electro optical instrumentation: milestones and...

LEOS 30th Anniversary , March 14, 20081

Electro Optical Instrumentation: Milestones and Trends

Silvano DonatiSilvano Donatihttp://www.unipv.it/donati


Electro-Optical Instrumentation starts to appearin the‘70, soon after the laser is developed.

Big successes like telemeters, gyroscopes, laser interferometers, laser velocimeters, particle sizeanalyzers - are just few examples of instrumentsthat have marked milestones in the science of measurement and gained general acceptance in engineering applications.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION


Electro-optical instruments are productsspreading from industry and manufacturing toscientific applications, from avionics and space to medicine and biology.Improvements and new concepts continue toboost R&D activity and promote the growthof a wealthy market of E-O instruments.



ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:scientific Journals reflect the growth

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1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005


ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:the market

World Market of Optical Fiber Communications (components and e systems): 44 000 M$ (1999) 10 000 (2002) 15 000 (2004) 21 000 (2007) 40 000 (2010 projection)

World Market of Optoelectronics Instrumentation civil 3 400 M$ avionics 4 400 military 5 600 total 13 400 M$ (2007) (annual growth +6% , Laser Focus estimate)


MARKET of INDUSTRIAL ELECTRO-� OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

INDUSTR. INSTRUMENTATION

LASER DOPPL. VELOCIMETERS and VIBROMETERS

ALIGNMENT and CONSTRUCTION

OTHERS

TOTAL

Year 2007, figures in M$, (..)=% increase per year, year since inception. References: OIDA and LaserFocus

3420

830

95

720

620

(+5%)

(+5%) 1975

385

(+7%)

(+5%)

LASER INTERFEROMETERS 1968

(+10%) 1970

1970

(excluding Avionics and EW apparatus)

PROFILOMETERS, 3-D and ESPI

180

410 (+5%)

(+5%) 1970

1974

PARTICLE SIZE MEAS.

FIBEROPTIC SENSORS 180 (+1%) 1982

TELEMETERS & GEODIMETERS


ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:a bit of history through the milestones

• laserlaser telemetrytelemetry

The album of successes:

• interferometry

• gyroscopes

• velocimetry


TELEMETTELEMETRRYY

Telemetry started with LURE (LUnar Ranging Experiment), anexperiment carried out in 1970 when the astronauts of Apollo 11 brought on the moon an array of corner-cubes (100 x 1”dia.). Five telescopes on earth aimed the array with their Q-switched ruby laser, launching a 0.5-J, 10-ns pulse. Threetelescopes got the return, a ≈10-photon pulse. The time-of-flight measurement translated into a distance measured with anaccuracy ≈30cm of the 384,000 km baseline.


TELEMETRYTELEMETRY

In 1999, the MOLA (Mars-Orbiter -Altimeter) of the Pathfinder mis-sion has completed a 2-year survey of the topography with 5-m height resolution on 100x100-m individual areas covering Mars


MOLA Telemeter

from: “The MOLA Investigation of the Shape and Topography of Mars”David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Proc. ODIMAP III, Pavia 2001.

The MOLA telescope is 50 cm in diameter. The laser beam is emitted from the tube on the right. The electronics is housed in the box on the left. Source is a Cr:Nd:YAG laser pumpedby a 36-stack array eachwith 80 GaAlAs diodes, and emits 8-ns pulses of 15 mJ at 10 Hz rep rate. A 2-nm IF filter rejects solar background to the SiAPDdetector


TELEMETRY TELEMETRY

TAV 34télémètre aéroporte à laser (CILAS (1969)

Meanwhile,telemeters

were deployedin avionics

(RANGEFIN-DERS)and. . .


TELEMETRY TELEMETRY

. . in civil--engineeringapplications:

TOPOGRAPHYthey marked the

retirementof the

theodolite


TELEMETRYTELEMETRY

a derivationof the laser telemeter is

the LIDAR,

for air pollution

monitoring


recent additions: imaging telemeters3D imaging by

pulsed laser

Outdoor mapping of a 8x10 m scene, takenwith a pulsed laser, scanned by a rotatingmirror and prismcombination (top), yielding a 2-cm distanceresolution at 0-300m distance(by: R.Flatscher, A.Ulrich, G.Paar, G.J.Ulbrich, Proc. ODIMAPII, Pavia 1999).


recent addition 2: handheld telemeters

Intended for constructionconstruction worksbut also for fast measurement of apartmentapartment surfacesurface, and as a help forgolf golf playersplayers, this sine-wavemodulated telemeter offers >100 m range and a cm-resolution at a veryaffordable price (~300 Euro)


and the perspective

inthe automotive, telemeters have been tested as anticollisionanticollision

system and are the keysubsystem for

automated driverautomated driverof next decade


Automated driverAutomated driver

In adaptive cruise controlcruise control, anticollision telemeter and vision system are coupled to sideside--detectiondetection sensors to improve

safety. Next step will be the automated driver (from: Spectrum IEEE, Jan.2000)



• telemetry


•• interferometryinterferometry

• gyroscopes

• velocimetry


INTERFEROMETRYINTERFEROMETRY

a well-known technique (used in optics since the 1800s), now exploiting the long coherence length of lasers

The first ‘laser interferometer’ appears in 1965 (HP5526)since then, 2K .. 5K units sold per year (a big success . !)

The first scientific experiments (1968): earth crust tides

Doppler velocimeters follow in 1970s (another success. !)

ESPI vibration/strain analyzers in 1975

widespread applications, a big tree growing up . . .


INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS

VIBRATION Analyzers

LASER INTERFEROMETRY

scient if ic usest echnical

uses

s≈1km

s≈1OOm

s≈1m

s≈<1cm

INTERFEROMETERS forMECHANICAL METROLOGY

DOPPLER VELOCIMETERS for ANEMOMETRY

ESPI (SPECKLE PATTERN)

RLG and FOG GYROSCOPES

avionics

indust rial uses

SPACE TELEMETRY of GEODETIC SATELLITES

EARTH TIDES SENSING

LARGE STRUCT VIBROMETRY

METROLOGY of LENGTH (and derived quantities)

BIOLOGICAL MOTILITY SENSING ACOUSTIC EMISSION and SAW SENSING

GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY

GRAVITATIONAL ANTENNAS

OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS

OPTICS ELECTRONICSWAVE and FIELDS

TECHNOLOGY

MEASUR.SCIENCE

Interferometry is a big tree with roots in optics,

electronics, e.m. fields,

measurement science, and technology.

It is since the advent of the

laser that it has grown out in so

many new branches



The Laser Interferometer HP5525, since its inception has established a new standard of machine-tool measurement. It can ensure a 0.1 μm resolution and a 6-digit precision to displacement mesurements up to several meter range



Progresses in recent years have extended the interferometric resolution to the image format, creating a

new tool for inspection and diagnostics (Wyko 2000).


INTERFEROMETERS: LIGOINTERFEROMETERS: LIGO

Meanwhile, big science does not stop! LIGO is a

gravitationalwave detector,

a balanced Michelson

interferometerwith 4-km arm length, actuated

by 10-kg test masses

suspended in vacuum



The first step, the LIGO I

interferometer, is designed to attain a 10-22

m/m strain strain sensitivitysensitivity,

a record performance



With such a sensitivity,LIGO I should be able to detect neutron star

and supernova collapse up to 100 Mparsec away

(right)Spurios siganls will be

ruled out by a coincidence principle

(below)



• telemetry


•• interferometry

• gyroscopes

• velocimetryvelocimetry


LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV)LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV)

Nowadays another well-established electro-optical instrument for sensing and

measurements of velocity in fluids, the LDV makes

non-contact measurement and

covers the amazing range from ≈1 μm/s

to over1 km/s


A LDV system is developed for use on practical gas-turbine engines. The system measures inlet and exhaust velocities on an F-100 EMD engine from an F-15 airplane. Plots below show axial speeds in inlet and exhaust flows as measured by use of the LDV system during a transient from idle to full military power then back to idle.

LDV applicationsLDV applications

from: Dryden Flight Research Center


The LDA technique is ideal for 1D, 2D and 3D point measurement of velocity components and turbulence distribution in both free flows and internal flows. Results of measurement are important steps in fine-tuning product designs to improve aerodynamic efficiency, quality and safety. Application here is an example of measurement of external flow patterns around car’ hulls,to optimize the CX

LDV applicationsLDV applications

Dantec Dynamics’ LDA systems


Hot-wire Anemometry (HWA) is a point-measuring technique appropriate for measurement of flows with high turbulence and the study of microstructures, where we need to resolve small flow eddies down to the order of tenths of a mm.HWA is often applied in wind tunnel during the design phase of buildings and structures located both on land and in the sea, when they must be optimised to withstand wind and/or wave forces. Typical applications include flows around tall buildings, bridges, offshore oil rigs and research inaerodynamics and turbulence

…… and other approaches: 1and other approaches: 1-- HWAHWA

courtesy of Dantec Dynamics


courest

PIV is a whole-flow-field technique providing velocity vector measurements in a cross-section of a flow. Two axes are usually measured, but with a stereoscopic approach all 3 are recorded, resulting in instantaneous 3D velocity vectors for the entire image. The use of CCD cameras and dedicated computing hardware, results in real-time velocity maps.

…… and other approaches: 2and other approaches: 2-- Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

courtesy of Dantec, DK



• telemetry


• interferometry

• gyroscopesgyroscopes

• velocimetry


GYROSCOPESGYROSCOPES

1962: shortlyafter the He-Ne laser invention

(1960), W.Macek

experimented at Sperry the

first laser gyro concept and was

able to detect earth rotation

(15°/h)


GYROSCOPES : the RLGGYROSCOPES : the RLG

It took 12 years of engineering efforts for the

RLG to became (1975) the heart of INU -inertial

navigation units

This 8-cm side RGLG has a

0.001°/h performance


RLG INURLG INU

Since 1980, any new aircraft is

equipped with a 3-axis RLG

INUcapable of 1 mile/hour

0.05° attitudeand 3-m heigth

accuracy, in a 60x30x20 cm

box taggedat 1.8 M$ price Litton LN-93


Fiberoptics Gyroscope (FOG)Fiberoptics Gyroscope (FOG)

Meanwhile (1975) the fiber-optics-

gyroscope is developed, less performant but

more rugged and lightweight, now used to stabilize communication

satellites . . .


Space FOGSpace FOG

The Iridium World Satellite Service

. . like in the

IRIDIUM network of worldwide

cellular telephone, attempted in 1990 …


Space FOG 2Space FOG 2

. . and more recently, with the CLIVAR atlantic network of wheather observation satellites.Space applications of gyros are fluorishing. Just to mention one, the NASA Gravity Probe B, a gyro on a satellite orbiting the earth is trying to sense the minute warping of space due to the earth mass,finding that some length is missing in completing the orbit


MEMS and MOEMS gyrosMEMS and MOEMS gyros

The R&D effort

is not over.In the quest of

miniaturization,gyroscopes based on MEOMS

(micro-electro-optical-

mechanical systems) are approaching the viability


Automotive Gyro

Magneti Marelli RP

… in automotivenavigation

system, where they backup the attitudeGPS system(the Route Planner)


Modern Gyros

In industrial application, robotics, automotive and entartainment, gyroscopes (either FOG or MEMS/MOEMS) are nowadays opening a number of new opportunities, like e.g.:

• sight-stabilization in binoculars

• robotic arm guidance

• lateral airbag control

• dynamometric tools


Industrial applications of gyroscopes

This kind of monkey wrench combinesa strain-gage and a gyroscope to sense torque and angle. Looking at the strain/stress diagram, we canfind the optimum torque for tightening a screw-and-bolt mechanical joint

DIGITORK2520 of BLM

(Milano)



• particleparticle--size analizerssize analizers

The album of successes:new lines are still being added …


Particle Size Measurement

Particle size analyzers are the workhorse in Analysis, for testing of chemical, biochemical, medical and industrial samples. Using a revolver feeder of cuvettes, assay is automatized (CILAS).



Modern particle-size analyzer uses both diffraction and extinction (LAELS + SEAS) to measure diameters

from 0.02 to 2500 μm [by CILAS, France]



An example of an-easy-to-get particle size pdf p(D) and cumulative P(D) distribution measured by a commercial instrument (courtesy of CILAS)


for further readings:

book:http://www.pearsonptg.com/book detail/0,2461,0130616109,00.htmlprice: 85 US$ at bookstore 40-50 US$ with amazon.com


fine !

grazie

electro optical instrumentation: milestones and...

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