ekaterine diasamize qartuli saeklesio galoba qartvelta kulturuli...
TRANSCRIPT
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
ekaterine diasamiZe
qarTuli saeklesio galoba
qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis konteqstSi
wardgenilia anTropologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori qeTevan xuciSvili
samecniero TanaxelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori ioseb Jordania P
Tbilisi 2017
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tavi pirveli kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi . . . .15
Tavi meore
musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi). . . 41
Tavi mesame
qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi . .81
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
D damowmebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
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Sesavali
`yvela ers, ganurCevlad kulturisa, unda SeeZlos
sakuTari musika – rwmenis, gamocdilebisa da saqmianobis
erTian konteqstSi moiazros, radgan amgvari kavSirebis
gareSe musika ver iarsebebs“ (alan meriemi)
Tanamedrove msoflios globalizaciis pirobebSi, mcire erebis enisa
Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis warmoCenisa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi –
SenarCunebis sakiTxi dadga. aRniSnul procesSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili,
ama Tu im kulturuli fenomenis mecnierul Seswavlas uWiravs. amgvari
kvleva, tradiciuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis obieqtur warmoCenasa da
msoflio civilizaciaSi misi rolis gansazRvras emsaxureba.
mecnierebaTa rig dargebSi (sociologia, anTropologia,
kulturologia, eTnomusikologia, musikis anTropologia), Zalze
aqtualuri termin `identobis” gamoyeneba gaxda. XIX saukunidan
moyolebuli, siciologTa da anTropologTa mier, kulturul
RirebulebaTa erTiani sistemis mqone eTnografiuli jgufebis siRrmiseul
Seswavlas Caeyara safuZveli. principiT – `vis gavxar da visgan
gansxvavdebi”. samecniero kvlevaSi, msgavsebisa da igiveobis koncefcia wina
planze gamovida da iman, Tu visTan iziareb mSobliur enas, visTan gaqvs
saerTo kulturuli tradiciebi – kvlevisTvis saWiro mniSvneloba SeiZina.
sakvlevi jgufebis gansazRvraSi, eTnikuri mxare gansmazRvrel
maxasiaTeblad iqca. identobis Temam ara Tu SeinarCuna, aramed kidev ufro
meti aqtualoba SeiZina, rasac, vfiqrob, upiratesad zemoaRniSnuli
globalizaciis procesi da geopolitikuri kataklizmebi ganapirobebs.
marTalia, anTropologebi cdiloben termin `identobis” kvaldakval, axali
alternatiuli terminologia SeimuSaon, Tumca, Tu am mimarTulebiT
arsebul Tanamedrove samecniero Sromebs gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom
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erovnuli, kulturuli Tu religiuri identoba – es is Temebia, romlebsac
dResdReobiT, msoflios araerTi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze eTmoba
adgili. identobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria postsabWoTa
sivrceSi, sadac am mimarTulebiT kvleva SedarebiT axalia. amasTan,
gasakviri ar aris, rom sabWoTa kavSiris saxelwodebis qveS gaerTianebuli
qveynebis mosaxleobas, hqonda da aqvs – mSobliuri enisa Tu sakuTari
TviTmyofadi erovnuli kulturis rogorc SenarCunebis, ise misi adreuli
Sreebis aRdgenisa da maTi kvlavwarmoebis survili.
kvlevis amocanaa, ganxilul iqnas is, Tu ra rols asrulebs
tradiciuli musika, kerZod ki mravalxmiani simRera-galoba, ama Tu im
niSnis qveS gaerTianebul jgufSi Semavali adamianis, rogorc mravali
identobis mqone arsebis cnobierebis, kulturuli mikuTvnebulobis
gansazRvraSi da rogor aisaxeba es yovelive koleqtiuri qvecnobieris
arqetipul maxasiaTeblebze. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, qarTuli
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, kerZod ki saeklesio galobis magaliTze
SevecdebiT.
winamdebare Sroma warmoadgens pirvel sakvalifikacio naSroms,
romelic qarTuli tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs eZRvneba. aRniSnuli
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis simwirem kidev ufro meti motivacia
SegvZina da dagvarwmuna, rom am mimarTulebiT kvleva Tanamedrove
kulturis kvlevaTa Soris erT-erTi prioritetia.
winamdebare naSromi dargTaSoriso kvelvaa, romelic musikis, rogorc
kluturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas gulisxmobs.
sxvagvarad, mas musikis anTropologiuri kvleva SegviZlia vuwodoT, sadac
musika – anTropologiis dargidan miRebuli samecniero midgomis
gamoyenebiT, kulturis konteqstSi Seiswavleba. zemoaRniSnuli midgomis
safuZvels, cxadia, araerTi samecniero Sroma warmoadgens; erT-erTi
maTgani, uSualod naSromis saTaurSive aRwers im princips, romlis
mixedviTac momijnave dargebis – musikologiis, eTnomusikologiisa da
kulturuli anTropologiis farglebSi, kvlevis mimarTulebam erTgvari
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evolucia ganicada. naSromis saxelwodebaa – A Survey of the Development of the
Theories of Ethnomusicology from 1955 to 2003. From “Sciencing about Music” To “People
Experiencing Music” (Alan D. Gordon, 2004). marTalia, kulturuli anTropologia
kvlevis konkretul samecniero meTods gulisxmobs, Tumca mizezi, Tu
ratom SeiZina anTropologiam saukunis mecnierebis datvirTva
dakavSirebulia anTropologiasTan, rogorc samyaroze farTo
humanitaruli xedvis mqone disciplinasTan (xuciSvili, 2008:101). winamdebare
naSromi interdisciplinuria imdenad, ramdenadac igi musikologiis,
eTnomusikologiisa da kulturuli anTropologiis disciplinebis
gamocdilebas eyrdnoba. zemoT aRniSnuli momijnave dargebis sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, meti sicxadisaTvis, CvenTvis saintereso da misaReb
ganmartebebs moviyvanT, romelsac bruno netli gvTavazobs. igi ganixilavs
`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis problemas da 120 wlis manZilze,
sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebebis
Semdeg CamonaTvals iZleva: `musikologia” (1880-iani wlebi), “SedarebiTi
musikologia” (daaxloebiT 1950 wlamde), `eTno-musikologia” (daaxloebiT
1950-1956 wlebi); es ukanaskneli maleve `eTnomusikologiad” gardaiqmna. b.
netlis TqmiT, defisis mocileba ideologiuri svla iyo, ramac
disciplinis damoukideblobas gausva xazi. avtori aseve miuTiTebs iseT
gansazRvrebebze, rogoric aris `kulturuli musikologia (j. kermani, 1985)
da `socio-musikologia” (s. feldi, 1984). gansazRvrebaTa cvlilebas avtori
inteleqtualuri orientirebisa da maxvilebis cvlilebas ukavSirebs (Nettl,
2005:3). disciplinebTan mimarTebiT, b. netli aRniSnavs, rom isini, vinc
`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis ZiebaSi arian, arCevans, qvemoT mocemuli
CamonaTvalidan erT-erTze akeTeben:
folkloruli musika, romelsac `primitiuls” uwodeben, romelic
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, adgilobrivia, SesaZloa uZveles musikalur-
kulturul Sres miekuTvnebodes;
aradasavluri da folkloruli musika;
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yvela im tipis musika, romelic mkvlevris kulturis gareT, an
kulturis miRma arsebobs;
yvela im tipis musika, romelic zepir tradiciaSi cocxlobs;
yvela im tipis musika, romelic adgilobrivia, magaliTad `tokios
eTnomusikologia”;
musika, romelic garkveuli mosaxleobis jgufisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli, romelic maTi sakuTrebaa, magaliTad amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis e. w. `Savi musika”;
yvela tipis Tanamedrove musika (g. Ceisi, 1958);
kacobriobis musika.
mkvlevrebis nawili, romelTa interesi aqtivobis garkveul tips
ukavSirdeba, SesaZloa qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi airCion:
1. musikaluri sistemebis da kulturebis SedarebiTi (komparatiuli)
kvleva, rac ZiriTadad musikologiur aqtivobad aris miCneuli;
2. erTi konkretuli sazogadoebis musikisa da musikaluri kulturis
fundamenturi – arsebiTad anTropologiuri analizi;
3. musikis, rogorc sistemebis, an niSanTa sistemebis Seswavla – aqtivoba,
romelic lingvistikasa da semiotikas ukavSirdeba;
4. musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis
Seswavla, musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi,
anTropologiis dargis safuZvelze miRebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT, rac
xSirad `musikis anTropologiad” iwodeba;
5. dasavleTis klasikuri musikis miRma arsebuli musikis Seswavla, rac
istorikosTa midgomebis gamoyenebiT, folkloristebis kvlevis areals
warmoadgens (Nettl, 2005:4-5).
da bolos avtori miuTiTebs imaze, rom eTnomusikologiis, rogorc
disciplinis identoba, xSiri ganxilvis sagania.Aazrebi Semdegnairad iyofa.
eTnomusikologia es aris:
1. srulyofili disciplina;
2. musikologiis ganStoeba;
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3. anTropologiis ganStoeba;
4. interdisciplinuri swavlebis sfero;
5. yovlismomcveli disciplina, romelic `musikologia” unda yofiliyo,
magram ver gaxda (Nettl, 2005:4-5).
zemoT CamoTvlilTagan Cven veyrdnobiT im kvleviT meTods, romelic
musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas
gulisxmobs. musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi, rasac
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xSirad musikis anTropologiis dargs
miakuTvneben.
Sesavlis pirvel gverdze xsenebulma globalizaciis procesma didi
roli Seasrula im niadagis momzadebaSi, romlis safuZvelzec qarTuli
kultura, maT Soris ki qarTuli tradiciuli musika, qveynis sazRvrebs
gascda. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTvel mkvlevrebTan erTad, qarTuli
mravalxmiani musikiT mravali ucxoeli mkvlevari dainteresebula da
dResac interesdeba; maT mier, aRniSnuli musikis mecnierul Seswavlas am
droisaTvis ukve didi istoria aqvs. specialistebis garda, qarTuli
xalxuri Tu saeklesio hangebiT ucxoeli momRerlebi, anda iseTi
adamianebi interesdebian, romlebsac eTnomusikologiasTan, an zogadad,
musikasTan manamde Sexeba ar hqoniaT. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT myofi
mkvlevrebisa da Semsruleblebis esoden did yuradRebas, vfiqrob,
TviTmyofad musikalur azrovnebasTan da ucxo hangis struqturaSi
garkvevasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli, mZlavri, cocxali zepiri
tradiciis mimarT interesic ganapirobebs.
cnobilia, rom mkvlevarTa ori ZiriTadi kategoriis mixedviT, erTni
im kulturis matarebelni arian (Insider), romelsac swavloben; Sesabamisad
maTi mxridan maTive kulturis kvleva xdeba `Signidan”. meoreni, Sesaswavli
kulturis matareblebad ar gvevlinebian (Outsider), isini `garedan” cdiloben
kulturis Seswavlas da im maxasiaTeblebis Secnobas, romelic maTTvis
ucxoa, radgan isini Tavad sxva kulturaSi aRizardnen 1960-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli, sakiTxma – vin `ukeT” swavlobs msoflio xalxTa musikas
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(kulturuli `insaideri” Tu `auTsaideri”), gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba
SeiZina. qarTul saeklesio galobasTan mimarTebiT mkvlevarTa oTx ZiriTad
kategorias ganvsazRvrav:
1. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelmac adgilobrivi ena ar icis, ar aris
marTlmadidebeli qristiani, ar galobs (arc saeklesio da arc saero
garemoSi), Tumca sagaloblebis musikalur struqturasa da
saSemsruleblo praqtikaSi arsebul tendenciebs siRrmiseulad
Seiswavlis;
2. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelic adgilobriv enas eufleba,
marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas Rebulobs da taZarSi galobs, radgan:
a) moswons es kultura da surs, rom is gaiTavisos (emociuri
midgoma);
b) miaCnia, rom Sesaswavl masalasTan amgvari siaxlove mis kvlevas
met damajerebelobas Sematebs (racionaluri midgoma);
g) zemoT aRniSnuli orive faqtoris erTdrouli gaTvaliswinebiT;
3. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis
mSobliuri enaa, Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlmadidebel
qristianad aris monaTluli, wirvaze daswrebis Cveva Tu survili ar
aqvs da mas mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare eswreba;
4. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis
mSobliuri enaa, Tavad aris marTlmadidebeli qristiani da aseve
mgalobeli (yvela am parametris gaTvaliswinebiT igi, rogorc
kulturasTan yvelaze daaxloebuli piri, mas Signidan ikvlevs).
zemoT CamoTvlil klasifikaciaSi varireba da oTxi ZiriTadi
kategoriis qvekategoriebad dayofaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca vfiqrob es Sors
wagviyvanda. oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriisgan Semdgar zemoaRniSnul
klasifikaciaSi mniSvnelovania distanciis sakiTxi, kerZod ki is, Tu
rogori manZilia mkvlevarsa da sakvlev obieqts Soris. pirvel da meoTxe
kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT met-naklebi sicxadea. pirveli aRiqmeba,
rogorc sakvlevi obieqtisgan yvelaze metad dacilebuli, xolo meoTxe ki
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– yvelaze daaxloebuli mkvlevari. meore da mesame kategoriasTan
mimarTebiT Cndeba kiTxva: romeli maTgania sakvlev obieqtTan ufro axlos,
is vinc axali kultura siRrmiseulad gaiTavisa Tu is, vinc am kulturis
wiaRSi daibada. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, piradi gamocdilebis
magaliTze, saintereso epizodebs aRwers eTnomusikologi bruno netli. am
epizodTagan erT-erTi maTgani, mis mier sparsuli musikis Seswavlis
periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac samxreT TeiranSi, gakveTilis dasasrulisas,
pedagogma mas Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `am musikas Sen verasdros gaigeb –
arsebobs raRac, rasac quCaSi gamvleli nebismieri sparsi rom gaaCero,
instiqtis doneze gaigebs, Sen ki rogorc ar unda ecado, verasdros
Cawvdebi mas”. bruno netli gaocda, magram mixvda ra, Tu rogor `wvdomas”
gulisxmobda misi pedagogi da upasuxa: `me arc maqvs imis molodini, rom
sparsul musikas Cavwvde ise, rogorc adgilobrivi mkvidri, me mxolod imis
amoxsnas vcdilob, Tu ra principebs emyareba es musika”; razec pedagogma
uTxra: `magis swavlas albaT SeZleb, magram eg arc Tu ise mniSvnelovania”
(Nettl, 1983, 2005:149). erTi SexedviT, mkvlevari, romlisTvisac kvlevis sagani,
misive mSobliuri kulturis nawilia, xolo sakvlevis masalisa Tu
informantebis (eTnoforebis) ena – mkvlevris mSobliuri ena, mowinave
poziciaSia im mecnierTan, romlisTvisac sakvlevi masala da misi
kulturuli konteqsti ucxoa, magram praqtikidan gamomdinare Cven vxedavT,
rom orive maTgans, Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone kvlevis Catareba SeuZlia.
aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom ucxo musikalur kulturaze
dakvirvebisas, enobrivi Tu sxva kulturuli barierebis pirobebSi,
mkvlevars ganksauTrebuli sifrTxile marTebs, raTa mecnierebas, misi
kvlevis Sedegad mcdari informaciis matarebeli, saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis mqone Sroma ar SemorCes.
zemoaRniSnuli oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriidan mimaCnia, rom meore aris
monawile-damkvirvebeli (Participant observation), mesame ki damkvirvebeli. amaTgan
sagnis SeswavlaSi garkveuli wvlilis Setana oTxive kategoriis mkvlevars
SeuZlia, rac pirvel rigSi SedarebiTi kvlevis meTods ukavSirdeba; Tumca
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kulturis miRma myofi im mkvlevris muSaoba, romelic damkvirvebelTan
erTad monawilec1 xdeba, sakvlev obieqtTan ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebs.
da bolos. umniSvnelovanesia, rom kulturis SigniT myofi mkvlevari,
analitikur distancias flobdes; mas unda hqondes unari sakuTar
kulturas odnav mocildes da mas obieqturad daakvirdes.
Cemi sakvalifikacio naSromis meTodologiur bazas Seadgens:
• eTnomusikologiur naSromebSi gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi da kulturul-
anTropologiuri meTodologia; • interdisciplinuri kvlevis meTodi;
• raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi kvlevis meTodebi (monawileoba-dakvirveba,
gamokiTxva, statistika); • istoriuli analizis meTodi; • samusikismcodneo medievistikis samecniero gamocdileba;
• Cem mier winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Sedgenili kiTxvari, romelic
erTi konkretuli tipis fokus-jgufisTvisaa gankuTvnili; naSromSi viyeneb
interviuebs im adamianebTan, romlebic Cemi kvlevis sferoSi praqtikul
saqmianobas ewevian.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle – qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani
galoba amgvari dargTaSoriso kvlevis sagani aqamde ar gamxdara;
kulturuli anTropologiis, musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis
mimarTulebaTa safuZvelze, tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, saeklesio galoba
da kulturuli TviTmyofadoba erTian konteqstSi ganixileba. naSromis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils, Tanamedrove mgalobelTa gamokiTxva
warmoadgens, romlis safuZvelze, Cven konkretuli daskvnebis gakeTebis
SesaZlebloba mogveca. daskvnebi, Tanamedrove qarTul yofaSi tradiciuli
saeklesio mravalxmianobis rolsa da mis mniSvnelobas moiazrebs.
gamovlenilia is ZiriTadi xedva, romelic dRevandel dRes galobis
irgvliv arsebul problematikas ukavSirdeba.
1 monawile – ara mxolod, rogorc mecnieri, romelic ama Tu im kulturiTaa garemoculi, sxvadasxva qmedebaSi – mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare monawileobs, aramed monawile, rogorc individi, romlis gemovnebisTvisac ama Tu im kulturis esTetika srulebiT misaRebia.
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naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba – qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianobisa da qarTuli saeklesio galobis sakiTxebis samecniero
kvlevebSi gamoyenebaa. vfiqrobT, naSromi daexmareba rogorc uSualod
qarTuli tradiciuli musikiTa da musikismcodneobis sakiTxebiT
dainteresebulT, ise kulturis kvlevebisa da kulturuli anTropologiis
sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebs, aseve maT, vinc musikaluri identobis
sakiTxebiT arian dainteresebulni. winamdebare naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs,
ara mxolod sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs, aramed praqtikos
regentebsa Tu mgaloblebs. naSromSi pirvelad aris Tavmoyrili is
ucxouri samecniero midgomebi, romlebic tradiciuli musikis SeswavliT
dainteresebul studentebsa da mkvlevrebs daxmarebas gauwevs.
kvlevis ZiriTadi sagania qarTuli saeklesio galoba, rogorc
vokaluri mravalxmiani azrovnebisa da koleqtiuri locvis forma.
Tanamedrove sociumSi, zemoaRniSnuli azrovnebis gamovlenaze dakvirveba
Cemi kvlevis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens.
sakvalifikacio naSromis I Tavi - kulturuli da musikaluri
identobis aspeqtebi, identobas, rogorc sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
Tanamedrove kvlevebis, maT Soris ki kulturuli anTropologiis dargis
erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxad ganixilavs. Cemi azriT, globalizaciis
procesis fonze, sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam meti simZafriT
iCina Tavi da aRniSnuli procesis Seswavlis saWiroebac dadga.
urTierTgaxsnil kulturul sivrceSi, sadac kulturaTa gacvla
yovelwuTier xasiaTs atarebs, kulturasTan erTad, kulturuli identobis
cnebac zogjer erovnul CarCos scdeba da mravalkulturul garemoSi
hibriduli formiT yalibdeba.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, kulturuli
identobis amgvar ganmartebas vemxrobi: kulturuli identoba vlindeba,
rogorc koleqtiur, ise individualur doneze. igi warmoadgens: istoriaze,
genetikur kavSirze, erovnebaze, sacxovrebel adgilze, sametyvelo enaze,
saerTo Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli parametrebis nakrebs, romelTanac
individi sakuTari Tavis kulturul identifikacias axdens. kulturuli
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identoba erTi mxriv sakuTari Tavis Secnobas, xolo meore mxriv ki
sakuTari Tavis sxvebTan kavSirSi Secnobas gulisxmobs.
pirvel TavSi, erTi da imave kulturis farglebSi, kulturuli
insaiderisa da auTsaideris funqcionirebis sakiTxia dasmuli. sainteresoa,
identobis ra formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli
auTsaideri ucxo qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es
ucxo kultura misi kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT
fenomens SeZenil identobas vuwodeb, romlis pirobebSi ara genetikur,
aramed ucxo kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul (musikalur)
identobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
pirveli Tavis dasasruls, yuradRebas kulturuli identobis
krizisze vamaxvileb; magaliTis saxiT, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
saeklesio galobis mimarTulebiT arsebul erT-erT yvelaze did
problemas – qarTul taZrebSi RvTismsaxurebis araqarTuli hangis
TanxlebiT aRvlenas, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufis magaliTze
ganvixilav.
naSromis II Tavi – musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi), eTmoba musikis
anTropologias, rogorc axal mimarTulebas da igi ganxilulia
dargTaSoriso konteqstSi, im ZiriTadi samecniero Sromebis safuZvelze,
romlebic musikis anTropologiisa da mis momijnave dargebSi Sesrulda.
meore TavSi ganxilulia sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria, rogorc
sazRvargareTuli, ise qarTuli samecniero literaturis farglebSi;
aRwerilia anTropologebis, eTnomusikologebis, musikologebis,
istorikosebisa da eTnologebis is xedva da midgomebi, romelTa gareSe
musikis anTropologia, rogogrc dargi ver iarsebebs. aRniSnuli Tavis
praqtikuli Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi pirvelad aris
Tavmoyrili da damuSavebuli is umniSvnelovanesi dasavluri samecniero
literatura, romlis gareSec tradiciuli musikis Seswavla
warmoudgeneli iqneboda; Sesabamisad, naSromi am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli
qarTveli studentebisa Tu mkvlevrebisaTvis gamosadegia. meore TavSi
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vexebi qarTul tradiciuli mravalxmianobis – rogorc musikis istoriul
da Teoriul, aseve eTnomusikologiur da anTropologiur mxareebs.
aRvniSnav ra tradiciuli mravalxmiani musikis socialuri sawyisis Sesaxeb,
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobasTan mimarTebiT Semdeg mosazrebas
gamovTqvam: qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens socialur-
funqciuri mravalxmianobis iseT formas, romelic ramdenime Semsruleblis
mier SemoqmedebiTi individualobis urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia. am
procesSi adamianTa Soris siaxlovis, urTierTdamokidebulebis garkveuli
xasiaTi da principi – gansxvavebulobiT miRweuli erTianoba vlindeba.
winamdebare sakvalifikacio naSromis meore Tavi moicavs, erTi mxriv,
koleqtiuri musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegad miRebuli vokaluri
mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis istoriul-Teoriul wanamZRvrebs, meore
mxriv ki uSualod qarTuli saeklesio galobis warmoSobis savarudo
periodsa da masTan dakavSirebul ramdenime musikologiur-medievistur
Sromas exeba.
aRniSnul TavSi, tradiciuli musikaluri struqturis analiziTan da
terminologiasTan dakavSirebul Cemeul xedvasac vexebi da ganvamrtav, Tu
ratom aris Cem mier amave TavSi SemoTavazebuli saxeldebebi ufro upriani
im musikalur masalasTan mimarTebiT, romelic eTnomusikologiuri, anda
anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes.
tradiciuli musikaluri kulturisa da mravalxmiani galobis
Camoyalibebis konteqstSi, meore TavSi, winareqristianuli da qristianuli
kulturebis urTierTmimarTebis problemac ganixileba. qarTlis
gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebiT viziareb mosazrebas, rom garda politikur-
diplomatiuri mizezebisa, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis
mizezi, sazogadoebis mxridan sulieri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal
etapze gadasvlis mzaobaSia.
naSromis III Tavi – qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, uSualod galobis
irgvliv arsebul problematikas exeba. mesame TavSi warmodgenilia mcire
istoriuli eqskursi, romelic qarTuli saeklesio galobis sferoSi,
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upiratesad XIX saukunis mdgomareobas asaxavs. aRniSnuli istoriuli
mimoxilva imdroindeli sasuliero pirebis, sazogado moRvaweebisa Tu
mwerlebis saxelebs moicavs, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris, radgan rogorc
wyaroebidan Cans, maT yvelas erovnuli TviTSegnebis mZafri gancda da
qarTuli saeklesio galobisadmi gaweuli amagi aerTianebT. rodesac
vsaubrobT galobaze, rogorc kulturuli da musikaluri identobis
nawilze, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT im adamianebs, romlebic, miuxedavad
imisa, rom sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi arian da xSir SemTxvevaSi
saeklesio galobasTan uSualo kavSirSi ar imyofebian, isini
sakvalifikacio naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas, yvelaze
TvalsaCino magaliTad gvevlinebian, radgan swored kulturuli identobis
konteqstSi, qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRdgenis saqmeSi maT udidesi
wvlili Seitanes.
mesame Tavis mniSvnelovan nawils Cem mier Catarebuli gamokiTxva da
misi Sedegebi warmoadgens. Cvens dargSi momuSave araerTi mecnieris
kvaldakval, naSromis am nawilSi informantebis interviudan amonaridebia
moyvanili, rac erTi mxriv masalis aRqmas mniSvnelovnad amartivebs, meore
mxriv ki ufro met damajereblobas sZens mas. amave mizeziT, pasuxebis
nawili mcire rukebSia asaxuli, romelTa sruli versia naSromis danarTSi
ganvaTavseT. Cem mier Sedgenili kiTxvari, galobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis vrcel da vfiqrob – amomwurav speqtrs moicavda, romelTa
Soris, sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gverdiT ganvixileT: samgaloblo
repertuaris, galobis saSemsruleblo stilis, galobis musikaluri,
religiuri da socialuri aspeqtebi.
mokled aRvwerT im sakiTxebs, romlebic uSualod informatTa mier
mwvaved daisva. esenia ganaTlebis sakiTxi, maT Soris:
1. uSualod mgalobelTa profesiuli ganaTleba, rac galobis
xarisxs aamaRlebda,
2. galobis mimarTulebiT sasuliero pirebis ukeT ganaTleba, rac
mgaloblebisTvis saWiro platformas Seqmnida,
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3. saqarTvelos saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da
musikalur skolebSi galobis gakveTilebis SemoReba, (rac erTi mxriv am
sferos mcodneTa ricxvs gazrdida, meore mxriv ki galobis mimarT
sazogadoebis mxridan dainteresebasa da damokidebulebas axal – ufro
maRal safexurze aiyvanda).
galobis saqmis materialuri uzrunvelyofa; galobis Sesrulebis
xarisxisa da mgalobelTa gundebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT regionebSi
arsebul arc Tu ise saxarbielo mdgomareoba; zogierT taZarSi
arakanonikuri galobis Sesaruleba. zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis vrceli
mimoxilvis Sedegad, dgeba kulturis politikis, rogorc aRniSnul
problemaTa mogvarebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro eqfeqturi saSualebis
sakiTxi.
daskvniT TavSi Sevecade warmomeCina is, Tu rogor
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia qarTuli galoba da kulturuli identoba
Tanamedrove – dRevandel saqarTveloSi; gamomerkvia is mizezebi, romelTa
gamo sxvadasxva asakisa da profesiis adamianebma saerTo saqmes – saeklesio
galobas mihyves xeli.
Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interesis sagania qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmiani musikis mniSvnelobaze dakvirveba: 1. qarTul sekularul
sazogadoebaSi, 2. aramarTlmadidebeli, gansxvavebuli konfesiis mqone
qarTvelebSi, 3. emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebSi. empiriuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze vvaraudob, rom qarTul mravalxmian sagalobels, zemoT
CamoTvlil sam kategoriaSi Semavali adamianebisTvisac garkveuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba, xolo Tu ramdenad didia qarTuli tradiciuli
musikis mniSvneloba da rogori formiT gamoixateba igi, amas kvlevis
momdevno etapebi gviCvenebs. calke Seswavlis sagnad, saqarTvelos
monastrebSi, galobis kuTxiT arsebuli mdgomareoba mimaCnia. am
mimarTulebiT Casatarebeli samomavlo kvleva swored monasterebiT unda
diwyos, rac problemaTa identificirebis kidev ufro Rrma da safuZvlian
SesaZleblobas mogvcemda.
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rogorc winamdebare naSromis farglebSi, ise momaval kvlevaSi, Cemi
mizania qarTuli saeklesio galobis, rogorc kulturul, musikalur da
religiur identobasTan dakavSirebuli aqtis gamovlinebis im formaze
dakvirveba, romelic informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul uwyvet
tradicias ukavSirdeba.
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Tavi pirveli
kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi
„msoflio istoriis manZilze adamianebma sxvadasxva tipis jgufi,
iseTi kriteriumebis safuZvelze Seqmnes, romelic Cven – maTgan gangvarCevs“
(Grosby. 2005:1). identoba, socialur TeoriaTa ganxilvaSi, erT-erTi wamyvani
Temaa. identoba – filosofiaSi, kulturasa da religiaSi – es mxolod
nawilia im mimarTulebebisa, romelSic identobis sakiTxebsa da maT
Seswavlas didi adgili eTmoba. Identitas (laT.) – msgavsebas, erTgvarobas,
igiveobas, erTsaxeobas niSnavs. religiaSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla,
identobis formirebis iseT specifiur saxes gulisxmobs, rodesac wina
planze, ama Tu im religiaSi koleqtiuri mikuTvnebulobis (wevrobis)
grZnobaa wamoweuli; am TvalsazrisiT igi erovnuli da kulturuli
identobis analogs warmoadgens. adamianis religiur identobaze
dakvirvebisas, samecniero kvlevebSi, ramdenime faqtorze gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba gamaxvilda; maT Soris: 1. erovnebaze, 2. imaze, Tu romel Taobas
warmoadgens Seswavlis esa Tu is subieqti, 3. sqesze. aRniSnul faqtorebs,
xalxTa kulturuli identobis kvlevaSic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
entoni smiti, Tavisi naSromiს erovnuli identoba (National Identity),
pirvelive TavSi aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoebis winaSe, identobis sakiTxi
jer kidev Zv. w. a. 429 wels dadga, maSin, rodesac sofokles „oidipos mefe“
daidga. avtoris TqmiT, am nawarmoebis centralur problemas, swored
identoba warmoadgens (Smith, 1991:1). ganagrZobs ra oidiposis magaliTze
identobis Temis ganxilvas, smiti gamoyofs im kategoriebs, romelTa
safuZvelze koleqtiuri identoba yalibdeba. esenia: 1. sqesi, 2.
sacxovrebeli adgili (teritoria), 3. socialuri klasi, (socialur-
ekonomikuri identoba), (Smith, 1991:4). aRniSnul naSromSi, smiti im
fundamentur maxasiaTeblebs ayalibebs, romlebic erovnul identobas
gansazRvraven. esenia:
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16
1. istoriuli teritoria – samSoblo;
2. saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;
3. saerTo masobrivi kultura;
4. saerTo kanonieri uflebebi da movaleobebi;
5. saerTo ekonomika; (Smith, 1991:14).
erovnuli identobis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi
politikur ideologiasa Tu sxvadasxva socialur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba,
sazogadoebis liberalur nawils, araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba –
ZiriTadad ki inteleqtualuri skepticizmi axasiaTebs; Tumca meore mxriv,
sxvadasxva droSi, swored inteleqtualebma (filosofiaSi, literaturaSi,
poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi) warmoaCines samSoblo, rogorc aseTi, wina planze
gamoitanes erovnuli cnobierebis sakiTxi. amis magaliTad, sxvadasxva
qveynis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) profesiul musikaSi, erovnuli skolebis
Camoyalibebac gamogvadgeba; Sedegad ki ama Tu im qveynis tradiciuli
musikiT gajerebuli akademiuri musika Seiqmna.
e. smiti, ganixilavs ra erovnuli identobis doqtrinas, aRniSnavs,
rom:
1. samyaro sxvadasxva erisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul ers individualoba,
istoria da bedi gamoarCevs;
2. eri – es aris wyaro yovelgvari politikuri Tu socialuri
Zlierebisa;
3. adamianebma sakuTari Tavis - erTan identificireba unda moaxdinon,
Tu maT surT, rom iyvnen Tavisufalni da sakuTari Tavi Seicnon;
4. erebi unda iyvnen Tavisufalni da daculni, raTa msoflioSi
mSvidobam da samarTlianobam ibatonos; (Smith, 1991:74).
entoni smitis gansazRvrebiT, nacionalizmi – es aris kulturis
forma – ideologia, ena, miTologia, simbolizmi da cnobiereba, romelsac
globaluri rezonansi aqvs, xolo eri – warmoadgens iseTi tipis
identobas, rodesac mniSvneloba da prioriteti, kulturis zemoTaRniSnuli
formiT aris nakarnaxevi (Smith, 1991:92).
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mkafiod gamoxatuli kulturuli identoba, sakuTari kulturuli
konteqstis da TviTmyofadobis stabilur gancdas gulisxmobs, rac Tavis
mxriv subieqtur grZnobebs ukavSirdeba da es grZnobebi mimarTulia im
obieqturi garemos mimarT, romelSic konkretuli Temi Tu individi
cxovrobs, an aRizarda. aRniSnul kulturul konteqstSi gaurkvevloba da
eWvis Setana identobis kriziss iwvevs, rac Tanamedrove socialuri
Teoriis kidev erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad gvevlineba. calke Seswavlis
sagania ama Tu im ideologiis farglebSi arsebuli simboloebisa da
adamianis piradi identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi (Barnett, 1977:276).
kulturuli identoba, erTis mxriv ucvlel da mudmiv kategoriebs moicavs,
meores mxriv ki sakmaod gaxsnilia da cvlilebebsac eqvemdebareba,
gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel kulturul sistemasTan gvaqvs xangrZlivi
urTierToba. winamdebare naSromis erT-erT umTavres amocanasac swored
imis Cveneba warmoadgens, Tu rogor da ra formiT aris qarTuli
mravalxmianoba, kerZod ki saeklesio mravalxmiani galoba, kulturuli
identobis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da ucvleli kategoria. aRniSnuli
sakiTxi gansakuTrebul interess iZens imis fonze, rom Tavad qarTuli
kultura, mkafiod gamoxaturli TviTmyofadobis miuxedavad, Tavisi bunebiT
yovelTvis gaxsnili iyo ucxo kulturaTa mimarT da arasdros qonia
Caketili sazRvrebi, rasac garkveulwilad qveynis istoriuli bedic
ganapirobebda.
vexebi ra gansazRvrebebs „erovnuli identoba“ da „kulturuli
identoba“, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom erovnuli kultura, romlis
wiaRSic Cven vibadebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi vizrdebiT kidec, warmoadgens
im ZiriTad resurss, romliTac Cveni kulturuli identoba sazrdoobs.
kulturuli sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTanac adreuli asakidanve Cven
yovelwuTieri Sexeba gvaqvs, CvenSi erTgvar arqetips ayalibeben, romlis
safuZvelzec mogvianebiT ukve Cven Tavad vzrdiT momaval Taobas.
specifiuri socialuri garemo, Cven mier gaTavisebuli wes-Cveulebebi,
gamocdileba, zepiri Tu werilobiTi wyaros saSualebiT miRebuli codna
qmnis im zogaderovnul cnobierebas, romelic erTi kulturis farglebSi
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mcxovreb, mravali niSniT gansxvavebul or adamiansac ki erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs.
rogor urTierTqmedebaSia kulturuli identoba globalizaciis
procesTan. aq or mniSvnelovan aspeqts unda gaesvas xazi. erTi mxriv,
swored globalizaciisadmi bunebrivad gaCenilma winaaRmdegobrivma Zalam
ganapiroba is, rom sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam mZafrad iCina
Tavi da rogorc sakvlevma Tematikam wina planze wamoiwia; meore mxriv ki
globalizaciis fonze, rodesac samyaro TiTqos dapataravda, manZilebi
damoklda, informaciis myisieri gavrcelebis Sedegad, dedamiwis erT
wertilSi momxdari ambavi, sruliad sapirispiro mxares – Sors myof
adamianebze axdens gavlenas, kulturuli identoba erovnul CarCos gascda
da mravalkulturul garemoSi hibriduli forma SeiZina.
vidre uSualod musikaluri identobis sakiTxebs SevexebodeT, gvsurs
Zalian mokled ganvixiloT religiuri identobis Temac, vinaidan:
1. religiuri identoba – sakuTriv adamianis identobis gamovlenis
erT-erTi mkafio formaa;
2. religiuri identoba mWidro kavSirSia kulturul identobasTan da
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ukanasknelis nawilsac Seadgens, imdenad,
ramdenadac religiuri wesCveulebebi adamianis kulturuli identobis
maxasiaTebelTa mniSvnelovan speqtrs ayalibebs;
3. Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero, swored religiur – sasuliero hangs
ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi regionis – aWaris magaliTze, romlis
gamahmadianeba am regionis geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, qarTvelTa religiuri identobis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo
cnobebs gvawvdis anTropologi maTais pelkmansi. Tavis naSromSi Defending
The Border. Identity, Religion and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia (sazRvris dacva.
identoba, religia da Tanamedroveoba saqarTvelos respublikaSi), igi
aRwers im eqspedicias, romelic 2000 wels maRalmTian aWaraSi
ganaxorciela. es swored is periodia, rodesac saqarTvelo – qristeSobis
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2000 da saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlis TariRs aRniSnavda. zemoT
CamoTvlil TariRebTan erTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da
misi mrevli, saqarTveloSi andria pirvelwodebulisa da masTan erTad
qristianobis Semosvlis 2000 welsac zeimobda. aWaris regioni, sayovelTao
naTlisRebis saidumlos araerTi aRsrulebiT aris cnobili da wignis
meore nawilis bolos, me-6 paragrafSi – Ancestors and Enemies in Conversion to
Christianity (winaprebi da mtrebi qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevisas)
maTais pelkmansic swored aWaraSi, qristes sjulze moqcevis procesis
TvalsaCinoebisTvis, ramdenime ambavs mogviTxrobs. avtoris TqmiT, im
rTuli motivaciebis gageba, romelmac adamianebs gaqristianebisken ubiZga,
SesaZlebelia uSualod maTTan saubrebiT da imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras
yvebian axladgaqristianebulebi TavianTi naTlobis Sesaxeb (Pelkmans,
2006:144). wignSi sxvadasxva adamianTa narativia aRwerili. erT-erTi maTgani
1958 welsaa dabadebuli da Tavad aRniSnavs, rom „namdvil aTeistur
periodSi“ gaizarda. amis miuxedavad, misi mSoblebi islamis wes-Cveulebebis
aqtiuri mimdevrebi yofilan. Svils xumrobiT zogjer „patara warmarTsac“
ki uwodebdnen. skolis dasrulebis Semdeg, ambis mTavarma gmirma swavla
baTumis pedagogiur institutSi ganagrZo da rogorc Tavad ambobs, am
periods mis gaqristianebaze araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan
institutSi, religiaze saubari mkacrad ikrZaleboda da am sakiTxisadmi
interesi Tavadac ar gaCenia. 4 wlis Semdeg igi xuloSi dabrunda da coli
SeirTo. „Cemi qorwilis (1982 w.) Semdeg, me da Cemi meuRle male Tbiliss
vestumreT. SemTxveviT mama-daviTis eklesiasTan aRmovCndiT; taZris kari
Ria iyo da saeklesio gundis xma ismoda. am hangis silamazem gamaogna da
meuRles vuTxari, rom taZarSi Sesvla msurda. me aRfrTovanebuli viyavi.
arc ki vicodi iq Sesuls ra wesebi unda damecva; iqaurma silamazem
sruliad gamitaca. TiTqosda vipovne simSvide, is rasac mTeli Cemi
cxovrebis manZilze veZiebdi, es iyo Cemi cxovrebis, Cemi kulturis nawili“
(Pelkmans, 2006:145). avtoris TqmiT, xuloSi dabrunebis Semdeg,
qristianobisadmi misi interesi minelda. 1991 wels, erT-erTi adgilobrivi
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skola, wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis sasuliero liceumad
gadakeTda, sadac igi rusuli enis pedagogad moewyo; „nel-nela me Cems Zvel
religias davubrundi; religias, romelsac Cemi winaprebi 2000 wlis winaT
misdevdnen. gaqristianeba, CemTvis ioli gadawyvetileba ar iyo. gavecani ra
garkveul wyaroebs, davrwmundi, rom Cemi winabrebi namdvilad qristianebi
yofilan. 1999 wels, mama iosebis daxmarebiT me barieri davamsxvrie. misive
daxmarebiT mahmadianur ritualebsa da wes-Cveulebebs Tavi davaRwie da Cems
mSobliur religias davubrundi. mamaCemi am ambavs yvelaze ukeT Sexvda,
gacilebiT ukeT vidre deda da meuRle. bunebrivia, maT winaaRmdegobis
gaweva scades, magram me avuxseni, rom es Cemi winaprebis religia iyo. mas
Semdeg, rac sasuliero liceumSi daviwye muSaoba, ojaxSi augadac
mixseniebdnen da ambobdnen, rom Zalian Sevicvale, magram me Cemi gzis
erTguli davrCi“ (Pelkmans, 2006:145).
momdevno ambis gmirisTvisac, umniSvnelovanes faqtorad gvevlineba
qristianoba – rogorc misi winaprebis religia. igi 1996 wels, xulos
axladgaxsnil taZarSi moinaTla.…„ufro adre, Cemi mezoblebis gamo ar
movinaTle. amgvari nabijis gadadgma, maTTvis warmoudgenelia... maTi
TvalTaxedviT, Cveni religia – islamia... gaqristianeba CemTvis ioli
gadasawyveti ar yofila. mezoblebma miTxres, rom didi Secdoma davuSvi, me
ki yovelTvis vpasuxobdi, rom swori gadawyvetileba miviRe da Cemi
winaprebis gzas davadeqi. qristianad monaTvlis gamo, mamaCemTan problema
ar Semqmnia. is dRemde namdvili komunistia da miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
mSoblebi muslimebi iyvnen, mama praqtikulad aTeistia“ (Pelkmans, 2006:146).
wignis avtori aRniSnavs, rom misi informanti xSirad wuxda imis gamo, Tu
rogor ucodinrobas amJRavebdnen misi mezoblebi, ugulvebelyofdnen ra
istoriul simarTles. „isini ver xedaven – islami aq aris mxolod imitom,
Turqebma mogvaxvies Tavs.“ m. pelkmansi dasZens, rom ambis gmirs, islamuri
warsulisgan Tavis daRweva surda da misi qristianad monaTvla,
SesaZlebelia davinaxoT, rogorc misTvis ucxo da aramSobliuri
sawyisisgan ganwmendis erTgvari rituali. misi am gadawyvetilebis gamo,
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yvela moxaruli ar yofila, Tumca, amisTvis axladgaqristianebul kacs
didi yuradReba ar miuqcevia. „mas Semdeg, rac Cemma meuRlem gaigo, rom
Cveni qal-vaJi qristianebad movnaTle, igi atirda. mas eSinoda, rom Cveni
Svilebis SerTvas aRaravin moisurvebda. gegoneba me msurda muslimi siZe!
piriqiT, naTlobam yvelaferi gaamartiva; axla mxolod Sesaferisi
kandidatebi SeirTaven maT“ (Pelkmans, 2006:147).
zemoT monaTxrob ambebSi, wina planze wamoweulia, erTi mxriv
qristianobis, rogorc winaprebis religiis sawyisi, xolo meore mxriv ki
informantebis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri foni da
ojaxis wevrebTan garTulebuli urTierTobebi. is, ramac m. pelkmansis
aRniSnul wignSi hpova asaxva, naTlad uCvenebs erT regionSi mcxovreb
adamianTa konkretuli jgufis damokidebulebas sakuTari religiuri
mikuTvnebulobis mimarT. maT saubarSi mkafiod ikveTeba kavSiri religiur
identobasa da tradiciul (winaprebis) kulturas Soris. m. pelkmansis mier
Cvenamde motanili ambebSi, TviTgamorkvevis procesSi, sasuliero musikis
rolic aris naCvenebi, ris gamoc informantebis istoriebi CemTvis kidev
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.
musika, rogorc istoriuli mexsierebis matarebeli dargi da
kacobriobis azrovnebisa Tu qmedebis erT-erTi originaluri formaa,
romelic sxvadasxva xalxis urTierTganmasxvavebel kategoriad gvevlineba
da socialur-kulturuli garemos ganuyofel atributs warmoadgens.
martin stouqsi, SesavalSi wignisa Ethnicity, Identity and Music (eTnikuroba,
identoba da musika), xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom eTnikurobis Teoriebma,
Cveni drois eTnomusikologiasa da musikologias mkafio kvali daamCnies.
avtoris TqmiT, anTropologTa mier musikiT dainteresebis potenciur
areals swored zemoaRniSnuli kavSiri warmoadgens (Stokes, 1994:vii). erTi
mxriv, eTnikuri sazRvrebis farglebSi, sxvadasxva xalxis kulturuli –
maT Soris musikaluri identobebis maxasiaTeblebi vlindeba, meore mxriv,
ki `musikaluri ena, rogorc eris sulieri kulturis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mxare, eTnikuri Taviseburebis gamomxatvelia. xalxuri musika
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Seicavs ara mxolod esTetikur, aramed eTnikur funqcias“ (maisuraZe,
2003:284). musikis, rogorc kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Cem mier SesavalSive aRiniSna. am kuTxiT Tu
vimsjelebT, tradiciuli musika, sazogadoebaSi hpovebs asaxvas da piriqiT
– entoni sigeris mosazrebasze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rom
musikaSi Tavad sazogadoeba aisaxeba, rac yofis socialuri organizebis
aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba. ikvlevs ra suias sazogadoebas, avtors miaCnia, rom
am sazogadoebis Seswavla swored maTi musikis meSveobiT aris
SesaZlebeli; entoni sigeris TqmiT `suias (braziliis mkvidri mosaxleoba,
e.d.) sazogadoeba iyo orkestri, maTi sofeli – sakoncerto darbazi, xolo
maTi yovelwliuri cxovreba – simRera“ (Seeger, 1987:140). martin stouqsis
TqmiT, e. sigeris Sroma fundamenturi argumentia, romelSic rig
sakiTxebTan erTad, avtorma is Teoriuli dayofa daZlia, rac musikis
Seswavlasa da sazogadoebis Seswavlas Soris arsebobs. am msjelobiT
msurs ganvamtkico Cemi mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom musikalur
strategiaSi, eris RirebulebaTa sistema vlindeba; tradiciuli musikis
safuZvelze, Cven vRebulobT informacias da codnas ama Tu im xalxis
Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnul SromaSi, Sesavlis erT-erT paragrafSi –
hibriduloba da gansxvaveba (Hybridity and Difference) m. stouqsi aRniSnavs:
„cxadia, rom musika danaxulia rogorc simboluri aqtivobebis sfero,
romelsac nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba“ (Stokes,
1994:15).2
Tomas turino, naSromSi `Music as Social Life” (musika, rogorc socialuri
cxovreba) musikas xelovnebis calkeul dargad ar ganixilavs; avtori
musikas ukavSirebs iseT aqtivobebs, romelic adamianad yofnis sxvadasxva
gzasa da saWiroebebs gulisxmobs. `ufro siRrmiseulad ki me vamtkiceb,
rom musikaluri Tanamonawileoba da gamocdileba Rirebulia piradi da
socialuri integraciis procesebisaTvis” (Turino, 2008:1). avtori aseve
2 m. stouqsis am gansazRvrebis paralelurad, sagulisxmoa, rom eTnomusikologiam, rogorc disciplinam, emigrantebiT dasaxlebul iseT saxelmwifoSi hpova ganviTareba, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia.
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saubrobs imaze, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs musikas (da cekvas)
adamianebis TviTgamorkvevisa da maTi identobis gansazRvraSi.
turino xazs usvams CemTvis metad sagulisxmo garemoebas da wers,
rom `dResdReobiT adamianebi sityva identobas ise gamoiyeneben, TiTqos es
sityva niSnavdes igives, rasac sityva sakuTari niSnavs, magram
mniSvnelovania konceptualurad ori sawyisi ganvasxvaoT, socialur
samyaroSi idnividualuri da koleqtiuri identobebis funqciebidan
gamomdinare. sakuTari – es aris kompoziti, romelic Cvevebis jamur
raodenobas moicavs da es Cvevebi gansazRvravs Cveni azrovnebis, grZnobis,
gamocdilebisa da qmedebis tendenciebs. zemoaRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT,
identoba Cvevebis nawilobriv da cvalebad SerCevas gulisxmobs,
romlebsac Cven sakuTari Tavis warsadgenad viyenebT, rogorc Cvenive Tavis,
ise sxvebis winaSe...” (Turino, 2008:101-102).
naSromSi – Singing the Right Way: Orthodox Christians and Secular Enchantment in
Estonia (sworad mRera: marTlmadidebeli qristianebi da sekularuli
momxibvleloba), jefers engelhardti mkiTxvels saintereso eTnografias
acnobs da aRwers, Tu rogor ar iSureben estoneTSi mcxovrebi
marTlmadidebeli qristianebi (eTnikuri estonelebi, romlebmac me-19
saukuneSi marTlmadidebluri qristianoba miiRes) Zalisxmevas saimisod,
rom taZarSi sworad igalobon; maTTvis es cxovrebiseuli gzis sworad
warmarTvas niSnavs, rac RvTismsaxurebasa da liturgikul gamocdilebas
ukavSirdeba. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, es aris ambavi imaze, Tu rogor
gaerTianda sworad mReris ideis qveS Semsruleblis xma, saSemsruleblo
manera, marTlmadidebloba da estoneloba. `es aris estoneTSi mcxovrebi
religiuri umciresobis rwmenisa da cxovrebis eTnografia da istoria...”
(Engelhardt, 2014:4).
musikaluri identobis ganxilvisas, erT-erTi mniSvnelovan aspeqts,
emigrantebis mier, mSobliuri tradiciuli musikis aRqma warmoadgens.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi, calke sakvalifikacio naSromis Temaa da es
mimarTuleba Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interess warmoadgens. merab
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mamardaSvilis qvemoT moyvanili citata, yvelaze ufro mkafiod aRwers
imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens qarTuli tradiciuli simRera qarTveli
adamianis cnobierebaze: `me qarTveli var, radgan rogorc sulierad, ise
moralurad, me qarTuli mravalxmiani struqturis produqti var...zogierTi
Cemi sulieri SesaZleblobis bedi qarTulma musikam gansazRvra... am musikam
me mSoba. me vgulisxmob Cemi pirovnulis im Semadgenels, rasac eTnikuri da
erovnuli qvia... amitomac, rodesac qarTveli mReris an usmens simReras,
masSi xelaxla ibadeba qarTveli...” (mamardaSvili, 2000:292-293). am sityvebiT,
avtorma Tavad sakiTxis aqtualobasac gausva xazi da rogorc izali
zemcovski aRniSnavs „am aRsarebiT merab mamardaSvili gvaZlevs Temas da
davalebas momavlisaTvis...“ (zemcovski, 2003:43).
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, sagulisxmo Sromas gvTavazobs
natalia zelenski, romlis statia (Discourses of Authenticity and Sacrality in
Competing Styles of Church Music in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora of New York) Sesulia
musikisa da msoflio qristianobis Tematikisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi The
Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities. zelenski ganixilavs im rTul
sazRvrebs, romelic niu-iorkis rusul diasporaSi, sworad galobis Zvel
da axal – warsul da Tanamedrove sawyisebs ukavSirdeba. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom moskovis skolis 3 mimdevarTa miswrafeba Zveli galobisaken,
garkveulwilad im Tanamedrove koncefciiT aris nakarnaxevi, romelic
arqauli Sreebisadmi interess gulisxmobs da romelic Tanamedrove
sakompozitoro esTetikaSi gamoixata. `inovaciuri stilis miuxedavad,
moskovis skolis kompozitorebma Tavis musikaSi itoriuli auTenturoba
daicves imdenad, ramdenadac maTive azriT, moskovis skolas mWidro
kavSirebi aqvs arqaul, pre-dasavlur ruseTTan, rac gamoxatulia maT mier
wminda kvintebis, dabali meSvide safexurisa da znamenuri galobis hangebis
gamoyenebaSi. meore mxriv, ROCOR-is (Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia,
3 moskovis skola, igive axali skola gvian 1800-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda; masSi Sediodnen iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic arian: aleqsandr kastalski, pavel Cesnokovi da sergei raxmaninovi. moskovis skolis umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi principi, Zvel rusul – znamenur galobasTan dabruneba iyo.
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ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT) repertuaris
didi nawili, me-19 saukunis rusul sasuliero musikas moicavs, romelic
gacilebiT adre Seiqmna, vidre moskovis skolis sagaloblebi da romelic,
tradiciuli rusuli galobis uzurpirebis mizeziT, mkacrad gaakritikes”
(Zelensky, 2016:361-383).
tradiciuli musikaluri masala da masTan dakavSirebuli identobis
sakiTxi, or ZiriTad dros – warsulsa da awmyos, da maT urTierTkavSirs
moiazrebs. warsuls, imdenad, ramdenadac tradiciuli musika koleqtiuri
da istoriuli mexsierebis gaziarebis Sedegad, Taobidan Taobaze gadadis
da am TaobaTa mier, ama Tu im repertuaris mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT,
Cvenamde aRwevs; xolo eTnomusikologTa da anTropologTa mier,
informantebis Tanamedrove yofaze dakvirveba da sxvadasxva musikaluri
kulturis Seswavla swored awmyo droSi mimdinareobs. SromaSi – The Past in
Music (warsuli musikaSi), qerolain biTeli, ser mortimer uileris sityvebs
iSveliebs: `arqeologiSi – Txra ara nivTebis, aramed adamianebis Seswavlas
emsaxureba”; k. biTelis TqmiT es azri, musikasTan mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT
gamarTlebulia, radgan musikis amgvari Seswavla, adamianebis uSualo
arsebobaze da am arsebobis gamJRavnebazea damokidebuli. materialuri
memkvidreobiT miRebuli nivTebisgan gansxvavebiT, bgerebs verc muzeumSi
gamovfenT da verc xilul eqsponadad vaqcevT. Cven ver SevagrovebT
gayinul notebs, an damsxvreul Tanxmovanebebs da maT minis WurWelSi ver
movaTavsebT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is musikaluri kultura
werilobiTi, an audioCanaweris saxiT Cvenamde ver aRwevs, aseT dros musika
`xiluli” mxolod uSualo Sesrulebisas xdeba (Bithell, 2006:3). qarTuli
saeklesio galoba, iseve rogorc qarTuli xalxuri simRera, Cvenamde
zepirma tradiciam moitana; zepiri tradicia ki im koleqtiuri mexsierebis,
repertuaris mravaljeradi urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia, razec zemoT
mogaxseneT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi frangi anTropologis klod levi-
strosis mier mecnierebaSi kulturaTa ori, principulad gansxvavebuli
tipebis aRmniSvneli terminebi damkvidrda (Леви-Стросс, 2001). evropuli tipis
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kultura, romelic axali drois epoqidan moyolebuli msoflios
civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens, avtoris mier
aRniSnulia rogorc `cxeli” kulturis tipi. aseTi kultura, avtoris
TqmiT orientirebulia axali gamocdilebis gaTavisebaze, rac racionaluri
azrovnebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. `cxeli” kulturis cnobierebis
umTavres instruments – werilobiTi (alfavituri) ena warmoadgens, romlis
saSualebiT axali codna-gamocdileba fiqsirdeba istoriuli
dokumentaciis, mecnieruli Sromebis (traqtatebis) Tu sxva werilobiTi
Zeglebis saxiT. avtoris azriT, sxvadasxva erSi aseTi kulturis
Camoyalibeba, rogorc wesi droiT TanxvedraSia saxelmwifoebriobis
warmoqmnasaTan. `cxeli” kultura yovelTvis evoluciurobiT xasiaTdeba;
igi iyenebs yvela arsebul da novaciur saSualebas, raTa SeinarCunos
informaciis gadacemis uwyveti procesi. aRniSnul kulturaSi centraluri
adgili uWiravs avtoris, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi individualis cnebas.
klod levi-strosi aseve iZleva meore, gansxvavebuli tipis kulturis
gansazRvrebas, romelsac `civi” kulturis tips uwodebs. am ukanasknels
miekuTvnebian arqauli, an, rogorc miRebulia maTi gansazRvra –
tradiciuli kulturebi, romelTa formireba sxvadasxva xalxSi, maTi
Camoyalibebis adreul etapze moxda. aseTi tipis kulturaSi wina planzea
ukve miRebuli gamocdilebisa da codnis gaziarebis, Taobidan Taobebze
gadacemis procesi. `cxeli”, evoluciuri kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, `civi”
kultura orientirebulia arsebuli tradiciuli gamocdilebisa da
faseulobaTa sistemis usasrulo aRdgena-ganmeorebaze, rac aRniSnuli
procesis ciklurobas gansazRvravs. `civ” kulturaSi adamianis codna
samyaros mowyobaze gadaicema werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe, zepirad;
Sesabamisad igi cocxlobs manam, sanam misi matareblebi arseboben. `cxeli”
kulturis farglebSi, mravalferovneba xelovnebaSi miRweulia axali
nawarmoebebis Seqmnis gziT. rac Seexeba `civ” kulturas, aq
mravalferovnebis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli variantulobas, varirebas
akisria; e. i. SemoqmedebiTi individualoba ara axali nawarmoebis SeqmnaSi,
aramed ukve arsebuli arqetipis, `axlebur” interpretaciaSi vlindeba.
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marTlac, xalxuri momRerlis mier erTidaigive simReris Sesruleba
yovelTvis axal SemoqmedebiT aqts warmoadgens, rac tradiciuli musikis
mravalferovnebas da simdidres ganapirobebs. marTalia, qarTul saeklesio
galobas, Cven tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT,
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul sasuliero hangs, profesiul
musikas miakuTvneben da am TvalsazrisiT, zogjer mas qarTuli
tradiciuli musikisagan mijnaven. dasavleTevropis saeklesio hangebi,
qoralebi safuZvlad daedo profesiul musikas, romelic, erTis mxriv
anonimuri, xolo meores mxriv CvenTvis kargad cnobili kompozitorebis
Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba. eWvs ar badebs, rom qarTuli galobis safuZvels,
rogorc hangis, ise Janris TvalsazrisiT swored Zveli profesiuli musika
warmoadgens; Tumca aq sagulisxmoa Semdegi garemoeba: qarTuli samxmiani
galoba qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegia. qarTvelma
mgalobelma swored zemoaRniSnul azrovnebas dauqvemdebara hangi,
romelic ukve samxmian sagalobelSi cantusfirmus-is (fiqsirebuli hangi)
msgavsad, kanonikuri xmis funqcias asrulebs. gamodis, rom qarTuli
saeklesio galoba Zvel, e.w. profesiul sasuliero musikalur Semoqmedebas
warmoadgens, romelic marTalia udidesi danakargebiT, magram werilobiTi
Zeglebis saxiT Cvenamde mainc movida. qarTuli galobis SenarCunebaSi didi
roli Seasrula zepirma tradiciam, romelmac XII-XVII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi, werilobiTi Zeglebis uqonlobis 4 pirobebSi, faqtobrivad
gadamwyveti, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba SeiZina. Tu davubrundebiT levi-
strosis zemoTxsenebul `civi” da `cxeli” kulturis gansazRvrebas, Cven
davinaxavT, rom qarTuli galoba, rogorc sityvisa da hangis erTobliobis
Sedegad miRebuli mravaldoniani, rTuli Sinagani bunebis mqone mxatvruli
movlena orive – rogorc “cxeli”, ise “civi” kulturis tipis
niSanTvisebebs atarebs, radgan erTis mxriv arsebuli nevmuri notaciis
saxiT igi ara uwyveti, magram TavisTavad werilobiTi tradiciis mqonea,
4nevmirebuli xelnawerebis, aRniSnul periodSi arsebobis sakiTxi burusiT aris moculi; savaraudoa, rom dampyrobelTa mier, sagalobelTa nevmirebuli xelnawerebi, rogorc eris umdidresi memkvidreoba – ganadgurda da daikarga. mravalsaukunovani intervalis Semdeg pirveli nevmirebuli Zegli, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, XVIII saukuniT aris daTariRebuli.
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xolo meores mxriv igi Taobidan Taobebs swored zepiri tradiciis
saSualebiT gadaecema. amrigad, profesiul musikalur sawyisze
aRmocenebuli qarTuli sagalobeli ara mxolod Zveli profesiuli
musikis, aramed qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri memkvidreobis
ganuyofeli nawilicaa.
qarTvelTa yofaSi galobisa da simReris mWidro Tanaarsebobis
araerTi naTeli magaliTi gvaqvs; maT Sorisaa:
- salxino sagaloblis fenomeni (rodesac saeklesio hangze saero teqsti
imRereba);
- saqarTveloSi arsebobs cneba “momReral-mgalobeli”, rac Cemi azriT
qarTul tradiciul musikalur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erT
originaluri maxasiaTebelia;
- dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul e.w. “trios” tradiciaSi aSkarad
SeiniSneba musikaluri enis da frazirebis siaxlove saklesio galobis
musikalur enasTan5;
- rogorc qarTuli saeklesio, ise saero mravalxmiani hangis imanentur
Tvisebas improviazacia warmoadgens, romlis Sedegad miRebuli cvlileba
konkretuli hangis axali, gansxvavebuli variantis warmoqmnas edeba
safuZvlad. zemoxsenebuli variantis warmoqmnis erT-erT saintereso
formas, erTi romelime tradiciuli hangis, naSromis SesavalSi naxsenebi
kulturuli auTsaideris mier Sesruleba warmoadgens. es sakiTxi
dRevandel dRes Zalzed aqtualuria, radgan arsebobs araerTi
Semsrulebeli Tu ansambli, romelic sxvadasxva eris musikalur kulturas
eziareba, rac ara mxolod smeniT STabeWdilebas, aramed sakuTar
sakoncerto repertuarSi, sxva xalxTa tradiciuli musikis damkvidrebas
gulisxmobs.Aaq dgeba rigi sakiTxebisa, romelic swored musikalur
identobas ukavSirdeba. kerZod:
- rogor aisaxeba, kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxva qveynis tradiciuli
musikis Sesruleba, musikisa da identobis urTierTqmedebaze;
5mosazreba gagviziara ioseb Jordaniam.
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- masalis interpretirebis ra problemebs exmaureba, simRerisa Tu dakvris
Seswavla im stilSi, romelsac adreuli asakidan ar vicnobT;
- ra xarisxiT aris kulturulad ucxo stilis gaTaviseba SesaZlebeli –
siRrmiseulad Tu mxolod imitirebis doneze;
- rogor Rebuloben mSobliuri kulturis warmomadgenlebi, `ucxoTa” mier
Sesrulebul `sakuTar” hangebs;
- rogoria aseT dros insaidersa da auTsaiders Soris, gulwrfeli
urTierTobis damyarebis potenciali (Bithell, 2009:160).
vidre zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebs, qerolain biTelis eTnografiaze
dayrdnobiT, vrclad SevexebodeT, gvsurs igive problematika qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis magaliTze ganvixiloT.
ansambli `gorani” (avtsralia), trio `kavkasia” (aSS), ansambli `maspinZeli”
(didi britaneTi), ansambli `iamasirogumi” (iaponia), ansambli `darbazi”
(kanada), trio `zari” (kanada), ansambli `irinola” (safrangeTi), ansambli
`mze Sina” (safrangeTi), ansambli `marani” (safrangeTi) – es aris im
musikaluri koleqtivebis arasruli CamonaTvali, romelTa repertuari
qarTul tradiciul musikas moicavs. sxvadasxva dros, maTi mosmena
saqarTveloSi, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis
farglebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli simpoziumi 2002 wlidan
moyoloebuli yovel or weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba da misi istoria ukve
eqvs simpoziums iTvlis. sainteresoa uSualod qarTvel msmenelze
dakvirveba da im procesis danaxva, romelic ucxoel SemsrulebelTa mier,
qarTuli hangebis scenaze aJRerebas, xolo qarTveli msmenelis am
mdgomareobaze miCvevas ukavSirdeba. msgavsi performansis SemTxvevaSi,
qarTuli auditoriis absoluturi umravlesoba, dasafaseblad miiCnevs im
faqts, rom sxva – ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebi, qarTul musikas swavloben
da asruleben, radgan Tavad es aqti aRiqmeba, rogorc qarTuli musikaluri
kulturis saerTaSoriso aRiareba. bunebrivia, qarTveli adamiani ver
darCeba gulgrili, rodesac mis win scenaze mdgari ucxoeli
Semsrulebeli, qarTul mravalxmian, an erTxmian hangebs, qarTul enaze
asrulebs, Tumca dResdReobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis mravali
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ucxouri ansamblis arsebobis pirobebSi, gazrdili jansaRi konkurenciisa
da im garemoebis fonze, rodesac qarTvelma msmenelma, qarTuli hangis
ucxoelTa mier interpretirebas yuri SeaCvia da Sesrulebis standartebma
maRla aiwia, ansamblebi kidev ufro metad arian musikis Sesrulebis
xarisxze orientirebulni. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, vexebiT ra qarTul
aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
yoveli interpretaciis dros saWiroa sifrTxile, raTa masala,
originalTan rac SeiZleba miaxloebuli iyos da hangis gavrceleba,
SecdomiT ar moxdes. 6 aRniSnul sakiTxs statias uZRvnis qarTveli
eTnomusikologi, natalia zumbaZe. igi aqcents, ucxoeli Semsruleblebis
mier swored qarTuli mravalxmiani simRerebiT dainteresebaze akeTebs da
aRniSnavs, rom mravalxmianoba qarTuli simReriT ucxoelTa dainteresebis
mTavari mizezia (zumbaZe, 2003:541). avtori, qarTuli xalxuri simReris
Semsrulebel ucxoelTa ori tipis jgufs gamoyofs. esenia sxvadasxva
xalxis tradiciuli musikisa da sakuTriv qarTuli simReris
Semsruleblebi. n. zumbaZe, CvenTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime sakiTxs exeba.
maT Soris imas, rom ucxoelTa mier Sesrulebul zogierT qarTul
simReras saWiro sakravi ar axlavs. misive azriT, es garemoeba sxvadasxva
kuTxis qarTuli musikaluri tradiciis darRvevaa. magaliTisaTvis avtors
moyavs franguli ansambli `mze Sina”, romelic svanuri simReris -
`laJRvaSis” TanxlebisTvis Congurs iyenebs; rogorc viciT svaneTSi
Conguri ar gvxvdeba, iq gavrcelebuli sakravebi Wuniri da Cangia. n. zumbaZe
yuardRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani mReris kanonebis
rRvevaze, rac xmaTa funqciebis aRrevis Sedegad miiReba.Aamis magaliTebia
simReris sxva xmiT dawyeba, xmebis araswori TanmimdevrobiT Sesvla da
banis oqtaviT dabla Sesruleba (zumbaZe, 2003:545). Tu rogor swavloben
ucxoelebi qarTul mravalxmian simReras – amasTan dakavSirebiT, n.
6am tipis TiTqmis yvela koncerti iwereba, iqneba es audio Tu video Canaweri da Semdeg
vrceldeba, rogorc wyaro, romelze dayrdnobiT sxva Semsruleblebma SesaZloa esa Tu is
simRera Seiswavlon.
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zumbaZe Tavis statiaSi sam ZiriTad saSualebas gamoyofs. esenia: `1.
damoukideblad, gamocemuli qarTuli fonoCanawerebidan; 2. ucxoeTSi
miwveuli qarTveli lotbarebisgan; 3. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi,
uSualod xalxuri momRerlebisgan” (zumbaZe, 2003:541-542). avtori iqve
dasZens im naklovanebebis Sesaxeb, romelic ucxoelTa mier qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebas sdevs Tan (zumbaZe, 2003:542-545). maT Soris
gamovyofT CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors: rogorc cnobilia,
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebis erT-erTi umTavresi
maxasiaTebeli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom (samxmianobaSi) zeda or xmas ara
ramdenime, aramed TiTo-TiTo Semsrulebeli mReris. es aris is
SemoqmedebiTi principi, romelze dayrdnobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli
musikis zemoT xsenebuli imanenturi Tviseba – improvizaciuloba vlindeba,
xolo maSin, rodesac zeda xmebs ramdenime `solisti” erTdroulad
asrulebs, amiT qarTuli musikis bunebis ugulvebelyofa xdeba. vfiqrobT
aris sami ZiriTadi mizezi, Tu ratom mRerian zogierT ucxour ansamblSi
zeda xmebs amgvari gaormagebebiT: 1. ucxoeli Semsruleblebi SesaZloa ar
flobdnen sakmaris informacias qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa Tu
sagaloblis Sesrulebis wesze; 2. ramdenime adamianis erToblivi
SesrulebiT, isini ufro iolad umklavdebian im rTul amocanas, rasac
ucxo da originaluri musikaluri hangis Sesrulebas axlavs Tan; 3. Tavad
qarTul xalxur sasceno SemsruleblobaSi, didi gundebis arsebobis
pirobebSi, wlebis manZilze danergili iyo erTi xmis ramdenime momRerlis
mier Sesrulebis praqtika, maT Soris bavSvTa gundebSic, rasac dRevandel
dRes naklebad vxvdebiT, Tumca imdroindeli Canawerebi SesaZloa araerTi
ucxoelisTvis misabaZi gamxdariyo.
qarTuli simRerisa da sakravieri musikis tradiciuli maneriT
Sesrulebis pirobebSi, momReral-improvizatoris SemoqmedebiTi
TviTganxorcielebis Sedegad, ama Tu im hangis axali varianti ibadeba.
qarTul musikalur kulturaSi, erTi simReris mravali variantis arseboba,
qarTvel momReralTa improvizirebis maRal xarisxsa da TviTmyofadobaze
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miuTiTebs. improvizacia, rogorc emociis intuitiuri gamovlena7 , qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis SemsruleblobaSi swored erTi adamianis mier namRer
xmas gulisxmobs. eTnomusikolog ediSer garayaniZis TqmiT: `qarTuli
musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis mravalxmiani tipis pirobebSi
improvizacia iyo mTavari winapiroba xalxuri polifoniis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebisaTvis” (garayaniZe, 1988:74).
aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobas k. biTelis eTnografiis moSveliebiT
ganvagrZobT, romelic kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxvadasxva xalxis
tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebasa da identobis sakiTxebs exmianeba. avtori
Village Harmony-s 8 mier Catarebul im erT-erT sazafxulo banaks aRwers,
romelic korsikaSi 2004 wels gaimarTa. aRniSnuli banakis farglebSi, ocze
meti adamiani, korsikul, qarTul, samxreT afrikul da amerikuli e. w.
Shape-Note mravalxmian musikalur tradiciebs eufleboda. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom CamoTvlili musikaluri tradiciebidan, banakSi myofTaTvis korsikuli
mravalxmiani stili yvelaze naklebad iyo cnobili da Sesabamisad yvelaze
didi gamowvevac swored mis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeboda. kunZulze zepir
tradiciaSi Semonaxuli mravalxmiani simRerebis identoba, ara mxolod
bgeriTi kombinaciebis maxasiaTeblebs, aramed uSualod musikis formirebis
procesis socialur sawyisebTan urTierTqmedebas gulisxmobs. kulturuli
insaiderisaTvis, korsikuli tradiciuli – melizmaturi sarTavebiT
gajerebuli hangis Sesruleba, ara daswavlili masalis zust
gameorebasTan, aramed mis interpretirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli; hangis
yoveli Sesrulebac re-interpretirebaa, ris Sedegadac erTnairi
JReradobis miReba SeuZlebelia (Bithell, 2009:160); Sesabamisad, Village Harmony-s
Semsruleblebis winaSe dasaxul amocanaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani
ara uSualod simRerebis Seswavla, aramed swored interpretirebis
xelovnebis dauflebaa, ornamentirebis da improvizirebis, aseve
mravalxmiani simReris Sesrulebisas koleqtivSi funqcionirebis
7ix. Рунин, Б., О Психологии Импровизаций. Психология Процессов Художественного Творчество, Л.1980 г.
8organizacia, romelic msoflio xalxTa musikis gacnobiT, prqatikuli SeswavliTa da SesrulebiT aris dakavebuli; ix. http://www.villageharmony.org
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adgilobrivi midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ansamblis erT-erTi
wevri ixsenebs, Tavad korsikelebi sakmaod aaRelva im faqtma, rom ucxo
qveynis warmomadgenlebma, korsikuli musika ase daafases da Seiyvares;
xolo Tavad korsikelma momRerlebma jer stumrebisTvis, Semdeg ki
stumrebTan erTad Seasrules ramdenime simRera, riTic ucxoelebisadmi
Tbili da dadebiTi damokidebuleba gamoxates (Bithell, 2009:163). rogor
aRiqves adgilobrivma korsikelebma Village Harmony-s Sesruleba? maTi
STabeWdileba amgvari iyo `swori gamoTqma da sxva yvelaferi – maT ukeT
Seasrules vidre amas zogierTi korsikeli SeZlebda”. msgavsi Sefasebis
mosmenisas, korsikelma musikosma, romelic msmenelTa Soris gaxldaT,
musikalur kompetenciasa da kulturul identobas Soris arsebuli
urTierTqmedebis sakiTxi wamoWra. misive azriT, is faqti, rom ucxoelebma,
sakmaod mokled droSi SeZles korsikuli hangebis swavla da msenelis
winaSe damajereblad gamotana, exmianeba sakiTxs, romelic Tavad
korsikelebis mier am sasimRero kulturis garkveulwilad dakargvas
ukavSirdeba (Bithell, 2009:164). statiis dasasruls avtori yuradRebas
amaxvilebs qarTuli da korsikuli simRerebis msgavsebaze da aseve xazs
usvams im garemoebas, rom qarTuli simRerebi araerTi ucxouri ansamblis,
maT Soris korsikuli ansamblebis repertuarSi damkvidrda; aRniSnuli
ansamblebi, qarTul musikas erTis mxriv korsikaSi, festivalebze Casuli
ucxouri koleqtivebisgan swavloben, meores mxriv ki Tavad stumroben
saqarTvelos da masalas adgilze iTviseben. amrigad, identobis ra
formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli auTsaideri ucxo
qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es ucxo kultura misi
kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT fenomens SegviZlia
SeZenili identoba vuwodoT, romlis pirobebSi ara mSobliur, aramed ucxo
kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul/musikalur identobasTan
gvaqvs saqme. maSin, rodesac msaobrivi kulturis gavrcelebis areali
grandiozul masStabebs aRwevs, tradiciis matarebel adamianebTan erTad,
kulturuli auTsaiderebi im mcirericxovan jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romelic
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tradiciul musikas dakargvisagan icavs da mis SenarCunebasa Tu
gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. da bolos, am Temis irgvliv arsebul sakiTxTa
Soris, aseve sagulisxmoa kulturuli auTsaideris mier, ucxo musikis
SesrulebasTan daavSirebuli emociuri mxare, rac mocemuli suraTis srul
konteqstSi danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucxoel
Semsruleblebs madlierebis gancda aerTianebT. am madlierebis safuZvels
warmoadges qarTul hangebze wvdoma, maTi Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da
musikis JReradobiT miRebuli is sruliad unikaluri veli da mdgomareoba,
romelzec araerTi maTgani amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cven – qarTvel
momRerlebsa Tu mkvlevrebs didi dakvirveba gvmarTebs, rodesac: 1. ucxoel
Semsruleblebs vaswavliT, 2. rogorc eTnoforebi – ucxoeli mecnierisTvis
qarTul tradiciul musikas vasrulebT, raTa man Cven mier Sesrulebul
masalaze dayrdnobiT daskvnebi gamoitanos da qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb
samecniero Sroma Seqmnas, 3. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli momRerlebis
mier Sesrulebul qarTul musikas vismenT, 4. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli
mkvlevris mier qarTuli xalxuri musikisa Tu saeklesio galobis irgvliv
momzadebul moxsenebas vismenT. oTxive SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso
masStabiT, masalis SecdomiT gavrcelebisa da gamoqveynebis albaToba
arsebobs, rac kulturuli insaiderebis mxridan yuradRebas saWiroebs. am
gziT Cven daxmarebas gavuwveT ara mxolod qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
Semsruleblobasa da eTnomusikologiis dargs, aramed uSualod im
adamianebs – Semsruleblebsa Tu mkvlevrebs, romlebic qarTuli musikiT
arian dainteresebulni da mis kanonzomierebebSi garkvevas cdiloben.
ra garemoebam SeiZleba gaaRvivos erTi konkretuli jgufis
kulturuli identobis gancda, identobis krizisi da gaaCinos imis
SegrZneba, rom am identobas safrTxe emuqreba? aseT garemoebad im tipis
winaaRmdegoba gvevlineba, romlis pirobebSi ama Tu im xalxis kulturuli
memkvidreobis tradiciuloba, auTenturoba, an siZvele kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgeba. qarTul tradiciul galobasTan mimarTebiT, magaliTisaTvis
SevexebiT im dRemde aqtualur procesebs, romelic TbilisSi bizantiuri
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galobis Semswavleli jgufis saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. imisaTvis, rom
TvalsaCino gaxdes Tu ras emsaxureba zemoaRniSnuli jgufi, moviyvanT
amonarids werilidan, romelic 2010 wlis miwuruls, Tbilisis v.
sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis, saqarTvelos
musikaluri sazogadoebis, qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso
centris, konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis
saerTaSoriso centris, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis
centris wevrebisa da qarTvel musikosTa mier iqna Sedgenili da romlis
adresati saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wminda
sinodi gaxlavT. mimarTvaSi vkiTxulobT:
`Tqveno uwmindesobav da unetaresobav, maRalyovladusamRvdeloesno
da yovladusamRvdeloesno meufeno... mogexsenebaT, rom msoflio
kulturul saganZurSi qarTveli eris mier Setanil umniSvnelovanes
memkvidreobas tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens – uZvelesi xalxuri
musika da SuasaukuneTa saeklesio galoba. qarTuli tradiciuli musika
saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda sulierebis, maRalzneobriobisa da
qarTvelTa TviTmyofadobis simbolod. mravali gansacdelis miuxedavad,
RvTis wyalobiT, Cvenamde movida aTasobiT nimuSi Zveli qarTuli
saeklesio musikisa. samwuxarod, saukuneTa siRrmidan Cvenamde
saswaulebrivad SemorCenil am saganZurs, ager ukve 10-15 welia rac axali
gansacdeli xvda wilad, rac ufro metad savalaloa – Tavad saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi, zogierTi mRvdelmsaxurisa da maTi mrevlis mxridan.
vgulisxmobT e.w. `bizantiuri galobis Semswavlel jgufsa” da
`marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirs”, agreTve am dajgufebebTan
dakavSirebuli sasusliero Tu saero pirebis miuRebel saqmianobas.
rogorc cnobilia, am dajgufebis wevrebi 1996-97 wlebidan ebrZvian qarTul
galobas, acxadeben, rom is `arakanonikuria”, xolo erTaderTi `kanonikuri”
da saeklesio da amasTan `namdvili qarTuli galoba” ki mxolod
bizantiur-berZnuli galobaa.Aarasworad gadmocemul berZnul
sagaloblebze meqanikurad adeben qarTul teqstebs, am TviTneburi da
diletanturi eqsperimentis produqts galoben RvTismsaxurebaze...
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gamoscemen da eleqtronuli mediiT avrceleben Cveni eklesiis liturgiaSi
akrZaluli am musikaluri eqsperimentis audio da video Canawerebs, aseve
qarTuli galobisadmi cilismwameblur da damamcirebel publikaciebs. Aam
xerxebiT dajgufebis liderebi cdiloben daamkvidron mcdari Tvalsazrisi
imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos qarTuli galoba aris mxolod `simRera”,
amsofliuri da ara saRvTismsaxuro musika – msoflio eklesiis wmida
gardamocemis nawili. qarTuli galobis asaRorZineblad, saqarTvelos
eklesiis wmida sinodis 2003 wlis 18 agvistos ruis-urbnisis krebaze, Tqven
mier miRebul iqna istoriuli gadawyvetileba. mogvyavs amonaridi
xsenebuli ganCinebidan: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri
galoba iyo da aris mravalxmiani tradiciuli galoba. misi aRsruleba
savaldebuloa yovel qarTul taZarSi da yvelgan, qarTul enaze
aRvlenili RvTismsaxurebis dros. mgalobelTa gundebs eZlevaT locva-
kurTxeva, raTa e.w. rusuli, evropuli da bizantiuri galoba naxvari wlis
ganmavlobaSi Secvalon qarTuli kanonikuri mravalxmiani galobiT...Aamave
krebaze wmindanad Seiracxa eqvTime aRmsarebeli (kereseliZe) – qarTuli
samgaloblo memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gadamrCeneli. miuxedavad
aRniSnuli ganCinebisa da piradad kaTolikos-patriarqis locva-kurTxevisa,
Segonebebisa da akrZalvebisa, xsenebuli jgufi jiutad agrZelebs
TviTnebobasa da Cveni tradiciuli galobisaTvis saziano qmedebas. CvenSi
udides gulistkivils iwvevs is faqti, rom wmida sinodisa da kaTolikos-
patriaqris ganCinebasa da locva-kurTxevebs aranairi Sedegi ar mohyva...Ees
adamianebi ki ukve 7 (!) welia ar asruleben wmida sinodis
gadawyvetilebas.Uufro metic – isini Secdomad acxadeben mas...”. mimarTvaSi
mocemulia im moqmedi taZrebis CamonaTvali, sadac berZnuli hangi
igalobeba. zemoaRniSnul werils, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli
jgufis mxridan gamoxmaureba mohyva. maT Ria werili konservatoriis
reqtoris saxelze Seadgines, xolo werilis asli ki uwmindessa da
unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia meores, aseve
sinodis wevrebsa da sapatriarqos galobis centrs gadaugzavnes. moviyvanT
werilis amonarids, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `wavikiTxeT Tqveni mimarTva
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wminda sinodisadmi. werilSi Tqven werT, rom Cven vmtrobT qarTul
galobas, vdevniT da SeuracxvyofT mas. mogaxsenebT da vacxadebT, rom es
ase ar aris... Cven vambobT: samxmiani galoba aris Cveni eris tradicia,
xolo rva xmis melodiebi, romlebic sruldeba erT xmaSi, monofonurad,
aris marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erTiani kanoni. Cven werilobiT araerTxel
mivmarTeT sapatriaqros samgaloblo centrs TxovniT: `rogorc es yvela
adgilobriv eklesiaSi xdeba, aseve, saqarTvelos adgilobriv eklesiaSic
SevinarCunoT orive saxis galoba: samxmiani – erovnuli tradiciiT, da
erTxmiani – erToblivi rvaxmis kanonis mixedviT”. rvaxmis kanons uCvenebs
eklesiis RvTismsaxurebis wes-gangeba, anu tipikoni, am kanonzea gawyobili
yvela saRvTismsaxuro wigni. Aam kanons – rvaxmas – ewodeba bizantiuri
galoba. musikosebisTvis da xelovnebis muSakebisTvis ufro gasagebi rom
iyos, SeiZleba ase vTqvaT: rogorc arsebobs erovnuli musikaluri
folklori da arsebobs klasikuri musika, amis msgavsad, eklesiaSi
samxmiani galoba aris eris tradicia, bizantiuri galoba ki – eklesiis
klasikuri musika... rogorc klasikuri musika ar aris romelime erTi eris
kuTvnileba, aramed yvela erisa, aseve bizantiuri galoba yoveli
marTlmadidebeli eris kuTvnilebaa. rvaxmis melodiebs erT xmaSi galobs
yvela marTlmadidebeli – berZeni iqneba es, qarTveli, slavi, ingliseli
Tu arabi... Cven vmorCilebT wminda sinodis dadgenilebas da Cvens taZrebSi
vgalobT samxmian sagaloblebs.Mmagram sinodis dadgenilebaSi ar aris
erTxmianis akrZalva...”.
am werilebis gamoqveynebas win uZRvoda jer bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis mier gamocemuli broSura saxelwodebiT ase
galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2001 w.), da qarTuli saeklesio
galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. recenziebi da gamoxmaurebebi broSuraze
`ase galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi” (andriaZe, 2002). am ukanasknelSi,
qarTveli mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis mier msjelobisas gamovlenil xarvezebze. Cvenis mxriv
or sakiTxze SevCerdebiT. 1. rogorc werilSi vkiTxulobT, bizantiuri
galobis Semswavleli jgufis umTavres arguments oqtoixosis, anu rvaxmis
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kanonikuroba warmoadgens, rac maTive xedviT mxolod monofonurad – erT
xmaSi sruldeba. mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom sxvadasxva marTlmadideblur
tradiciaSi originaluri rvaxmis sistema arsebobs, rac swored ama Tu im
eris musikalur azrovnebas ukavSirdeba. maT Soris saqarTveloSic,
qarTuli samxmiani galoba qarTuli rvaxmis kalendaruli sistemis
mixedviT igalobeba. uZvelesi liturgikul-himnografiuli krebulis
ierusalimuri leqcionaris nusxebidan Semonaxul xelnawerSi
`ierusalimuri leqcionari VII saukunisa” miTiTebulia, Tu romel xmaze
igalobeba esa Tu is sagalobeli. magda suxiaSvilis TqmiT, `Cans, rom am
droisaTvis qarTvel himnografebs berZnuli saRvTismsaxuro praqtikidan
ukve SeTvisebuli hqondaT `Ãmeani galobis”, anu sagaloblebis rva xmaze
gawyobis wesi, romelic saTaves V-VI saukuneebidan iRebs” (suxiaSvili,
2002:5). marTalia, aRmosavleT qristianul samgaloblo tradiciebs Soris
mravalxmiani galobis uZvelesi formebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba, razec
mkvlevarTa azriT ioane petriwis sami xmis saxeldebac miuTiTebs. nino
fircxalavas statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mefeTa cxovrebis arsen
iyalToeliseuli Targmanebis safuZvelze qarTul musikaSi Sebanebisa da
xmis Sewyobis praqtikis arseboba ukve XI saukuneSi savaraudeblad miiCnia
daskvnebis gamotanaSi uaRresad frTxilma – didma ivane javaxiSvilma.
ioane petriwis Txzuleba ganmartebani proklesaTÂs diadoxosisa da
platonurisa filosofiisaTÂs masSi daculi argumentebiT ueWvels xdis i.
javaxisSvilis Tvalsazriss – Tu ufro adre ara, XI mainc usaTuod, –
samxmianobis arsebobis faqts saqarTveloSi... Zalian Sors wagviyvanda im
qarTvel mecnierTa CamoTvla, vinc es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara (fircxalava,
2002:33-34); Tumca magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT rusuli samgaloblo
tradicia, romelSic erTxmian znamenur galobasTan erTad, me-16 saukunis
miwuruls Camoyalibebuli mravalxmiani – putno-demestvuri galobac
sruldeba (diasamiZe, 2012:449). amrigad, iseT qveyanaSic ki, sadac
tradiciuli musikaluri azrovneba pirvel rigSi erTxmianobas gulisxmobs,
mravalxmiani saeklesio galoba arakanonikurad ar aris miCneuli, piriqiT,
igi ganixileba, rogorc mdidari samgaloblo tradiciis nimuSi, xolo misi
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aRdgena da saeklesio samgaloblo repertuarSi dabruneba, saeklesio
kanonikis mcodne, uaRresad ganswavlul – galobis mecnier-praqtikosebis
saxels ukavSirdeba. 9 ufro metic, rusul medievistikaSi damkvidrebulia
azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `xalxur-sasimRero tradiciebisa da e. w. stroCnoe
(galobis mravalxmiani forma, e.d.) galobis stilistikis urTierTSedarebam,
maT Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebi gamoavlina. samxmianoba
(troestroCie) aRmosavleT qristianuli regionis xalxTa mier dagrovili,
mravalsaukunovani sagundo galobis umaRlesi ganzogadebaa” (Конотоп,
1996:62). bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi, uwodebs ra qarTul
samxmian galobas eris tradicias, xolo berZnul galobas –
marTlmadideblursa da kanonikurs, amiT igi ugulvebelyofs da uaryofs
qarTuli samxmiani galobis kanonikurobas da kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
yvela im qarTveli saeklesio moRvawisa Tu galobis moamagis Rvawls,
romlebmac qarTuli galoba, urTules pirobebSi SeinarCunes da Cvenamde
moitanes. ganekuTvneba ki maT mier danergili berZnuli sagaloblebi im
Zvel bizantiur samgaloblo Sres, romelsac jgufi RvTismsaxurebisas
aRvlenil upirobo galobad miiCnevs?! rogorc cnobilia, maT mier
samgaloblo repertuarSi damkvidrebuli sagaloblebi XIX-XX saukuniT
TariRdeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi am sagalobelTa avtorebic ki cnobilia.
aseT viTarebaSi, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom is, ris
damkvidrebasac bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi qarTul
eklesiebSi cdilobs, aris ufro Zveli, vidre qarTuli samxmiani galoba,
romelic mexeleTa mier, hangis teqstze gawyobis wesis dacviT aris
Seqmnili; maTi msjelobiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom erT xmaSi galoba
(miuxedavad imisa Tu rogor adevs hangi teqsts, ramdenad Zvelia is
melodiuri saqcevebi, romelsac mgaloblebi mimarTaven) avtomaturad
kanonikur galobas gulisxmobs. bunebrivia, es mcdari, yovelgvar
mecnierul dasabuTebas moklebuli Sexedulebaa. bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis Ria werilSi aseve vkiTxulobT: `anda rogor
9magaliTisaTvis davasaxeleb mgalobelTa ansambls `Ключ разумения”, xelmZRvaneli – Nmusikologi, medievisti - natalia mosiagina.
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akrZalavda sinodi erTxmian galobas, roca TviT ieso qristem,
mociqulebTan erTad, saidumlo serobaze – pirvel wirvaze – erT xmaSi
igaloba.” xolo mecnierebisaTvis ki ucnobia, Tu rogor JRerda mociqulTa
droindeli galoba. cnobilia, rom X-XI saukuniT daTariRebuli
paleobizantiuri xelnawerebi aqamde gauSifravia (doliZe, 2002:71).
qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani galobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze ufro vrclad,
uSualod kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT sakvalifikacio naSromis daskvniT
nawilSi visaubrebT. tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobis, rogorc
kulturuli identobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli parametris Sesaxeb msjeloba,
erTis mxriv qarTul kulturas msoflio tradiciuli musikisa da
qristianuli galobis konteqstSi moiazrebs, meores mxriv ki sakuTriv am
kulturis matareblebs aZlevs imis SesaZleblobas, rom ukeT gaizaron da
Seicnon sakuTari identoba kulturuli mravalferovnebis globalur
sivrceSi.
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Tavi meore
musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi)
anTropologia, rogorc holisturi dargi, erTi mxriv sakvlevi
obieqtis farTo rakursiT danaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, meore mxriv ki
anTropologiis calkeuli mimarTulebebis safuZvelze warmoebuli kvleva,
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone movlenebze dakvirvebis ufro axlo rakurss
gulisxmobs. anTropologis ZiriTadi `samuSao saaTebi” moicavs:
interviuebs, dakvirvebas, Canawerebis gakeTebas da adgilobriv
macxovreblebTan erTad aqtivobebSi monawileobas (Wagner, 1977:494), riTac
is momijnave dargebTan (eTnologia, folkloristika, eTnomusikologia),
meTodologiis kuTxiT arsebiT msgavsebas amJRavnebs.
musika, rogorc kacobriobis kulturis arsebiTi elementi da rogorc
adamianis qceva, siRrmiseulad – mis yvela aspeqtSi unda Seiswavlebodes.
XX saukuneSi, istoriuli musikologiis, rogorc mowinave dargis
arsebobis pirobebSi, musikis Seswavlis axali gzebisa da perspeqtivebis
Ziebis saWiroeba TvalsaCino gaxada (Yosihiko, Osamu, 1986:v). amasTan,
sagulisxmoa isic, rom musikologiis dargSi, kulturis istoriam
mniSvnelovani adgili daikava (Fulcher, 2011:3). galobis specialistebis mier
eTnomusikologisaTan da anTropologiasTan siaxlove, SedarebiT axali,
magram dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi ukve damkvidrebuli praqtikaa
(Borders, 2011:17). Myovelive amis fonze calke ganxilvis sagnad iqca
musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxic (Samson,
2008:24). problema amgvaradac ki daisva: musikologia eTnomusikologiis
ganStoebaa, Tu piriqiT? SemoTavazebis doneze, musikologiis magivrad,
rogorc dargis alternatiuli gansazRvreba musikis mecniereba dasaxelda
(Cook, 2008:66-67). erTgvari protestis gamoxatviT iwyeba miSel bigenos
statia saxelwodebiT Why I’m Not and Ethnomusicologist: A View from Anthropology
(ratom ar var eTnomusikologi: xedva anTropologiidan), sadac avtori
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pirad gamocdilebas gviziarebs. misi TqmiT, yovel jerze, rodesac is
axsenebs, rom misi Seswavlis sagani musikis kuTxiT – boliviuri erovnuli
da eTnikuri identobiaa, mas maSinve `eTnomusikologis iarilys akereben”,
rasac is kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba. `yvelaze martivi pasuxi imaze, Tu
ratom ar var eTnomusikologi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kvalifikaciiT me
anTropologi gaxlavarT”, Tumca sxvaoba gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre sabuTSi
Cawerili specialoba, rac sxva parametrebTan erTad, am or mimarTulebaSi
musikis Sesaxeb arsebul ideologiaSi unda veZioT (Bigenho, 2008:28).
musikalur disciplinaTa kompentenciisa da saxelwodebebis garkvevis
sakiTxi imdenad aqtualur fazaSi Sevida, rom calke statia mieZRvna Temas
– saWiroa Tu ara TavsarTi `eTno...”, an bolosarTi “...ologia” (Nooshin,
2008:71). musikis dargisadmi interess, XXI saukunis – internetis epoqis
konteqstSi ganixilavs a. vudi da aRniSnavs, rom 2003 wlis ivnisSi,
rodesac man google-is saZiebo velSi sityva `musika” akrifa daaxloebiT
112,000,000 Sesatyvisi masala amovida, xolo 2005 wlis seqtembrisaTvis es
ricxvi 389,000,000-mde gaizarda, rac internetSi musikasTan dakavSirebuli
aqtivobebis mkveTr zrdaze miuTiTebs (Wood, 2008:170).
rogorc