December 11 – 13, 2012 at the Imperial Maeping Chiang Mai Hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand

EIGHT YEARS (2004-2012) OF TEACHING PARTICIPATORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN,

NIGERIA.

Author:

Babalobi, Olutayo Olajide (DVM, MPVM, PhD; FCVSN), Senior Lecturer/Consultant Epizootiologist (Veterinary Epidemiologist),

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine,

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan,

Ibadan, Nigeria

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA

� PE is known to be introduced and established in Nigeria via two routes-

i. Through postgraduate academic /research training by the author, a Senior Lecturer/Consultant Epizootiologist (Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics) at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine DVPHPM, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine FVM, University of Ibadan UI, Ibadan, Nigeria from 2004,

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA and

ii. Through the Early Detection Reporting Surveillance: Avian Influenza in Africa (EDRSAIA) capacity building exercise on Participatory Epidemiology (PE) and Participatory Disease Surveillance (PDS) for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) for veterinary personnel in Nigeria by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in 2008-2009.

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA � The author’s interest and commitment to PE and its

various components c0uld be traced as follows:

i. personal e-mail interactions with Dr Andy Catley, then of the Community Animal and Participatory Epidemiology CAPE Unit, PACE Programme, OAU/IBAR, Nairobi, Kenya around 2004

ii. Christian Veterinary Mission (CVM) Seattle, Washington organized International workshop on the training (of trainers) of Community Animal Health Workers held in Jinja, Uganda, from Sept. 22nd through October 6th, 2005 ; and

iii. Various PE training publications from AU/IBAR, FAO, IIED,OIE etc. by Catley, Mariner, et al.

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA � PE training commenced at the Department of Veterinary

Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria since 2004 when PE was officially added and adopted as part of a PVM 711: ADVANCED EPIZOOTIOLOGY, a compulsory course of the Masters curricula of the department.

� The target beneficiaries have been the students offering any of the three Masters programs in the Department-MPVM, MVPH, MSc Epizootiology; as well as any student (especially government veterinarians), who wish to apply PE for an MPhil/PhD or PhD programme.

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA � Taught by the author since 2004, he has also

-supervised eight (8) Masters PE projects

- currently supervising two (2) PE-related PhD,

- delivered five (5) PE workshop lectures extra-mural

- given five (5) PE presentations at local and international conferences and

- have (6) PE journal publications.

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HISTORY OF PE IN NIGERIA � Also personally embarked on the following specific research topics: i. Participatory Epizootiology Research of the Igangan Grazing Reserve in Ibarapa Agro-Pastoral zone Of Southwest Nigeria. Senate Research Grant 2007 SRG/FVM/2006/9A. Category A- Individual Research Projects.

ii. Participatory Base-line Research Survey and Training at the Eruwa Veterinary Field Station, Ibarapa Agro-Pastoral Zone, Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria. University of Ibadan Senate Research Grant 2007 SRC/FVM/4B/2006. Category B- Inter-Department, Multidisciplinary Research Project

iii. Training and supervision of Postgraduate Students Project, Dissertations and Thesis in the application of Participatory Epizootiology to Pastoralism in selected Grazing Reserves in Nigeria.

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Lecture Contents

a. Review of the evolution and concept of participatory epizootiology

b. Participatory/clinical/laboratory diagnosis

c. Principles and paradigm shifts of Animal Health and Production development (Farming Systems-technical, social, cultural, economic and ecological)

d. Community Assessment and Participatory appraisal

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Lecture Contents � e. Participatory Research terms and tools

� RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal), PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), PLA (Participatory Learning and Action).

� Institutional Mapping/Venn diagramming, matrixes, mapping, seasonal calendars and timelines, Community Inventory or Semi-structured interviewing, Focus Group Discussions, transect walks, wealth ranking

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Lecture Contents f. Participatory Epizootiology Methods

� Animal Health Surveys, Needs Assessments and Action Plans

� Monitoring, Impact Assessments and Evaluations

� Ethno-veterinary studies

� Participatory Disease Searching

� Disease Modelling

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Table 1: Workplace distribution of PG students who choose PE-based project at

the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of

Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan, Nigeria (2004-2012)

Work place Academics Research institute Government Service Private Practice

Number/ Name/ Project Title

Nil Three(3) 37.50%: Ogunwale Ibironke (2005/2006): Participatory Appraisal of Livestock Diseases with Livestock-Keeping Women of Awotan, Ido LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. MPVH 2005/2006. Bolajoko M.B. (2005/2006): Evaluation of Animal Disease Reporting System in Oyo State Nigeria 1995- 2005). MPVM. Morakinyo O. (2008/2009): Participatory Appraisal of Peste Des Petite Ruminates (PPR) in Iseyin Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. MPVM

Three (3) 37.50%: Kareem, A. A. (2009/2010): A Participatory Baseline Survey of Rural Livestock Health Management Practices in Igangan Agro -Pastoral Zone, Oyo State Nigeria: The place of Community Based Animal Health Workers. MPVM. Soleye Mariat. (2010/2011): Participatory Appraisal of Transboundary Animal Diseases in rural villages in Ogun State, Nigeria. MPVM Alhaji N.B. (2010/2011): Participatory Epizootiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia: its Prevalence and Economic Impact in Niger State, Nigeria. MPVM/ Alhaji N.B. Matric (2012 to date). Participatory Epizootiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Cattle Herds in Niger State, Nigeria PhD proposal 2012

Two (2) 25.00%: Idowu O.S. (2003/2004): Participatory Epizootiology Research of Animal Health in Olunde Village, Lanlate, Oyo State Nigeria. MPVM/ Idowu O.S. (2010-date). Developing a Community-Based Animal Health Model for Private Rural Veterinary Practice in Fashola, Oyo North, Oyo State, Nigeria: A case study. PhD proposal. Fashina A. (2011/2012) : Participatory Epizootiology of Pastoralism at the Paikon-Kore Grazing Reserve in Gwagwalada Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria MPVM

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POSTGRADUATE PE PROJECT

SUPERVISED (2004- DATE)

�The nil academic workplace distribution can be explained by the fact that while most academics are more into conventional clinical and laboratory-based qualitative veterinary inquiry methodologies, PE is a field and ethnoveterinary/indigenous knowledge based qualitative method not given much value by biased academics.

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POSTGRADUATE PE PROJECT

SUPERVISED (2004- DATE) � It is instructive to note that three (3) working at

Research Institutes at present were unemployed at the time of PG training

� Interestingly, all the three government veterinarians- two from the Federal government and one from the UI hosting Oyo State-came in for PE training, after the 2008-2009 EDRSAIA training

� Obviously the implementation of the EDRSAIA PE training must have “opened the eyes” of the government veterinarians to the efficacy of PE methods application (see Anzaku S. A. (2009);

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PE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS The author has delivered six (6) PE papers at local conferences, four of which were with supervised Masters students:

� i. Idowu O. and BABALOBI O. O (2007): The Place of Community Based Animal Health Workers (CBAHW) In Rural Livestock Health and Production Management in South-West Nigeria: A Case Study. Proceedings, Scientific Session of the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Warri Delta State, Nigeria. Pp 265 -270.

� ii. BABALOBI O.O and Idowu O. (2007) Community Animal Health Workers as Agents of Positive Change in African Rural Livestock Communities: A Review. Proceedings, Scientific Session of the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Warri Delta State, Nigeria. Pp 270-272.

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PE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS iii. Ogunwale Ibironke and BABALOBI O. O. (2007): Community Based Participatory Epizootiology of Livestock kept by Awotan Women, Ido LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. Proceedings, Scientific Session of the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Warri Delta State, Nigeria. Pp 293-296 iv. Kareem A. A. and BABALOBI O. O. (2010): Participatory Baseline Survey of Rural Livestock Health Management Practices In Igangan Agro -Pastoral Zone, Oyo State Nigeria: The Place Of Community Based Animal Health Workers. Presented at the 2010 47th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Makurdi, Benue State. October 2010.

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PE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS � The other two delivered at an international conference are from the

presenter’s research: i. Babalobi O. O (2009): Application of Participatory Epizootiology approach to the monitoring and surveillance of Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia, an enzootic disease identified by settlers in a Fulani agro-pastoralist settlement scheme, the Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria. Pre-ISVEE XII workshop- Discussing the Development of Methods for effective surveillance in Livestock Populations. August 6-8, Durban, Republic of South Africa. ii. Babalobi O. O. (2009): Participatory Epizootiology Research of Settled Pastoralists of the Igangan Grazing Reserve, Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria. ‘Epidemiology Unplugged-Providing power for better health’: The Twelfth Conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE XII). 10 - 14 August 2009, Durban, South Africa

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PE PUBLICATIONS � Five PE Publications

� Three (3) are co-publications from supervised PE students projects

� One is from the author’s research project

� The fifth is a problem-solving collaborative report from three PE practitioners

- a veterinary academic,

- a veterinary researcher and

- a government veterinary officer.

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PE CO-PUBLICATIONS � i. Babalobi, O.O. and Idowu, O. (2005): ‘The Paradigm of

Community-Based Participatory Epizootiology: A Review’. Tropical Veterinarian. Vol. 23 (3&4) 69-77.

� ii. Idowu O.S. and Babalobi O.O. (2010). Animal Health Management Perspectives of Rural Livestock Farmers in Southwest Nigeria: The Place of Community Based Animal Health Workers. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 31 (1), 26-36. 2010

� iii. Ogunwale I. and Babalobi O. O. (2010): Ethno-Veterinary Medicine Perspectives of Common Diseases and Health Problems of Livestock kept by Rural Women in South-West Nigeria: A Case Study. Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol. 31(4) 255 – 262.

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PE RESEARCH PUBLICATION Babalobi O. O. (2011). A Participatory Epizootiology Research of Settled Pastoralists in Igangan Grazing Reserve, Southern Guinea Agro-Pastoral Zone, Oyo State, Nigeria: First Report. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 32 (1). 2011; and

Babalobi O. O., M.B. Bolajoko and S.A. Anzaku (2011): Participatory animal disease surveillance, panacea to the bane of animal disease under-reporting in Nigeria: A collaborative report. Tropical Veterinarian 29 (3) 36-40

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WORKSHOP/ TRAINING LECTURES � Beyond the walls of the University

� The author delivered the various PE Lecture presentations during

� i. the CDC/USAID/AFENET - NIGERIAN FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY LABORATORY TRAINING PROGRAMME (N-FELTP) Zoonoses Outbreaks Surveillance and Management (ZOSM) Workshop Vom, Nigeria October 2009, and

� ii. NFELTP 2008 Cluster Set lectures in 2010:

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Discussion �At least one other departmental lecturer has

shown interest in PE teaching.

�PE is gradually been adopted in veterinary circles in Nigeria especially by government veterinarians who have been exposed to PE training and

�PE is now included as part of the Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program’s One Health Curriculum.

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Discussion � PE has been identified as a cheap, effective low

capital input research projects by students and practitioners in Nigeria.

� Traditional settler research beneficiaries have been effectively involved in identification of local animal disease, production problems and need for improved animal disease outbreak notification,

� PE research led to Community Based Animal Health training of nominated pastoral settlers.

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PE CONSTRAINSTS IN NIGERIA � Misunderstanding and opposition of PE as a non-

conventional and qualitative research approach from academic colleagues,

� Need to get more departmental lecturers to be PE compliant to prevent sole lecturing by the author and

� PE research funding poor in Nigeria. Out of the eight (8) Postgraduate students supervised between 2004 – date, only two (2) could be accommodated under the University Senate Grant.

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PE CONSTRAINSTS IN NIGERIA �Apart from University of Ibadan (and maybe

one or two others), PE is not known to be taught in most veterinary faculties in Nigeria

�PE supportive institutional and policy frameworks are currently lacking in Nigeria

� the migratory pattern of pastoralists also affects effective year-round monitoring and surveillance of enzootic disease using PE

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Conclusion and Recommendations � There is support for PE as practical, effective low-cost

and sustainable strategy for the identification, prevention, control, monitoring and surveillance of livestock diseases and production problems among pastoral communities in Nigeria.

� However, PE supportive institutional and policy frameworks, which are currently lacking in Nigeria, should first be developed and adopted.

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Conclusion and Recommendations � DVPHPM, UI should upgrade PE as a compulsory

course on its own not part of another course

� It is necessary to encourage other veterinary faculties in Nigeria to include PE in their curriculum, and also adopt a standard PE curriculum for use in Nigeria.

� The regulatory Veterinary Council of Nigeria should adopt and make PE a core competent course at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels

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Conclusion and Recommendations � Need for ILRI/PENAPH to collaborate with the

Universities in PE training in Nigeria (The 2008-2009 EDRAISA training held in same Ibadan without involving University of Ibadan/DVPHPM/the author)

� AFENET should support and promote PE in NFELTP Africa as much as in East, Central and South Africa

� PENAPH should support and promote PE in West Africa as much as in it is doing in Asia

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REFERENCES Anzaku S. A. (2009): Participatory Approaches in Disease Surveillance: The Nigeria Experience. Presented at the Nigeria Short Course on Control of Zoonotic Infections, Surveillance, Investigation, Detection and Response, National Veterinary Research Institute NVRI, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. 13th October, 2009.

Babalobi O.O, O. O. (2005): ’Professional Issues for the Nigerian Veterinarian in the twenty-first century. Nigeria Veterinary Journal. Vol. 26 (2). 1-7.

Babalobi O.O (2011): Early Detection Reporting Surveillance: Avian Influenza in Africa (EDRSAIA) Evaluation

Catley, A. (2005). Participatory Epidemiology: A Guide for Trainers. AfricanUnion/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi.

Catley Andy and Jeffrey Mariner (Eds.) (2001). Participatory epidemiology: lesson learned and future directions. Proceedings of a workshop held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Nov.15th-17th 2001

Mariner, J.C., 2000. Manual on Participatory Epidemiology. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 10. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.

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APPRECIATIONS � God’s Spirit for directing my path into PE

� Andy Catley for initiation into PE

� CVM US for the PE training

� Andy Catley, Jeff Mariner et al for their publications

� Dept. of VPHPM, University of Ibadan for the platform

� My postgraduate PE students

� UI for the Senate Research Grants

� CDC/AFENET/NFELTP for extra- university lecture platforms

� ILRI/PENAPH for the invitation to PENAPH Thailand 2012

� Dr S.A. Anzaku for presenting on my behalf

� This distinguished audience for the attention

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