds (or electron pairs), dots adjacent only to one symbol are unshared e-
–Lone (unshared) pair of e- – pair of e- that is not involved in bonding, but instead belongs exclusively to one atom
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Lewis structuresEx. F2, NH3, H2O, CH4, O2, CO2,
N2, CH2O, C2H2, PI3
(must draw structures)
Representing Compounds - Molecular
• Lewis structuresOctet exceptions:Less than full octet
•Ex: Boron compounds such as BF3
More than full octet – atoms beyond 2nd period, most often S & P (extra e- go to 3d level)
•Ex: SF4