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VOYANTS SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. 403, 4th Floor, BPTP Park Centra, Sector - 30, NH-8, Gurgaon - 122001 Phone - 0124-4598 200 , Telefax - 0124-4019051 E-mail – [email protected], www.voyants.in

February 2014

Submitted To

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited

EIA study for Proposed River Front Development in Patna

Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Submitted By

Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. South Gandhi Maidan, Patna GPO, Patna – 800001

mailto:[email protected]

Project : Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Ganga River Front Development at Patna

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... iii

1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA ................................................................................... 2

1.2 PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................. 2

1.2.1 Proposed Developments in Patna RFD ............................................................................................... 3

1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA ............................................................................................................... 3

1.4 PROPOJECT PROPONENT ...................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT ........................................................................................ 4

1.6 EIA CONSULTANT .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA ................................................................................................................................. 4

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................ 7

2.2 NEED FOR PATNA RFD .......................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................................... 13

2.3.1 Development of Ghats ....................................................................................................................... 13

2.3.2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together) ............................................ 14

2.3.3 Community cum cultural centres ....................................................................................................... 17

2.3.4 Landscape work at Precinct Zones:................................................................................................... 18

2.3.5 City level parks: ................................................................................................................................. 19

2.3.6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts .............................................................................. 19

2.3.7 Development of Electric Crematoria at Gulbi Ghat ............................................................................ 21

2.3.8 Development of Toilet Complex ........................................................................................................ 21

2.3.9 Development of Interceptor Drain ...................................................................................................... 21

2.3.10 Environmental Awareness ............................................................................................................... 21

2.4 PROJECT LOCATION.............................................................................................................................. 21

2.5 ADDITIONAL BENEFIT ............................................................................................................................ 24

2.6 PROJECT COST ...................................................................................................................................... 24

3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK......................................... 25

3.1 POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI) ........................... 25

3.2 Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA .................................................... 30

4. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................... 35

4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA ................................................................................................................. 35

4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING: ......................................................................................... 37

4.3 Project Area .............................................................................................................................................. 40

4.4 Baseline Environmental Profile ................................................................................................................. 40

4.4.1 Meteorological environment .............................................................................................................. 40

4.4.2 Physical environment ........................................................................................................................ 42

4.4.3 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY ...................................................................................................... 55

4.4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................ 74

4.4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ............................................................................................................. 79

4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 80


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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................. 81

5.1 With or Without Project Alternatives ......................................................................................................... 82

5.2 Good design aspects ................................................................................................................................ 85

5.3 Technology Benefits ................................................................................................................................. 90

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION .............................................................. 91

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 91

6.2 Methods of Public Consultation ................................................................................................................ 91

6.3 Focus Group Discussion with local communities ...................................................................................... 92

6.4 Public Consultation with Stakeholders .................................................................................................... 104

7. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...................... 108

7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 108

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL FACTORS: ......................................................................................... 108

7.2.1 Environmental Factors: .................................................................................................................... 108

7.2.2 Social Factors: ................................................................................................................................. 108

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE .................... 108

7.3.1 Quarries and Crushers .................................................................................................................... 108

7.3.2 Cultural and Heritage Resources: ................................................................................................... 109

7.3.3 Loss of Structures............................................................................................................................ 114

7.3.4 Generation of Dust: ......................................................................................................................... 115

7.3.5 Noise and Vibration: ........................................................................................................................ 115

7.3.6 Sanitation and Waste Generation: ................................................................................................... 116

7.3.7 Impact on Utilities: ........................................................................................................................... 117

7.3.8 Integration of Drainage with Patna RFD: ......................................................................................... 117

7.3.9 Loss of vegetation and tree cutting: ................................................................................................. 117

7.3.10 Impacts on Dolphin: ......................................................................................................................... 117

7.3.11 Clearing of Existing Solid Waste humps: ......................................................................................... 120

7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE ........................... 121

7.4.1 Physiography and Drainage: ........................................................................................................... 121

7.4.2 River Water Quality: ........................................................................................................................ 122

7.4.3 Solid Waste Generation : ................................................................................................................. 125

7.4.4 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES: ......................................................................... 128

8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 132

8.1 Specific activities by BUIDCo ................................................................................................................. 132

8.2 Specific activities by Contractor .............................................................................................................. 132

8.3 Implementation of EMP .......................................................................................................................... 133

8.4 Environmental Monitoring Program ........................................................................................................ 145

8.4.1 Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment .................................... 145

8.5 Integration of Other NGRBA Programs with Patna RFD ........................................................................ 145

8.6 Environmental Budget ............................................................................................................................ 146

8.7 Reporting System ................................................................................................................................... 152

9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................................. 160


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List of Tables

Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development ....................................................................................................... 14

Table 2-2 : Length and width of access road to projects Ghats ............................................................................ 20

Table 2-3 : Proposed Project Cost ........................................................................................................................ 24

Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations ...................................................................................... 26

Table 3-2 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations ...................................................................................... 27

Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development ....................................................... 37

Table 4-2: Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats ............................................... 40

Table 4-3: Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin ............................................................................. 41

Table 4-4: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site ..................................................................................... 49

Table 4-5: Ambient Air Quality within study area................................................................................................... 51

Table 4-6: Ambient Noise Level within study area ................................................................................................ 52

Table 4-7: Water Quality Sample Analysis and Results ........................................................................................ 53

Table 4-8: List of trees reported in the project affected area ................................................................................. 60

Table 4-9: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone ....................................................................................... 63

Table 4-10: Fish Species reported in the study area ............................................................................................. 72

Table 4-11: List of Heritage and Indigenous Building within DPIA ........................................................................ 74

Table 4-12 ICOMOS‟ Value Table ......................................................................................................................... 75

Table 4-13 List of Heritage and Indigenous Buildings within IPIA ......................................................................... 76

Table 4-14: Component wise Project Affected Families ........................................................................................ 79

Table 4-15: Details of Possession of Material in PAFs .......................................................................................... 80

Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario ...................................................................................................... 83

Table 6-1: Level of Consultations .......................................................................................................................... 91

Table 6-2: Outcome of Stakeholder Participation Meeting as Held on 30th August 2013. .................................. 105

Table 7-1:Mitigation Measures for Grade- I categorized ghats ........................................................................... 109

Table 7-2: RAP Budget ....................................................................................................................................... 114

Table 7-3: Budget for Solid Waste Management................................................................................................. 126

Table 7-4: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats ..................................................................... 128

Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan ......................................................................................................... 134

Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................... 147

Table 8-3: Environmental Budget ........................................................................................................................ 149

Table 8-4: Summary Details of Reporting ........................................................................................................... 152

Table 8-5: Clearance Requirements from Government of Bihar ......................................................................... 153


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List of Figures

Figure 1.1: The Ganga and its spirituality ...................................................................................................... 1

Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna .................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats ................................................................................................ 8

Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga...................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2.4:Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment) ........................................................................ 9

Figure 2.5:Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges) ............................................ 10

Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat ..................................................................................... 11

Figure 2.7 Potential of ghat as a public Space ............................................................................................. 14

Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed ........................................................................................................ 15

Figure 2.9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View) .......................................................................................... 16

Figure 2.10:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct ................................................. 16

Figure 2.11:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat ..................................................................... 17

Figure 2.12: Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping ............................................................................ 19

Figure 2.13:Proposed approach road development of Gai ghat ..................................................................... 20

Figure 2.14: Project Location ..................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 2.15: Landuse along project ghats ................................................................................................... 23

Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA) ........................................................................................... 35

Figure 4.2: Colour coded aspect map for direction of the terrain along the RFD, Patna ................................... 43

Figure 4.3: DEM Map along the project section in Ganga ghat section in Patna .............................................. 44

Figure 4.4: Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna .................... 45

Figure 4.5: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga ...................................................................... 46

Figure 4.6: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats) .................................................... 47

Figure 4.7: Seismic Zonation Map of India ................................................................................................. 47

Figure 4.8: Sub-Basin maps of Ganga Basin ............................................................................................. 48

Figure 4.9: Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from Anta Ghat (left) and Krishna Ghat (Right) ............. 55

Figure 4.10: Forest cover map of Bihar ....................................................................................................... 56

Figure 4.11: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat....................................................................... 59

Figure 4.12: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area ........................................................................... 62

Figure 4.13: Photograph of Animal Reported in study area ........................................................................... 65

Figure 4.14: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area ................................................................................ 68

Figure 4.15: Location were Dolphins are reported ........................................................................................ 70

Figure 4.16: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site ......................... 71

Figure 4.17: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey .............................................. 73

Figure 4.18: Locations of Heritage/Important Buildings within DPIA and IPIA ................................................. 77

Figure 4.19: Locations of Indigenous Buildings within Project Ghats .............................................................. 78

Figure 7.1: Dolphins Movement ............................................................................................................... 118

Figure 7.2: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats .................................................................. 121


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Figure 7.3 : Toilet Block as Proposed in the Project ................................................................................... 123

Figure 7.4 : Proposed toilet Blocks (WC) .................................................................................................. 124

Figure 7.5: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats .................................................................. 127

Figure 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP .................................................................... 133


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List of Annexure

Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management

Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Siting and Layout of Construction Camp

Annexure 1.3: Specific R&R Measures

Annexure 1.4: Drawings for Safety Measures

Annexure 1.5: Professor Sinha‟s Report on Gangetic Dolphin in Context of Patna RFD

Annexure 1.6: Participation list of the public consultation with stakeholders

Annexure 1.7: INTACH‟s Report on Cultural Impact Assessment


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ACRONYMS

B.C. Before Christ

BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation

CIA Cultural Impact Assesment

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment

ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework

ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GAP Ganga Action Plan

GoI Government of India

GoB Government of Bihar

ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites

INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority

NGO Non- Government Organization

NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga

NPRR National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation

NP National Park

OP Operational Policy

PAFs Project Affected Families

PAPs Project Affected Person

PMG Program Management Group

R&R Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

RFD River Front Development

SC Supervision Consultant

SPMG Special Program Management Group

SPV Special Purpose Vehicles

ULB Urban Local Body

VSPL Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

WB World Bank

WLPA Wild Life Protection Act

WLS Wild Life Sanctuary

ZSI Zoological Survey of India


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

River Ganga has a significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the

Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses through a course of more than

2500km in the plains of north and eastern India. Increasing population in the basin and haphazard

urbanization and industrial growth has significantly impacted the water quality of river Ganga,

particularly during the dry season. The primary sources of pollution are untreated sewage and

industrial wastewater, also non-point pollution sources from agriculture and livestock, religious

activities and poor solid waste management also contribute significantly to the pollution.

The previous attempts to clean the river, such as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) launched in 1985 have

provided some gains in arresting rate of water quality degradation, but lot more needs to be done.

As a major first step in this direction, Government of India (GoI) has established the National Ganga

River Basin Authority (NGRBA) for comprehensive management of the river.

PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA

The NGRBA program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to

address both water quantity and quality aspects. To achieve this objective, NGRBA is implementing a

project with financial assistance from The World Bank. The portfolio of investments supported by

NGRBA under this project includes the following:

Sewerage and sanitation systems/sewage treatment plants (new/up gradation)

Solid Waste Management

Industrial Pollution Control Initiatives

River front Management initiatives

These investments in the first phase of the program are spread across several cities / towns within

Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT (RFD)

Government of Bihar through Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo) intends

to implement improvements to the Ganga River Front in Patna through NGRBA Program.

The River Ganga in Patna is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. Some of the most important Hindu

festivals and religious congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga such as the

Kumbh Mela and the Chhathh puja and large numbers of devotees gather during these festivals.


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At present the existing facilities at the Ghats for these activities are poor. The Ghats are neither big

enough to accommodate thousands of devotees during Chhath festival nor there is any facility like

changing rooms.

River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have emerged as lively urban face. River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent disposal of untreated sewage into the river,

Considering these aspects, the proposed Patna RFD project, proposes the following improvements.

Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujarghat);

Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together); Promenade will have

long walkways along the river ganga

Community cum cultural centres including places for cafeteria, reading room, Dolphin

Information centre.

Landscape work in the precinct zones;

City level parks; and,

Improvement of approach roads to the precincts

Development of Crematoria in Gulbi Ghat to an electric crematoria

Development of interceptor drains (total 8 nos.)

Toilet Complex

The total cost of the project is INR 24327.00 Lakhs. The cost break up is shown in table1.

Table 1: Proposed Project Cost

S.No Description of Item Cost (INR Lakh)

1 Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including

change room)

8,929.37

2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting ghats together) 8751.07

3 Community cum cultural centres 1,660.04

4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 425.60

5 City level parks 833.14

6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts 262.11

7 Development of Gulbi ghat 750.77

8 Interceptor Drain 326.97

9 Toilet Complex 36.96

10 Information Education and communication campaign 75.00

11 ESMP Cost (including R&R Cost) 511.89

12 Add contingency (8%) 1764.08

Total 24327.00


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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The following laws and regulations are applicable to the proposed activities of Patna RFD:

Policy and regulatory framework of Govt. of India;

Environmental Policy of the respective State Governments;

Legislations applicable to the construction activities;

Environment and Social Management Framework of NGRBA

The Project is seeking financing from World Bank and hence their environmental and social

safeguards are also applicable to this Project.

Since, the total built up area of the project is about 2700sq.m which is less than 20,000 sq.m and the

total construction area is about 69,500 which is less than 1,50,000 sq.m, the project does not attract

requirement of Environmental Clearance requirements of EIA Notification, 2006 of GoI.

Similarly, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 is not applicable to the project, despite the presence of

Gangetic Dolphin in the river, as the project area is not located within 10 km radius of a wildlife

sanctuary area.

Other Applicable important regulations are:

The The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and Water Prevention and Control

of (Pollution) act, 1974 will be applicable;

The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 will be applicable;

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, as the project

area is located however some old building are there along the ghats which will be protected;

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA:

In addition to the above regulations, NGRBA has developed an ESMF to address various

environmental and social issues related to investments. According to this framework, any project

supported by NGRBA shall carry out an Environment and Social Screening to understand magnitude

of impacts. In general, based on screening exercise, projects are categorized either as High Impact or

Low Impact category in which high impact projects require detailed ESIA study along with preparation

of an EMP. The Patna RFD has been categorized as High impact category due to presence of

schedule-I animal, i.e. Dolphin and resettlement requirement of 229 Project Affected Families (PAFs).

Therefore a detailed EIA and EMP study has been carried out.


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BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

In general 200 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Direct Project

Influence Area (DPIA) and 500 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as

Indirect Project Influence Area (IPIA) to access the baseline environmental conditions around the

project area.

The area within this DPIA and IPIA mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and

important buildings. Very few open spaces are present within the IPIA, the prominent one being

Gandhi maidan. No sensitive areas like wildlife sanctuary, national park, etc. are observed within the

DPIA or IPIA. However institutions such as Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College,

Patna Law College, temples along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are located in the

IPIA.

Meteorology: The climate in Patna is characterized by quite hot summers to moderately cold winters.

In the Ganga basin the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature as recorded in Patna is

respectively 31.9°C and 20.8°C. The relative humidity ranges between 80-93%. The mean annual

rainfall is 1003.4mm. The maximum Wind speed is 177 km/h while the average wind speed during the

year is 5 km/h. The wind direction near the river area varies from NE during the summer season to

SW during the winter season.

Topography: .The topography near the Ganga Ghats in Patna City is like a saucer and city has

drainage issues during monsoon season. This core area of Ganga Ghats in Patna faces problems of

over crowding (e.g. Collectorate ghat, Anta ghat, B.N College ghat, Gulbi ghat etc.) which has lead to

enormous pressure on the physical infrastructure and traffic congestion.

Geology: Ganga ghats are part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, one of the three main physiographic

divisions of India, which separates Extra-Peninsular regions on the north from the peninsular region

on the south. The quaternary sediments are deposited unconformable on the Achaean basement.

Physiography and Soil: The project area of Patna RFD falls under active alluvial plain and the soil of

the Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (UstochreptsHaplaquepts) i.e. it is

slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit.

Seismicity: The DPIA and IPIA fall under Seismic Zone-IV i.e. in low hazard zone.

Drainage: The project area falls under the river basin of Ganga and sub basins of Punpun, Gandhak

and Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati river basins. As per the local observation, Ganga river near the project

Ghats are meandering to the left and during the summer season, lean flow is observed between

Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat at the right bank of river Ganga.


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Air Quality: Baseline Ambient air quality was monitored during September 2012 at 3 locations to

understand the air quality of the DPIA for 24 hours in each location as per CPCB standards for the

parameters like PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, HC and CO. The air quality data are given in table 2.

Table 2: Ambient Air Quality within study area

Location

PM10

(µg/m3)

PM2.5

(µg/m3)

SOx

(µg/m3)

NOx

(µg/m3)

CO

(µg/m3)

Collector ghat 88 47 5.4 26.7 363

Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 54 29 4.3 21.4 275

Gulbighat 69 36 4.0 19.0 175

CPCB Standards 100 60 80 80 2000

Source: Baseline Environmental Monitoring done at project site during September 2012

Noise Quality: Noise quality monitoring has been undertaken for the duration of 24 hrs. at 3 selected

locations. The monitoring data is given in table 3.

Table 3: Noise monitoring result in the study area

Location Leq day dB(A) Leq Night dB(A) L Max dB(A) L Min dB(A)

Collectorate ghat 46.60 33.70 51.30 30.20

Gulbi ghat 43.80 31.90 48.30 25.60

Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat 35.60 33.20 49.80 29.50

CPCB Standards 55.00 45.00

Source: Baseline Environmental Monitoring done at project site during September 2012

Soil Quality: The soil quality has been carried out in 3 locations and it has been observed that the

soil quality is slightly alkaline which also support the presence of Calcareous Alluvium. The texture of

soil is mostly silty loam and loamy.

Water Quality: Water quality samples were collected from 7 locations including upstream and

downstream of Ganga at Anta Ghat where a major sewage outfall has been seen. In general the DO

content of water is quite good ranging more than 7mg/l. The BOD content at the downstream of Anta

ghat shows the impact of Sewage on Ganga as the noted BOD was observed as 12.9 mg/l. In other

locations the BOD content has been seen in the range of 2-3.3 mg/l. Overall the water quality of

Ganga at the project locations are still well within the bathing water quality.

Flora and Fauna: The proposed project partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and partly terrestrial

Habitat. The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses scattered growth of grasses (mainly

weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes and shrubs. Commonly reported weeds species

are Congress grass (Partheniumhysterophorus), Lantana (Lantana Camara), Eipatoriumtrilpineve,

Solanumxanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathurastromonium). The species of grasses reported along the


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banks are Cyanodondactylon, Achyranthesaspera, Saccharumarundinaceum, Vetiveriazizanoides,

Ludwigiaparviflora, Rungiarepens, etc. Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where

water level is less than a foot or water has recedes after flooding. The commonly reported

hydrophytes are Ipomoea carnea, Argeratumconyzoides, Azollapinnata, Eichhorniacrassipes,

Lemnaperpusilla, Spirodelapolyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea aquatic,etc.

The fauna reported in the area are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by mammals and

reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area are Common crow, Myna, Eagle,

Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc.

Aquatic mammals like Gangetic Dolphins (PlatanistaGangeticagangetica) have been reported in the

study area.

The fish species reported in the project area include Mrigal (Cirrhinamrigala), Catla (CatlaCatla), Rohu

(Labeorohita), Calbasu (Labeocalbasu), Bata (Labeobata), Kalabans (Labeodero), Tengara

(Mystustengara), Singhi (Heyeropneustusfossilis), Palwa (Mystuscavasius), Pothia (Puntiussophore),

Phasia (Setipinnabrevifilis).

Cultural and Heritage Resources: A detailed survey of cultural and heritage buildings in and around

the project area was carried out by INTACH as part of preparation of Cultural Impact Assessment

(CIA) Report and has identified 26 structures in the DPIA. While none of them physically affected,

care shall be taken during construction to avoid damages to these structures. These structures are

not included either in the list of Archeological Survey of India or Government of Bihar.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

The anticipated environmental impact both during the construction and operation sages are summarized in table 4.

Table 4: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures

Design and Pre-Construction Stage

1 Vegetation Clearance and Tree Cutting Trees are required to be saved as per the designs and

drawings of promenade and ghat development. Vegetation

are to be removed before commencement of construction

2 Resettlement of PAP Nearly 229 PAFs are to be resettled as per the RAP report

and summary given in Annexure 1.3.

3 Procumbent of plant and machinery Specifications to comply with the relevant national standard

norms of emission control.

4 Set up of construction camp (For 25-30

Peoples) The construction camps will be located at least 200 m away

from Ganga ghats and there must be basic living standard as

per the guidelines given in Annexure 1.2.


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Construction Stage

5 Procurement of construction materials from

existing quarry sites and thus consumption

of resources.

About 10,000-15,000m3 of quarry material to be procured

from existing and approved quarry sites. For new quarries if

Environmental Clearance is applicable to be obtained.

Adequate safety pre-cautions to be ensured during

transportation of quarry material from quarries to the

construction site. Vehicles transporting the material shall be

covered to prevent spillage.

6 Generation of Debris Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing ghats,

structures shall be stored at a place sufficiently away from the

main channel of Ganga.

The debris generated from the structures shall be reused as

far as possible and the left over material shall be disposed at

a suitable location with following local rules and regulations

along with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the

„Environmental Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no

debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.

7 Noise and vibration impact to cultural and

old buildings and safety to devotees

coming to temples along ghat during

construction.

For any kind of piling work during construction vibro hammer

to be used instead of sheet piling to minimize vibration. Noise

barriers shall be put at locations like Patna Medical College,

B.N College, Patna Law College and schools to avoid noise.

8 Discharge from existing sewer drains at

Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat Route of these discharge point to be diverted before the start

of ghat construction at these 2 locations;

Route to be diverted through the existing trunk sewer line to

the existing STP at Saidpur.

This needs to be taken up by BUIDCO as a separate project.

9 Waste Water from construction camp Adequate sanitation and waste management facility to be

provided in construction camp as per Annexure 1.2 of EIA

report and it is to be ensured that no liquid or solid waste get

disposed into river Ganga during the construction period.

Monitoring of water quality during construction period as per

the monitoring plan

10 Impact on structures during construction As part of the project no heritage building/indigenous

buildings/temples/mosques shall be demolished;

For heritage buildings within 25 m from ghat adequate care

shall be taken to minimize vibration impact. Overall piling

work to be used with Vibro Piling rather than normal sheet

piling.


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Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants during

construction shall be immediately reported to the authorities

and shall comply with Ancient Monuments and

Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958

11 Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment Construction activities shall be avoided during evening and

night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)

All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the

construction site shall be fitted with manufacturer‟s approved

exhaust muffler.

Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be restricted 100m

from noise sensitive locations. Instead of pneumatic hammers

electric, hydraulic hammers could be used.

Temporary Noise Barrier at important locations of Schools

and Health centers.

12 Dust Generation and Equipment Selection,

Maintenance and Operation

Vehicles carrying construction materials shall be covered;

Regular water sprinkling at areas of dust generation;

Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall

be made;

13 Loss of flora and Fauna Fuel provision shall be made available in camp like LPG so

that no tree cutting is involved for fuel wood.

Construction workers must protect natural resources and wild

animals especially Dolphin

Fishing is strictly prohibited.

14 Risk and Safety Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from

electrical equipment.

Precautions shall be made to provide proper access route to

the devotees;

The safety of workers shall be taken care as per the

prevailing norms;

No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed as

to cause danger.

All necessary fencing and lights will be provided.

Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers.

Protective eye-shields to workers engaged in welding works

Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise (above 75dB (A),

The Contractor shall comply with all regulations regarding

safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, etc.

The Contractor shall ensure that no paint containing lead or

lead products is used.


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Operation Stage

15 Sewage generation from Project and Water

Quality Toilet complexes along with 24 other toilets will be provided

in the project;

Approximately 30 KLD of sewage expected;

Septic Tank and soak pit shall be provided for the sewage;

Water quality to be monitored as per monitoring plan

16 Surface Run-off Interceptor drain has been proposed to cater surface run-off

from promenade and pathways and will be ultimately be

linked with the drains along access roads

17 Increase of speed of water at Ghat section

and chances of Soil Erosion As part of the project necessary green areas along the banks

will be protected as well as new green areas in terms of city

parks shall be created. This will provide necessary bank

stability.

Further, riparian edge restoration program will be undertaken

to maintain natural habitat.

At the bottom of the ghat boulder pitching shall be made so

that uniform speed is maintained.

18 Solid Waste Management Bins along Ganga ghats @4 bins in each ghat for 20kg

capacity;

254 litterbins along promenade and pathways of 1kg

capacity;

Masonry bins at 6 locations to facilitate communities to

dispose their waste at these bins;

Providing 2 no. of 4.5m3 bins at Anta Ghat Vegetable

market;

1 dumper placer, 2 auto trippers and 1 JCB hooper type

vehicle shall be provided to collect the dispose the waste

generated from the proposed project.

19 Dolphin Conservation The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders

below the steps at ghats close to the water line or river edge

should be four inches instead of eight inches.

No indigenous grasses should be planted in the landscape

terraces between two ghats as in the spaces natural

amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river

grow

There should be minimum or no noise under the water

during implementation of the project. If any mechanized boat

is used during implementation of the project, the same may

be propeller guard.


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20 Safety Measures The load bearing capacity of each ghat has been calculated to

indicate the safe number of people to accommodate the ghat

and promenade with a carrying capacity approach. The other

health and safety measures being proposed in the project are:

Belts all along the ghats;

PPE use;

Inaccessibility to children; (Construction Netting);

4 ambulances (for 2 years of project construction

period) shall be provided for any type of medical

emergency;

Chhath festival will be restricted to these ghats during

construction period;

Side Access for pedestrian movements at Mahendru

ghat;

Refuge access;

Increase of access to the promenade through

pedestrian streets;

One way traffic to ghat where accessibility is less than

6m.

Crowd management during festivals

PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Local people were extensively consulted while carrying out the EA study. A total of 8 FGDs were

conducted in the project area in the project influence area. Further, municipal ward councilors, MLAs

were consulted on 3rd August 2013. In addition to the above, a city level public consultation was

carried out on 30th August 2013 to obtain the views of local people. While most of the people

welcomed the project and views and suggestion are incorporated in the project and EMP, wherever

applicable.

EMP BUDGET

In order to implement the proposed Environmental Mitigation Measures a detailed Environmental

Management Plan has been prepared. To implement the plan there will be a Supervision Consultant

who will oversee the work of contractor. The Supervision consultant will further report the progress of

work to BUIDCo. The final implementation monitoring for the same shall be carried out by NMCG. The

total EMP budget has been considered is about INR 84.5 Lakhs. The detail about environmental

budget is presented below in Table-5


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Table-5 Environmental Budget

S.

No

Description of Item Cost (INR

Lakhs)

Primary

Responsibility

Secondary

Responsibility

1 Environmental Awareness program towards minimizing the pollution problem for solid waste management, water pollution prevention and minimizing impact on Dolphin etc. through preparing of IEC materials, media advertisement, clippings in cinema hall etc.

13.00 BUIDCo BUIDCo

2 Environmental Awareness during the construction stage

7.00 Contractors BUIDCo

3 Soil Erosion restoration work like retaining wall, edge restoration work, turfing and vegetative cover,

Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item 2.1.3)

Contractor BUIDCo

4 Establishing of Construction Camp including facilities for drinking water, waste water treatment and solid waste disposal facilities

Covered in Engineering Cost (Incidental Items)

Contractor BUIDCo

5 Facilities towards solid waste management for the project (Civil Cost from Table 7.3 of EIA report)

Covered in Engineering Cost (Incidental Items)

Contractor BUIDCo

6 Procurement of Vehicles for solid waste management and 2 dumper bins (O&M Cost from Table 7.3)

32.64 BUIDCo BUIDCo

7 Small mesh barrier to screen the pious refuse preferably iron mesh with 1‟‟x1‟‟seize

8.10 Contractor BUIDCo

8 Construction of interceptor drains (3000 m) to collect storm water from project area and raw sewage from the building lines along the ghats, connect to a suitable manhole for ultimate treatment in a STP

Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item 2.5)

Contractor BUIDCo

9 Construction of toilets along the promenade Covered in engineering cost (Items 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3 of BOQ)

Contractor BUIDCo

10 Provision of boulder pitching with 4incher iron wire; No indigenous grass species to be introduced

Covered in engineering cost (Items 2.1.3,of BOQ)

Contractor BUIDCo

Total Environmental Enhancement Cost 60.74

Environmental Monitoring-Construction Stage

11 Air Quality Monitoring 0.96 Contractor BUIDCo

12 Water Quality Monitoring 3.84 Contractor BUIDCo

13 Noise Quality Monitoring 0.54 Contractor BUIDCo

14 Soil Quality Monitoring 0.72 Contractor BUIDCo

15 Travel and Transportation of Laboratory

Personnel


Total Environmental Monitoring Cost (Construction

Stage)


Environmental Monitoring-Operation Stage

16 Air Quality Monitoring 1.2 BUIDCo BUIDCo

17 Water Quality Monitoring 6.4 BUIDCo BUIDCo

18 Noise Quality Monitoring 0.75 BUIDCo BUIDCo


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S.

No

Description of Item Cost (INR

Lakhs)

Primary

Responsibility

Secondary

Responsibility

19 Soil Quality Monitoring 9.75 BUIDCo BUIDCo

20 Travel and Transportation of Laboratory Personnel for 5 years

5.00 BUIDCo BUIDCo

Total Monitoring Cost-Operation Stage 14.10

Total EMP-Cost 82.86

Contingency (2%) 1.66

Total EMP with contingency 84.52


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1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

River Ganga has a significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising from the

Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses through a course of more than 2500

km in the plains of north and eastern India. Increasing population in the basin and haphazard

urbanization and industrial growth has significantly impacted the water quality of river Ganga,

particularly during the dry season. The primary sources of pollution are untreated sewage and

industrial wastewater, also non-point pollution sources from agriculture and livestock, religious

activities and poor solid waste management also contribute significantly to the pollution.

Figure 1.1: The Ganga and its spirituality

The previous attempts to clean the river, such as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) launched in 1985 have

provided some gains in arresting rate of water quality degradation, but lot more needs to be done.

As a major first step in this direction, the Government of India (GoI) has established the National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) for comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA

program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to address both

water quantity and quality aspects.


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1.1 PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA

The NGRBA program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to

address both water quantity and quality aspects. To achieve this objective, NGRBA is implementing a

project with financial assistance from The World Bank. The portfolio of investments supported by

NGRBA under this project includes the following:

Sewerage and sanitation systems/sewage treatment plants (new/up gradation);

Solid Waste Management;

Industrial Pollution Control Initiatives; and,

River front Management initiatives

These investments in the first phase of the program is spread across several cities and/or towns

within Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

1.2 PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT

The River Ganga in Patna is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. Being a historical city1, the settlements

started right along river‟s bank edge and consequently the river‟s edge remained unattended. Some of

the most important Hindu festivals and religious congregations are celebrated on the banks of the

river Ganga such as the Kumbh Mela and the Chhath puja and large numbers of devotees gather

during these festivals.

At present the existing facilities at the Ghats are quite poor. There is no change room or toilet facility

on the Ghats. The Ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during

Chhath festival nor there is any facility like changing rooms. There is hardly any Ghat where Visitors

of Patna can go for an enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. The entire river bank is hard surface, they

are either Ghats or stone pitched and there is virtually very little landscaping or soft surface along the

river edge. There are also no city level parks.

River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have

emerged as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect

to the main stream; public activity etc. The great potential of river front development eluded the people

of Patna.

River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness

of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent

disposal of untreated sewage into the river, and also prevent solid waste dumping on the river banks.

1 The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most ancient religions of the world, namely Buddhism and Jainism. Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the Mauryan empire. The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna.


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Now with this decision of Govt. of Bihar to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for urban

transformation of city has emerged. The proposed Patna RFD will be developed under the portfolio of

investment under NGRBA.

1.2.1 Proposed Developments in Patna RFD

The proposed Patna river front development project is spread over 6.6 km from Collectorate Ghat to

Naujar Ghat and would involve the following activities:

Development of 20 ghats (from Collectorate ghat to Naujar ghat including change room);

Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together);

Community cum cultural centers;


City level parks;


Development of Crematoria in Gulbi ghat with provision of electric crematoria

Development of interceptor drain;

Toilet Complex

Details of the developments are presented in Chapter-2. The total project cost proposed for Patna

RFD is INR 24327.00 Lakhs.

1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA

The present Patna RFD project will be implemented under NGRBA program being implemented with

the financial assistance from the World Bank. As per the Environmental and Social Management

Framework of NGRBA, the project has been screened (given in details in chapter-4) for its impacts

and has been identified as high impact category and hence an EIA study has been carried along with

specific EMP.

The scope of the EIA study has been finalized based upon the project screening and categorization

and is given below:

Project screening and scoping;

Project categorization considering as per the NGRBA ESMF ;

Detailed assessment of natural habitats in the river and its riparian areas;

Assessment of water quality along the river stretch both through secondary and primary data

generation;

Preparation of study area maps for an immediate vicinity of 200m-500m from either side of

the river through satellite imagery to understand the details of vegetation and potential of

siltation.

Aquatic Ecological assessment of the river stretch of ghat development program;


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Assessment of existing sewage disposal and proposed improvement mechanism for

restricting sewage and other trade effluent disposal (if any) in to the ghat development

section;

Assessment of proposed Solid Waste Management System as part of the proposed

development;

Assessment of possible impact on river bed due to the proposed engineering measures for

ghat development and possible management measures (if any);

Assessment of physical and cultural Resources along the project stretch and assessment of

potential beneficial and adverse impact on such resources from the project;

Assessment of possible Environmental Quality measures and monitoring mechanism;

Assessment of possible Environment Management measures and cost;

1.4 PROPOJECT PROPONENT

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation, Government of Bihar.

1.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT

M/s Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is the technical consultant for this project and M/s NilaA

Architecture and Urban Design is the architect consultant for this project for the proposed river front

development in Patna including development of 20 ghats, promenade including kiosks, community

cum cultural centre, landscape work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of

approach road to the ghats.

1.6 EIA CONSULTANT

M/s Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is the EIA consultant for the project.

1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA

The present EIA report is organised in following chapters. Chapter- 1 Introduction

This chapter describes briefly describes the project, NGRBA Portfolios of Investments, the ESMF and need of EIA study.

Chapter- 2 Project Description

In this, chapter the existing conditions of the project area and proposed developments taken under the projects are described along with the cost summary of total investment under Patna RFD

Chapter- 3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework This Chapter captures the policy and legal framework of government of India as well the safeguard policies of World Bank that are applicable to the project.


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Chapter-4 Description of Environment Description of the baseline environmental condition including the baseline conditions of river water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air, noise and soil quality are described in this chapter.

Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives This chapter describes the alternatives considered in the project towards improving the project.

Chapter-6 Public Consultation

This chapter briefly describes the consultation measures carried out with the various sections of common public in and around the project area and the suggestions provided under the consultation are documented.

Chapter-7 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

This chapter provides details of the potential impacts from the project on various environmental factors and mitigation measures proposed for the construction and operation stage

Chapter-8 Environmental Management Plan This chapter envisages the requirement of Environmental Management Plan including the monitoring and supervision framework for the implementation of EMP along with the budget for implementing EMP.

Chapter-9 Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter provides the conclusion about the implementation of the project and provides necessary recommendations.


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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A detailed project report on riverfront revitalization has been prepared to enhance the potential of

Patna‟s river edge infrastructure and future decade. This is an unprecedented opportunity to create

new public realm facing towards the river that is strongly connected to the city‟s urban fabric. The

report outlines a set of urban strategies that form the larger civic vision to the water front in the city

and illustrates the detail proposal in ghat precincts.

The main aim of the project is to attempt with a proposal that works collaboratively with Architecture

and Engineering, Urban design and Ecology and Landscape Design. The project area is spread over

a length of 6.6 km of the water front starting at Collectorate ghat and down the river till Ganga Setu

and beyond upto Naujar ghat.

Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna

The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most

ancient religions of the world, namely, Buddhism and Jainism. The state has seen the rise and fall of

mighty empires of the Mauryas and the Guptas. The Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the

Mauryan empire. From this city the famed emperor Chandragupta ruled a vast empire from Bay of

Bengal to Afghanistan.

This state has also produced several eminent world class scholars namely:

Aryabhatt-Famous mathematician and astronomers

Chanakya-Master of State Craft and Guru of Chandragupta Maurya

It is believed that Patliputra was among the largest cities of the world between 300 and 195B.C.


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2.1 EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS

During the visit of the project team of the environmental consultants to assess the existing conditions of

the ghats the following point emerges:

Sanitation: At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no

infrastructure in the ghats. Disposal of raw sewage from settlement and slums is very common

including open defecation along the edge. Further there are dairy units along the ghat the

waste is directly disposed to river Ganga (Refer Figure 2.2).

The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. This being an historical city, the

settlements started right after river‟s bank edge and consequently the river‟s edge remain unattended. The

great potential of riverfront development eluded the people of Patna.

The famous Chhathh Puja of Eastern India is celebrated in Patna with great gaiety on river Ganga‟s

banks. More than five lakhs devotees offer Puja to Sun God on the occasion of Chhathh Puja in the

month of October. On this occasion lakhs of people trek to Ganges and after holy dip in the Ganges

worship Sun God.

Recently Ganga Aarti has started at 2 nos. ghats, namely Gandhi ghat and Bhadra ghat. The Tourism

Department conducts these activities on weekly basis and this already has emerged an attractive

weekly event of city. Such programs can create enormous awareness for cleanliness of river Ganges.

Now with the decision of Bihar Govt. to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for Urban

transformation of city has emerged.

The spread of Patna along river Ganga The spread of Patna city in and around Gandhi

Maidan


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Disposal of sewage from building lines along

ghat to river ganga

Domesticated animal and dairy units along ghat,

disposal of animal waste to river Ganga

Open Defecation along edges of river Ganga Direct disposal of solid waste from the

slum/colonies along the river bank into river Ganga

Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats

Festivals and Safety: The ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of

Devotees during Chhath festival. There are high chances of accident if any mishap happens

with the devotees.

Encroachments: Illegal colonies, slums and encroachment are observed along the ghat

especially at Bhadra ghat high density of slum observed. The colonies are developed so close

to the bank that during monsoon, there are chances of drowning and unsafe conditions. (Refer

figure 2.3).


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Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga

Safety issues during Night time: There is no lighting along the ghats making it really unsafe

to women and general public as well. On the contrary at Gandhi Ghat has been developed well

for recreational purposes.

Figure 2.4:Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment)

Edge Restoration:. Stone pitching has been observed along the river bank. This is a practice

being done to protect the banks from erosion but this does not sustain for more than 2-3

years and every time such types of edge restoration work is done without any kind of

landscaping or green area, reduces the ecological activities in the river edges and impacts the

food chain (Figure 2.5).

Unsafe Ghats-No clear entry exit route: At present the ghats are very narrow and the steps are very steep especially at Mishri ghat. Almost all the ghats have some temple and devotees go for puja and making it difficult for children, women and aged persons.

Further, there is no demarked entry or exit route to the ghats from the banks which also creates unsafe conditions during mass gatherings like Chhatth festival etc.


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Figure 2.5:Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges)


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Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat


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2.2 NEED FOR PATNA RFD

Patna being an historical city2, the settlements started right along river‟s bank edge and consequently

the river‟s edge remained unattended. Some of the most important Hindu festivals and religious

congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga such as the Kumbh Mela and the

Chhath puja and large numbers of devotees gather during these festivals.

At present the existing facilities at the Ghats are quite poor. There is no change room or toilet facility

on the Ghats. The Ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during

Chhath festival nor there is any facility like changing rooms. There is hardly any Ghat where Visitors

of Patna can go for an enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. The entire river bank is hard surface, there

are either Ghats or stone pitched or there is virtually very little landscaping or soft surface along the

river edge. There are also no city level parks.

River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have

emerged as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect

to the main stream, public activity etc. The great potential of river front development eluded the people

of Patna.

River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness

of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent disposal

of untreated sewage into the river, and also prevent solid waste dumping on the river banks.

Now with this decision of Bihar Govt. to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for urban

transformation of city has emerged. The proposed Patna RFD will be developed under the portfolio of

investment under NGRBA.

After several discussions with the government agencies and NGRBA the need for the river front

development in Patna along river Ganga was taken in to consideration mainly for the following

reasons:

Upgradation of Ghats:

At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no change room or

toilet facility in the ghats. The ghats are also not big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees

during Chhath festival. There is hardly any ghat where Visitors to Patna can go for an enjoyable

glimpse of river Ganges.

2 The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most ancient religions of the world, namely Buddhism and Jainism. Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the Mauryan Empire. The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna.


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Environmental Awareness:

The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural

hubs of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from

marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being

developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen‟s responsibility towards the

cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected

that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness

specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses

adjoin the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological

awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v)

Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims as well as

with the line department regarding the health, safety and environmental issues during mass gathering

of people during famous chhath festival and “Ganga Aarti” along Ganga ghats.

Ghat Landscaping:

At present only stone pitching work has been observed along the banks which are generally need to

be repeated for every 2-3 years of time. This generally reduces the ecological activities along the

banks.

The proposed project is proposed with ecological edge restoration work along the banks.

2.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS

The proposed Patna river front development project would involve the following projects:

Development of 20ghats (from Collectorate ghat to Naujar ghat including change room);

Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together);

Community cum cultural centres;


City level parks; and,


Development of Crematoria in Gulbi Ghat to an electric crematoria

Development of interceptor drains (total 8 nos.)

Toilet Complex

Details of the developments are given below:

2.3.1 Development of Ghats

The proposed 20 ghats considered to be developed under this project given in table 2.1 and shown in

figure 2.8 respectively.


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Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development

Figure 2.7 Potential of ghat as a public Space

2.3.2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together)

The proposed development of promenades are given below and shown in figure 2.8 and 2.9:

Name of Precinct Connected Ghats

Precinct-I Collectorate

ghat

Anta ghat B.N.College ghat Mahendru ghat till Adalat ghat

Precinct-II Adalat ghat To Gandhi ghat

Precinct-III Gandhi ghat to Rani ghat

Precinct-IIIA Gulbi Ghat to Gai Ghat

Precinct-IV Bhadra ghat Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat

Ghat Names Ghat Names

Anta ghat B.N. College ghat

Adalat ghat Mishri ghat

T.N. Banerjee ghat Krishna ghat

Baharwa ghat Rani ghat

Ghagha ghat Raushan ghat

Choudharytola ghat Pathri ghat

Alamgaunj ghat Naurwa ghat

Hanuman ghat Raja ghat

Gai ghat Bhadra ghat

Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat


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Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed


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Figure 2.9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View)

After the development of the urban precincts the view of a ghat is shown in figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct


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2.3.3 Community cum cultural centres

Three number of community cum culture centres are proposed as given below and shown in figure

2.11.

Community cum Eco Centre at Collectorate ghat: This centre is facilitated with community

landscape court with sit out, eco-centre cum meeting hall, café sitting in the second floor. The

total built up area would be 2014 sq.m.

Community cum cultural Centre at Bhadra ghat: This centre will be facilitated with food

court and community hall and children centre, multi purpose hall for dance and performance

and a promenade view café. The total built up area would be 1273 sq.m.

Dolphin Information Centre at Gai ghat: The total built up area would be 950 sq.m

Café at Patna College: This centre will be facilitated with café in the ground floor, Reading

room and kids reading area in the 1st floor and Amphitheatre and viewing deck in the 2nd floor.

The proposed built up area is 381 sq.m

Audio-Visual theatre at Gandhi ghat: This centre is facilitated with café in the ground floor,

audio-visual hall in the 1st floor, amphitheater and viewing deck in the 2nd floor. Total built up

area 381 sq.m.

Figure 2.11:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat


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2.3.4 Landscape work at Precinct Zones:

The proposal has also put forward a framework to integrate landscape in to the existing river edge

design. The landscape design has listed criteria like edge restoration, bio-diversity for wildlife,

methods for carbon reduction , providing Larger open space for people for rituals, activity and

exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people, concepts of bio-degradable garbage,

flood control through landscape engineering and environmental education.

The development on the river edge has to be of a kind that doesn‟t harm the river ecology. The design

solution is a sustainable process. Steps have been taken to put in place on the promenade network of

waste disposal. The textures and use of material be such that it would be green and environment

friendly.

Landscape work has been proposed in four (4) number of precinct zones as given below and shown

in figure 2.12:

Precinct Landscape Work Landscape Work Landscape Work

Precinct-I Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat Anta ghat to B.N

college ghat

B.N College ghat to

Mahendru ghat

Precinct-II Mishri ghat to T.N Banerjee ghat T.N Banerjee ghat to

Kali ghat

Precinct-III

and Precinct-

IIIA

Gandhi ghat to Bharva ghat Bharva ghat to Law

college ghat

Rani ghat to Gulbi ghat

Precinct-IV Gai ghat to Naujar ghat

The proposal under the landscape works at the precinct zones will include the following aspects:

Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity of wild life, carbon reduction,

nutrient exchange along edge

Large open space to facilitate people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops,

seminars, shade areas for people

Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary

Environmental education


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Figure 2.12: Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping

2.3.5 City level parks:

Two (2) city level parks are proposed respectively at Patna College ghat and Gai ghat

2.3.6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts

Following approach roads are proposed for improvement:

Approach road to precinct-I

Approach road to precinct-II

Approach road to precinct-III and IIIA

Approach road to precinct-IV

Approach road to Krishna ghat

Approach road to Choudury tola ghat

Approach road to Pathri ghat

Approach road to Gai ghat

Approach road to Raja ghat

A schematic view of proposed development of approach road is given in figure 2.13. The length and

width of access roads to the project ghats are listed in Table: 2-2. As part of the DPR it has been

proposed that Govt. may suitably take up clear pathways along these access roads along with street

lighting.


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Table 2-2 : Length and width of access road to projects Ghats

S. No. Name of ghat Width of access road. Length of access road to nearest street

1. Anta Ghat 3.5m 120m 2. B.N.College ghat No direct access 90m 3. Adalat ghat 4 m 145m 4. Mishri ghat 5m 85m 5. T.N.Banerjee ghat 1.5 42m 6. Krishna ghat 8m 85m 7. Bharawa ghat 6m 98m 8. Rani ghat From law college ghat 60m 9. Ghagha ghat 3m 150m,110m 10. Raushan ghat 2m 100m 11. Chaudhary tola ghat 5m 46m,78m 12. Pathri ghat 5m and 1.5m pathway

connection along ghat 55m, 100m

13. Alam ganj ghat 2m-3 m 90m 14. Naurwa ghat 2m-3m 75m 15. Hanuman ghat 2m-3.5 m 88m 16. Raja ghat 3.5m single lane with 2m parking

provision on both sides 163m,100m

17. Gai ghat 6m wide vehicular road 200m 18. Bhadra ghat 7m wide vehicular road 280m 19. Mahaveer ghat 5m wide vehicular road 240m 20. Naujar ghat 2m lane 140

Government has planned to improve these access roads through providing clear pathways and street lighting as suggested in the DPR.

Figure 2.13:Possible way of improving the access road at Gai ghat


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2.3.7 Development of Electric Crematoria at Gulbi Ghat

At present the present crematoria uses wood as burning material. This electric crematorium will help

in reducing the wood consumption and next it would give more burning facilities. These electric

crematoria would help in burning 30 dead bodies in a day.

2.3.8 Development of Toilet Complex

Toilet complexes are proposed at 3 locations as part of the project namely at Collectorate Ghat, Anta

Ghat and Bhadra Ghat. Nearly 600 people are expected to use each of these toilets in a day.

2.3.9 Development of Interceptor Drain

The project also envisages towards improving interceptor drains to capture the sewage getting

directly disposed to Ganga from the building along the ghat and run-off and then finally disposing

them off at a main drain line. A total of 8 such interceptor drains are being proposed.

2.3.10 Environmental Awareness

The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural

hubs of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from

marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being

developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen‟s responsibility towards the

cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected

that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness

specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses

adjoining the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological

awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v)

Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims along with

various line department health, safety and environmental issues during festivals like “Chatth Puja”

and “Ganga Aarti”.

2.4 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed project site is located along the river Ganga starting from Collectorate ghat and spread

beyond the Ganga setu. Few of the ghats are proposed to be connected through promenade and

would also involve landscape work.

The location map of the proposed project site is provided in Figure 2.14 and existing landuse along

the ghats is presented in Figure 2.15.


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Figure 2.14: Project Location


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Figure 2.15: Landuse along project ghats


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2.5 ADDITIONAL BENEFIT

„Chhathh Festival‟ is the most important festival of Bihar. Millions of devotees congregate on bank of river

Ganga for taking a dip and also undertake other religious rituals. The celebration of Chhath festival would

become much more comfortable to these devotees by construction of walkway and the socio-cultural

centres. This will also help in developing tourist attraction as Ganga Aarti can be organized on regular

basis at 2 – 3 ghats as is done in other religious cities like Varanasi, Haridwar etc. This will also help

develop ecological awareness to prevent the pollution of the river.

The Promenades will provide an alternative passage for people to travel from one ghat to the other

directly without getting on to the main road. This will greatly reduce traffic on main road and reduce

misery of people in traffic, particularly during festival times. The Promenades will reduce the distance to

be travelled and time required for going from one ghat to the other substantially. The Promenades will

also provide a panoramic view of the river banks and ghats to the visitors.

2.6 PROJECT COST

The proposed cost for the project is given in Table 2.3.

Table 2-3 : Proposed Project Cost

S.No Description of Item Cost (INR Lakh)

1 Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including

change room)

8,929.37

2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting ghats together) 8751.07

3 Community cum cultural centres 1,660.04

4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 425.60

5 City level parks 833.14

6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts 262.11

7 Development of Gulbi ghat 750.77

8 Interceptor Drain 326.97

9 Toilet Complex 36.96

10 Information Education and communication campaign 75.00

11 ESMP Cost (including R&R cost ) 511.89

12 Add contingency (8%) 1764.08

Total 24327.00


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3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The policies, regulations and administrative framework within which the project is to be implemented with

respect to environmental management and protection are reviewed in this section. The review includes

the sector-specific Environmental and Policies and Regulations of the Government of India, National

policies regarding socio-economic issues and the Administrative framework of various agencies, such as

the Ministry of Environment and Forest, the Pollution Control Boards and other bodies associated with the

implementation of the proposed project.

The following laws and regulations are application to the environment and social aspects of the proposed

ghat development program:

Policy and regulatory framework of Govt. of India

Environmental Policy of the respective State Governments

Legislations applicable to the construction activities

The Project is seeking financing from World Bank and hence their environmental and social safeguards

are also applicable to this Project. The categorization of the project as per World Bank guideline is

detailed in Chapter-4.

3.1 POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI)

Constitutional Provisions

The Constitution of India, in Article 48, of Directive Principles of the State, states that “the state shall

endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country”.

Further Article 51-A (g), of fundamental duties, emphasizes that, “It shall be the duty of every citizen of

India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to

have compassion for living creatures”. These two provisions of the constitution are the guiding principles

for the environmental legislation in India.

The Government of India has laid down various policy guidelines, regulations, acts and legislations

pertaining to sustainability and protection of the environment and its various components. The statutory

requirements for the proposed project are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrella legislation that supplements

existing environmental regulations. Empowered by the EP Act, the Ministry of Environment and Forests

(MoEF), the Government of India has issued the following notifications regulating the siting of industry


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and operations, procuring clearance to establish industries and development of projects with appropriate

Environmental Impact studies, coastal zone regulations and many other aspects of environment through

notifications. One of the important notifications under this Act is EIA notification which discusses a gamut

of projects under various sectors and requirement of Prior Environmental Clearance for a particular

project as per the notification. The applicability of EIA notification for the Patna RFD and requirement of

Prior Environmental Clearance, if any is discussed below.

EIA Notification 14th September 2006 and its applicability for Patna RFD:

Patna RFD is a river front development which does not fall under any project category of the EIA

notification 14th September 2006. However, it has mix used development including construction of large

area, buildings, road carpet improvement etc. The total construction area for the Patna RFD project is

given in table 3-1.

Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations

S.No Description of Item Area (Sq.m)

1. Ghat Construction 26,000

2. Promenade Construction 26,000

3. Buildings 2700

4 Development of Access Roads 12,800

5 Facilities and Kiosks 1996

Total construction area 69,500

The total built up area as part of the building construction is 2700 sq.m; which is less than 20,000 sq.m

and the total construction area is 69,500 which is less than 1, 50,000 sq.m. Thus the project does not fall

under schedule of activities 8(a) (Building and Construction Projects) or 8(b) (Area Development Projects

and Townships) of EIA notification 2006 and its recent amendments and does not attract requirement of

any Prior Environmental Clearance.

The key environmental laws and related regulations are given in table 3.2. The key environmental

regulations can also be accessed at www.MoEF.nic.in/rules-and-regulations.

http://www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations


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Table 3-2 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations

S.No Act/Rules Purpose Applicabil

ity

(Yes/No)

Reasons for Applicability Authority

1 Wildlife (Protection)

Act 1972

The Wildlife Protection Act,

1972 has been formulated

in order to protect the wild

life in sanctuaries and

National Park.

No This act is not applicable as

no any sanctuary / national

park exists within 10 km

radius of project site.

The Vikramshila Gangetic

Dolphin Sanctuary is more

than 160km from project

site

However, schedule-I

animal, Dolphin have been

observed in the left bank of

Ganga for which suitable

monitoring and mitigation

measure have been

suggested.

Chief Conservator

Wildlife, Wildlife

wing, state forest

department, MoEF,

GoI

2 Land Acquisition

Act, 1894 (As

amended)

Sets out rule for acquisition

of land by govt.

No No private land acquisition

is involved. However, the

social assessment study

has identified about 229

projects affected Families,

residing along the bank of

the river. Suitable RAP for

these PAPs has been

developed as part of the

project.

Revenue

Department, State

Government


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ity

(Yes/No)


3 The Air (Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1981

To control air pollution by

controlling emission of air

pollutants as per the

prescribed standards.

Yes This act will be applicable

during the construction

stage

SPCB

4 Water Prevention

and Control of

(Pollution) act,

1974

To control water pollution

by controlling discharge of

pollutants as per the

prescribed standards

Yes This act is applicable for

the construction stage of

the project.

SPCB

5 The Noise Pollution

(Regulation and

Control) Rules,

2000

The standards for noise for

day and night have been

promulgated by the MoEF

for various land uses.

Yes This act will be applicable

for all construction

equipments deployed at

worksite

SPCB

6 Municipal Solid

Wastes

(Management and

Handling) Rules,

2000

To manage collection,

transportation, segregation,

treatment and disposal of

municipal solid waste

Yes This rule is applicable both

during the construction

stage (from generation of

waste from labour camp)

and generation of waste

from ghat users during

operation stage.

Moe, CPCB, SPCB

7 The Ancient

Monuments and

Archaeological Sites

and Remains Act,

1958

Conservation of cultural

and historical remains

found in India

Yes The proposed development

is not in close proximity to

any ancient monument

declared protected under

this act.

However, about 25 heritage

structures old have been

spotted in the project sites

which are required to be

protected. Appropriate

conservation and protection

Archaeological

Dept., GoI,


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ity

(Yes/No)


measures are being

developed as part of the

project.

8 Public Liability Act

and Insurance act

1991

This act details out the

requirement of protection

from hazardous materials

and accidents and sets the

guideline how to store the

hazardous materials.

No Largely no such hazardous

waste is being expected

from ghat development

project hence this act is not

applicable. Contractor need

to abide by this act if they

store hazardous

substances such as

petroleum products, etc.

SPCB

9 Mines and Minerals

(Regulation and

Development) Act,

1957 as amended

in 1972 and

Mining of Minerals

as per EIA

notification 2006

and MoEF circular

as per the Supreme

Court Order

27.02.2012

Permission of Mining of

aggregates and sand

As per the circular all

mining project (including

minor minerals) irrespective

of their lease areas of

operation would now

require environmental

clearance.

No/Yes Only licensed quarry will be

used and no new quarries

will be developed for minor

minerals like stone, soil,

river sand etc.

However, if new mining of

more than 5ha is being

explored the contractor

may need to take

environmental clearance.

State Department of Mining SEIAA/SPCB

Other applicable acts and rules mostly related to the construction activities are given below:

Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970

Engagement of labour and basic facility to be provided and labour licence to be obtained.

This act will be applicable for engagement of labour.

Minimum Wages Act, 1948


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The employer is supposed to pay not less than the minimum wages fixed by appropriate government as

per provisions of the act.


The building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions

of Service) Act 1996 ad the Cess Act of 1996

All the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work employ 10 or more workers

are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at

the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities,

ambulance, housing accommodation for workers near the workplace etc.)


Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2000

Whereas it is expedient to prohibit engagement of child in factory, mining and similar other risky work and

to make necessary provision for health. Child‟s safety and services and facilities while engaging them in

other work.

This act will be applicable to make sure not to engage any child labour.

3.2 Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA

An ESMF has been developed for all the NGRBA portfolios of investments. The Investments aims at

preventing discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga and thus aiding abatement of river water

pollution and improvement in water quality. Consequently, this also contributes to the improvement in the

status of environment health and sanitation for the citizens of the concerned cities and towns. The

Investments, to be implemented, have its own beneficial as well as adverse impacts.

Objective of ESMF: The objective of ESMF is to ensure environmentally sustainable development in

NGRBA‟s endeavour of Mission Clean Ganga by effective management of environmental and social

issues in all the investments with a special focus on the following:

Ensure that all investments adhere to the national, state and local regulatory requirements during

the design, implementation and operation stage;

Ensure that best environmental and social practices are mainstreamed/integrated during design,

implementation and operation of the investments;

Strive to enhance environmental conditions wherever feasible;

Undertake to develop communication strategy, capacity building and training initiative for all

stakeholders such as the SPMGs, EAs, ULBs, NGOs and common citizen.


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The Riverfront Management Investments involve river front development schemes, beautification of river

banks, construction of bathing ghats along rivers, lakes and water body improvements, redevelopment of

cremation ground among others.

As part of river front investments, there will not be any permanent adverse or negative impacts due to

these investments, if there are no major interferences in the river flow channel hydraulics, which can

trigger erosion and siltation issues either in situ or elsewhere along the course of the river. Impacts due to

such investments could be minimized or mitigated by appropriate interventions and engineering designs.

The environmental issues that may arise due to investments like river front development schemes are:

Change in land use and drainage pattern

Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problems either at in situ or

elsewhere along the course of river

Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements

Impact due to inadequate sanitation , health and safety facilities

Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities

Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values

However in Patna RFD, the project has been envisaged to take care of the issues in the design stage

itself. For example the ecological edge restoration work, development of land scape actually helps in

improving the present situation of drainage pattern. The project also envisaged to provide management of

solid and liquid waste expected to generate from the project and thereby improving the river water quality.

The project also provides various benefits due to such river front development such as:

Ensuring more safe environment for bathing for children and older people with the implementation

of life guard and guard rails;

Opportunities for employment for people who will operate kiosks and other informal economic

activities due to development of the ghats as an open public place to the people of Patna;

More efficient management of solid waste and sewerage generated along project ghats; and,

Improvement of safety measures with deployment of efficient exit routes during religious

gatherings along the project ghats.

As regards to the Social Impacts, the requirement of land for all these investments is rather small.

However, wherever there is displacement of titleholders/ non-titleholders, it may involve resettlement

issues and may result in temporary loss of access to private and common properties during construction.

The ESMF of NGRBA advices to adhere to the following rules and regulations related to Environment:


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Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI);

Environmental Policy and Regulations of respective State Governments;

Legislations applicable to construction activities

The applicability of these rules and regulations pertaining to Environment largely depends upon the type

of project. On a generic note each project under NGRBA need to check the applicability of following rules

and regulations:

Environment Protection Act,1986 ;

Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 14th Sep-2006;

Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 1991 (2011)

The Forest (Conservation) Act,1980

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958

Public Liability and Insurance Act, 1991

Explosive Act, 1984

Minor Mineral and concession Rules

Central Motor Vehicle Act, 1988

National Forest Policy, 1988

The Mining Act

The ESMF of NGRBA advices to adhere to the following rules and regulations related to Social:

National Tribal Policy, 2006;

National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007;

Land (Acquisition) Act, 1894 (as amended);

Forest Right Act, 2006

Screening and Categorization of Investments:

As part of the ESMF, each project are required to be scrutinized as to its location, scale and sensitivity

and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.The extent of assessment required to identify and

mitigate the impacts largely depends upon the complexities of project activities. The scrutiny and

screening will be based on a detailed environmental and social screening exercise.


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The level of impact (high/low) will be decided based upon the overall assessment of the Environmental

and Social Screening exercise.

High Impact Category: A proposed investment will be classified as High impact category, if it is likely to

impact (adverse or moderate) the environmental and social aspects of the investments. The High

Category investments will also include all those investments which require the mandatory environmental

clearance as per the EIA 93 notification S.O 1533 (E) dated Sept 2006, published by Ministry of

Environment and Forests.

The investments categorized as “High” would require conducting an Environmental and Social

Assessment (ESA) by an independent agency (other than the agency designing the project) and the

scope of the assessment will be decided based on the nature of the investment and the environmental

and social sensitivity of the area.

The ESA report may include (a) Detailed description of the Environmental and Social condition of the

project area; (b) an assessment of the potential impacts; (c) formulation of mitigation measures; (d)

preparation of environmental and social management plan

The project categorization of Patna RFD has been detailed in Chapter-4 after project screening.

Conclusion:

The total construction area of the project is 69,500 and is thus less than the threshold construction

area (1,50,000) which attracts obtaining prior environmental clearance under schedule 8(b) of

projects (large construction and township) as per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent

amendments;

Further the total built up are of the project is 2700 sq.m which is less than the threshold limit of built

up area (20,000 sq. m) which requires prior environmental clearance under schedule 8(a) of projects

as per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent amendments;

The project area does not require any clearance under Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 with

amendments made in 1988 (for details please refer section 4.4.3 of EIA report);

Project area also does not fall under any protected area declared under Wildlife protection act 1972

also is not within 10km boundary of any protected area declared under Wildlife protection act 1972

(please refer section 4.4.3 for details);

Contractor also needs to take necessary permission and NOC‟s (if required) for setting up of their

plant and machineries as prescribed in table 3-2;

Contractor also need to abide by various provisions of construction related acts like Contract Labour

(Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970, Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The building and Other Construction


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Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996 ad the Cess Act of 1996,

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2000;


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4. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA

In Patna River Front Development (RFD) all the development work are associated with the right bank of

river Ganga. Hence the right bank and the ghat sections have been considered as the influence area for

the EIA study. In general 200 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Direct

Project Influence Area (DPIA) and 500 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as

Indirect Project Influence Area (IPIA).

Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA)

The DPIA and IPIA, mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and important

buildings. There are very few open spaces in the IPIA, the only prominent one being Gandhi maidan.

There is no natural sensitive area observed within the DPIA or IPIA such as wildlife sanctuary, national

park, protected areas, conservation reserve, tiger reserve, protected lake, etc. However man made

sensitive locations like Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College, Patna Law College, temples


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along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are observed falling within the DPIA and IPIA. The

lists of such man-made sensitive areas are listed below:

Faculty of Science-Patna Science College;

St. Joseph‟s Convent High School;

Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering;

Centre for Water Resource Study;

Morning bell;

BNR training college;

Bal Vidya Niketan;

Narket ghat urdu school;

Patna Medical College;

There are some important old buildings observed within the DPIA and IPIA, which include:

Commissioner‟ Office;

St. Xavier‟s School;

Old Police Lines;

Collectorate Building;

Bankipore Club;

Graham‟s House;

B.N.College;

Victoria Jubilee Club;

St. Joseph‟s Cathedral;

Patna Medical College;

Anjuman Islamia Hall;

Darbhanga House;

Patna College;

Khuda Baksh Library;

Wheeler Senate Hall;

Patna Science College;

NIT Patna;

Rani Ghat;

Pathar Ki Masjid;

Tekari House;


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Badshah Nawabi Girl‟s High school;

Haveli Mir Mishraf;

Rajaji Mandir;

Aadi Chitragupta Mandir;

Government Press

However none of these buildings are listed as archeologically important sites protected under The Ancient

Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING:

The details of environment and social screening details are shown in table 4.1 as given below:

Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development

Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River Front Development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost: 243.27 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District): Patna S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Explanatory note for

categorization 1 Is the project in an eco-sensitive

area or adjoining an eco-sensitive area? (Yes/No). If yes, which is the area? Elaborate impact accordingly.

The project stretch does not fall under any kind of eco-sensitive zone, wild life sanctuary, national park, conservation reserve etc. However, Gangetic Dolphin (a schedule I specie as per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972) is present in this stretch of the River.

Though the project area does not fall under any protected or conserved area (like wildlife sanctuary, national park etc.), the presence of Schedule-I wild life species , the Gangetic Dolphin the project need to be considered as r High Impact category and requires a detailed environmental assessment.

Will the project create significant /limited/no social impacts? 2 Will the project create significant

/limited/no social impacts? Land acquisition resulting in

loss of income from agricultural land, plantation or other existing land use.

Land acquisition resulting in relocation of households.

Any reduction of access to tradition and river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their

The project requires displacement of 229 Project Affected Families (PAFs). No land acquisition is involved and no income from agricultural land or plantation used for livelihood present there will be affected. No land acquisition resulting in relocation of households. However, 229 PAFs (non- title holders) along the ghats will be affected and are need to be relocated. Not envisaged

The project does not involve any land acquisition. However around 229 PAFs need to be displaced. These include about 25 cattle sheds at T.N Banerjee ghat that may get affected.

Considering these factors, project is categorized as high impact category.


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categorization primary or substantial livelihood).

Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlements(S).

Any specific gender issues.

Not as such

3 Will the project creates significant/limited/no environmental impacts during the construction stage?(Significant/limited/no impacts) Clearance of vegetation /tree

cover Direct discharge of

construction run off, improper storage and disposal of excavation spoils, waste and other construction materials adversely affecting water quality and flow regimes.

Flooding of adjacent area Improper storage and handling

of substances leading to contamination of soil and water

Elevated noise and dust emission

Disruption to traffic movements Damage to existing

infrastructure, public utilities, amenities etc.

Failure to store temporary construction sites

Possible conflicts with and /or disruption to local community

Health risks due to unhygienic conditions at works camps

Safety hazards during construction.

There will be limited environmental impacts during construction stage. Clearance of vegetation will be

required, however no tree cutting would be involved

The project will be constructed in narrow area and may include demolition of structures of PAPs, ghats etc. which generates debris. Chances of construction run-off are also there. This may affect water quality during the construction stage. Category-High

Chances of flooding is anticipated during monsoon but limited.

Chances of contamination due to improper storage of material

The roads along the ghat section are narrow and hence disruption of traffic movement during construction stage will be high.

Damage to public utilities, infrastructure is however low as design has been envisaged in such a manner.

Temporary construction site is a constraint so also the storage of materials.

Displacement of 229 household may lead to a possible conflict.

The construction is close to the river front and including r excavation and scaffolding work. Safety Hazard is hence high.

Limited environmental impact is envisaged and with set control measures most of the impacts will be minimized at the contractor‟s level.

4 Will the project create significant /limited /no environmental impacts

The project may create limited environmental impacts during the

Impacts are anticipated both during the construction as well


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categorization during the operaotin stage?(Significant/Limited/No impacts) Flooding of adjacent area Impacts to water quality due to

effluent discharge Gas emission Safety hazards

operation stage as: Chances of flooding to adjacent areas

are less due to more bank protection/stabilization

Effluent from the project will be taken care through toilet/mobile toilet and interceptor drains

Chances of gas emission is negligible from the project

Proper protection in the river front where the promenade or road is given shall be made to avoid unavoidable circumstances/accidents etc.

Based on the recommendations of Gangetic Dolphin‟ the project proposes riparian edge restoration as against stone pitching for bank stabilization. Hence this will create more natural habitat. Thus impact on on dolphin from the project (if any) is minimized

as the operation stage. Especially safety is important during the festive season. Impact to water quality from the proposed facilities and sewage generation is also anticipated. Flooding of adjacent areas is however low. The impacts are mitigated through monitoring and implementation of EMP.

5 Do projects of this nature/type require prior environmental clearance either from the MoEF or from the relevant state Government department?(MoEF /relevant state Government department/No clearance at all)

Not applicable as per the EIA notification 2006. Impact-Low

The proposed ghat development work involves construction work less than 1, 50,000 sq.m. Further, the total built up area is also less than 20,000 sq.m. Hence, the project does not require Environmental Clearance.

6 Does the project involve any prior clearance from the MoEF or state Forest department for either the convention of Forest land or for tree Cutting?(Yes/NO)

No clearance is required from MoEF or state forest department as no tree cutting would be involved in this project.

7 Please attach photographs and location maps along with this complete Environmental format for screening.

Attached separately with the form during the screening form submission and also given in chapter-2 of EIA report.

Overall Assessment High


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After overall assessment of the project, this project can be considered high impact on Environment and

Socio-economic environment. Hence as per the NGRBA framework (page 92, section 4.4.1 of NGRBA

framework) the project has been categorized as high impact category.

4.3 Project Area

The proposed project is river front development of Ganga Ghats in Patna, comprising development of 20

ghats (total length of 6.60 km), promenade including kiosks, community cum cultural centre, landscape

work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of approach road to the ghats. The detail of

ghats along River Ganga is provided in the Table 4-2.

Table 4-2: Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats

Source: Feasibility Study

4.4 Baseline Environmental Profile

The baseline environmental setting has been studied using secondary data as well as primary data to

understand the present environmental scenario of the proposed location. Primary data has been collected

at site during post monsoon season in the month of September, 2012 by an NABL approved laboratory.

4.4.1 Meteorological environment

Climate

The project ghats are within 1 km from Patna City.

The climate of Patna is characterized by quite hot summers to moderately cold winters. The day

temperature generally ranges from 21.1ºC (Avg.) in January to 38.7ºC (Avg.) in May and night

Ghat Names

Anta ghat B.N. College ghat

Adalat ghat Mishri ghat

T.N. Banerjee ghat Krishna ghat

Baharwa ghat Rani ghat

Ghagha ghat Raushan ghat

Choudharytola ghat Pathri ghat

Alamgaunj ghat Naurwa ghat

Hanuman ghat Raja ghat

Gai ghat Bhadra ghat

Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat


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temperature from 7.3ºC (Avg.) in December to 27.7ºC in May/June (Avg.). The summer begins in April

and peaks in June/July with the temperature soaring up to 43°C (Max) till the moisture laden monsoon

wind bring some much-needed relief to the parched fields. The rains last through August /September and

continue into early October.

Relative Humidity

The relative humidity near the Ganga ghats is round 80 to 93 %.

Rainfall and Precipitation

The weather in the Ganga Ghats in Patna is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of

south west monsoon (June to September). The air temperature starts falling with the onset of the

monsoon from June onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between

the daily mean minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature reduces progressively as the

monsoon advances. Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the

monsoon, which is usually in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the

diurnal range of temperature starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of

November. The rainfall and temperature detail in Patna is given in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3: Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin

S.No Station and Year

Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)

Water surplus in wet months; Jul-Sep (mm)

Rainfall as expressed in percentage of annual rainfall from Jul-Sep

Mean Temp in 0C Maximum Minimum

1 Patna

(1951-

1980)

1003.4 807.1 80.4 31.9 20.8

Source: Indian Meteorological Department

Wind Speed

The maximum wind speed is 177 km/h while the average wind speed during the year is 5 km/h

Wind Direction

By the Indian Metrological data (IMD) the wind direction near the river area varies from NE during the

summer season and SW during the winter season.


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4.4.2 Physical environment

Topography

Patna district can be sub-divided into two prominent natural features comprising:

A narrow strip of somewhat high land about 8 km in width along the Southern bank of the Ganges

having very fertile soil & alluvial fertile plains in the remaining portions. Patna does not contain

any hilly region. It has an entirely alluvial and flat region;

Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at an altitude of 48 -

51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of five

rivers in its vicinity. The Ganga River being the largest and the other being Ghaghara, Gandak,

Punpun and Sone. Patna is unique in having.

The land in the district is highly fertile. The district is devoid of any forest wealth of consequences. The

alluvial text of land yields rice, sugarcane and other food grains.

The topography near the Ganga Ghats in Patna City is like a saucer and city has drainage issues during

monsoon season. This core area of Ganga Ghats in Patna faces problems of over crowding (e.g.

Collectorate ghat, Anta ghat, B.N College ghat, Gulbi ghat etc.) which has lead to enormous pressure on

the physical infrastructure and traffic congestion. The newer development areas lying in the central and

western part of Ganga Ghats comprise of both plotted developments and apartment houses.

A pre-independent image of Ganga ghats Image of collectorate ghat


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Geology

Ganga ghats are part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, one of the three main physiographic divisions of

India, which separates Extra-Peninsular regions on the north from the peninsular region on the south. The

level plain is known to be the outcome of a granular filling of a great depression with alluvial sediments

since Middle Pleistocene times. This forming a part of the flood plains of the Ganga has a monotonously

flat relief. The area under study is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary age. The quaternary

sediments are deposited unconformable on the Achaean basement.

Land use

During the baseline study the existing land use pattern with other geomorphological features around the

Patna RFD project and its surrounding area has been conducted as presented here in Figure 4.2 Figure

4-3 and Figure 4-4 respectively.

In Figure 4.2 the colour coded aspect map is representing the cardinal direction, which is based on

sunlight striking on the surface of the terrain along the River Ganga whioch shows the flow pattern of river

Ganga.

Figure 4.2: Colour coded aspect map for direction of the terrain along the RFD, Patna


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Figure 4.3: DEM Map along the project section in Ganga ghat section in Patna

This digital elevation model (Figure 4.3) along the Patna RFD project site clearly shows the elevation

pattern with direction and magnitude. This elevation map is helpful to understand the course pattern of

River Ganga within our project site including water catchment area.

Further, the existing land use within the DPIA and IPIA is observed from Figure 4.4. This land uses as

observed within the IPIA include mainly built up areas, major roads, vegetation, open spaces and water

bodies. The maps also indicate that the DPIA and IPIA are consisting of highly dense building lines.


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Physiography and Soil

Physiographically, India is divided into seven major divisions: (1) Northern Mountains, (2) Great Plains (3)

Central Highlands (4) Peninsular Plateaus, (5) East Coast, (6) West Coast and (7) Islands.

The Ganga basin falls entirely within the first three divisions. The peninsular plateau of the Gangetic

trough (with an elevation of less than 300 meters) is filled with older (Pleistocene) and recent alluvial,

forming nearly 4,000,000 Sq.Km in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal as

shown in Fig: 4.5. The project area of Patna RFD falls under active alluvial plain i.e. landform created by

deposition of sediment over a long period of time by river coming from highland regions.

Figure 4.4: Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna


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Figure 4.5: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga

Soil: The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the

north are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which

thousands of meters of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain.

Among the soil types within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The

alluvial deposits of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable

portion of the peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial

formation is endowed with rich soil nutrients.

The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is

slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In general the

Calcareous Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or acidic

alluvium and hence the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than acidic

alluvium.

Seismicity

According to Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), the state of Bihar lies in a region

with moderate to low to high seismic hazard, though the project site (Ganga Ghats) lies in Low Hazard

Zone (refer Figure 4-6). As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in


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Zones III, IV & V. The project site (Ganga Ghats) falls under Zone IV (as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002), refer

Figure 4-7 which indicates that it is situated in moderately stable zone.

Figure 4.6: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats)

Figure 4.7:Seismic Zonation Map of India

Project Area


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Hydrology and Drainage

The project area falls under the Ganga river basin. The River Map of Bihar is provided in Figure 4-8.

Figure 4.8:Sub-Basin maps of Ganga Basin

The major tributaries of Ganga in India include Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.Chambal is one of

the major tributaries of Yamua, which merges with Ganga at Prayag (Allahabad). These tributaries and

their watershed form the 16 major sub-basins of the Ganga basin. Hoogly diverts from Ganga before

Ganga enters Bangladesh.

Patna river front development is situated at the right bank of river Ganga just after the confluence of

Ganga and Gandhak River. The project area mostly falls under the river basin of Ganga and sub basins

of Punpun, Gandhak and Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati river basins. As per the local observation, Ganga river

near the project Ghats is meandering to the left and during the summer season, limited flow is observed

between Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat at the right bank of river Ganga.

The major sub-basin of Ganga in project area, Gandak- Burhi Gandak contributes mean annual flow

58.967 BCM which is about 11.23 % of total tributaries.


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Soil Quality

Soil samples have been collected from 3 Ghat areas during the environmental monitoring in the month of

September 2012. The location of soil samples were selected based upon following criteria:

The spread of the project area and length;

Uniqueness of the ghats;

Waste disposal or any other related activities for soil contamination;

Any other activities which may relate to soil contamination.

Accordingly the soil samples were collected from following sites:

Gulbi Ghat: It is well known for the cremation ground and hence is unique from the other ghats.

Possibilities of soil contamination could be highest at this site, so this site was selected;

Collectorate Ghat: The start point and open defecation was seen common and hence soil quality

monitoring was selected;

T.N Banerjee Ghat: Dairy units are found here and animal waste get mixed with water and soil,

so selected

Characterizations of soil samples was performed by adopting methods prescribed under relevant parts of

IS: 2720, “Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils”. The soil analysis results are given in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site

Sr.

No.

Parameter Unit Gulbi ghat Collectorate ghat T. N. Banerjee ghat

1 pH - 8.56(1:5) 26⁰C 8.85(1:5) 26⁰C 7.8(1:5) 26⁰C

2 Texture - loamy sand Silt loam Loam

3 Sand % 84.2 26.1 38.3

4 Silt % 10.2 52.4 34.1

5 Clay % 5.6 21.50 27.6

6 Bulk density g/cc 1.43 1.29 1.25

7 WHC % 30.26 42.67 44.17

8 OM % 0.15 0.64 1.59

9 N mg/kg 92.23 184.46 338.18

10 P mg/kg 16.25 <4 292.49

11 K mg/kg 20 500 400


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Sr.

No.

Parameter Unit Gulbi ghat Collectorate ghat T. N. Banerjee ghat

12 Na mg/kg 60 60 40

13 Ca mg/kg 13584 11808 4224

14 Mg mg/kg 2678.4 2966.4 2476.8

15 EC µm/cm 68.8(1:5) 25⁰C 199(1:5) 25⁰C 112(1:5) 25⁰C

Source: Laboratory Analysis

The soil quality as observed shows alkaline content which supports the presence of Calcareous alluvium

(as referred from secondary literature as well).

Ambient Air Quality

The monitoring of the ambient air quality (AAQ) in the project site has been carried out for a regular

period of 48 hrs. at 3 ghats, by M/s Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by NABL and MoEF. Sampling at

each location and analysis has been carried out as per guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and

as per the requirements of MoEF.The total no of stations have been distributed throughout the project

influence area so as to get representative baseline of the study area. The selection of the locations was

made due to following reason:

Collectorate ghat: The road between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat is quite congested and thus requires

an air quality sample;

T. N. Banerjee ghat: Being selected as a control as being seen as one of the dust free ghat by the ESIA

team members.

Gulbi Ghat: Cremation ground and hence chances of air pollution could be higher; so being selected for

an air quality sample

The ambient air quality monitoring results along with locations are given in Table 4-5.


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Table 4-5: Ambient Air Quality within study area

Location Date of

Monitoring

PM 10

(µg/m3)

PM 2.5

(µg/m3)

SO2

(µg/m3)

NO2

(µg/m3)

CO

(µg/m3)

Collector ghat 14/15.09.2012 88 47 5.4 26.7 363

Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 15/16.09.2012 54 29 4.3 21.4 275

Gulbi ghat 16/17.09.2012 69 36 4.0 19.0 175

Limit as per CPCB notification, New Delhi,

18th Nov, 2009. for Ambient air quality 100 60 80 80 2000

Sampling Method

IS: 5182

(Part-23)-

2006

USEPA

CFR-40,

Part-50,

Appendix-L

IS: 5182

(Part-2)

-

2001

IS: 5182

(Part- 6)

-

2006

IS 5182 :

Part 10

1999


Results & Analysis:

The PM10 and PM2.5 level near the Collectorate Ghat is found in the higher range possibly due to the

market activities and associated dust generation. However, all the parameters of ambient air quality are

found well within prescribed limit.

Noise Levels

Locations for noise monitoring along the corridor are identified based on the following criteria:

Gulbi Ghat: Crematorium ground and hence accumulation of people along with various rituals and thus

possibilities sensitivies of noise generation during project construction / operation, hence been chosen for

one of the noise monitoring site;

Collectorate Ghat: Government offices and gathering of many people in this area, also presence of

market between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat, hence selected as a noise monitoring location.

T.N. Banerjee Ghat: Used as a control point since it has been seen as one of calm ghat

Noise level monitoring photographs are given in Table 4-6.


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Table 4-6: Ambient Noise Level within study area

Location Date of Sampling Leq day

dB(A)

Leq Night

dB(A)

L Max

dB(A)

L Min

dB(A)

Collectorate ghat 14/15.09.2012 46.6 33.7 51.3 30.2

Gulbi ghat 15/16.09.2012 43.8 31.9 48.3 25.6

Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat 16/17.09.2012 35.6 33.2 49.8 29.5

Permissible Limits/Standards as per CPCB Leq

dB(A) Day & Night (Residential) 55 45


Results & Analysis:

The noise quality is well within the permissible limit. The discussion with the locals indicated that the

noise level goes high intermittently due to movement of water boats and other human activities. Overall,

the noise quality in the project area is within the permissible limits.

Water Quality

Water quality has been analysed for Surface water of Ganga River by Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by

NABL and MoEF. Six representative water samples were collected in September, 2012, based on the

present usage and pollution load. The physical and chemical parameters of the collected samples were

tested as per established standard methods and procedures of CPCB. The selection of the stations was

based on the fact that the almost all the ghats are being covered. Further, water quality at the upstream

and downstream of Ganga River at Anta ghat has also been carried out to know the water quality in

Ganga River at Anta Ghat. The results of water quality samples are given in Table 4-7.


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Table 4-7: Water Quality Sample Analysis and Results

Sr. No. Parameter Unit Kali

ghat

Krish

na

ghat

Collec

torate

ghat

Gandhi

ghat

Anta ghat

(upstrea

m)

Anta ghat

(downstrea

m)

Gulbi

ghat

Desirable

Standard

(Bathing):

CPCB

Desirable

Standard

(Propagation of

Wilidlife and

Fisheries):

CPCB

1 pH 7.52 at

28⁰C

7.36

at

28⁰C

7.31at

28⁰C

7.65 at

28⁰C

7.49 at

28⁰C

7.6 at 28⁰C 7.45 at

28⁰C

6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

2 TDS mg/l 127.4 257 141.5 130.5 128.4 402 136.4

3 TSS mg/l 680 599 165 837 157 1279 170

4 TH mg/l 103.68 172.8 107.52 119.04 88.32 213.4 111.36

5 Fe mg/l 1.93 3.27 3.88 3.47 1.69 4.12 3.35

6 Cl mg/l 17.81 31.67 15.83 15.83 17.81 42.2 17.81

7 F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

8 Ca mg/l 27.65 44.54 26.11 41.47 23.04 49.66 27.65

9 Mg mg/l 8.29 14.75 10.13 3.68 7.37 21.42 10.14

10 SO4 mg/l <1.0 25.89 1.71 28.75 7.19 56.9 3.05

11 NO3 mg/l 3.2 <0.4 5.7 3.1 2.7 12.6 11.2

12 As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

13 Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 2.7 <0.02

14 DO mg/L 7.7 7.3 7.9 7.7 7.2 6.4 7.2 >5 >4


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14 BOD mg/l 3.3 3.21 3.11 <2.0 3.21 12.9 2.1 <3

15 COD mg/l 19.48 15.58 19.48 7.79 19.48 48.4 7.79

16 Total

Alkalinity

mg/l 105.08 184.6 99.4 110.76 110.76 187.2 107.92

17 Total

Coliform

cfu/10

0ml

30 110 50 170 280 280 23 <500

18 Faecal

Coliform

cfu/10

0ml

13 21 13 17 22 22 13



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Results & Analysis: Analysis of water quality indicates that the water is suitable for bathing and

propagation of aquatic species. Further, the BOD as observed in almost all the measurement locations is

more than 3mg/L, as against the CPCB standard of 3 mg/l (for bathing). However, the total coliform count

in all the water quality monitoring station was observed less than 500 MPN per 100 ml (as per CPCB

standards for bathing water quality). During the site visits, the consultants, at two locations (Anta Ghat

and Krishna Ghat) noticed discharge of storm water mixed with sewage into Ganga, including many

open sewer lines (Refer figure 4-9). This demands suitable measures to avoid direct disposal of untreated

sewage in Ganga.

Figure 4.9:Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from Anta Ghat (left) and Krishna Ghat (Right)

4.4.3 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY

Forest Resources

Bihar is situated in the eastern part of India bordering Nepal and has a geographical area of 94,163 km².

It is part of gangetic plains and is drained by two major rivers, the Ganga and the Gandhak. Annual

rainfall in the state varies from 1000mm to 2000 mm.

The recorded forest area of the state is 6473 km² which is 6.87% of the geographical area. Reserve forest

constitutes 10.70%, Protected Forest 89.28% and unclassed Forest, which is about 0.02% of the total

forest area.

The proposed project falls in 7 – Gangetic plane as per the Biogeographic Classification of India and 7B

Lower Gangetic Plane Province of India.


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Forest Description

Patna district has deciduous type of forest. The district has 3202 km² of Geographical area comprising 13

km² of Moderately Dense forest, 3 km² open forest and absence of Very Dense forest. Thus the forest

cover of the district is 0.50% of total Geographic Area. (Source: State Forest Report – 2009). The Forest

map of Bihar is given in Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.10: Forest cover map of Bihar

The proposed ghat development area does not encounter with any kind of forest types like Reserve

Forest, Protected forest or unclassed Forest (declared Protected under “ The Indian Forest Act,

1927”) and “Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988”. (Source: Forest

Department Patna).

Further no tree cutting is involved in the project and with a landscape design approach all the trees will be

saved as part of this project.

Thus no forest Clearance is required for the proposed development.


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Wildlife Protected area and Wildlife Sanctuary

One Wildlife National Park (Valmiki National Park) and twelve Wildlife Sanctuaries are located in Bihar.

However, no National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The

Nearest wildlife sanctuary is Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS which is more than 50 km in District

Bhagalpur.

Therefore clearance under “The Wildlife (Protection) Act – 1972” is not required for the proposed Ghat

development project.

During primary survey Schedule – I mammals as per WPA – 1972, like fresh water Dolphin (Platanista

gangetica gangetica) was seen in river Ganga stretch in Patna city.

Wetland:

No wetland notified under “The Ramsar Convention – 1971” or listed under“the National wetland

Conservation Programme – 2009” is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The nearest Wetland

notified under National Wetland Conservation Programme – 2009 are:

1. Kabar Wetland – District Begusarai

2. Barilla Wetland – District Vaishali

3. Kusheshwar Asthan Wetland – Darbhanga.

Terrestrial Ecology

The core zone comprises of Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem).

A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Plant habitats and

communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by

hydrophilic plants.

Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are

important natural bio-filters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted

surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that is an

important part of stream temperature regulation.

The proposed project (Ghat Development) is partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and partly terrestrial

Habitat. During primary survey it has been noticed that the existing habitat along the banks of Ganga is

manmade type. Daily thousands of people visit the Ghat to take bath in Ganga as religious rituals.


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The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted

hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and

trees leaning over river water.

Among herbs species, weed are commonly reported on the river bank. Commonly reported weeds

species are Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus), Lantana (Lantana Camara), Eipatorium

trilpineve, Solanum xanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathura stromonium). This is mainly due to better survival

rate, higher seed production and fast growing in comparison to other herbs.

The species of grasses reported along the banks are Cyanodon dactylon,Achyranthes aspera,

Saccharum arundinaceum, Vetiveria zizanoides, Ludwigia parviflora, Rungia repens, etc. These are

mainly reported above the water level, in an undisturbed area.

Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where water level is less than a foot or water has

recedes after flooding. The commonly reported hydrophytes are Ipomoea carnea, Argeratum

conyzoides,Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes,Lemna perpusilla,Spirodela polyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea

aquatic,etc. Photograph of flora reported in riparian Habitat are given in Fig: 4.11.


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Congress Grass Datura (Dathura stromonium) Cyanodon dactylon

Riparian Habitat Reprived of grass cover Extensive growth of herbs Anthropogenic activity along banks

Figure 4.11: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat


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The phytosociological study of the core zone (terrestrial habitat) beyond the riparian habitat

comprises of manmade ecosystem. Trees plantation in form of landscaping was noticed due to

nearby residential area, government offices, hospitals, university, parks and market places. The

species of trees reported are mainly planted, except few species which are naturally growing. These

trees are fruit, flower and seed bearing and attract avifauna, small mammals and reptiles. Nesting

was commonly reported. Species of trees reported during primary survey are given in Table (4.8)

below.

Table 4-8: List of trees reported in the project affected area

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth

1 Peepal Ficus religiosa River Bank Natural

2 Bargad Ficus benghalensis Mahindru Ghat Natural

3 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Anta Ghat Natural

4 Jamun Syzygium cumini River Bank Natural

5 Neem Azadirachta indica River Bank Planted

6 Sal Shorea robusta University Ghat Planted

7 Salai Boswellia serrate University Ghat Planted

8 Bahera Terminalia arjuna Near Krishna Ghat Natural

9 Mango Mangifera indica University Ghat Planted

10 Golden shower Crassia fistula Collectrate Ghat Planted

11 Bakain Melia azadirachta Kali Ghat Planted

12 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus University Ghat Planted

13 Kadamb Anthocephalus cadamba University Ghat Planted

14 Bail Aegle marmelos University Ghat Natural

15 Siris Albizia procera University Ghat Planted

16 Devil Tree Alstonia scholaris Krishna Ghat Planted

17 Royal Palm Roystonea regia Krishna Ghat Planted

18 Amla Phyllanthus emblica Krishna Ghat Planted

19 Neem Azadirachta indica Krishna Ghat Planted

20 Coconut Coco nucifera Krishna Ghat Planted

21 Umar Ficus racemosa Krishna Ghat Planted

22 Mango Mangifera Sp Ghandhi Ghat Planted

23 Gular Ficus Glomerata Ghandi Ghat Planted

24 Palash Butea monosperma Near Ghandhi Ghat Planted


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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth

25 Gulmohar Delonix regia Near Ghandhi Ghat Planted

26 Kala siris Albizia lebbeck Near University Ghat Planted

27 Semal Bombax ceiba Near Kali Ghat Planted

28 Bair Zizyphus jujube Near Kali Ghat Planted


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Mangifera indica Ficus religiosa Ficus benghalensis

Azadirachta indica Alstonia scholaris Royal Palm

Figure 4.12: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area


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Terrestrial Fauna

To study the diversity of fauna, various survey methods were adopted. The survey was mainly carried

out at dawn and at dusk to study animal behavior and habitat. This study period is mainly selected as

animals are most active.

Secondary data was collected from the forest department and interaction with the local was also

conducted to establish baseline study for distribution of wild animals in the study area. No wild

mammals are reported in the study area, due to anthropogenic activity and urbanized habitat.

Domestic mammals are reported in the study area.

Avifauna:

The fauna reported in the inner buffer zone 3are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by

mammals and reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area during primary survey, with

higher diversity are Common crow, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red

Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. During site visit higher frequency of birds recorded

in the project affected. This is mainly due to availability of nesting habitat, discarded foods from rituals

ceremony and fruits bearing trees. Table 4.9 gives the list of avifauna reported in the core zone and

inner buffer zone.

Table 4-9: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA4

1. Red Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Bushes -

Neating

Common IV

2. Rock Pigeon Columba livia Old building Common IV

3. Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis Trees, grass

land

Sporadic IV

4. Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Trees Common IV

5. Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Bushes &

Trees

Sporodic IV

6. Common Crow Corvus splendene Trees Sporadic IV

7. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Trees Sporadic IV

3 The core zone for the present project is considered witin 500 m distance from the project site and the areas beyond this limit is considered as buffer zone. 4 Schedule IV of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, predominantly enumerated the species of common occurance, which needs lesser attentation in terms of conservation and management. Further, these species are conisedred as “Least Concern” under the Red List Category & Criteria of IUCN.


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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA4

8. Common Babbler Turdoides caudate Trees & Shrubs Common IV

9. Green Bee eater Merops orientalis Trees Rare IV

10. House sparrow Passer domesticus Trees &

Settlements

Common IV

11. Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus Trees Common IV

12. Egret Casmerodium albus Grass land

&shrubs

Common IV

13. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Grass land &

shrubs

Common IV

14. Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula Krameri Trees Sporadic IV

15 Spotted dove Spilopelia chinensis Grass land &

trees

Common IV

16 Bank Myna` Acridotheres ginginianus Trees Sporodic IV

Mammals:

During primary survey no wild mammals are reported in the study area. Based on secondary information

like interaction with the local, wild mammals like Indian mongoose and five stripped squirrel are reported.

Domesticated mammals like goat, sheep, dog, cow, ox, donkey etc. are reported. These animals are

domesticated for milk and other commercial purposed.

Reptiles:

Based on forest working Plan and interaction with people dwelling nearby ghat areas, it has been

confirmed that the study area witness poor reptilian distributions. Reptile like Rat Snakes (Ptyas

mucosus), Common Kraits (Bungarus caerulens), Indian cobra (Naja Naja) etc. has been reported. House

Geiko and Garden Lizard are directly sighted during primary visit.


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Sparrow Common Crow

Goat Buffalo

Figure 4.13: Photograph of Animal Reported in study area

Aquatic Ecology

The proposed project is located on the bank of Ganga River, which is fresh water and Lotic in nature. The

proposed project is located partly on the river bank (riparian Habitat) and partly on the river bed.

During primary survey of the site, it has been noticed that no well-established riparian habitat exists. This

is mainly due to urban development and other anthropogenic activity. Annually lakhs of people visit the

Ghat area for ritual baths and prayers. This part of the banks also received storm and sewer water drains

from Patna city. As a whole, the existing environment is not suitable for existence of any type of habitat.


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During lean period except monsoon, the depth of water available is less than one meter and maximum is

1.5 meter at few areas where ghat has been proposed. This depth is not suitable for the existence of

breeding, nesting and feeding habit for large aquatic mammals and reptiles.

The Aquatic faunal survey was carried out at early morning and in the evening. Fish net were used to

study the distribution of aquatic fauna in the project affected area. During primary survey no aquatic fauna

are captured in the net. Fixed net were also installed and left over night to study night time movement of

fishes and aquatic mammals.

Aquatic Profile of the Project Area

Aquatic Flora (Hydrophytes):

Hydrophytes grow in habitats where water is in excessive supply. They may be free floating, submerge

floating, submerged and rooted, emergent and rooted, etc.

In the proposed project area free floating hydrophytes reported during primary survey are Eichhornia

crassipes and Pistia sp,

The rooted emergent hydrophytes reported along the river banks are Ipomoea aquatic, Ipomoea fistulosa

and Saccharum spontaneum,

Rooted submerged hydrophytes reported in the project affected area during primary survey are

Potamogeton crispes and Vallisnaria.

Some plants like Phragmites Karkar, Arundo donax, Typha sp, etc. are on the river bed during survey.

They grow around water bodies with the water currents touching them occasionally; they also can survive

dry periods.

Aquatic Fauna:

Along its course (2500 km) river Ganga support rich faunal habitat. Numerous species of fishes, reptiles

and aquatic mammals has been reported.

The stretch from Haridwar to Gangasagar is primarily known for the presence of Ganga River Dolphins.

The population of which had been tremendously decline due to pollution caused by effluents discharge

from major city, mining of sand on river bed, construction of dam, over fishing, and poaching of dolphins

for using in fishing net and for meat.


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Fauna of Study area:

Extensive survey for the distribution of aquatic fauna in the study area was carried at dawn and at dusk.

Primary survey along the river bed with fisher men were carried out to establish the presence of dolphin‟s

habitat in the project affected area. Secondary information was collected from Zoological Survey of India

and from forest department for faunal distribution.

Different faunal group like mammals, reptiles, fishes and aquatic avifauna are recorded from the study

area based on primary and secondary survey.

Aquatic mammals:

Aquatic mammals like Gangetic Dolphins (Platanista Gangetica gangetica) have been reported in the

study area. The behavior and ecology is as follows:

Gangetic Dolphins(Platanista Gangetica gangetica)

Gangetica Dolphins is Scheduled – I animals as per “The Wildlife (Protection) Act – 1972”. This animal is

declared endangered by the IUCN Red List Category - 2012 and need conservation to safe guard the

population.

Dolphins Habitat in Project Affected Area:

To establish the existence of Dolphins habitat in the proposed ghat development area, extensive survey

was carried out at dawn, afternoon and at dusk to have rough ideas whether their distribution is driven by

circadian rhythm. Secondary information was collected based on the interaction with boat men, fishermen

and people dwelling near the ghat. ZSI and forested department were also consulted regarding the

presence of Wildlife sanctuary and dolphins breeding site.

In addition, renowned Gangetic Dophin expert, Prof.R.K.Sinha, has reviewed the project proposals and

according to his preliminary report, the entire stretch of the river along the city of Patna is a good habitat

for the Gangetic Dolphin. The report further indicates that, the Gangetic Dolphin prefers deep zone with

eddy counter currents and complex hydro-geomorphological formation in the river. Such habitats were

formed along the left bank of the river at Patna. When the flow of Ganga was from Pahleza ghat to Digha

ghat, i.e. North to South, the river used to flow very close to the city of Patna from Digha Ghat to

Deedarganj.


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In last two decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of Patna from Digha to

Collectorate Ghat. Thus currently the Dolphin habitat close to the river front is from Collectorate Ghat

downward only.

The left bank of the river at Patna was protected by brick and boulder pitching since long back as this

bank used to be the erosion side of the river. The boulder and bricks along the river bank have been

found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites of some of the important fish

species. The Dolphin feeds on small size (usually about 10 cm long or less) fish as its gullet is very small.

Occasionally it also feeds on mud-dweller small fishes groveling in the bottom of the mud.

The Gangetic Dolphin have been observed near the cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing

ghats. In areas with human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats and cremation ghats

people tend to throw some edible items which could attract the fishes and ultimately Dolphin.

Figure 4.14: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area

No feeding habitat is reported in the project area due to low water depth, island formation due to sand

deposition and frequent movement of motor driven boats, effluent discharge pollution the water towards

Dolphin Movement

Ghat Development

Sand Deposit


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right banks and other anthropogenic activity has deprive the right bank (ghat development area) from

dolphins movement.

Based on secondary information, discussion with ZSI and Forest department, higher frequency of

dolphins movement is reported at three location in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary).

They are

1. Ganga – Gandhak confluence site

1. Danapur - Punpun Bridge

2. Fatuwah – Trivani Ghat.

(Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar)

Dolphins are reported at these sites because fishes are maximum available at the confluence site and

where counter current exists, which make them easier to catch prey. Dolphins prefer to stay where water

depth is more, counter current in water exists and water beels exists at confluence point with streams and

rivers (refer Figure 4.15).

Wildlife Sanctuary – Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located near Bhagalpur, between Sultangaunj and Kahalgaon

(Source: Conservation and Biomonitoring in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India) more than 160 km

(aerial distance) downstream of project site of Patna RFD.

The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultangaunj to Kahalgaon. Designated in

1991, this sanctuary is earmarked for conservation of Dolphins. Figure 4.16 gives the location of

Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site.


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Figure 4.15: Location were Dolphins are reported

Ghat Development Area

Locations Dolphins


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Figure 4.16: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site

Vikramshila WildlifeSanctuary

Ghat Development


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Other Aquatic Fauna:

Fishes

Ganga River is adobe for variety of fishes. To have an idea about the fishes distribution netting were

carried out along the proposed Ghat, sand deposited area within the river and on left banks. The

number of fishes caught is less in the right bank (proposed project area) in comparison to the left

bank. Highest catch of fishes were reported near the sand island on course of river. Secondary

information about fishes distribution was collected from fishery department and from the fisher men.

The species of fishes reported during primary visit are Rohu, Catla, Hilsa, Mystus sp, Cirrhinus Sp,

etc. Species of fishes reported in the study area is given in table 4.10.

The species of fishes given in Table 4.10 are commonly reported in the fresh water bodies like river,

streams, lakes, pond and estuaries. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and are reported all over

India and Indian Sub continents. These species of fishes are commonly used in aqua culture practice

and had good commercial importance.

Ecologically these species are primary and secondary consumer in the freshwater ecosystem mainly

in rivers. They are primary food for secondary consumers like fresh water dolphins (Platanista

Gangetica gangetica), gharials, crocodiles, turtles, etc. They do not have fix breeding and nesting site

and mainly spawn during monsoon season when the water is diluted, laden with silt and current of

water is high to keep their spawn (egg) floating for hatching of eggs. Hence they breed all over river,

streams, lakes, etc. during favorable conditions.

Therefore the species of fishes reported in table are not confined to project site only but are reported

all over Ganges courses.

Table 4-10: Fish Species reported in the study area

S.No Common

Name

Scientific Name Categories Category as per IUCN –Red List

1. Mrigal Cirrhina mrigala Indian Major

carps

Not Included

2. Catla Catla Catla Do Not Included

3. Rohu Labeo rohita Do Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

4. Calbasu Labeo calbasu Do Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

5. Bata Labeo Bata Indian Minor

Carp

Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

6. Kalabans Labeo dero Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

7 Wallaga attu Not Included

8. Rita rita Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)


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S.No Common

Name

Scientific Name Categories Category as per IUCN –Red List

9. Cyprinus carpio Other fishes Vulnerable A2ce (As per Ver 3.1)

10. Channa punctate Not included

11. Channa marulias Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

12. Tengara Mystus Tengara Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

13 Ponthia Puntius sophore Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

14 Puntius ticto Not Included

15 Singhi Heyeropneustus fossilis Non Included

16 Palwa Mystus cavasius Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)

17 Phasia Setipinna brevifilis Non Included

(Source: Primary data & Fishery department, Patna)

Catla Catla Labeo rohita Cirrhina mrigala

Mystus Tengara Prawn Puntius sophore

eel Fish Aristichthys nobilis Cyprinus carpio

Figure 4.17: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey


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Hence it has been observed that most of the fish species observed in the project stretch are either not

included in the IUCN-Red List or under “Least Concern” category except Cyprinus carpio which is

categorized as “Vulnerable”. Suitable measure shall be given in EMP so that the existing population of

this species is not destroyed from the project.

4.4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Although the DPIA and IPIA do not counter with any kind of archeologically important building/site

conserved listed under Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, some

heritage buildings were observed along with many indigenous cultural resources like temples within the

IPIA. The lists of such important heritage as well as indigenous buildings within DPIA and IPIA are

given in table 4.11 and 4.13 respectively.

Table 4-11: List of Heritage and Indigenous Building within DPIA

S.No Name of the Structure Purpose of Uses Grade as per ICOMOS

1 Collectorate Building Administrative I 2 Temple Complex near Collectorate Ghat Religious II 3 Bankipore Club near Collectorate Ghat Club I 4 B.N.College near B.N. College Ghat Academic I 5 Railway Reservation Centre at Mahendru Ghat Public Services III 6 Patna Civil court at Mahendru Ghat Administrative II 7 Temple complex at Adalat Ghat Religious II 8 Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat Religious 9 Patna Medical College at T.N Banerjee Ghat Academic and Hospital II 10 Patna College and Darbhanga House at Kali ghat Academic and heritage I 11 Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat Religious II 12 Hostels of Patna University at Krishna Ghat Academic and Residential II 13 Patna Science Collge at Krishna Ghat Academic II 14 National Institute Technology at Gandhi Ghat Academic IIB 15 Law college hostel block at Law college ghat Academic II 16 Temple complex at Rani Ghat Religious I 17 Temple complex at Ghagha ghat Religious II 18 Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat Ancient Building I 19 Temple complex at Chaudhury Tola Ghat Religious II 20 Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Chaudhury Tola Ghat Ancient Building I 21 Badshah Nawab Rizvi Girls Training school at

Pathri Ghat Academic III

22 Mosque at Alamganj Ghat Religious III 23 Temple complex at Raja Ghat Religious II 24 Fortification at Raja Ghat Ancient I 25 Government Press at Mahavir Ghat Public Service building IIB 26 Aadi Chitragupta Temple at Naujar Ghat Religious I

Source: Cultural Impact Assessment Report by INTACH, December 2013

For the assessment of the values of cultural heritage the grade scale proposed in the cultural impact

assessment (CIA) report by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) is based on

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS‟) guideline on heritage impact assessments


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of Cultural World Heritage Properties. According to it the value of the asset may be defined using the

following grade scale:

Grade-I: Equivalent to High;

Grade-II: equivalent to medium;

Grade-III: Equivalent to low

As the cultural heritages referred in the CIA report are not Cultural World Heritage Properties, the very

high was eliminated from this list. Also negotiable and unknown potential were not considered in the

CIA report as the selection was already made for heritage. The detail of the meaning of grades is

given in table 4.12.

Table 4-12 ICOMOS’ Value Table

Grading Archaeology Built Heritage or Historic Urban

Landscape

Historic Landscape Intangible Cultural Heritage or association

High Nationally-designated Archaeological Monuments protected by the State Party‟s laws. Undesignated sites of the quality and importance to be designated. Assets that can to acknowledged national research objectives.

Nationally designated structures with standing remains Other buildings than can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations not adequately reflected in the listing grade. Conservation Areas containing very Important buildings.

Undesignated structures of clear national importance.

Nationally designated historic landscape of outstanding interest. Undesignated landscapes of outstanding interest. Undesignated landscapes of high quality and importance, and of demonstrable national value. Well preserved historic landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time depth or other critical factors.

Nationally-designated areas

or activities associated with globally-important

Intangible Cultural Heritage activities.

Associations with particular

innovations, technical or movements of national

significance.

Associations with particular individuals of national

importance

Medium Designated or undesignated assets that can contribute significantly to regional research objectives.

Designated buildings. Historic (unlisted) buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities or historical associations.

Conservation Areas containing buildings that contribute significantly to its historic character.

Designated special historic landscapes. Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation.

Historic townscapes or built-up

areas with important historic

integrity in their buildings, or built settings.

Landscapes of regional value.

Averagely well

preserved historic landscapes with

reasonable coherence, time-

depth or other critical factors.

Areas associated with Intangible Cultural heritage activities as evidenced by

local registers.

Associations with particular

innovations or developments of regional

or local significance.

Associations with particular individuals of regional

importance.


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Grading Archaeology Built Heritage or Historic Urban

Landscape

Historic Landscape Intangible Cultural Heritage or association

Low Designated or undesignated assets of local importance. Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives.

“Locally Listed” buildings. Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical associations. Historic Townscape or built-up areas of limited historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings.

Robust undesignated historic landscapes. Historic landscapes with importance to local interest groups. Historic landscapes whose value is limited by poor preservation and/ or poor survival of contextual associations.

Intangible Cultural heritage activities of local significance. Associations with particular individuals of local importance. Poor survival of physical areas in which activities occur or are associated.

Table 4-13 List of Heritage and Indigenous Buildings within IPIA

S.No Important Heritage Site

Distance from Patna RFD (Approx. m)

Year of Construction

Purpose of Use

1 Gol-Ghar, Patna; 1000 1786 Tourist Place

2 Commissioner‟ Office; 850 1952 Administration Office

3 St. Xavier‟s School; 820 1940 School

4 Old Police Lines; 325 - Administration Office

5 Graham‟s House; 120 - Administrative Office (ASI

Circle office)

6 Victoria Jubilee Club; 120 1924 Club

7 St. Joseph‟s Cathedral; 265 Religious

8 Anjuman Islamia Hall; 25 1885 Community Centre

9 Khuda Baksh Library; 222 1891 Academic

10 Wheler Senate Hall; 345 1926 Academic

11 Pathar Ki Masjid; 24 1621 Religious

12 Rajaji Mandir; 11 Religious

Among these important heritage sites only Gol Ghar Patna, is an archeologically important site, which

is about 1 km from the project area. The figures showing the locations of heritage and indigenous

buildings are placed in Figure 4.18 and 4.19 respectively. The CIA report is placed in Annexure-1.7

and the recommendation of the report for restoring the heritage structures are given in Chapter 7.


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Figure 4.18: Locations of Heritage/Important Buildings within DPIA and IPIA


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Figure 4.19: Locations of Indigenous Buildings within Project Ghats


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4.4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

The impact of this development project in stretch of 6.6 kilometres were identified through a series of exercises

including social screening during early project preparation stage and detailed social impact assessment and

public consultation in the project area. In addition to various positive project impacts perceived due to the

proposed project intervention, some negative social impacts in terms of loss of structures/housings are also

envisaged from the project.

Since the project does not involve any private land acquisition hence, there will not be any impacts on

titleholders land or structures. As revealed from the social survey, a total of 229 residential structures all belong

to non-titleholder i.e. squatters are likely to be affected by the project. The project impacts are due to mainly ghat

development component. Out of 229 affected families, 194 will be affected due to ghat development and rest of

the 35 will be affected due to construction of approach road. The social impact due to different activities of

different project component is summarised here in Table- 4.14

Table 4-14: Component wise Project Affected Families

Sl. No. Project Components Affected Families Number of

PAPs

1 Development of Ghats

194 943

2 Construction of Promenades 0 0

3 Community cum cultural centers. 0 0

4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 0 0

5 City level parks 0 0

6 Construction of Approach Roads* 35 160

Total 229 1103

* Only at Mahendru Ghat (Source: Primary Data, RAP)

However, in all non-titleholders affected structure 84.72 % are semi-permanent and rest included under

temporary structures.

Socio - Economic Profile of PAFs

The total PAFs (229) contributes an average family size of 4-8. Their composition was slightly tilted in the

favors of males at 54.31% as compared to 45.69% females. All affected people falls under Hindu religion in

which 42.79 % included under Schedule Caste category while 52.14% comes under Other Backward Caste

and rest are General Category. Most of the persons in this project affected area are illiterate (51.95 %) and


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married (86.03 %). For employment they are engaged in daily wage labour (165 out of total) hence, 62.45 %

of PAFs limited to an income category of 3000-5000 per month. The possession of durable consumer items

by the PAFs is shown in Table-4.15

Table 4-15: Details of Possession of Material in PAFs

Sl. No.

Items Possession %age

1 Electric fan 79 34.50

2 Mobile phone 37 16.16

3 TV 27 11.79

4 Cycles 2 0.87

5 Rickshaw 1 0.44

6 Thela 2 0.87

7 Boat 5 2.18

Out of total 229 numbers of PAFs identified during the survey in which 24 female headed household will be

affected by the project. Women‟s status in illiteracy, work force participation rate, general health conditions

etc. are found to very backward in project area. In PAFs, 39 females contribute their hand in income of their

family through different employment. However, out of 39 women, 32 are engaged in daily wage labour job,

five (5) are sweeper and one woman is contributing service and cattle rearing.

4.5 Conclusion

The base line environmental profile of the project influence area indicates that the air, water and noise

quality of the project area is good and is within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities. The

aquatic and terrestrial ecology of the project area also does not present any sensitive species. However,

presence of Gangetic Dolphins in the river, number of heritage structures along the river banks, residential

structures and cattle sheds on the banks of the river, makes the sensitive from environmental and social

impact point of view.

In addition, a few drainage and waste water channels also discharge into the river and could create conflicts

with the construction and operation of the River Front Development Project. These aspects, requires

particular attention in the assessment of impacts and development of mitigation measures for the project.


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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Analysis of alternatives involves a thorough study of the possible future conditions in the project study area

of the possible future conditions in the project area in response to a set of alternatives without the project or

status quo condition. The development of ghats and promenade is proposed with a noble intention to

provide:

A comprehensive public place for the citizen of Patna a public spanning the entire city length, which at

present is not available;

Enhance the safety during local festivals and minimizing water related pollution

Enhance the environment awareness among local people and to create a sense of pride of their city‟s

river edge.

Existing condition

The River edge is a discontinuous 6.6 km stretch of 28 Ghats-isolated and unconnected at the river edge.

Some of the Ghats are very well connected with city and are actively used and some of them are only used

at a local level due to their poor accessibility and connectivity to city but are well knitted and forms an

important part of community structure as recreational space.


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EXISTING CONDITION- Isolated small Ghats with individual access

The detailed strategies and overall design proposal can be understood from DPR chapter 4. In brief, the

strategies followed to address the issues mentioned above are:

Create an active urban edge to riverfront

Upgrade and organize access to ghats

Renew local potential

Structure existing open spaces connection to river

Ghat and promenade designs to provide multi use public space with facilities

5.1 With or Without Project Alternatives

Keeping in view the site conditions and the scope of development of the area, the „with‟ and „without‟ project

scenarios have been compared as shown in Table 5.1. By looking at the table it can be concluded that “with”

project scenario with positive/beneficial impacts will vastly improve the environment and enhance social and

economic development of the region compared to the “without” project scenario, which will further deteriorate

the present environmental setup and quality of life. Hence the “with” project scenario with minor reversible

impacts is an acceptable option than the “without” project scenario

Limited impacts on vegetation are expected during construction. Little air and water pollution is expected

from the proposed construction activities; however these are localized impacts and can be minimized with

proper construction schedule and enclosing harmful construction within the ghat area. The possible storage

of any kind of hazardous materials may need to be used carefully as the same has the potential to put risk

City boundary

Access Access Access

Wide Ghats with bigger space for gathering and recreation, but still limited use because of individual access

TRADITIONAL APPROACH

Isolated Ghats- not connected, hence limited use and view Small Ghats, hence less space for recreation

River

River

City boundary

Access Access Access

Ghat Ghat Ghat

Ghat Ghat Ghat


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on water quality. As part of the project, however no tree cutting is involved as revealed during the discussion

with the project proponent.

Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario

Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario

Selection of Ghats

for improvements

The ghats selected in the project are from

Collectorate ghat till Naujar ghat. Study

has been made to understand the

requirement of development for the

various ghats in the project area. It has

been observed that from Digha Ghat to

Collectorate ghat (the starting location of

project) i.e. the river Ganga has shifted to

a large extent and large extent of land

mass surfaced. Hence the ghat

development work has been taken up

only from Collectorate ghat onwards.

Without the project, first of all

such scientific way of

development of ghat would not

happen.

A public Place for

Patna

The proposed project would minimize the

requirement of public place in Patna and

would enhance tourism potential and

attract tourists.

Without the project such

opportunity of creating a public

place would not have been

achieved and other associated

improvements like good

approach road to ghats, green

parks and gardens,

promenades would not have

been considered.

Easy of access

during Festival

With the present proposal of improving

the ghats and developing promenades

there will be easiness of gathering

number of people during the Chhath

festivals and would minimize chances of

mishaps during crowded festival time.

Additionally, as part of the project apart

Without the project, such

opportunities are reduced and

unhygienic and risky condition

during the festivals would

prevail.


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from developing the ghats, various exit

routes are being provided to manage the

devotees during emergency etc., if any.

Promenade

The promenade has been designed after

careful consideration of public usage. The

facilities along the promenade provide

comfortable walking stretches along with

kiosks. In case of overcrowding in one

ghat, the devotees are able to move to

nearby ghats through the connection

provided by promenade, thus providing a

safer environment to large crowd

gatherings along with recreational

facilities. (DPR chapter 6)

Without the project, there is no

connection between ghats

along the river.

Environment

Education The development of the project with

Dolphin awareness centre will enhance

the chances of minimizing the impact on

river dolphins and aid in its conservation

through creation of more awareness.

.

These chances for awareness

generation on Dolphins and

environmental education will be

very minimum without the

project.

Public Awareness With the proposed development the

chances of enhancing public awareness

increases towards minimizing the river

pollution and disposal untreated waste

This opportunity is lost without

the development and the

disposal of wastewater will

continue.

Environment

Friendly

embankment

development (DPR

chapter 7)

With the project environment friendly

embankment development like riparian

edge restoration, , control of flood through

landscape along the banks are possible

These opportunities would be

lost and flash flood and erosion

would continue.

Public Facilities With the project there will be facilities like These facilities and


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public toilets, solid waste management,

policing to minimize uncivilized activities

(like taking alcohol and other narcotics)

The facilities like toilet, solid waste

disposal system and lifeguard stations-

provide safety, awareness and prevent

solid waste being disposed into the river.

opportunities would be lost

without the development.

Development of

Crematoria at Gulbi

ghat

The development of Crematoria at Gulbi

ghat will be made with electric challah.

Further, the place will be enclosed to

minimize the disposal of body ash, un

burnt wood and other ritual materials in

the river.

Without the project the burning

with wood will continue and

disposal of waste materials into

Ganga will still continue.

5.2 Good design aspects

Accessibility

At present, ghats have disconnected access mostly encroached and narrow to commute. In the proposal,

existing access to ghats are widened and enhanced for easy movement of the people. During festival times,

emergency evacuation routes have been proposed leading away from each ghat with provision for

ambulance parking and movement being directions one way, forming a loop system. Existing access roads

identifies and enhanced, thus limiting the construction cost more economical.


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The project would instill a sense of pride in the citizens, thus creating awareness, causing behavior change

and protecting the river and its ecology. The constant monitoring and usage would prevent unethical

activities and illegal fishing.

River Edge

Currently the river banks are prone to erosion and suffer from garbage dumping. The riparian edge

restoration proposed in-between the ghats protect the erosion and retain the local flora and fauna preserving

the existing environment. The presence of promenade and solid waste disposal system discourages tourists

to discard garbage into river.


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Riparian within loose boulders, Gabions with grass, plants with native shrubs to control soil erosion and

planting along the river edge.

To protect the littoral zone which provides the vital area for symbiotic exchange between the river and land,

no new species of landscaping are proposed in the areas between the ghats. The existing flora and fauna

are encouraged to remain and grow.

Construction techniques

The construction techniques proposed are familiar to local workers; materials used are locally available thus

preventing large transit of materials. Environmentally friendly materials (non-lead based paints etc.) are

proposed in construction, finishes with natural stones are proposed for durability and aesthetically pleasing.

Periodic inspection and supervision during construction ensures good practice.


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Solid waste

At present garbage dumps are present along the river edge. The ghats and in between edges suffer from

strewn garbage and lack of toilets leads to unhygienic conditions. Adequate solid waste collection bins and

pick up and disposal locations are proposed along the promenade. Adequate public toilets are also proposed

along each ghat location which is currently absent.

Heritage buildings

Currently, buildings of heritage value remain neglected without proper use. The proposal incorporates the

existing heritage and indigenous buildings in the development. This protects dilapidated buildings from

further deterioration. Indigenous temples already popular amongst locals are identified and developed

integrating current practices, with proposed activities. This enhances the local potential with minimum

constructed intervention.


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Trees

The river edge has number trees. In the proposal, Existing trees along the river edge have been marked,

avoiding any construction around the tree. The promenade design meanders around the existing clusters,

maximizing shade. Stilt construction provides flexibility to avoid roots of the trees to prevent damage to trees.

The design of the promenade meanders around existing tree clusters minimizing tree cutting as shown below

Lighting and Water

Currently except for the functioning ghats, there are no street lights or general lighting present. The proposal

includes LED lights conserving energy. Architectural features are highlighted, adequate street and post lights are

proposed providing security and access in evenings. All kiosks and toilets are provided with water supply to

facilitate the visitors.


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5.3 Technology Benefits

With the proposed development there will environment friendly embankment development which is

intended towards the following:

Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity for wildlife, carbon reduction,

nutrient exchange along edge;

Control of flood and overflowing through landscape along the banks and engineering


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6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

6.1 Introduction

Consultation is a process in the project cycle in which an attempt is made to involve the public as

stakeholders in project preparation through consultation and focus group discussion meetings.

Stakeholders‟ participation and consultation have been viewed as a continual course of action, which

promote public understanding and help eradicate hurdles in the way of the project. Consultation

during project preparation as an integral part of the social assessment process not only minimizes the

risks and unwanted propaganda against the project but also removes the gap between the community

and the project formulators, which leads to timely completion of the project and making the project

people friendly.

6.2 Methods of Public Consultation

Keeping in mind the objective of minimizing adverse impact and the need of the stakeholders‟

participation for the smooth implementation of the project, consultation with the members of different

sections of society, the affected people, identified vulnerable groups including women headed

households, slum dwellers regular Ghat visitors, venders, boatman, vegetable seller, tourist and

students of the project area were carried out. The consultation with vulnerable people was made with

the aim of building awareness among them so that likely potential adverse impacts of the project on

the target vulnerable population may be minimized. In this regard several meetings were organized at

various locations, as detailed in this chapter. Consultations were carried at different level (Table 7.1)

to elicit required information (their view & opinions).

Table 6-1: Level of Consultations

Key Stakeholders Types of Consultations

Local communities Individual interview, field level observations,

community consultations & meetings

Political and Policy Makers Formal meetings and discussion

Individual affected households Census & Socio – economic Survey

Tourists & Students Focus Group Discussions

Women‟s groups Focus Group Discussions

Other vulnerable groups (SC, OBC etc.) Focus Group Discussions

Fisher man and Boat mans Focus Group Discussions

Vegetable seller Focus Group Discussions

Slum dwellers Focus Group Discussions


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The main objectives of undertaking these consultations were:

To seek inputs from the stakeholders on the project design and understand the priorities /

concerns of the communities

To make affected persons aware of the project impacts and broad provisions of the R&R policy

Dissemination of information to build awareness among APs and inform them about the objective

of the project.

Discuss about the training requirements to enhance their skills & restore the livelihood.

6.3 Focus Group Discussion with local communities

Public consultation is a continual process and has been carried out at all stages throughout the

project period. In order to understand the issues of the potential APs, public consultations were

conducted in all Ghats. Some of the Affected Persons expressed their views about the proposed ghat

Development project. A total 8 such Focus Group discussion were conducted during the EIA

preparation period. The name of Focus group discussion is given below:

FGD-1 : Local vegetable seller and boatman at Anta ghat

FGD2 : Local ghat Users in Mahendru ghat and Collectorate ghat

FGD3 : Slum population along river Ganga between Mishri to Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat

FGD4 : Common ghat users coming to ghat for passing time during evening period at Gandhi

ghat and Kali ghat

FGD5 : Relatives who gather in the funeral at the crematorium at Baikuntha Dham ghat

FGD6 : General Public discussion may be at some tourist place of the city (like Golaghar or

Gandhi Maidan to know their perception about ghat development work)

FGD7 : Local fishermen to understand their livelihood and possibility of any impact on them.

FGD8 : Discussion with local fishermen for discussion as part of river Dolphin, its observation

frequency, poaching provisions and use of its oil for fishing etc.

A summary of different issues discussed with the potentially affected persons are given below.

1. Public Consultation with Vegetable sellers Community at Anta Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 19th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 11:30 Place: Anta Ghat

Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYANTS

1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra

2. Mr. Y P Mishra


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3. Mr. Ashok kumar

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das

Name of participants:

1. Nanank Rai

2. Shambhu

3. Harinder

4. Subhas

5. Shatrughan

6. Rohit

7. Shiv Poojan

8. Virendar

9. Rajkumar

10. Nandoo

11. Asharfi Rai

12. Om Prakash

The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the

participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried

forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future

government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the

project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are

mentioned in the following points:

Construction of partially build religious structure

proper sanitation facilities to the Vegetable growers coming from Diara for selling their

vegetables to the whole sale dealers

Construction of Pucca road up to the Ghat for better accessibility for commuters

cleaning of the Ghat and stop direct dumping of vegetable wastes in the river Ganga

Develop a sewerage treatment plant before this Ghat

Ensure participation of Vegetable Venders for the maintenance of Ghat after rejuvenation/

maintenance

The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok

Kumar.


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Public Consultation with local people at anta Ghat

2. Public Consultation held with Slum dwellers at Mahendu Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 19th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:30 Place: Mahendru Ghat

Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS


2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Makhiya Devi

2. Rajan

3. Ganesh Ram

4. Amar Kumar

5. Abhishek Kumar

6. Kailash Kumar

7. Arvind Malik

8. Umesh Ram

9. Pradeep Kumar

10. Shambhu Ram



forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the project, future government plans,

possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary

of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points:

Develop approach road Problem of direct access of the Ghat for the community

Develop an approach road for the access of Ghat by the slum dwellers/Ghat users


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Improve the sanitation and basic facilities for the slum dwellers

Water logging problem in the slum

Employment Opportunity for Slum Dwellers during construction work


Kumar.

Public Consultation with the slum dwellers at Mahendru Ghat

3. Public Consultation on with Woman group at T N Banerjee Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 20th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 12:30 Place: T N Banerjee



2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Jooli Kumari

2. Munni Devi

3. Asha Devi

4. Khushabu devi

5. Geeta Devi

6. Sadhana Devi

7. Chanda Devi

8. Mamata Devi

9. Keshari Devi

10. Seema kumara

11. Rajani Devi


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forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government

plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief

summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following

points:

Problem of toilet and bathroom facility for woman

Lack of basic facilities like water, electricity in the slum

Employment issue also raised by woman and slum dwellers

Slum is situated at highly risk prone area


Kumar.

Public Consultation at Dr. T.N.Banerjee Ghat

4. Public Consultation held with Vulnerable Community at Mishri Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 9:30 to 11:00 Place: Mishri Ghat



2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok Kumar

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Uday Malik

2. Munna Ram

3. Sunil Malik

4. Sujeet Ram


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5. Kanhae Ram

6. Suraj Malik

7. Gudiya devi

8. Rinki devi

9. Manju

10. Videshwar Mahato

11. Lalan Mahato






points:

Construction for community toilets and sanitary latrines for slum dwellers

Problem of water and electricity for slum dwellers

Employment problem in vulnerable groups were found

Increase employment opportunity in construction work. APs should be given priority for

getting employment.

Public Consultation with Mishri Ghat

5. Public Consultation held with Fisher Man and Boatman Community at Baharwa

Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:00 Place: Baharwa Ghat




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2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok Kumar

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Lalan yadav

2. Bachcha ray

3. Vijay Rai

4. Gulab Prasad

5. Amir lal

6. Styanarayan

7. Bhikhan Rai

8. Ashok Chand

9. Gopal Rai

10. Sujan Rai

11. Amarjeet Rai

12. Sanjay Rai






points:

Provide proper sanitation facilities along with efficient operation and maintenance system to

the Fisher man/ boatman community using Ghat and regular Ghat visitors for taking bath in

the Holy River

In the rejuvenation of Baharwa Ghat special emphasis should be given on the deepening of

Ghats and sufficient space for boats man

In order to ensure proper cleaning of the Ghats dumping of solid waste must be stopped near

river Ganga by community

Ensure participation of Fisher man/ boatman community for the maintenance of Ghat after

rejuvenation


Kumar.


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Public Consultation With Local boatmen and fishermen

6. Public Consultation held with Ghat users at Gulbi Ghat (Vaikunth dham), Patna

Minutes

Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 1:30 to 2:30 Place: Gulbi Ghat



2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Naresh Thakur

2. Gulshan Thakur

3. Chotu Kumar

4. Shobhit Singh

5. Sakaldeep Singh

6. Pradip Singh

7. Ramavtar Rai

8. Maheshwar Rai

9. Janardan Pandit

10. Rampukar Rai

11. Rameshwar Singh






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points:

Lack of space on the Ghat for people who comes for buried the dead bodies

Approach road is congested because of vendors sitting along the road.

Ghat should be wide and attractive.

Provision for proper sanitation facilities for the Ghat users


Kumar.

Consultation with local people at Gulbi Ghat-Crematorium

7. Public Consultation held with Students at Patna Collage Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 3:00 to 4:00 Place: Patna Collage Ghat



2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok Kumar

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das

5.


1. Manish Tiwari

2. Ramayan Ram

3. Sunil Jaiswal

4. Shakti Singh

5. Sushil Kumar


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6. Amit Singh

7. Aman Singh

8. Rajesh Yadav

9. Mulchand Agrawal

10. Rajveer Singh

11. Pawan Kumar






points:

Approach should be improved of all the Ghats so one can reach easily with their vehicle.

Availability of Safe Drinking water facility should be ensured at each Ghat.

Fixation of Dustbins at various places and provision of modern Sanitation facility should be

provided at each Ghat

Provision of good quality canteens at major Ghats should be ensured

Disposal of sewerage system directly in to rivers must be stopped immediately..

Student should involve in Awareness campaign regarding Saving of Holy Ganga.


Kumar.

Consultation with Students at Patna College

8. Public Consultation held with Tourists and Regular Ghat visitors at Gandhi

Ghat, Patna

Minutes

Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 4:30 to 6:00 Place: Gandhi Ghat



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2. Mr. Y P Mishra

3. Mr. Ashok Kumar

4. Mr. Avadhesh Das


1. Ankit Kumar

2. Rahul Raj

3. Prem Mishra

4. Susheel Kumar Singh

5. Uma Kumari

6. Madhavi Kumari

7. Birendra Singh

8. Nand Jee Singh

9. Radjeet Sharma

10. Vinod Sharma

11. Jitendra Shrivastava

12. Padmeshchand Shrivastav






points:

Development of proper approach roads for all weather. .

Drinking water facility should be ensured properly

Daily cleaning of Ghat for attracting more spiritual tourists during Aarti.

Park should be developed and clothes should not be dry on the railings of the park

Proper place should be determined for the spiritual activities (Mundan etc.)

Development/ increase of cafeteria and its modernization according to the social needs

Safety of tourists from bad elements in and around the Ghat area.


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Public Consultation with the local people at Gandhi ghat with local tourists


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6.4 Public Consultation with Stakeholders

In additional to the Focus Group discussions, a city level public consultation was held on 30th August

2013 at 11.00 am in Krishna Memorial Hall in Patna, to seek inputs from the larger stakeholders.

Necessary advertisements in local media and communications were issued prior to the meeting to

inform the public about the meeting. This advertisement cum invitation was published in reputed news

papers (both national and local) for the announcement of the public consultation meeting indicating

the date and venue of the meeting. The advertisement is given in photoplate below.


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Mr. Mishra, GM, BUIDCo introduced the audience about the religious and other aesthetic importance

of river Ganga and also highlighted the exiting scenario. He also appraised about the government

initiative to protect and maintain the quality of river Ganga. In this continuation, Mr. Mishra welcomed

their own Managing Director and DPR Consultant to explain more about the BUIDCo and this RFD

Project.

Managing Director explained the entire project in connection with importance of river Ganga with local

people. He also emphasized that development will be in eco sustainable manner. Finally, after

presentation of project through PPT a video was presented that presents the proposed RFD project.

Total 164 people have participated in the public consultation meeting. The participation list along with

English translation is given in Annexure 1.6. Number of suggestions and comments were later

emerged from the public during the subsequent discussions and these are summarized in Table 6.2.

Table 6-2: Outcome of Stakeholder Participation Meeting as Held on 30th August 2013.

S.No. Issues/Suggestions Response from BUIDCo/DPR Consultant

1. There is a need to develop other ghats as well

from Digha to Collectorate ghat.

Development of other ghats is being

considered by GoB.

2. What about the management practices opted

for construction of tent during construction

phase and solid waste management practices

A well framed system has been proposed for

construction of construction camps with

proper sanitation facility and with the help of

Patna Municipal Corporation the MSW

management will be taken care.

3. Crematoria system near Digha ghat should be

developed which may reduce the burden on

other ghat of Patna

As this ghat is not in the project area, this

will be presented to GoB.

4. There is an existence of siltation problem in

river Ganga, Gandak and Kosi, Which reduces

the water availability along the ghats.

This issue is beyond the current scope of

the RFD project.

5. There is need to change human behavior

regarding control to level of pollution in Ganga

and also need to involve local people for

security purposes.

This aspect is being considered as part of

the awareness program proposed in project.

6. During peak rain fall time, will any landscape

get affected and can we do cycling on

pathway.

Designing has been done by considering

these factors. ; The project proposes only

pedestrian pathway and no cycling will be

possible.

7. We should think more about open landscaping

rather than construction and the engagement

of local people for labour purposes will be

Designing has been done by considering

these factors.


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S.No. Issues/Suggestions Response from BUIDCo/DPR Consultant

appreciated.

8. Heritage and old monuments should be

preserved and renovated and this

development should be sustainable in both

engineering and environmental aspects.

This aspect has been considered in the

project and specialized agencies are

working on protection and conservation of

the structures.

9. There should be a particular ghat or place for

disposal of god or goddess statue during

different festive season. Facility of access

road should be provided for this purpose.

Proper facility of access roads is proposed

as part of the project along with various

refuge access routes for safety purposes.

10. Untreated disposal from different point through

nallah should be avoided.

These have considered in the project, as far

as feasible and will be further improved in

the proposed city level sewerage project.

11. Is there any scheme of development for

people/structure, which is getting affected

from this development project?

The Managing Director of BUIDCo replied

that without compensation or rehabilitation

or resettlement, the project will not move

forward. An NGO has been assigned the

task of developing suitable measures for the

rehabilitation of the affected

people/Families.

12. The remaining ghats of Patna should be

joined through this development.

The Managing Director of BUIDCo

answered that they can be considered in

another phase.

The program ended with Vote of Thanks from Mr. Mishra to all the persons present in the consultation

program. The photgraphs of the public consultation meeting is given below:

Location of Consultation Banner of Consultation Program


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Gathering in the Consultation Meeting People expressing their views, suggestions

Reply of a raised question by M.D of BUIDCo Video forcasting based on RFD project


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7. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter presents an anticipated impacts that are likely as a result of the project, identified based

on the analysis of project activities and the environmental elements of the project area.

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL FACTORS

During the initial site visit to the project site between During September 2012, almost all the existing

ghats were visited to identify the major Environmental and Social factors as per the guidelines of WB

and ESMF of NGRBA. The factors which were looked into include:

7.2.1 Environmental Factors

• Change in Landuse and drainage pattern

• Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problem either at in-situ or

elsewhere along the course of the river

• Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements

• Inadequate sanitation, health and safety facilities

• Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities

• Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values

• Impact on natural habitat (if any)

7.2.2 Social Factors

• Land availability/requirement;

• Loss of structures

• Loss of livelihood

• Impacts on common property resources etc.

These factors were considered while preparing the project impact and its mitigation measures during

the construction as well as operation stages of the project.

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

7.3.1 Quarries and Crushers

Excavation of quarries and borrow pits for obtaining rocks, soil and aggregate materials for the

construction of bathing ghats and promenades and other construction items is proposed under this

project. Also sand, cement, steel and other materials would be required as part of the project. It has

been estimated that as part of the project around 10,000-15,000m3 of aggregates are required for the

construction purpose.


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Mitigation Measure:

The quarry materials shall be sourced from approved local quarries. All other construction material

shall be procured by the contractor from agencies / sites approved by the regulatory authorities, as

applicable.

All existing quarries from where the contractor obtains the material, shall comply with the Guidelines

for Existing Quarry Management of ESMP (Annexure 1.1). .

7.3.2 Cultural and Heritage Resources:

Along the ghats there are about 26 cultural resources like temples, indigenous buildings, mosques

and other old buildings (Please refer table 4.11) within the DPIA along with some other buildings

within IPIA (refer table 4.13 in Chapter-4). Though none of the buildings are of Archeological

Important Sites (except Goal Ghar which is 1 km away from site) however chances of vibration impact

to these buildings during the construction activities is high. According to INTACH‟s report on Cultural

Impact Assessment, the City of Patna has few officially protected monuments and detailed survey of

the heritage buildings at the riverfront is required as many of these building have importance being

already recognized by books, researchers and also by the population. As per the CIA report, INTACH

has given the recommendations for mitigating the potential impacts due to project activity or designed

structure. The significance of the impact on the identified heritage variable was also based on

ICOMOS‟ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment for Cultural World Heritage Properties;

2011.Accordingly, on the basis of impact three grades has been categorized. The Grade- I include

high impact due to project activities on exiting resource like ancient buildings, heritages or other

historic structure. Hence, the specific mitigation measure for each ghat has been suggested by

INTACH as depicted below:-

Table 7-1: Mitigation Measures for Grade- I categorized ghats

S.No. Name of Ghats

Proposed Activities Impact Categorization

Mitigation Measures

1. Collectorate Ghat

• Construction of a promenade and Eco Center

• Connection of Ghats.

Grade-I Demolition of cultural and religious buildings should be avoided, in case it is proposed in this intervention, especially those that attract a good number of visitors / devotees.

2. Anta Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Arched Gateway design), promenade and wall.

• Requalification to the area.

Grade-I Impacts over the population living at the encroachments will be mitigated.

3. Adalat Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design) and promenade. (walls weren‟t shown for this and all the next Ghats).

Grade-I • The construction of “Chattris” in front of

the temple complex should be avoided. The “Chattris” located in front of the

Temple Complex should be moved towards the sides or removed. • In the proposals where there are


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temples the construction of elements that might obstruct the facades should be avoided. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices. 4. Kali Ghat • Construction of

promenade and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.

Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.

5. Rani Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.

Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t be designed

as a bridge close to the Rani Ghat and its walls. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should go around Rani Ghat‟s walls,

replicating them and creating an opening for the entrance to the existing Rani Ghat. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices. 6. Raushan

Ghat • Construction of Ghat

(Dome design) and promenade.

Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around

the remnants of Tekari House. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the remnants of Tekari House, integrating it to the project, proposing a landscaped area surrounding the ruins. • 2 possibilities for the area located

between Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats: * the promenade should follow the alignment of the other promenades,


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crossing private areas. There is an issue related to the ownership and allowance from the owners of the lands; * the promenade should contour the areas, going towards the riverfront, in a curved shape, turning towards the land side to connect with the promenades at the Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats.

7. Chaudhary Tola Ghat

• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design) and promenade.

Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade as it is proposed

shouldn‟t go around the remnants of

Tekari Ghat and adjacent walls. For this case the promenade should enter the Temple Complex‟s area behind the

Tekari House‟s walls, integrating it to the

project. There may be an issue related to the ownership of the area and allowance from the Temple‟s owners. • The construction of the promenade shouldn‟t affect the temples and the

Tekari Ghat. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices. The access from the temples to the river should be maintained.

8. Patheri Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design) and promenade.

Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around

the existing ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the haveli‟s

ruins, integrating them to the project, proposing a landscaped area inside the haveli. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices. 9. Raja Ghat • Construction of Ghat

(Buland Gateway Grade-I During excavations the team should be

extremely attentive. Archaeological


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design) and promenade.

assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around

the existing fortification and historic buildings. There are two possibilities proposed: * the promenade should enter the complex inside the fortification, crossing the areas that belong to the temple and to the government, facing a difference of level between the two lands; * the promenade should be interrupted at the fortification‟s walls, continuing at the

other side, going around the temple at the rear. • The new Ghat should preserve the

existing historic Ghat along with its steps by moving the proposed Ghat towards the west. The new Ghat should be designed in continuity to old Ghat. • The structures of the new ghat

shouldn‟t block the view towards the

temple complex. It should also be moved towards the west, ahead from the beginning of the steps. • The construction of the promenade

shouldn‟t affect the Fortification. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices. 10. Najaur Ghat Construction of Ghat

(Heritage design) and promenade.

Grade-I • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in

the religious practices.

Besides of this some general mitigation measures (as described below) has been also suggested

which should be followed during planning, construction and operation phases. (For detail see

Annexure- 1.7)

Archeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape Impact

Due to the proposed RFD project and its construction activities there could be direct or indirect impact

on the building structures of those listed in the CIA report as well as placed in table 4.11 of the EIA

report (Refer chapter-4). Especially the structures with Grade-I and Grade-II require adequate

attention.


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Mitigation Measures:

Mitigate the adverse effect on Built Heritage and Historical Landscape through design

interventions that respect the historic character of the buildings and some historic areas;

Reuse of heritage structures instead of demolitions;

Avoid vibration close to buildings during construction;

Undertake ground investigations on site after excavations and removal of vegetation, before

starting the construction works;

During the construction work ensure effective monitoring of the site to safeguard any

unknown archaeological resource discovered during construction work on site;

Spatial and Visual Impacts:

There could be potential that the proposed RFD and the structures proposed under the project may

obstacle the visual of these heritage buildings from the river front.


Avoid/minimize visual construction of the heritage buildings through designs that will highlight the

buildings and with coherent typologies.

The report also emphasized to take care of the environmental and social and community impacts. The

related mitigation measures are already discussed in this EIA report as well as in the Resettlement

Action Plan report prepared separately for the this project and given as a summary in Annexure 1.3.

Additionally as part of the project following mitigation measures shall be taken up:

Mitigation Measure:

No major piling work to be involved. However if it is involved then the site of piling work shall

be carefully selected to avoid any vibration related impact to these temples/religious

structures etc. along the ghat. Vibration damper shall be used to minimize the impact of

vibration to cultural resources as felt suitable. Instead of normal piling hydraulic or vibro5

hammer shall be used especially for those heritage building which are within 25 m distance

from Ghat;

Adequate diversion signs shall be displayed in the access route for the devotees towards

these cultural heritage and temples.

Warning signs shall be given if there is any large excavation, piling work and scaffolding work

involved.

Night time construction shall be avoided and proper lighting shall be given in the construction

areas as well as in the access route of the devotees during the evening/night time to avoid

any accidents.

5 Hydraulic and Vibro hammer work with a core cutting technology and puts the pile all together instead of

normal piling and hammering. The advantage is that it reduces the noise of normal piling work.


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A conservation architect shall be deployed to guide the contractor on identification and on

conservation of structures in the project area ;

Demolition of any heritage structure shall not be carried out.

Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants during construction shall be immediately

reported to the authorities and shall comply with Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites

and Remains Act, 1958.

Cultural and Heritage resources are shown in Figure 4.18 and Figure 4.19 respectively. Further the

report of INTACH is annexed as Annexure 1.7.

7.3.3 Loss of Structures

The project construction work may require clearance of 229 structures along the banks. As per the

social impact assessment identifies impacts on about 229 PAFs for rehabilitation and resettlement. .

The debris generated from the demolition of these structures shall also be managed carefully.


Prior to the demolition of the structures all the affected families shall be compensated as per the

requirements of NGRBA ESM and shall be relocated at a suitably (as per the plans given in the SIA

and RAP report prepared separately as part of the project. The summary of the RAP report is given in

Annexure-1.4. The RAP budget proposed under project is given table 7.2.

Table 7-2: RAP Budget

S.No Entitlement Unit Quantity Amount (In Rs) 1 Compensation for

Structure Dwelling Unit 229@Rs 150000 (as per

Rajiv Awas Yojna) 34350000

2 Assistance for Cattle Shed

Cattle Shed 25@ Rs 15000 per cattle shed

375000

3 Shifting Assistance PAFs 229@Rs 10000 2290000 4 ERG to Cattle shed

owner PAFs 25@10000 250000

5 Special Assistance to Vulnerable PAFs

PAFs 164@10000 1640000

Sub-Total (A) 38905000 6 RAP Implementation Cost for NGO 1800000 7 M&E Cost 800000 8 Contingency (5%) 1717500 Sub-Total (B) 4317500 Grand Total 43222500

The debris generated from the structures shall be reused as far as possible and the left over material

shall be disposed at a suitable location with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the „Environmental

Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.


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7.3.4 Generation of Dust:

There would not be any crushing activities involved in the project and hence chances of fugitive

emission are negligible.

Though the project does not involve huge construction activities as such, still the following activities

have the potential for dust generation during construction stage:

Excavation work for demolishing the old stairs in the project ghats as well as demolition of

buildings and structures;

Construction of new ghats, promenade and other structures as proposed;

Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials;

Mitigation Measure:

Area of dust generation to be suppressed by spraying of water through sprinklers;

The demolition work for building and structures shall be carried out in a controlled manner , so

that dust generation is minimum;

Necessary protection shall be provided during demolition, to avoid spillage of debris in to the

River

The debris shall be cleared on the same day to storage or disposal site, as needed.

Necessary dust cover arrangements shall be provided to the public and sensitive buildings

around the demolitions site

Workers involved in the demolition shall be provided with face mask to minimize impact on

their health.

Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall be made;

Further, idling of vehicles to be stopped during construction period;

Automatic diesel logger may be installed in vehicles to minimize idling

7.3.5 Noise and Vibration:

The project involves piling work due to the construction of ghat, promenade and building which may

generate noise during the construction. The project area being surrounded by number of old and

heritage buildings and some manmade sensitive locations like schools and hospitals (refer list of

schools and hospitals in section 4.1 in Chapter-4) therefore impact from noise and vibration is a

concern. Further Dolphin‟s entire life system depends on echo-location; noise pollution in its habitat is

harmful for this species.


Hydraulic or Vibro pilling shall be adopted instead of normal sheet pilling. This reduces the

vibration and noise to a large extent;


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Construction activities especially the use of impact pile drivers shall be restricted during

evening and night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)

All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the construction site shall be fitted with

manufacturer‟s approved exhaust muffler.

Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be restricted 100m from noise sensitive locations,

cultural resources during night time. Instead of pneumatic hammers electric, hydraulic

hammers could be used.

The local power grid shall be used to limit generator noise

Provision of ear-plugs to contractors exposed to high noise levels.

Provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations (like schools and hospitals), especially at following locations:

- B.N College;

- Darbhanga House;

- Patna College;

- Khuda Baksh Library;

- Tekari House (though not a school but a heritage building very near to Ghat);

- Badshah Nawabi Girl‟s high school;

- Patna Medical College and Hospital

7.3.6 Sanitation and Waste Generation:

The construction camp for the workers may have issues related with safe drinking water, sanitation

and solid waste generation. These if not properly managed may go to river Ganga.

Mitigation Measure:

Workers shall be provided with adequate sanitation and waste management facilities in their

construction camps. Makeshift toilets shall be prepared in the camps and waste from the toilets shall

be provided with septic tank and soak pit. The location of the construction camp shall be at least

200m away from the river bank.

Some of the possible locations where the construction camp may be established include the following:

Option-1: Area near to Gandhi setu where Gammon Construction Company used the site for

the construction of Gandhi setu

Option-2: Open area near back side of Gai Ghat;

Option-3: At the left bank of river Ganga at Hajipur site. In this case the materials and labour

are to be brought to the project site through Gandhi setu;

Waste management activities shall also be undertaken and biodegradable and non-biodegradable

wastes shall be separately collected and taken to the nearby waste collection point placed by Patna

Municipal Corporation (PMC). At every access street to the Ghat, PMC has secondary collection point


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responsible for pick up and disposal of garbage. The primary locations are along the promenade as

recycle bins at every ghat, toilet, kiosk and along the promenade.

The guideline towards establishing the construction camp is given in Annexure 1.3. and shall comply

with the Building and Other Construction Workers Rules (BOWCR) of Government of India.

7.3.7 Impact on Utilities:

As part of the project there are no utility lines (like water supply, sewer lines) in the project are and

thus chances of disturbance to such utility channels are negligible during the construction work.

However, there are two lateral drains which discharges wastewater from other parts of the city into

Ganga mainly at Anta Ghat and at Krishna Ghat. The project proposes divert these channels through

rehabilitation of the existing trunk sewer and will be connected to the existing STP at Saidpur. This

STP currently receives around 33 MLD of sewage (against the total capacity of 45 MLD) and the load

from Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat altogether will be 6.64 MLD. There is already a trunk sewer that

connects these ghats connecting to Saidpur STP. Hence it is feasible to divert the discharge from

Anta Ghat and Krishna ghat to Saidpur STP. The existing trunk sewer line and pump house that is

closed present due to maintenance problems may be restored with suitable improvements. This

activity shall be taken up and implemented separately by BUIDCo.

7.3.8 Integration of Drainage with Patna RFD:

As indicated in Chapter-4, at 2 locations namely Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat Drainage channel along

with city sewage get disposed off at river Ganga. Although such impacts are not directly generated

from the present RFD project, however such discharge of sewage at places of River front may pose

aesthetic impact to the visitors and tourists. If such sewage discharge is continued then bathing at

these ghats may not be allowed during the operation stage of the RFD.

Mitigation Measure:

As indicated in section 7.3.7, these channels will be diverted to the existing trunk sewer, as a long

term measure, rehabilitation of the sewerage network and augmentation of Saidpur STP shall be

taken on priority, to ensure the wastewater from these channels is diverted permanently from the river

front. The DPR for the sewage network and STP augmentation is in the advance stage of preparation

and the approval decision for the same is expected shortly.

7.3.9 Loss of vegetation and tree cutting:

Clearance of vegetation, bushes is involved in the project but no tree cutting is involved. Additionally

new public parks and landscape areas shall be created in the project.

7.3.10 Impacts on Dolphin:

Based on the outcome of primary survey and secondary information (chapter 4) it has been reported

that Gangetic Dolphin is present in the Ganga stretches of Patna.


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Figure 7.1: Dolphins Movement

Based on discussions with ZSI6 and Forest department, higher frequency of dolphin movement is reported at three locations in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary). They are

Ganga – Gandhak confluence site Danapur - Punpun Bridge Fatwah – Trivani Ghat.

(Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar)

Further as part of the project, Professor Ravindra Kumar Sinha of Patna Science College (a renowned

expert on Gangetic Dolphins in India) was engaged by BUIDCo to assess the impact of the proposed

RFD project on Gangetic Dolphin:

The report identifies that in the last 2 decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of

Patna from Digha to Collectorate ghat. Thus currently the dolphin habitat close to river front is from

Collectorate Ghat and upstream (away from the locations of the proposed ghats). In addition, the left

bank of the river at Patna is protected by brick and boulder pitching since long back as this bank have

found to be the erosion side of the river. The boulders and bricks along the river bank have been

found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites for some of the important

fish species. The Dolphin feeds on small size (usually about 10cm long or less) fish as its gullet is

very small. Occasionally it also feeds on mud dweller small fishes, snails, insect larvae etc. while

groveling in the bottom mud. Littoral zones of rivers i.e. close to the river banks are preferred habitat

for small fishes and invertebrates. Thus the stretches close to the banks of the river are good foraging

ground for the Dolphins.

6 Zoological Survey of India, the only taxonomic organization in the country involved in the study of all kinds of animals from Protozoa to Mammalia, occurring in all possible habitats from deepest depth of the ocean to the peaks of Himalaya, was established on 1st July, 1916 to promote survey, exploration and research leading to the advancement in our knowledge of the various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life.

Dolphin Movement Path Ghat Development

Sand Deposit


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Dolphins are also observed near cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing ghats. It is

understood that in the area of human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats and

cremation ghats, people tend to throw some edible items which could attract fishes and ultimately

Dolphin.

As the Gangetic Dolphin is „blind‟ and its entire life system depends on echo-location, noise pollution

in its habitat is dangerous for this species. Further many cases of strikes with motorized vessel have

been observed to be fatal for the dolphin in and around Patna. The preliminary report of Professor

Sinha is attached as Annexure 1.5.

Mitigation Measure Proposed in Project:

Based on this report of Prof. Sinha the following mitigation measures are proposed in the

implementation of the project:

The mesh size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders below the steps at ghats close to

the water line or river edge should be four inches instead of eight inches. The boulders should

be in the river water even in the leanest months. The invertebrates and fishes should have

access to the boulder pitching.

No indigenous grass should be planted in the landscape terrace between two ghats as in

these spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river grow which are

breeding grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects and provides habitats for

amphibious/aquatic invertebrates. The planted grasses will get destroyed due to deposition of

fresh mud during flood every year. Whereas the natural amphibious/aquatic grasses

germinate and grow as a natural process every year. It is advisable that landscaped terraces

should not be allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open lavatory; it should not be

allowed for cattle wallowing.

There should be minimum or no noise under water during the implementation of the project. If

nay mechanized boat is being used during the implementation of the project the same must

have propeller guard.

In addition, a Dolphin Information Centre an exhibition cum awareness generation centre for common

public is proposed at Gai Ghat.

Further to ensure, avoidance of impacts on dolphins during the operation phase of the project,

BUIDCo was working with Prof.Sinha, to carry out a detailed assessment of impacts of the project on

Gangetic Dolphins and his recommendations will be implemented appropriately. In this connection,

Prof. Sinha has submitted proposal to conduct research on the impact of River Front Development

Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna and to recommend mitigation plan and preparation of report

thereof. The main scope of work of Prof Sinha‟s study would be to study temporal and spatial variation

in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course

of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance. The study area will cover

about 30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-


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Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May). Two copies of the annual progress

report will be submitted by 31st December every year. The prelimary report of Prof Sinha as well as

the terms of reference for the detailed study for Dolphin monitoring during the project implementation

is given in Annexure 1.5. BuiDCo as an Executing Agency will work with Prof Sinha as per the ToR.

Further as part of Dolphin Conservation, Government of India has already established a Working

group as well as an advisory committee. The working group has also prepared a Conservation Action

Plan report which has been disclosed in the website of NGRBA. Further to this advisory committee,

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) and National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) are

actively getting involved in identifying various dolphin conservation measures in critical stretches of

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In this regard, Centre for Environment and Education (CEE) was already

interacts with a project of community awareness for a span of 2 years (July 2010 to September 2012).

As part of the programme, CEE has established a network of 15 NGOs, 525 schools, 470 teachers

and several stakeholders. The programme components included:

Research and Documentation;

IEC material Development and Production;

Review Workshop;

Orientation of Partner Agencies;

Teachers Training Programs;

School activities;

Dolphin Fair;

Regional Dolphin Camps;

Additional initiatives

Further as part of the 2nd Phase CEE will also work with 700 more schools in Ganaga basin as well as

with communities and fishermen for alternative livelihood, reducing the usage of pesticides, eco-

torusim so as to minimize the threats to the National Aquatic Animal of India.

Further, Govt of India is in process of operationalize the action plan for Dolphin conservation for which

various reputed institutes like WWF, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Vikramshila

University and forest and wildlife divisions are consulted with for making joint effort for Dolphin

conservation considering its legal, scientific and awareness requirements.

7.3.11 Clearing of Existing Solid Waste humps:

Solid waste dumps are seen all along the edge of river Ganga and during monsoon they get washed

into the Ganga. The waste is generally disposed by the local community who does not have facility for

primary collection point. These locations include:

Collectorate Ghat; Krishna Ghat; Bharwa Ghat; Law College Ghat; Rani Ghat; Gai Ghat


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Figure 7.2: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats


During the construction stage the existing waste as found accumulated in the project area shall be

taken and will be handed over to the secondary collection point of Patna Municipal Corporation.

Additionally Masonry bins are being proposed to cater to the waste generated from the communities

so that they are regularly cleaned and disposed through smaller vehicles and ultimately taken to the

larger vehicle for disposing to the disposal site of Patna Municipal Corporation. The detailed drawings

of the Solid Waste Masonry bins are given in the impact from solid waste as described in Operation

Stage.

7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE

7.4.1 Physiography and Drainage:

Impact:

The proposed ghat development activities for the project involve development of existing ghats,

preparation of walkway and promenade above the banks and restoration of riparian edge. As such

there is no such change in drainage network. However a localized increase in river portion velocity is

likely when it comes in contact with the ghat section and this increase in speed may sometime create

increased drag to the open bank immediately after the project construction section.


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Mitigation Measure:

The chances of increase of river flow speed with the development of ghat and localized erosion will be

minimum as immediately after the ghat there will be riparian edge restoration and embankment

protection with gabion structure will persist. This will reduce the localized water speed and thereby

would minimize the chances of in-situ erosion.

Further at the bottom there will be boulder pitching throughout which will maintain the speed of the

water and localized increase of speed is not envisaged.

7.4.2 River Water Quality:

It is envisaged that with the development of the project there would be increase in all sorts of

population along the ghats and promenades and hence chances of pollution to river water is expected

(mainly solid waste and sanitation issues). Further during the various Hindu rituals and festive season

various pious refuse are also disposed which when biodegrade pollute the river body.

Mitigation Measure7:

The number of existing visitors at each ghat at present is around 100. However, after completion of

the project the expected population coming to each ghat would be around 400-500. The total

population expected at a time for all the 20 ghats is about 8000-10,000.

Hence the total sewage generation considering 60% of visitor will use toilet at least once the quantum

of sewage generation would be:

0.6*10000*5(ltr) = 30000 Liter i.e. 30 KLD.

As part of the project 24 toilets are being proposed in the project and toilets shall be proposed in the

promenade with a septic tank and soak pit arrangement. During the special events like Chaath, Govt.

PMC provides makeshift toilets like mobile toilets to take care of the situation. The waste water will be

disposed by the PMC and will be treated in the STPs. Further to cater the run-off from the promenade

and pathways interceptor drain is being proposed which will be connected to existing drainage lines

along the access road. The interceptor drain drawings are given along with DPR in the following DPR

drawings in section A:

PROM/PH-01.1

PROM/PH-01.2

PROM/PH-01.3

PROM/PH-01.4

The drawing of toilets is given figure 7.4 and 7.5 may also be referred as DPR drawing number TB/A-01.

7This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA

report.


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Figure 7.3 : Toilet Block as Proposed in the Project


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Figure 7.4 : Proposed toilet Blocks (WC)


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Small mesh barrier are proposed to screen the pious refuse. Once screened these pious refuse may

be taken by safai karmachari to be disposed off to dustbins.

The mesh barrier shall be given at each ghat. The mesh barrier will be constructed at the downstream

of the ghat with extension into the river around 20m perpendicular to the direction of flow and then a

bend against the direction of the flow for 2m.

The height of the mesh should be approximately 2/3rd of the stair height (measured from the lowest

levels of the stairs). The mesh shall be iron mesh with sizes of 1”x1” mesh size (Mesh code A25)

During festive season makeshift toilet arrangement shall be made in addition to the toilets proposed in

the project.

7.4.3 Solid Waste Generation8 :

Impacts:

The projected population in each ghat after the completion of the project is expected to be

around 400. The quantum of waste generation could be around 200gm/capita. Hence the total

waste generation from 20 ghats would be around = 400*20*200/1000=1600 kg (400 is the

maximum expected population);

Chances of little generation is there along the promenade and pathways;

During festive season and when huge numbers of pilgrims gather at various ghats, additional

waste collection bin facility is generally provided by urban local body. Additionally, as part of

the project few such bins are proposed so that no direct waste disposal is being made to the

river body;

Huge vegetable waste being seen dumped at Anta Ghat vegetable market area which leads

to unhygienic condition; and,

Community near the area used to put solid waste in the bank of river Ganga which ultimately

goes to Ganga through inundation during monsoon.

Also no regular waste collection.


To take care of this quantum of waste 4 dustbins will be provided in each ghat and each

dustbin will have capacity of 20 kg. Hence capacity of waste collection= 4*20*20=1600 kg;

In additional along the promenades for a total length of 5000m a total of 254 number of litter

bins (i.e. 1 liter bin per 20 m length) shall be provided with capacity of 1 kg each. This when

used in full capacity can take care of 254 kg of solid waste;

8This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA

report..


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In Anta ghat area, for the fresh vegetable market 2 big dustbins of 4.5m3 capacity has been

proposed so that the waste generated from the market can be taken care.

To avoid open disposal of solid waste by the communities at 6 identified location as

mentioned in section 7.3.11, masonry bins shall be provided.

Since the waste collection in Ganga ghat area has been observed quite regular Waste

Collection vehicles are proposed to be procured. Since the access roads will be on an

average 4m wide therefore smaller tippers may be proposed which may ultimately dispose

the waste to bigger tipper truck to dispose the waste to the disposal site of Patna Municipal

Corporation.

The drawing of masonry waste collection point is shown in Figure 7.5.

The generated waste will be collected everyday by the maintenance staff and the collected

waste will be disposed to the secondary collection points to the nearby areas provided by

PMC.

Apart from these identified projects, as part of the EMP a detailed environmental awareness

program has been proposed with the involvement of local schools. The awareness program

can be in the forms of waste cleaning, road play along the promenades.

The budget for the proposed solid waste management is given in table 7.3 below:

Table 7-3: Budget for Solid Waste Management

S.No Description of Item No. Of Units Unit Cost

(INR Rupees)

Total Cost

(INR Rupees)

Coverage

1 4 dustbins at each ghat

with 20 kg capacity

80 10000 8,00,000 Civil Cost

2 Litterbins with 1 kg

capacity

254 6000 15,24,000 Civil Cost

3 Compactor dustbins at

Anta Ghat with capacity 4.5

m3

2 70000 140000 O&M Cost

4 Masonry dustbins 6 60000 350000 O&M Cost

5 Hydraulic Dumper Placer 1 600000 574000 O&M Cost

6 Auto tipper 2 700000 1400000 O&M Cost

7 Hooper with front end

loader

1 800000 800000 O&M Cost

Total Cost of SWM 5588000

Total Civil Cost 2324000 Civil Cost

Total O&M Cost 3264000 O&M Cost


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Figure 7.5: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats


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7.4.4 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES:

As part of the project risk assessment and safety measures, carrying capacity approach has been

taken to understand the withstand capacity of the ghats as well as promenade for the maximum

number of population. Various tailor made safety measures are accordingly being proposed in the

project:

Carrying capacity of the safety aspects:

The aspect of carrying capacity is related to the carrying capacity of the Ghats as well as the

promenades in which during the festive season generally large number of people gathers.

One of the good aspects of the project is that it will provide a large space to the devotees instead of

conglomeration of large density of people in one ghat. Project ghats and associated promenade will

facilitate to spread the devotees so that the concentration of large number of people at one place is

reduced.

Calculation of carrying capacity on Ghats and Promenade:

The proposed Ghats are of the configuration of 60mx20-30m with a depth ranging between 24-30m.

The total area of a ghat approximately varies between 60x20=1200 sq.m to 60x30=1800 sq.m.

For example in anta ghat the area is 1800 sq. m where nearly 2-3 persons per Sq.m can be allowed

and thus it becomes around 5000 persons in Anta ghat that can be allowed at a time.

The load calculations are based upon IS code with a reference of 6 kilo Newton/sq.m.

It is estimated that overall around 1, 00,000 people can be allowed with the proposed design of the

Ghats at a time within the 6.5 km of proposed project areas. The list of people allowable in each ghat

is given in table 7.4.

Table 7-4: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats

Sl. No. Name of Ghats Size of the Ghats

Total Area of the Ghats

Person accommodate

at Ghats 1 Anta ghat (60x30) m 1800 sqm 5400 person

2 B.N.College ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person

3 Adalat ghat (70x25.80) m 1806 sqm 5400 person 4 Mishri ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 5 T.N. Banerjee ghat (60x31.80) m 1908 sqm 5700 person 6 Krishna ghat (70x24.6) m 1722 sqm 5100 person

7 Brahva ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 8 Rani ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person 9 Gulbi ghat (40 x 10) m 400 sqm 100 person 10 Ghagha ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person


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Sl. No. Name of Ghats Size of the Ghats

Total Area of the Ghats

Person accommodate

at Ghats 11 Raushan ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person 12 Choudhary Tola ghat (60x27.80) m 1668 sqm 5000 person 13 Pathri ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 14 Alamganj ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 15 Laurwa ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 16 Hanuman ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 17 Raja ghat (70x23.80) m 1666 sqm 5000 person 18 Gai ghat (40x46.45) m 1858 sqm 5500 person 19 Bhadra ghat (90x40) m 3600 sqm 10000 person 20 Mahavir ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person 21 Nauzar ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person

Accordingly safe structural designs are being incorporated in the project.

Health and Safety Measures: In addition to carrying capacity the project will also undertake following

general health and safety measures are given below:

Belts all along the ghats;

PPE use;

Inaccessibility to children; (Construction Netting);

Medical check-up;

Local labour will be hired for the project to the extent possible and no camping along the

project areas would be allowed;

4 ambulances (for 2 years of project construction period) shall be provided for any type of

medical emergency;

Contacts with nearby hospital, primary health centres etc. shall be established;

Reporting format for accidents and near miss accidents shall be prepared and will be

maintained and will be monitored on fortnightly basis by the SHE (Safety, Health and

Environmental ) officer of the project;

Chaath festival will be restricted to these ghats during construction period;

Side Access for pedestrian movements at Mahendru ghat;

Refuge access;

All along promenades for better accessibility

One way traffic to ghat where the accessibility is less than 6m;

In other cases 2 way traffic can be provided;

Safety measures towards the access to the promenade from Collectorate ghat to Rani Ghat:


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The existing access road for different ghats (as refered in Table 2.2) need to be upgraded for safe

access of visitors to the ghats. This activity shall be taken up and implemented separately by BUIDCo.

However as part of the present ptoject access to the promenade has been increased by proposed

pedestrian streets connecting the existing streets network to the promenade

a. 6m wide access proposed between Collectorate complex and Bankipur club

b. 2.5m proposed adjoining SBI Campus towards proposed Anta ghat.

c. 3m between B.N.College and Ganga mahal towards Proposed B.N.College ghat

d. 6m between GM residence and Railway reservation Centre towards Mahendru ghat.

e. 4.5m along Patna college campus towards proposed Adalat ghat

f. 6m adjoining Patna medical college and hospital towards Proposed Mishri ghat.

g. 6m towards proposed Banerjee ghat

h. 6m adjoining Darbhanga house towards Kali ghat

i. 6m adjoining Patna college science and NIT towards Patna college ghat

j. 6m towards proposed Krishna ghat

k. 5m adjoining engineering college building towards Gandhi ghat

l. 6m adjoining Law college towards proposed Bharawa ghat

m. 4m through campus university quarter towards Rani ghat

Streets above 5m width are to be used for two way pedestrian traffic and streets under 5m

are used as one way towards the promenade and alternate access roads made away from

promenade

Safe gathering areas (Refuge areas) are provided at Gandhi ghat, Adalat ghat, B.N. College

ghat.

Refuge areas are connected to evacuation routes. The details of refuge access routes are

shown in Annexure 1.4.

Evacuation routes are provided at an interval of (approx.) 300m leading away from

promenade and Ghats.

Provision for Ambulance access and parking on each evacuation route

1 life guard station provided at every ghat.

Crowd Management during festivals:

The crowd management is an important aspect for minimizing the safety hazards and risks related to

it. In Patna the crowd management during the festivals is the responsibility of District Magistrate and

his team. Generally it is like they depute number of police personnel in each of the Ghats with

separate access route for ongoing and outgoing visitors.

In this regard recently a District level Disaster Management Plan has been prepared and the draft

report is under the approval stage. The draft management plan includes the arrangement for following

aspects:


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Adequate crowd management through limiting the time of stay of persons in the ghats;

The suggested measures adopted in the project can also be shared with the DM so that

accordingly crowd management can be made;

Separate entry and exit route to minimize any panic related hazard;

Close circuit television at strategic points as well as in the entry and exit point to monitor

traffic inflow and outflow;

Adopting the proposed access routes as suggested in the project for crowd management;

Ensure that the maximum allowable load of persons in the Ghats as suggested in the project

does not exceed at any point of time;

Adequate signage shall be provided along with public address system through media,

newspapers and Addressable by the polices;

Policing to restrict the entry of any kind of vehicles towards the ghat approach roads during

the festival season, only pedestrians are allowed along the approach roads;

Life boat and life jackets shall be provided in each ghat to provide safety during any kind of

emergency conditions;

A separate crowd modelling study is being prepared by IIT-Delhi. The detailed recommendation of the

Crowd Modelling study will be implemented in the project.


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8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environment Management Action Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development of

the proposed river front development project in Patna both during the construction as well as during

operational phases. The EMP is site and time specific including necessary responsibility matrix.

In general, the urban development department, Bihar known as Bihar Urban Infrastructure

Development Corporation Ltd. (BUIDCo) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent

Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures

as suggested in the ESMP are carried out. Mitigation measures for Environment and Social impacts

are listed in Table 8-1. The list provides reference implementing organisation and responsible entity.

8.1 Specific activities by BUIDCo

The role of BUIDCo in the implementation of ESMP involves the following activities:

EIA clearance from NGRBA and World Bank;

Disclosure of ESIA document as well as in the info shop of World Bank and

Permission from line department for laying of drainage line, construction of toilets and connection

to city sewer line;

Diversion of drainage outfall points at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat (to be completed before the

completion of construction work of RFD and to be taken up as a separate project);

Permission for tree felling (if any) ;

Displacement of encroachers from project site;

Carrying out necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil Quality during the

Operation phase for a period of 5 years

Conducting a detailed study to assess the impacts of the project on Gangetic Dolphins and

implementation of its recommendations

Deployment of specialised conservation team during the construction phase to identify chance

find archaeological remnants and provide guidance to contractors on conservation

8.2 Specific activities by Contractor

The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the following:

Obtain consent to establish from state pollution control board under air and water act;

Felling of trees (if at all required) with the prior permission of Forest Department;

Finalizing the selection of material sources (quarry and borrow material, etc.) and shall follow

necessary guidelines as given in Annexure 1.1, and Annexure 1.2).

Carrying out necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil quality during the

construction stage;


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Selection, design and layout of construction areas, labour camps etc. (Refer Annexure 1.3)

Implementation of other mitigation measures, as recommended by EIA

8.3 Implementation of EMP

The Environmental Officer of the contractor should be available for the entire duration of the project

and shall be primarily responsible for compliance of EMP. The Environmental Specialist from the

Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the

design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The proposed

organogram for the implementation and monitoring of ESMP is presented in figure 8-1. Contractor

shall report the implementation of the EMP to the Environmental Expert of Supervision Consultant as

well as to BUIDCo through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and

to be given to NMCG for the implementation of EMP.

Figure 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP

Managing Director

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

BUIDCo

Project Manager(Contractor)

Environmental Officer (Contractor)

Team Leader(Supervision Consultant)

Environmental Expert (Supervision Consultant)

GM (Tech) GM (Works) GM (Admin.)

CGM


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Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan

Environmental Impact / Aspect

Mitigation Measures9 Location10 Time Frame11

Responsibility Cross reference Implementati

on Supervision

DESIGN STAGE

Issues from stakeholder Consultations

Various issues raised were examined & suitably incorporated based on merit.

Along the ghats During Design Contractor BUIDCo EIA and DPR

PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Tree cutting and vegetation clearance

All the trees are required to be saved. Vegetation will required to be removed from the ghat section before the commencement of construction.

Along the ghats Before construction starts

Contractor BUIDCo Forest Act

Mobilisation & Site Clearance

Resettlement of PAPs

The project affected Families shall be suitably relocated as per the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) after giving necessary compensation as per RAP budget.

Along the ghats and adjoin areas and access

roads

Before construction Starts

BUIDCo BUIDCo Annexure 1.3

of EIA and RAP

Procurement of plants and machineries

Specifications of plant and machinery to be procured need to comply to the relevant national standard norms and with the requirements of emission control and noise pollution abatement requirement as per the standards prescribed by CPCB

Prior to mobilization at site

Contractor BUIDCo

National Ambient Air and Noise Quality Standard of CPCB

Setting up of construction camps

The construction camps (for 25-30 people) will be located at least 200m away from Ganga ghats and there must be basic necessary (temporary) living

Option1: Near Gandhi Setu;

During Establishment, Operation and

Contractor SC, BUIDCo Annexure 1.2 of EIA.

9 Some of the mitigation measures are preventive in nature while some others include additional measures in terms of environmental conservation and involve physical and construction work. 10 Unless otherwise stated, the Project Site covers area around the ghats. 11 Time frame refers to the duration or instant of time when the mitigation measures will be taken.


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on Supervision

accommodation and ancillary facilities per the guideline given in Annexure 1.2.

Option2: Back side of Gai Ghat;

Option3: Left Bank of Ganga at Hajipur site

Dismantling of Such Camps.

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Land

Quarrying Material sources

Quarry material shall be sourced from approved and licensed quarries.

For new quarry if Environmental Clearance is applicable to be obtained.

For operating new quarries, the Contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after consent of concerned authorities and only after development of a comprehensive quarry‟ redevelopment plan.

Adequate safety precautions shall be ensured during transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site. Vehicles transporting the material shall be covered to prevent spillage.

Along the ghats During

construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

Standard Engineering Practices and Annexure 1.1.

Contamination of soil

Oil & fuel spills from construction vehicles equipment shall be controlled by good O&M practices like maintaining diesel log book, and regular maintenance of the heavy vehicles and equipments;

If there is any oil spill that must be reported to the highest level of the working team of the contractor and immediately the oil spill are shall be converged

At fuel storage areas – and at DG set operating areas.

During Construction. Contractor

SC, BUIDCo, SPIU

Guidelines of CPCB and World Bank


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on Supervision

within absorbents like Absorbent Mat (like Pig Oil Absorbent Mat)

DG set (if used) shall be placed in a concreted mountain platform so that oil spillage does not mix with the soil;

The used oil from DG set to collected at certain intervals and shall be sold to authorized vendors of Bihar State Pollution control Board.

Generation of Debris

Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing ghats and other concrete structures (Collectorate ghat) and buildings and slums shall be stored at a place sufficiently away from the main channel of Ganga.

The generated debris shall be re-used efficiently if found suitable for using mainly as fill materials and stone pitching work.

Throughout Project Corridor.

During Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

General Construction Practices

AIR

Dust Generation

Vehicles carrying construction materials shall be covered;

Regular water sprinkling at areas of dust generation.

Along the ghats, all

access roads,

temporarily acquired

sites.

During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

Equipment Selection, Maintenance and Operation

Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall be made;

Further, idling of vehicles to be stopped during construction period;

Automatic diesel logger may be installed in vehicles to minimise idling

Monitoring of air Quality as per the monitoring plan

Along the ghats, all access roads,

temporarily acquired sites

During Construction. Contractor SC, BUIDCo


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on Supervision

Water

Discharge from existing sewer drains at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat

Route of these discharge point to be diverted before the start of ghat construction at these 2 locations;

Route to be diverted through the existing trunk sewer line to the existing STP at Saidpur.

Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat

Whenever encountered

during construction

Contractor under the supervision of BUIDCo and Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

Will be taken up by BUIDCO as a separate

project

Waste Water from construction camp

Adequate sanitation and waste management facility to be provided in construction camp as per Annexure 1.2 of EIA report and it is to be ensured that no liquid or solid waste get disposed into river Ganga during the construction period.

Monitoring of water quality during construction period as per the monitoring plan

Construction Camp During Construction Contractor BUIDCo Annexure 1.2.

Disposal of Debris and other wastes into Ganga

The debris generated from the structures shall be reused (as a quarry material within project site) as far as possible and the left over material shall be disposed at a suitable location with following local rules and regulations along with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the „Environmental Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.

Further, contractor to develop a comprehensive debris and solid waste management and disposal plan considering the local laws and approval from BUIDCo.

Empty paint or emulsion containers to be disposed off;

Solid Waste generated from construction camp shall be disposed as per the approved waste management plan

Along construction areas and

Construction Camp

During Construction Contractor BUIDCo

Refer Clause 11.8 under

section VII of the bid

document.

Physical and Cultural Resources

Impact on cultural As part of the project no heritage building/indigenous Location of Heritage Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo Refer Figure


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on Supervision

heritage/structures during construction

buildings/temples/mosques shall be demolished;

Heritage building which are of Grade-I category should be integrated with the promenade design as per the mitigation measure proposed in the Cutural Impact Assessment (CIA) report prepared by INTACH as given in Annexure 1.7 and section 7.3.2 of the EIA report.

For heritage buildings within 25 m from ghat adequate care shall be taken to minimize vibration impact. Overall piling work to be used with Vibro Piling rather than normal sheet piling.

During vibration muffler to be used.

A conservation architect shall be deployed to guide the contractor on identification and on conservation of structures in the project area ;

Demolition of any heritage structure shall be not be done

Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants

during construction shall be immediately reported to

the authorities and shall comply with Ancient

Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains

Act, 1958.

Building near to Ghat period and Conservation Consultants

4.18 and Figure 4.19 of EIA and Annexure 1.7

Noise

Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment

Construction activities shall be avoided during evening and night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)

All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the construction site shall be fitted with manufacturer‟s approved exhaust muffler.

Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be

All the ghat section and surrounding area

Throughout construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

Various plant and machinery manufacturing guidelines and

OSHA guidelines


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on Supervision

restricted 100m from noise sensitive locations. Instead of pneumatic hammers electric, hydraulic hammers could be used.

Use hydraulic or vibro impact hammers in place of diesel hammers for piling work;

The local power grid shall be used to limit generator noise

Provision of ear-plugs to contractors exposed to high noise levels.

Flora and Fauna

Loss of trees for fuel wood

Fuel provision shall be made available in camp like LPG so that no tree cutting is involved for fuel wood.

All the ghat section and surrounding camp area

After completion of construction activities

Contractor SC, BUIDCo

Fauna Gangetic Dolphin

Construction workers must protect natural resources and wild animals especially Dolphin

Fishing is strictly prohibited.

Throwing of food items in Ganga be restricted as that attracts fish as well as Dolphin


During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

No debris or any contaminated material to be disposed during the construction stage;

No indigenous grasses should be planted during the construction of landscape terraces;

No natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of the riparian zone of the river be disturbed as these are breeding ground of various terrestrial and aquatic insects;

No underwater noise shall be created during the construction activities. Piling work to use minimum


During construction

Contractor SC, BUIDCo Refer

Annexure 1.5 of EIA


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on Supervision

underwater noise so that Dolphins are not disturbed;

The temporal and seasonal variation of the in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance.

30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May).

During implementation and O&M

Socio-Economic Environment

Accidents

The Contractor will provide, erect and maintain barricades, including signs marking flats, lights and flagmen as required by the SC along the ghat sections, approach roads etc.

Ghat sections and approach roads

During Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo

Resettlement Action of People

Nearly 229 Families are getting affected as part of the project.

Affected population will be compensated as per entitlement framework presented in the RAP report

Locations as mentioned in RAP report

During Construction BUIDCo BUIDCo

Appendix 1.3 and RAP Report

Resettlement of Cow shelters

Nearly 25 families have cattle shelters. They will be provided with necessary financial one time financial assistance like @ Rs 15,000 for each cattle shed and ERG to cattle shed owner @ Rs 10,000.

T.N. Banerjee Ghat During Construction

Contractor, BUIDCo

BUIDCo Appendix 1.3

and RAP report

Risk and Safety

Risk and Safety from construction activities

Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment.

Precautions shall be made to provide proper access route to the devotees to access the cultural resources/temples during the construction stage along with adequate signage to avoid any accidents;

The safety workers shall be taken care as per the prevailing norms and life boat and jackets shall be

Entire Project site. During Construction

Contractor SC, BUIDCo EHS

guidelines of WB


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on Supervision

kept in adequate numbers; No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or

placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.

All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public.

Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed in mixing asphalt materials, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc.

Protective eye-shields to workers engaged in welding works

Protective goggles and clothing to workers engaged in stone breaking activities and workers shall be seated at sufficiently safe intervals

Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise (above 75dB (A)), and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation.

The Contractor shall comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.

The Contractor shall ensure that no paint containing lead or lead products is used except in the form of paste or readymade paint.

Safety Measures During Construction

All accidents and safety incidents at the project site and involving contractor shall be immediately reported to the Employer and the Engineer.

To ensure safety of the temporary accesses during construction, safety devices shall be installed.

Workers undertaking various operations during construction shall be protected by providing helmets, masks, safety goggles, hand gloves and rubber

All construction sites During construction

Contractor SC, BUIDCo


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on Supervision

boots etc.

First aid kits shall be provided at construction site for workers to meet minor accidents during construction

The transportation of construction material preferably can be brought to the project site during evening hours (7-10 p.m) or during early morning (5-8 a.m) to avoid congestion in the project area.

The collected solid waste will be transported on or before official or academic time schedule. (10 am to 6 pm).

Hygiene

At every workplace, good and sufficient water supply shall be maintained to avoid waterborne / water-related / water-based diseases to ensure the health and hygiene of workers.

Adequate drainage, mobile toilets shall be provided at workplace.

Preventive Medical care shall be provided to workers.

An action plan shall be prepared and implemented

All Worker‟s Camps During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo Appendix 1.2

OPERATION STAGE

Sewage generation from Project and Water Quality

Toilet complexes along with 24 other toilets will be provided in the project;

Approximately 30 KLD of sewage expected;

Septic Tank and soak pit shall be provided for the sewage;

Water quality to be monitored as per monitoring plan

Toilets shall be provided along the promenade

During Operation BUIDCo BUIDCo

Figure 7.4 and 7.5 of EIA

report

Surface Run-off Interceptor drain has been proposed to cater surface Along promenade from During BUIDCo BUIDCo DPR Drawings


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on Supervision

run-off from promenade and pathways and will be ultimately be linked with the drains along access roads

Collectorate Ghat to Rani Ghat

Operation PROM/PH-01.1 to 01.4

Increase of speed of water at Ghat section and chances of Soil Erosion

As part of the project necessary green areas along the banks will be protected as well as new green areas in terms of city parks shall be created. This will provide necessary bank stability.

Further, riparian edge restoration program will be

undertaken to maintain natural habitat.

At the bottom of the ghat boulder pitching shall be made so that uniform speed will be maintained.

Entire Project corridor bank length

During Operational Stage

BUIDCo BUIDCo DPR drawings for Ghat section


To minimize the waste disposal in river Ganga, the following measures shall be undertaken: Bins along Ganga ghats @4 bins in each ghat for

20kg capacity;

254 litterbins along promenade and pathways of

1kg capacity;

Masonry bins at 6 locations to facilitate

communities to dispose their waste at these bins;

Providing 2 no. of 4.5m3 bins at Anta Ghat

Vegetable market;

1 dumper placer, 2 auto trippers and 1 JCB hooper

type vehicle shall be provided to collect the dispose

the waste generated from the proposed project.

Ghat Locations and Promenade and waste dump areas where masonry bins proposed like Collectorate Ghat, Krishna Ghat, Bharwa Ghat, Law College Ghat, Rani Ghat and Gai Ghat

During Operation Stage

BUIDCo BUIDCo

Figure 7.6


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on Supervision

Dolphin Conservation

The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the

boulders below the steps at ghats close to the water

line or river edge should be four inches instead of

eight inches. The boulders should be in river water

even in the leanest month. The invertebrates and

fishes should have access to the boulder pitching.

No indigenous grasses should be planted in the

landscape terraces between two ghats as in the

spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of

riparian zone of the river grow which are breeding

grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects

and provide habitats for amphibious/aquatic

invertebrates.

It is advisable that landscape terraces should not be

allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open

lavatory. It should not be allowed for cattle

wallowing.

There should be minimum or no noise under the

water during implementation of the project. If any

mechanized boat is used during implementation of

the project, the same may be propeller guard.

Along the ghats and Ganga river stretch for the conservation

During Operational Stage

BUIDCo BUIDCo

Annexure 1.5


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8.4 Environmental Monitoring Program

The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 8-2. Successful

implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:

The Supervision Consultant (SC) is to request the Contractor to commence all the

initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the

Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to

effects from the Construction activities being felt);

The SC to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed

schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;

Monitoring by the SC‟s Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring

tests, and subsequent analysis of results;

Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, SC to

instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:

o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);

o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;

o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;

o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,

o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment,

processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to

monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels.

8.4.1 Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment

All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities, Plant

and equipment are to be controlled through:

The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan

Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor‟s plant and equipment

Monthly appraisal of the Contractor.

Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly appraisal

inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly

appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor to rectify all significant

negative environmental impacts.

8.5 Integration of Other NGRBA Programs with Patna RFD

Patna RFD is only one of the portfolios of investments under NGRBA towards cleaning the Ganga. In

Patna alone Patna RFD can‟t reduce the pollution load that is coming into river Ganga in the form of

raw sewage or semi-treated sewage. The city urgently needs construction of STPs and establishing


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sewerage networks to minimize the waste load to river Ganga. Considering the same the

improvement work for the sewerage network in various zones are already undertaken. However, the

sewerage network in sewerage Zone-III (Saidpur) and Zone-IVA (North) shall be taken up in priority

with augmentation of existing STP to cater to more sewage treatment. This will ultimately held in

minimizing the pollution in river Ganga. Till the construction period of the RFD (26 months) the

drainage outfall points at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat will be diverted through trunk sewer line to the

existing STP at Saidpur so that no discharge outfall in being made at these Ganga ghats.

8.6 Environmental Budget

The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the

ESMP is detailed in Table 8-3. There are several other environmental issues that have been

addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the

Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates

and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering

costs are listed below:

Turfing and Pitching of slopes with landscaping work

Riparian Edge Restoration

Toilets with septic tanks and connection to city sewer

Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city

sewer

City Parks and beautification work etc.

Safety Measures and Exist routes;



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Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Env. Component

Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

Air

Qu

alit

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5

μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO

CPCB

Plant site, and at locations of baseline

monitoring

1 seasons annually except monsoon

Contractor through approved monitoring agency/Lab

SC and BUIDCo

Op

erat

ion

PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5

μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO

At locations of baseline monitoring

Once in a year except monsoon for

first 5 years.

BUIDCo or its SPV

BUIDCo

Su

rfac

e W

ater

Qu

alit

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Total Hardness, Chlorine, Iron, Total Coliform.

Surface Water Quality

Standard IS:3025

At locations of construction of ghats

Grab sampling, once during construction for pre-monsoon,

monsoon and post monsoon at all ghats


SC and BUIDCo

Op

erat

ion

pH, temperature,Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Chlorine, Iron, sulphate, nitrate


Grab sampling, once in a years for first 5 years at 4 urban precincts in up stream and downstream and one control.

BUIDCo or its SPV

BUIDCo

No

ise

Lev

els

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values

Ambient Noise Standard

CPCB

At ghat construction sites and

promenade

Once during construction at ghat construction sites


SC and BUIDCo

Op

erat

ion

Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values


Once in year for 1st 5 years

BUIDCo or its SPV

BUIDCo


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Env. Component

Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

So

il

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Physical Parameter: Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio

Near Construction sites along the ghat

at locations of baseline monitoring and areas of storage

of materials, equipments,

construction camp etc.

Once in a season except monsoon for construction period


SC and BUIDCo

Op

erat

ion

Physical : Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio

Once in a year for

first 5 years, BUIDCo or its SPV

BUIDCo

Dolphin Conservati

on

Co

nst

ruct

ion

an

d O

per

atio

n

The data base of existing dolphin population in the project stretch will be monitored both during the construction and operation stage

Near Construction Sites and if sited

that will be note and data base shall be

maintained

3 season in year Post Monsson

(November), winter (February) and

Summer ( May) for 3 years

BUIDCo in discussion with Mr. R.K.Sinha and their team

BUIDCo


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Table 8-3: Environmental Budget

Item No.

Component Description Unit Quantity Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR)

Detailed Cost

Cost (Lakh)

1 MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST

1.1(a)

Environmental Awareness

(During Operation)

Environmental Awareness program towards minimizing the pollution problem for solid waste management, water pollution prevention and minimizing impact on Dolphin etc. through preparing of IEC materials, media advertisement, clippings in cinema hall etc.

No. Lump sum 13,00,000 1300000 13

1.1(b)

Environmental, Health and

Safety awareness

(During Construction)

Environmental Awareness during the construction stage for providing necessary information pertaining to minimizing municipal solid waste, debris, sewage into Ganga including various health effects like HIV and STD and other construction related health and Safety aspects

IEC Material Printing and Publishing No. of sets

20 5000 100000 1

Signages and Hoardings No. 15 10000 100000 1.5

Health Check-up (including HIV and AIDs) No. 150 3000 450000 4.5

1.2 Soil Soil Erosion restoration work like retaining wall, edge restoration work, turfing and vegetative cover,

Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item for 2.1.3 for ghat section)

1.3 Health and

Hygiene Establishing of Construction Camp including facilities for drinking water, waste water treatment and solid waste disposal facilities

Covered in Engineering Cost as incidental cost

1.4 Solid Waste Management

Facilities towards solid waste management for the project (Civil Cost from Table 7.2) covered in Engineering Cost as incidental cost

1.5 Solid Waste Management

Procurement of Vehicles for solid waste management and 2 dumper bins (O&M Cost from Table 7.2)

32.64

1.6 Water Quality

Small mesh barrier to screen the pious refuse to be provided at each ghat. The mesh barrier will be constructed at the downstream of the ghat with extension into the river around 20m perpendicular to the direction of flow and then a bend against the direction of the flow for 2m. The height of the mesh should be approximately 2/3rd of the stair height (measured from the lowest levels of the stairs). The mesh shall be iron mesh with sizes of 1”x1”

mesh size (Mesh code A25)

M. 1800 450.00 8,10,000.00 8.1


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Item No.


Detailed Cost

Cost (Lakh)

1.7 Water Quality Construction of interceptor drains of length 3000m to collect storm water from project area and sewage from the building lines along the ghats (where existing), connect to a suitable manhole for ultimate treatment in a STP.

Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ No.2.5)

1.8 Water Quality Construction of toilets along the promenade Covered in Engineering Cost (Covered under Under Promenade BOQ no.

2.2.3 (civil), 2.2.4 (electrical), 2.3 (plumbing))

1.9 Flora and Fauna Provision of boulder pitching with 4incher iron wire; No indigenous grass species to be introduced

Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ Item no. 2.1.3)

TOTAL MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST (A) 60,74,000.00 60.74 2 MONITORING COST

2.1 Construction Stage

2.1.1 Air

Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants as per CPCB Standard Procedures at 4 locations once in a season except monsoon for 1.5 years as per the Monitoring Plan

No. of Samples

16 1,500.00 24,000.00 0.24

2.1.2 Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, and CO as per MoEF charges

No. of Samples

16 4,500.00 72,000.00 0.72

2.1.3

Surface Water Quality

Grab sampling, for all the season at active construction sites along the project areas for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon during construction as per monitoring Plan

No. of Samples

60 400.00 24000.00 0.24

2.1.4

Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for pH, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater" published by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list.

No. of Samples

60 6,000.00 360,000.00 3.6

2.1.5 Noise Monitoring of noise level for 3 seasons (pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon) - once in a season except monsoon at 6 locations as per the Monitoring Plan

Nos. 18 3,000.00 54,000.00 0.54

2.1.6 Soil Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 4 locations as per Monitoring Plan at pre and post monsoon season

Nos. 16 4500.00 72000 0.72

Travel and Transportation cost of Monitoring Team No. of Trip

2 100000.00 200000 2.00

Monitoring Cost during Construction Stage 8,06,000.00 8.06


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Item No.


Detailed Cost

Cost (Lakh)

2.2 Operation Stage

2.2.1 Air

Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants once in a year at 4 locations (Collectorate Ghat, Banerjee Ghat, Gulbi Ghat, Krishna Ghat) for 5 year for one season as per the Monitoring Plan

No. of Samples

20 1,500.00 30,000.00 0.3

2.2.2 Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, O3 and CO as per MoEF charges

No. of Samples

20 4,500.00 90,000.00 0.9

2.2.3

Water Quality

Grab sampling, twice a year at 10 locations for 5 years as per monitoring plan. No. of

Samples 100 400.00 40000.00 0.4

2.2.4

Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for pH, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater” published

by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list.

No. of Samples

100 6,000.00 600000.00 6.0

2.2.5 Noise Monitoring of noise level - once in a season except monsoon at 5 locations (baseline monitoring locations) for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan

Nos. 25 3000.00 75,000.00 0.75

2.2.6 Soil Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 3 locations for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan

Nos. 15 5000.00 75,000.00 0.75

Monitoring Cost during Operation Stage for 5 years 9,10,000.00 9.10

2.2.7 Travel and Transportation Cost for the Monitoring Work Trip 5 100000 500000 5.00 TOTAL MONITORING COST (B) 22,16,000.00 22.16

TOTAL EMP COST (A+B) 82,86,000.00 82.86

Contingency Cost (2%) 165720.00 1.96 Total EMP with Contingency 8451720 84.52

2.2.8 Dolphin Dolphin study as per suggested ToR of Prof. Sinha (Refer Annexure 1.5) during the project implementation and Operation and Maintenance for a period of 3 years

50,00,000 50.00*

* This cost will be borned by State Government/BUIDCo considering the Proposal of Prof. Sinha to monitor the impact of River Front Development Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna during the project implementation and Operation and Maintenace for a period of 3 years. BUIDCo need to appoint Prof Sinha in this regard and fund for the study may be allocated from present project or may form it as a separate project.The Terms of Reference (ToR) of the proposal is given in Annexure-1.5 of the EIA report.


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8.7 Reporting System

Reporting system for the suggested monitoring program operates at two levels as:

Reporting for environmental condition indicators and environmental management

indicators(except tree cutting indicator)

Reporting for operational performance indicators at the SPV and BUIDCo level

Contractor and Engineer (Supervision Consultant) operate the reporting system for environmental

condition and environmental management indicators (except tree cutting). The Environmental

Management Unit of SPV/BUIDCo will operate the reporting system for environmental management

indicator and operation performance indicators. The PIU will set the targets for each activity

envisaged in the EMP beforehand and all reports will be against these targets. Contractor will report

to the Engineer on the progress of the implementation of environmental conditions and management

measures as per the EMP. The Engineer will in turn report to the SPV/BUIDCo on a quarterly basis. A

copy of the report shall also be sent to NMCG for monitoring. Reporting formats have been prepared,

which will form the basis of monitoring, by the Engineer as required.

Table 8-4: Summary Details of Reporting

Format

No Item Stage

Contractor Engineer SPV/BUIDCo

Implementation &

Reporting to

Engineer

Supervision Reporting

to SPV

EM 1 Setting up of

Construction

Camp

Pre-

Construction

One Time One Time One Time One Time

EM 2 Construction

Safety

Construction Quarterly Continuous Quarterly Quarterly

EC 1 Pollution

Monitoring

Construction As Per Monitoring

Plan

Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly

EC 2 Pollution

Monitoring

Post

Construction

As Per Monitoring

Plan

Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly


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In addition to these formats, to ensure that the environmental provisions are included at every activity

of the implementation by the contractor, it is suggested that the approval of the environmental

personnel of the engineer is required in the request for application to proceed or other similar

reporting formats used by the contractor. These will not only ensure that the environmental provisions

are addressed but also link the satisfactory compliance to environmental procedures prior to approval

of the Interim Payment Certificate (IPC) by the Engineer. The activities by the contractor that can

impact the environment will be identified based on discussions between BUIDCo and its SPV, team

leader of the Engineer (Supervision Consultant) and the Environment Health and Safety (EHS)

personnel of the Engineer. The decisions will be communicated to the contractor prior to the start of

the construction activities.

Table 8-5: Clearance Requirements from Government of Bihar

Sr.No.

Clearances Acts Approving Agency

Applicability to the Project

Time Required

Responsibility Execution Supervision

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

1

Permission for Withdrawal of Surface Water from Rivers, Nala, Water harvesting structure/Reservoirs/Ponds/Irrigation canals

Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

Applicable (If the contractor is extracting surface water)

3 months Contractor

Engineer, Supervision Consultant

2 Permission for Sand Mining from river bed

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

Commissioner of mines and director Bihar mines and geology development corporation

Applicable 2 months Contractor


3 Permission of Opening New Quarry

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

Commissioner of mines and director Bihar mines and geology development corporation



4 Storage of Hazardous

Chemicals

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 and Manufacturing Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989

Bihar Pollution Control Board

Applicable (if the contractor stores such hazardous chemicals)

3 months Contractor


5

Disposal of Construction Waste and Liquid effluent from Labour camps

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

Bihar Pollution Control Board



6 Pollution Under Control Certificate

Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988

Transport Department (GoB)

Applicable for all vehicles being used in construction

1 month Contractor


7 Employing Labour Executing Agency Labour & Applicable 1 Week Contract Engineer,


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of Building and other construction act, 1996

Employment Department, GoB

or Supervision Consultant

8 Registration of Workers

Labour Welfare Acts.

Labour & Employment Department, GoB

Applicable 1 month Contractor



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Format EM1: Construction Camp and Storage Area

Construction Stage: Report - Date____ Month______ Year______

(Site Layout of Construction camp and working drawings of dwelling units with allied facilities to be attached with format)

Format to be submitted before target date (decided by BUIDCo or its SPV) of establishing camps

Location of Camp (Mention the name of nearest Ghat)…………………..

Distance from Nearest Ghat……………………………….

Sl. No. Item Unit Details Remarks

1 Detail of item camp

A Size of Camp Mxm

B Area of Camp sq.m

C Distance from Nearest Settlement

D Distance from Ganga Ghat

E Date of camp being operational dd/mm/yy

F Present land use

G No other trees with girth > 0.3m.

H Details of Storage area (Availability of impervious surface) Mxm

I Availability of separate waste disposal from storage area Cum

2 Details of work force

A Total No of Labourers Nos

B Total no of Male Workers Nos

C No of Male Workers below 18 years of age Nos

D Total no of Female Workers Nos

E No of Female Workers below 18 years of age Nos

F No of Children Nos

3 Details of dwelling units

A No of dwellings/huts Nos

B Minimum Size of Dwelling Mxm

C No of openings per dwelling Nos

D Minimum size of opening Mxm

E Walls Specifications

F Roofing Specifications

G Flooring Specifications

H Drinking Water Tank Specifications

I Capacity of Drinking Water Tank Cum

J Size of Drinking Water Tank Mxmxm

K Total no of WC Nos

L No of WCs for female workers Nos

M Minimum Size of WC Mxm

N Total No of Bathrooms for female workers Nos


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O Size of septic tank for WC/Baths Mxmxm

P Capacity of Water Tank for WCs/Bathrooms and general purpose

Q Fencing around camp Y/N

4 Details of facilities

A Availability of security guard 24 hrs. a day Yes/No

B Details of First Aid Facility Yes/No

C Availability of Dar Care Centre Yes/No

D Availability of dust bins (capacity 60 ltr.) Nos

Certified that the furnished information is correct the quality of work is as per god practice and all relevant information as required is attached. Contractor Engineer – In –Charge


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EM 2 Checklist for construction safety

S. No. Safety Issues Yes No Non

compliance Corrective Action Penalty Remarks

Safety during Construction Stage 1 Appointment of qualified Environment Health

and Safety Officer

2 Approval for Construction safety Management plan by the Engineer

3 Provision of flags and warning lights 4 Provision of adequate staging, form work and

access (ladders with handrail) for works at a height of more than 3.0 m

5 Demarcations(fencing, guarding and watching ) at construction sites

6 Provision for sufficient lighting especially for night time work

7 Arrangements for controlled access and entry to construction Zones

8 Safety arrangements for Road users/Pedestrians

9 Arrangements for derouting devotees to temples

10 Construction Workers safety-Provision of personnel protective equipments

11 A. Helmets B. safety Shoe C. Dust masks D. Hand Gloves E. Safety Belts F. Reflective Jackets G. Earplugs for labour 12 Work employed on bituminous works,stone

crushers, concrete batching plants etc.providied with protective goggles ,gumboots etc.

13 Workers engaged in welding work shall be provided with welder protective shields

14 All vehicles are provided with reverse horns. 15 All scaffolds, ladders and other safety devices

shall be maintained in as safe and sound condition

16 Regular health checkup for labour/contractor‟s personnel

17 Ensuring the sanitary conditions and all waste disposal procedures & methods in the camps

18 The contractor shall provide adequate circuit for traffic flow around construction areas, control speed of construction vehicles through road safety and training of drivers, provide adequate signage, barriers and flag persons for traffic control

19 Provision for insurance coverage to the contractor‟s personnel


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Format EC1: Target Sheet for Pollution Monitoring

Construction Stage: Report - Date_______ Month______ Year______

(Location at which monitoring to be conducted as per EMP)

S.No. Location Details of Location

Duration of monitoring

Instruments Used

Method Used

Completion Target Reasons for Delay, if any Target

Date Date of Completion if task completed

Air Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5

Water Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5

Noise Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5

Soil Quality Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5


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Format EC2: Target Sheet for Pollution Monitoring

Operation Stage: Report - Date_______ Month______ Year______

(Locations at which monitoring to be conducted as per EMP)

S.No. Location Details of Location

Duration of monitoring

Instruments Used

Method Used

Completion Target Reasons for Delay, if any Target

Date Date of Completion if task completed

Air Monitoring 1

2

3

4

5

Water Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5

Noise Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5

Soil Quality Monitoring

1

2

3

4

5


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9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Overall as part of the Environmental and Social screening study the project is placed in Category-I

due to presence of schedule-I animal, i.e. Dolphin and resettlement requirement of 229 Project

Affected Families (PAFs). The project DPR has already taken many environmental measures which

were being suggested during the screening study like (i) Providing toilet with connection to city sewer;

(ii) escape route for the pilgrim during rush hour; (iii) solid waste management in an around ghats and

promenade (iv) parking for the boats at the anta ghat; (v) Riparian edge restoration. The project as

such does not involve any such hazardous activity and hence have moderate-low impact.

The major conclusions of review study are given below:

Conclusion:

The ghat development work does not require environmental clearance as the covered built up

area is approximately 65,000 sq.m which is less than 1,50,000 sq.m and thus does not fall in

schedule 8 (b) of EIA notification 2006. The total built up area is also less than 20,000 sq.m

and hence it does not fall under schedule 8(a) also.

Reserve Forest (RF) diversion, wild life clearance, protected forest clearance are not

applicable;

Project area does not cover National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, etc. within 10 km radius

boundary.

CRZ clearance zones are not triggered as the project area is not within a coastal zone

Ganga River Dolphin, the schedule-I animal is reported in the stretch. Though concentrated

within the left bank and the construction work will mostly be in the right bank of the river, still a

3 year Dolphin monitoring programme has been drafted with Prof R.K.Sinha to monitor the

impact of the project on Ganga river Dolphin for a study area of 30 km stretch of Ganga.

8 number of Focus group discussion and one public consultation with stakeholders was

conducted;;

Plan for riparian edge restoration has been proposed with saving of all the trees along the

Ghats;

Plan for toilets are proposed

Plan for City Parks are proposed

Plan for community cum cultural centres are proposed

Plan for Dolphin Information Centre proposed

Adequate Solid Waste Management to be taken in the project;

Further the sewage load coming at Anta ghat and Krishna Ghat required to be diverted

through trunk sewer line to Saidpur STP for time being till the Saidpur STP project is taken up

as a separate project.


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Separate Crowd modeling study is being undertaken and accordingly necessary safety

measures shall be taken;

Necessary refuge access routes are proposed to minimize risks;

Access roads to the ghats shall be upgraded by BUIDCo through a separate project.

A total 229 project affected families will be resettled.

Overall the project proposes very minor impact which can be taken proposed care with

proposed implementation of ESMP.

Recommendation: The project as such not going have any severe impact on river Ganga as the project itself is taking

necessary environmental care. However, still raw sewage disposal has been noticed at various

section of the river Ganga along with disposal of solid waste near ghat area along with open

defecation. It is expected that as part of the proposed development of the project and measures as

proposed under EMP and DPR scheme if implemented properly then the objective of the project will

be successful. The recommendation as given in the preliminary report of Professor Sinha (Refer

Annexure 1.5) for Dolphin Conservation and CIA report of INTACH (Refer Annexure 1.7) for Cultural

heritage conservation may be referred during the construction for conservation and protection of

Dolphin and Cultural resources.

.


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ANNEXURES


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Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management


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The Contractor will finalise the locations from the list given by Consultant's for procuring materials.

The Contractor shall establish a new quarry only with the prior consent of the Supervision Consultant

(SC) only in cases when: (i) Lead from existing quarries is uneconomical and (ii) Alternative material

sources are not available. The Contractor shall prepare a Redevelopment Plan for the quarry site and

get it approved by the SC.

The construction schedule and operations plans to be submitted to the SC prior to commencement of

work shall contain a detailed work plan for procuring materials that includes procurement,

transportation and storage of quarry materials.

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Development of site: To minimise the adverse impact during excavation of material following

measures are need to be undertaken:

i) Adequate drainage system shall be provided to prevent the flooding of the excavated area

ii) At the stockpiling locations, the Contractor shall construct sediment barriers to prevent the

erosion of excavated material due to runoff

iii) Construction of offices, laboratory, workshop and rest places shall be done in the up-wind of

the plant to minimize the adverse impact due to dust and noise.

i) The access road to the plant shall be constructed taking into consideration location of units

and also slope of the ground to regulate the vehicle movement within the plant.

iv) In case of storage of blasting material, all precautions shall be taken as per The Explosive

Rules, 1983.

QUARRY OPERATIONS INCLUDING SAFETY

SI.

No. Item Unit Details

Remarks

by IE, if

any

1. Name / identity of the location

2. Nearest project road Chainage.

3. Name of the owner

4. Area involved

5.

Arrangement with the owner (agreement with the third party /

contractor should be attached as an Annexure and should

necessarily require the adaptation of good quarry management

practices - a description of the requirements should be

included)

Cum

6. Quantity of material to be withdrawn vis-à-vis the material

available

8. Machinery & equipment to be used Cum


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SI.

No. Item Unit Details

Remarks

by IE, if

any

9. Drainage plans

10. Top soil management

11. Description of the operating practices

12. Health facilities

13. Safety provisions made including fire protection systems and

the availability of different personal protective equipment

14. Conditions laid down in the clearances / licenses and plans to

ensure compliance

15. Monitoring plans for air quality

16. Information on whether or not the quarry will be closed under

this project. If yes, the proposed closure & restoration plan.

17. Photograph of the quarry prior to commencing operations.

19. Sketch of the layout of the quarry

i) During excavation, slopes shall be flatter than 20 degrees to prevent their sliding. In cases

where quarry strata are good and where chances of sliding are less this restriction can be

ignored.

ii) In case of blasting, procedure and safety measures shall be taken as per The Explosive

Rules, 1983

iii) The contractor shall ensure that all workers related safety measures shall be dune as per

guidelines for Workers and Safety.

Topsoil will be excavated and preserved during transportation of the material measures shall be taken

to minimize the generation of dust and prevent accidents.

The SC shall review the quarry site for the management measures during quarry operation, including

the compliance to pollution norms.

POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE

The Contractor shall restore all haul roads constructed for transporting the material from the

quarries to construction site to their original state.

The IE shall be entrusted the responsibility of reviewing the quarry site for the progress of

implementation of Redevelopment Plan.

The redevelopment of exhaust quarry shall be the responsibility of the agency providing the

permit to ensure the implementation of Redevelopment Plan.

For existing quarry managed directly by a third party / contractor from whom the contractor is sourcing

the materials, the plan should contain the following:


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Attach Photograph of Proposed Site, Location Map, consents, licenses and Agreement with land

owner.

REMARKS

Submitted Checked Approved

Signature Signature Signature

Name Name Name

Designation Designation Designation

Contractor Contractor Independent Engineer


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Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Siting & Layout of Construction Camp


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(A) SITING

The contractor based on the following guidelines shall identify the location of the construction site.

The construction site shall be located:

The construction camps will be located at least 200 m away from Ganga Ghats at

identified sites. The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be

erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer.

On non-agricultural lands, as far as possible

Not within 1000m of either side of locations of Forest areas.

All sites used for camps must be adequately drained. They must not be subject to

periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of pools, sink holes or other surface

collections of water unless such water surface can be subjected to mosquito control

measures.

The camps must be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will

not endanger any domestic or public water supply.

All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water

may get stagnant and become a nuisance.

(B) LAYOUT

The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary (temporary)

living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the

engineer. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that

uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. Safe drinking water should be

provided to the dwellers of the construction camps. Adequate washing and bathing places shall be

provided, and kept in clean and drained condition. Construction camps are to be sited away from

vulnerable people and adequate health care is to be provided for the work force.

Sanitation Facilities: Construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals. Sewerage

drains should be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches should be

treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. The sewage system for the camp must be properly

designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or

adjacent watercourses takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered

to. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in

a hygienic manner

Shelter at Workplace: At every workplace, there shall be provided free of cost, four suitable shelters,

two for meals and two others for rest, separately for use of men and women labourers. The height of

shelter shall not be less than 3m from floor level to lowest part of the roof. Sheds shall be kept clean

and the space provided shall be on the basis of at least 0.5m2 per head.


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Canteen Facilities: A cooked food canteen on a moderate scale shall be provided for the benefit of

workers wherever it is considered necessary. The contractor shall conform generally to sanitary

requirements of local medical, health and municipal authorities and at all times adopt such

precautions as may be necessary to prevent soil pollution of the site.

First aid facilities: At every workplace, a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply

of sterilized dressing materials and appliances will be provided as per the Factory Rules. Workplaces

remote and far away from regular hospitals will have indoor health units with one bed for every 250

workers. Suitable transport will be provided to facilitate taking injured and ill persons to the nearest

hospital. At every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment and nursing

staff will be provided.

Health Care Facilities: Health problems of the workers should be taken care of by providing basic

health care facilities through health centres temporarily set up for the construction camp. The health

centre should have at least a doctor, nurses, duty staff, medicines and minimum medical facilities to

tackle first-aid requirements or minor accidental cases, linkage with nearest higher order hospital to

refer patients of major illnesses or critical cases.

The health centre should have MCW (Mother and Child Welfare) units for treating mothers and

children in the camp. Apart from this, the health centre should provide with regular vaccinations

required for children.


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Annexure 1.3 (Specific R&R Measures)


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Provisions in Entitlement Framework

This entitlement matrix has been developed in accordance with the basic principles adopted in the

RPF and analysis of initial identification of project impacts.

In case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any

authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has

fixed a rate for compensation of land and is higher than the provisions under the project, the same

may be adopted by the Competent Authority in determining the compensation for land.

Similarly, in case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved

by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved

procedure has fixed a rate for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance and is higher than the

provisions under the project, the same may be adopted by the Executing Authority.

The following is the entitlement matrix, as per the NPR&R 2007:

Table1: Entitlement Matrix for PAFs along Ganga River Front at Patna

Type of Impact/ Loss Unit of

Entitlement

Entitlement Entitlements as per Policy

Loss of Structure by Non Titleholder

Loss of structure

(immovable assets

constructed by

squatters and

encroachers)

Household Compensation

at replacement

cost

Special

provisions for

vulnerable

Non vulnerable squatters and

encroachers will be notified and given

one month time to remove their assets.

Vulnerable squatters and encroachers

a) No compensation for land

b) Compensation for loss of affected

structural area will be paid at the

replacement cost to be calculated

as per latest prevailing basic

schedules of rates (BSR) without

depreciation.

Shifting assistance of Rs. 10000/- for

squatters.

Right to salvage material from the

demolished structure for both squatters

and encroachers.

Livelihood losses

Squatters

(NTH)/

Rehabilitation

assistance

Assistance to be paid as per the

prevailing MAWs for 180 days


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Agricultural

laborer/

sharecropper

losing primary

source of

income

Training would be provided for

upgradation of skills to the PAFs.

Employment opportunity for PAFs in

the sub project works, if available and if

so desired by them.

Or

National/State level job card under

National Rural Employment Guarantee

Program.

Licensed

mobile

vendors and

kiosk

operators

Rehabilitation

Assistance

Those mobile vendors in possession of

a permit from local authorities to

operate in the affected area will be

treated as kiosks operators.

Kiosk operators and vendors licensed

to operate from affected locations will

be entitled to a one time lump sum

assistance of Rs. 4000/-.

Other Impacts

8 Additional

Assistance to

vulnerable groups

Vulnerable

households

including BPL,

SC, ST, WHH,

disabled and

handicapped

Special

Assistance

One time lump sum assistance of Rs.

10000/ to vulnerable households. (This

will be paid above and over the other

assistance(s) as per this framework)

Adverse indirect

impacts on

neighborhood and

drop in land values

due to location of

landfill and/or STP

Community/

Titleholder

Special

assistance

Allocation of one percent of capital cost

of the sub project cost as

Neighborhood Development Fund

One time financial assistance to the

immediate private land owners

adjacent to the project site @ Rs

15000 per hectare to each person in

the records of rights

Green belt around the landfill site and /

or STP site.

Loss of community

infrastructure/

amenities

Community Special

assistance

The common property resources and

the community infrastructure shall be

relocated in consultation with the

community


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Loss of access to

private and / or

common resource

property

Community/

households

Special

assistance

Provide alternative access

Temporary impact

during construction like

disruption of normal

traffic,

damage to adjacent

parcel of land / assets

due to movement of

heavy machinery and

plant site

Community /

Individual

Compensation The contractor shall bear the cost of

any impact on structure or land due to

movement of machinery during

construction or establishment of

construction plant

All temporary use of land to be through

written approval of the landowner and

contractor.

Location of Construction camps by

contractors in consultation with PEA

The Project authority will ensure

security and access to households in

close proximity of the construction

camps and that camps must be located

at least 500 m from the habitation.

Any other impact

not yet identified,

whether loss of

asset or livelihood

Unforeseen impacts shall be

documented and mitigated based on

the principles agreed upon in this

policy framework.

Income Restoration Measures:

Income Restoration Measures as per the R&R Policy:

As per the R&R Policy of the project capacity-building efforts will be made for PAFs, which aim at skill

up gradation through various income generation training programmes and schemes. The R&R policy

has the provision of mitigating loss of income through cash compensation and capacity building for

self-employment.

Training Need Assessment:

One of the strategies for economic sustenance of the PAPs is to help them improve their production

level or to impart new skills/upgrade skills through training. The project will have to conduct training

need assessment (TNA) of PAFs. For PAPs who intend to diversify their economic activity, suitable

income restoration schemes will be identified on individual basis and training need would be

assessed. Besides training in scheme specific skills, general entrepreneurship development will also


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form part of the training programme, mainly to improve the management capabilities of EP. The

Training will be organized in the plan period itself. The NGO contracted for the implementation of RAP

will be assigned this task. Besides, training programs organized by other government agencies will

also be availed. The past experiences have shown that roughly three-fourth of the PAPs require

training. It will be the responsibility of the project to ensure that PAPs receives, training in desired

trade. The NGO contracted will act as a facilitator and training will be imparted either by the

government agencies or a professional and competent outside agency.

Inter-Agency Linkages for Income Restoration and other R&R Support

For Income restoration it is important that available skills with the PAPs is identified and further

upgraded. During verification survey, NGO should specifically ask about the skill possessed other

than the one related to their current occupation. NGO contracted for implementation should also

conduct a survey among the PAPs with options of various skills related to the resource base of the

area and available market (with proper forward and backward linkages) and accordingly selected

trades for training. Based on the training, NGO will identify income-generating activities for

sustainable economic opportunities. NGOs in consultation with the PAPs, project staff, district

administration and other stakeholders in institutional financing and marketing federations will prepare

micro-plans for IR activities.

In case of creation of alternative livelihood schemes, felt needs of the target group population will be

prioritized through people‟s participation. Further, these options will be tested for their viability against

availability of skills, resource base of the area and available appropriate technology. Suitable

alternative livelihood schemes will be chosen finally, where training on skill upgradation, capital

assistance, and assistance in the form of backward-forward linkages can be provided for making

these pursuits sustainable for the beneficiaries or the target groups.

A comprehensive support system to the PAPs will ensure income security. The project will work as a

facilitator to the people in the enterprise (but will not act as providers for each and every livelihood

opportunity). The PAPs are required to participate in developing feasible long- term income

generating schemes. The long- term options are expected to be developed during the implementation

of the RAP and also supported by the government assistance.

Short Term IR activities

Short term IR activities mean restoring PAPs‟ income during periods immediately before and after

relocation. Such activities will focus on the following:

• Ensuring that adequate compensation is paid before relocation

• Providing short term, welfare based grants and allowances such as:

• Free or subsidized items


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• Transitional allowances or grants until adequate income is generated, special allowances

for vulnerable groups

• With consideration of PAPs skills and needs, promoting PAP access to project related

employment opportunities such as:

• Work on relocation teams (e.g., driver, food provision, etc.)

Long term IR schemes

The long term IR schemes are listed below:

Petty Traders

Under this scheme, the availbility options are grocery shop, vegetable & fruit shop, stationary, cloth,

tea & snacks, ready-made garments, beetle shop etc. PAPs those who are already in the trade and

business are suitable for these activities. Implementing NGO will have to decide on type of shops to

be established as per demand.

Skill related Schemes

The options available under this scheme are tailoring, carpentry, masonry, mobile repair, computer

operator, beautician, motor winding, cycle/motor cycle/auto repair, driving (auto/Matador/etc.),

Television/Tape records/Watch repairing, Pottery, Leather works, etc. PAPs those who are in such

trades can undergo training for skill upgradation to supplement their annual income. Industrial

Training Institutes imparts training in such trades. Training can also be imparted through professional

and competent outside agency especially hired for the purpose. The implementation of above-

mentioned activities requires organization of credit camps. Extending financial credit support is an

important component of IR schemes. It requires organization of credit camps for EPs. Local

government officials, NGOs and PAP representatives apart from project officials, will attend these

camps. The purpose of the camps would be to allow local financial institutions to inform participants of

credit options and how to avoid procedural delays. All formalities related to processing of applications

for credit assistance will be completed at these camps. For these kinds of camps project staff along

with NGO, will have to coordinate closely with the Lead Bank managers and other commercial banks

operating in the district.

Monitoring of IR Schemes

The monitoring of IR schemes will be carried out along with the monitoring of other components of

RAP by an outside agency contracted for the purpose. The contract will specifically provide for regular

(every six months) monitoring of income restoration of PAPs. The monitoring will be carried out based

on economic indicators. Vulnerable PAPs who lose their livelihood due to the project will be assisted

in alternative economic rehabilitation schemes and vocational training for skill up gradation as per the

requirement of suggested economic scheme.


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Provisions for Vulnerable Groups

Distribution of project affected households is mentioned in below table. There are 164 vulnerable

households as per the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) out of 229 that may be impacted due to

this project. Vulnerability of project affected households has been identified based on social and

economic criteria. As per vulnerability criteria 164 HHs are socially vulnerable. Socially vulnerable

households are woman headed households, Schedule Castes.

Table: Vulnerability Status of PAFs

S. No. Vulnerability Number (Without Double Count)

1 WHH 24

2 SC 73

3 BPL 67

Total 164

Source: Primary survey, 2013

Impact Mitigation Strategy/Plan

Income restoration

Measures for income restoration are one of the most crucial and vital components of resettlement

planning and implementation. They are integrated with the development project involving involuntary

resettlements. The World Bank policy states that the loss of the livelihoods in the projects with

involuntary resettlement can severely affect people especially those from the vulnerable groups and

other disadvantaged section of the society leading to impoverishment.

Women Involvement in Development Process

Participation of women has been envisaged specifically in the following areas:

In the pre-planning and planning stages, participation from women in the consultation

process is a must. The NGOs will make sure that at least 33%* of project affected women

are adequately consulted in all stages of the project cycle.

Field team of the NGO shall include at least-one women investigator/facilitator.

Compensation for land and assets lost being same for all the affected or displaced

families, women headed households shall be provided adequate attention and counseling

by the NGO during RAP implementation.

*This proposal is as for recommendations of the women reservation bill.


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It is imperative that the NGRBA ensures that the women are consulted and invited to

participate in group-based activities, to gain access and control over the resource as a part

of the RAP

The NGOs should make sure that women are actually taking part in LA&R&R processes

such as issuance of identity cards, opening accounts in the bank, receiving compensation

amounts through cheque in their name or not, etc. This will further widen the perspective of

participation by the women in the project implementation.

Under the entitlement framework there are a number of provisions kept for compensation

and assistances towards the losses incurred upon the impacted women headed

households by the project.

The assistances to be provided to women as a vulnerable group should create alternative

livelihood for them to ensure their sustainable socio-economic upliftment.

The implementing agencies should provide trainings for upgrading the skill in the

alternative livelihoods and assist throughout till the beneficiaries start up with production

and business.

Women's participation should be initiated through Self-Help Group formation in each of the

wards affected by the project. These groups should then be linked to special development

schemes of the Government, like SGSY.

Women's participation should be ensured for monitoring and evaluation activities.

Monitoring of project inputs concerning benefit to women should invite their participation

that will make the process more transparent to them. Women should be encouraged to

evaluate the project outputs from their point of view and their useful suggestions should be

noted for taking necessary actions for further modifications in the project creating better

and congenial situation for increasing participation from women.

Involvement of Women in Construction Activities

The labour force required for the construction activities will be mostly of high-skill nature since a lot

of machine work will be involved in the construction of the project. But there will be

requirement of unskilled labour where women may likely to involve in such work. Women as

family members of the skilled and semi-skilled labourers will also stay in the construction

camps and will be indirectly involved during the construction phase. The families of labourer will

include their children also. The construction contractors are expected to bring along their labour force.

Thus, in most cases the labourers, both male and female, will be migratory labourers. But, the

involvement of local labour force, especially for unskilled activities cannot be fully ruled out. There will

be involvement of local women also in the local labour force. Foreseeing the involvement of women

both directly and indirectly in the construction activities, certain measures are required to be

token towards welfare and well-being of women and children in-particular during the

construction phase.


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Measures for Income Restoration and up-liftment of Vulnerable People

The entitlement matrix has evolved a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation of

vulnerable families including women headed households, SC/ST below poverty line and the poor

getting affected by its projects. The considerations therein have been compiled as follows:

All the affected families falling under the vulnerable category including the poor will be assisted to

uplift their economic status irrespective of their ownership status. Whether they possess or do not

possess legal title to the lands/assets, whether they are tenants or encroachers or squatters, they will

be assisted in restoring their livelihoods as per the entitlement matrix.

The Environment and Social Management Unit proposed as part of the project are required to

maintain the social support network for women headed households as far as possible so that they

remain closer to their locations and /or provide special services at the new sites. Special assistance

would consist of the following:

Allowing the PAPs for site selection

Relocating them near the present site wherever possible

Providing assistance with dismantling salvageable materials from their original home

Providing them priority for access to all other mitigation and development assistance

Monitoring their nutritional and health status

The entitlement matrix for the vulnerable people is given below:

Additional Assistance to

vulnerable Families

(Disabled, destitute,

orphans, widows,

unmarried girls,

abandoned women,

persons above fifty

years of age; who are not

provided or can not

immediately be provided

with alternative livelihood,

and who are not

otherwise covered as part

of a family (Ref 6.4 V)

Affected

Families

(229)

@Rs. 500/-

per month

per

Vulnerable

(widows (22)

unmarried

girls (151)

persons >

50 years of

Age(23))

The project authorities shall, at

their cost, arrange for annuity

policies that will pay a pension for

life to the vulnerable affected

persons of such amount as may be

prescribed by the appropriate

Government subject to a minimum

of five hundred rupees per month.

(NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.17)

@Rs. 500/-

=Rs.98,300 per

months

(It can be

associated with

the Social

Assistance

Programmes

e.g.- Old Age and

Widow Pensions

Programmes as

well as Marriage

Assistance

Programmes of

Ministry of Social-

Women Welfare,

Govt. of India)


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Additional assistance for

Tribal families

Affected

Family

NA

Who have not been

provided agricultural land;

or

employment

Affected

family

Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation

grant equivalent to seven hundred

fifty days minimum agricultural

wages (750 MAW) or such other

higher amount as may be

prescribed by the appropriate

Government (NPR&R, 2007;Ref

7.14 )

NA


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R&R Budget:

S.No Entitlement Unit Quantity Amount (In Rs)

1 Compensation for

Structure

Dwelling Unit 229@Rs 150000 (as per

Rajiv Awas Yojna)

34350000

2 Assistance for Cattle

Shed

Cattle Shed 25@ Rs 15000 per cattle

shed

375000

3 Shifting Assistance PAFs 229@Rs 10000 2290000

4 ERG to Cattle shed

owner

PAFs 25@10000 250000

5 Special Assistance

to Vulnerable PAFs

PAFs 164@10000 1640000

Sub-Total (A) 38905000

6 RAP Implementation Cost for NGO 1800000

7 M&E Cost 800000

8 Contingency (5%) 1717500

Sub-Total (B) 4317500

Grand Total 43222500


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Annexure 1.4 (Drawings for Safety Measures)


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Evacuation route from each Ghat

sections

General Access route to Ghat sections

Project : Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar

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Annexure 1.5: Professor Sinha’s Report on Gangetic Dolphin in Context

of Patna RFD


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Preliminary Report Regarding the Impact of the River Front Development Project on Dolphin

Habitat in River Ganga at Patna

Under the River Front Development project, approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India between Collectorate ghat and Naujar ghat (6.6 K.M.), twenty ghats and a

promenade (6 m wide) to connect to the different ghats, are proposed to be constructed. Besides,

some buildings will also get constructed for various purposes. There are some already constructed

ghats like Mahendru ghat, Kali ghat, Gandhi ghat, Law college ghat, etc. in same stretch. The space

in between consecutive ghats has been proposed as landscaped terraces. The terraces through

series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and would be landscaped with indigenous

species which would protect the river edge during the rain from erosion. The landscaped edges could

be used during the suitable seasons according to the lies in open of the stepped terraces by the

continuous ascending and resending water of the river. It is required to conduct a study about impact

of project on Gangetic dolphins in Ganga River during implementation of the project. As during

months of July and September the river is flooded, no such study is possible. But due to

administrative exigencies, BUIDCo is requesting me to submit a preliminary report based on my

earlier study and vast experience of working on Gangetic dolphins. After discussion with the

concerned technical experts of BUIDCo and their consultant; and going through Detailed Project

Report following is my preliminary report which may be help to the BUIDCo.

I visited most of the proposed and existing Ghats which were accessible by road in the month of

August 2013. The river Ganga was heavily flooded. Almost all the existing Ghats and the sites of the

proposed Ghats were completely inundated.

The entire stretch of river along the city of Patna has been a good habitat for the gangetic dolphin.

The Gangetic dolphins prefers deep zone with eddy counter currents and complex hydro

geomorphological formation in the river. Such habitats were formed along the left bank of the river at

Patna. When the flow of Ganga was from Pahleza ghat to Digha ghat, i.e. North to South, the river

used to flow very close to the city of Patna from Digha to Deedarganj. The city of Patna used to have

a long (About 20 km) river front about two decades ago. Currently, half of the river front has been lost

as Ganga shifted away from the city as its flow changed from North South to East-West, i.e. from

Maner to Danapur. There are several reasons for this change, including the enhanced sand mining at

the confluence of river Son and Ganga near Maner and many brick kilns close to Ganga at Digha

ghat. The confluence of Gandak has been a very good habitat for round the year. In the last ten years,

the confluence of Gandak has also shifted about 4-5 KM from Gulbi ghat to Khajekalan ghat.

In the last two decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of Patna from Digha to

Collectorate ghat. Thus currently the Dolphin habitat close to river front is from Collectorate ghat

downward only. The left bank of the river at Patna was protected by brick and boulder pitching since

long back as this bank used to be the erosion side of the river. The boulders and bricks along the river

bank have been found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites for some of


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the important fish species. The dolphins feed on small size (usually about 10 cm long or less) fish as

its gullet is very small. Occasionally it also feeds on mud-dweller small fishes, snails, insect larvae etc.

while groveling in the bottom mud. Littoral zones of river i.e. close to river banks are proffered habitat

for small fishes and invertebrates. Thus the stretches close to the bank of rivers are good foraging

ground for the dolphins.

The Gangetic dolphins have been observed near cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing

ghats. We understand that in the area of human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats

and cremation ghats people tend to throw some edible items which could attract the fishes and

ultimately the dolphins.

As the Gangetic dolphin is „blind‟ and its entire life system depends on echo-location, noise pollution

in its habitat is dangerous for this species. Many cases of strike with motorized vessels have been

observed to be fatal for the dolphin in and around Patna.

I was informed that under the proposed RFD project below the steps of the Ghats near water line/

river edge would be boulders fixed with meshed iron wire. The size of the mess would be eight inches.

The space in between two consecutive ghats has been proposed as land scape terraces. The

terraces through series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and should be landscaped with

indigenous species of grasses which would protect the river edge during the rains from erosion.

Buildings at different ghats are proposed for various purposes including one Dolphin Research Centre

at Gai ghat.

I understand that there will be not much impact of the RFD Project on dolphin habitat in the Ganga at

Patna. Nevertheless, I would like to make following recommendations to be taken into account during

the implementation of the project:

1. The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders below the steps at ghats close to

the water line or river edge should be four inches instead of eight inches. The boulders should

be in river water even in the leanest month. The invertebrates and fishes should have access

to the boulder pitching.

2. No indigenous grasses should be planted in the landscape terraces between two ghats as in

the spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river grow which are

breeding grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects and provide habitats for

amphibious/aquatic invertebrates. The planted grasses will get destroyed due to deposition of

fresh mud during flood every year; whereas the natural amphibious/aquatic grasses

germinate and grow as a natural process every year. It is advisable that landscape terraces

should not be allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open lavatory. It should not be

allowed for cattle wallowing.


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3. It may be noted that already fund for a National Dolphin Research Centre has been available

to the Government of Bihar by the Planning Commission of India. Various administrative

decisions have been taken by the Government of Bihar regarding location, administration,

future funding etc. for this centre. It is not advisable to construct another Dolphin Research

Centre at Gai ghat under the RFD project. Moreover, it is not clear who will manage this

center on long term. Under the situation, I would like to suggest that fund available for Dolphin

Research Center under the RFD project be merged and made available to the National

Dolphin Research Center.

4. There should be minimum or no noise under the water during implementation of the project. If

any mechanized boat is used during implementation of the project, the same may be propeller

guard.

I understand this preliminary report with some recommendations will allow BUIDCo to proceed with

the tendering process of the project. Detailed research on the impact of the RFD project on dolphin

habitat may be concluded in due course of time.


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Proposal to conduct research on the impact of River Front Development Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna and to recommend mitigation plan and preparation of report to be submitted to Bihar Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (BUIDCo), Patna

Introduction

Under the River Front Development (RFD) Project at Patna, approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, between Collectorate Ghat and Naujar Ghat (6.6 km), twenty ghats and a promenade (6m wide) to connect the different ghats, are proposed to be constructed in the River Ganga by the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCO). Besides, some buildings will also be constructed for various purposes. Already there are some existing ghats like Mahendru Ghat, Kali Ghat, Gandhi Ghat, Law College Ghat, etc in the same stretch of the river. The space between the consecutive ghats has been proposed as landscaped terraces. The terraces through series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and would be landscaped with indigenous floral species which would protect the river edge from erosion during the rains. The landscaped edges could be used during the suitable seasons according to what lies in open of the stepped terraces by the continuous ascending and receding waters of the river.

An endangered but mega-charismatic fauna, the Ganges River dolphin, is found in the River Ganga at Patna in the same stretch and can be frequently sighted between Danapur and Fatuha (confluence of the River Punpun and Ganga). The dolphin is not only a Schedule 1 animal under the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, but our National Aquatic Animal. It is required to conduct a study on impact of the RFD Project on the dolphin and its habitat in the construction areas especially during the implementation of the project.

The Managing Director of the BUIDCO wrote a letter No. BUIDCo/40-24/10 (Part-2)/ - 1432 dated 3.7.13 requesting to submit a proposal for the study under consultancy mode. As the river remains swollen due to high flood during July to September, it was very difficult to conduct such study during July to September. However, due to administrative exigencies, BUIDCO wrote another letter No. 1748 dated 8.8.13 requesting for a preliminary report based on our earlier studies and vast experiences of working on Ganges River dolphins. After detailed discussion with the concerned technical experts of BUIDCO and their consultants in several meetings; and going through the detailed project report and visiting all the sites in August 2013 we submitted a Preliminary Report free of cost to help the BUIDCO. Now BUIDCO representative approached us for the project proposal including details of the consultancy fees and other terms & conditions along with tentative time frame for completion of the scope of work which is as follow:

Terms of Reference (ToR)

1.0 The River Ganga near Patna is known to support Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) categorized as an Endangered species by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). It is included in the Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The species was declared as National Aquatic Animal of India by Hon‟ble Prime Minister, Dr. Man Mohan Singh on 5th October, 2009; a formal notification was issued on 10th May, 2010. The stretch of the Ganga where the proposed project is to be implemented has been a good habitat for the Ganges River dolphin. In order to understand the impact of the project on the dolphin and its habitat in and around Patna, a study is proposed to be undertaken.


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2.0 SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 The study area will cover about 30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May).

2.2 To study temporal and spatial variation in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance.

2.3 To study the variables affecting the dolphin in the river system in the study area.

2.4 To study faunal assemblage with special reference to higher vertebrates.

2.5 To study human activities along the banks of the Ganga and understand its interaction with the river system.

2.6 To recommend a mitigation plan and preparation of relevant report in case there is any adverse effects of the project on Ganges River dolphin in the area under study.

2.7 Necessary site visit as and when required for the project or requested by the BUIDCO

3.0 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED

Internationally and Nationally accepted methods will be followed for all the studies including, physico-chemical, biological including dolphin sightings etc.

4.0 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT SUBMISSION

Annual progress report after completion of the seasonal studies and a final technical report will be submitted after completion of the studies. The report will contain methods followed/adopted and findings of the study. The report will include recommendation of mitigation plan.

5.0 DELIVERABLES Two copies of the annual progress report will be submitted by 31st December every year. Five copies of the final report will be submitted in soft and hard copy after six months of completion of the study.


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Annexure 1.6: Participation list of the public consultation with

stakeholders


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Participation list of the public consultation with stakeholders in Krishna Memorial Hall, Patna on dated 30th August 2013 for RFD, Patna Project


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Annexure 1.7: Cultural Impact Assessment Report (Prepared by INTACH)

Architectural Heritage DivisionIndian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

INTACH

February 2014

Cultural Impact Assessment ReportRiverfront Development at Patna Project Phase I

Prepared by

Architectural Heritage Division Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

INTACH

February 2014

Head Office71, Lodi Estate, New Delhi – 110003

Tel: 24641304, 24692774. Fax: 24611290www.intach.org

DEDICATED TO CONSERVATION

Sponsored by

BUIDCo

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited

(A Government of Bihar Undertaking)

Cultural Impact Assessment ReportRiverfront Development at Patna Project Phase I

February 2014

INTACH - Dedicated to Conservation

Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna

Project Credits

Commissioning Authority

Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.

Project Consultant

Architectural Heritage Division

INTACH NEW DELHI

INTACH TEAM

1. Mr. Divay Gupta

Principal Director

Architectural Heritage Division, INTACH

2. Mrs. A. Vijaya

Dir. Programme


3. Mrs. Aline de Carvalho Luther

Conservation Architect


4. Mrs. Shweta Jaiswal

Conservation Architect


February 2014


Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna

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Contents

Abbreviations

List of Figures

List of Maps

List of Tables

1. Introduction

1.1. Brief and Objectives

1.2. Structure of Report

1.3. Assumption and Limitations

1.4. Methodology

2. Description of Project

2.1. Project Background

2.2. Project Description

3. Significance of the Sites

3.1. Understanding the Context

3.1.1. Location and Reference

3.1.2. Historical Context

3.1.3. Identification of Cultural Heritage Resources

3.1.4. Assessment of Values of Cultural Heritage

3.2. Understanding the Site

3.2.1. Historic Site Description

3.2.2. Present Site Description

3.3. Statement of Cultural Significance

3.4. Identification of Heritage Variable

3.5. Assessment of Heritage Variable on Site

4. Cultural Impact Assessment4.1. Project Types

4.2. Project’s Representation Problems

4.3. Magnitude of Impact in Heritage Variables

4.4. Assessment of Impact Value

4.5. Mitigation Measures

4.5.1. Mitigation Measures during Project Planning Stage

4.5.2. Mitigation Measures during Construction Stage

4.5.3. Mitigation Measures per Ghat

4.6. Monitoring Mechanism

4.7. Findings and Recommendations

AnnexuresAnnexe I - Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of

Patna River Front - World Bank’s Final Report

Annexe II - INVENTORY

Annexe III - ICOMOS’ Value Table

Annexe IV - ICOMOS’ Example Guide for assessing magnitude of impact

Select Bibliography

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Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna February 2014

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Abbreviations

ADP Area Development Plans

ASI Archaeological Survey of India

BNR Badshah Nawab Rizvi

BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited

CIA Cultural Impact Assessment

DPR Detailed Project Report

ICH Intangible Cultural Heritage

ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites

INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

NGBRA National Ganga River Basin Authority

NRCP National River Conservation Plan

PMCH Patna Medical College and Hospital

RDF Riverfront Development

Photographs by Architectural Heritage Division and sourced by the Detailed Project Report unless otherwise mentioned.

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Heritage buildings identified at the DPR for the RDF at Patna.

Figure 2 - Chhath festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna.

Figure 3 - Encroachment at Anta Ghat.

Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 - Facilities at the Promenade.

Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 - Designs of Ghats.

Figures 16, 17 and 18 - Location of elements at the promenade and design of Art Terrace and Shelter.

Figures 19, 20 and 21 - Design of Hawking Zones, Kiosks and Toilets.

Figure 22 - Part of the City of Patna, on the River Ganges; by Thomas Daniell, 1795.

Figure 23 - View of the opium bungalow and encampment at Gulzarbagh, near Patna City, a road coming down to the river. 19 November 1824.

Figure 24 - View from the terrace of the Patna Custom House looking along the Ganges towards Gulzarbagh and Bankipur. 24 October 1824.

Figure 25 - View of road and houses near Patri Ghat in the Western suburbs of Patna City. 31 October 1824.

Figure 26 - View of Raja Shitab Rai’s Ghat in the W. suburbs of Patna City taken from the river.

Figure 27 - Collectorate Ghat.



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Figure 28 - Collectorate Ghat, Temples and Collectorate buildings.

Figures 29 and 30 - Entrance to Collectorate Ghat and Collectorate Buildings.

Figure 31 - View towards the River Ganges from Bankipore Club.

Figures 32 and 33 - Anta Ghat.

Figure 34 - Entrance to B.N. College Ghat through the College.

Figure 35 - Railway Reservation Center and Mahendru Ghat (after intervention).

Figure 36 - Adalat Ghat, Temple Complex and provisory bridge (probably for the Chhat Festival).

Figure 37 - Adalat Ghat and Temple Complex.

Figure 38 - Civil Court between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats.

Figures 39, 40 and 41 - Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat.

Figures 42 and 43 - Administrative block of PMCH Complex.

Figure 44 - Darbhanga House at Kali Ghat.

Figures 45 and 46 - Darbanga House and Kali Ghat seen from the pathway and from the River Ganges.

Figure 47 - Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat.

Figures 48, 49 and 50 - Krishna Ghat and Temple Complex.

Figure 51 - Ganga Aarti at Gandhi Ghat.

Figure 52- Gandhi Ghat.

Figure 53 - Law College Ghat.

Figure 54- Law College’s hostel block - facade towards the riverfront.

Figure 55 - Law College’s hostel block - main facade, perpendicular to the river.

Figures 56 and 57 - Entrance to Temple Complex and Temples at Rani Ghat.

Figure 58 - Rani Ghat and Temple Complex seen from the River Ganges.

Figure 59 - Temple Complex at Rani Ghat.

Figure 60 - Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat.

Figures 61 and 62 - Entrance to Ghagha Ghat, Temple and steps.

Figure 63 - Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat.

Figures 64 and 65 - Remnants of Tekari House and Raushan Ghat.

Figures 66, 67 and 68 - Tekari Ghat and Temple Complex.

Figures 69 and 70 - Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Temple Complex.

Figure 71 - Babu Hira Sinha building at Chaudhary Tola Ghat.

Figures 72, 73, 74 and 75 - Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf, small temples behind the walkway, bathrooms in front the walkway and BNR College Ghat at the other side.



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Figure 76- Mosque at Alamganj Ghat.

Figures 77 and 78 - Entrance of Raja Ghat, temples at both sides and ruined fortification. Maha Shiva Mandir inside the old walls

Figure 79- Shiva Temple at Raja Ghat.

Figures 80 and 81- Old walls at Raja Ghat.

Figures 82 and 83 - New ghat at the front and Gai Ghat at the back. Small temple at the riverfront.

Figures 84, 85, 86, 87 and 88 - Temple Complex, entrance to the Ghat, interior of a Temple and Aadi Chitragupta Mandir.

Figure 89 - View of the ruins of the Dutch Factory in the W. suburbs of Patna City showing the great revetments on the River Ganges on 17th November 1824.

Figure 90 - Grounds of Duncan Campbell’s house at Patna.

Figure 91 - Bird’s eye view from above the Opium Godown at Patna; a watercolor by Seeta Ram, 1814-15; from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Patna to Benares Vol. II’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15, to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.

Figure 92 - Chait festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna- a watercolor (1795-1800).

Figure 93 - View of the French Factory, Patna City, seen from the river on 19th November 1824.

List of Maps

Map 1 - POTENTIAL - Civic and Heritage buildings on Ghats. Identification of buildings from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.

Map 2 - Proposed Urban Framework. Map from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.

Map 3 - Precints and Land Use.

Map 4 - STRATEGY VII - Multi use public space onto the river. The division of the precints and promenades can be observed in this drawing.Map 3 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna.

Map 5 - STRATEGY VIII - Public Architecture - Civic Identity. Design and location of the proposed buildings for the riverfront.

Map 6 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna.

Map 7 - Location of the area for the intervention at Patna’s riverfront.

Map 8 - Existing Land Use.

List of Tables

Table 1 – Summary of Proposal per Ghat.Table 2 – Assessment of Values.Table 3 – Assessment of Scale of Impact or Severity of Changes.Table 4 – Assessment of Impact Value / Significance of Impact.Table 5 – Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment.Table 6 – Impact and Mitigation Measures per Ghat



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1. Introduction

1.1. Brief and Objectives

Patna is the capital of the State of Bihar and is located on the banks of the River Ganga. The present urban growth faces away the river and its riverfront lost the importance acquired when the river was the main mode for transportation.

With the objective of developing and integrating the riverfront to the city, BUIDCo (Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited) prepared a large project comprehending the area from Collectorate Ghat to Naujar Ghat, in a length of 6.6 km. The proposal on the form of a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Riverfront Development (RFD) at Patna, presented in May 2013,

aims to create a pleasant riverfront area, attracting tourists and the local population. Cultural buildings, distributed along the riverfront, and promenades, connecting the ghats, with several facilities were proposed.

The total number of Ghats in this area is 27 and 20 of them are under this development plan. Three Ghats are proposed to be maintained the way they are (Gandhi Ghat, Law College Ghat and Gulbi Ghat) and other four (Collectorate Ghat, Mahendru Ghat, Kali Ghat and Patna College Ghat) had or are going to have interventions carried out by the Department of Tourism - Government of Bihar; some of the interventions are proved to be well succeeded by the intense use by the local population. Sen & Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd and Nila A Architecture & Urban Design are consultants for the project.

Map 1 - POTENTIAL - Civic and Heritage buildings on Ghats. Identification of buildings from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.



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Map 2 - Proposed Urban Framework. Map from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.



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The Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) in the form of this report includes a detailed assessment of the proposed development work, and assessing the impact of resulting constructional activities to ensure safety, security, preservation, access, visual integrity and archaeological integrity of Patna’s Riverfront and its Ghats and other cultural resources in their surroundings, ensuring that they are not adversely affected by the proposed development and that the proposed development helps in enhancing the cultural significance of this historical river front.

The Cultural Impact Assessment for the Riverfront Development at Patna was commissioned to INTACH by the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation in September 2013.

1.2. Structure of Report

The CIA report is structured in four main sections – the Introduction, Project Description, Cultural Significance and Cultural Impact Assessment.

The First Chapter presents the background of the CIA project, and the basic framework, outline and methodology for undertaking the Cultural Impact Assessment in the context of the proposed development project.

The Second Chapter of the report introduces and highlights the key features of the proposed project including an outline of the proposed change or development that it would entail including the rationale behind the requirement for change or development of the existing Riverfront and Ghats.

Figure 1 - Heritage buildings identified at the DPR for the RDF at Patna.



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The Third Chapter presents a comprehensive understanding of Patna’s Riverfront and Ghats, their significance, authenticity and integrity, condition, context and inter-relationships with its surrounding areas. This includes identification of cultural heritage assets situated at the ghats and nearby and their significance.

The Fourth Chapter of the report identifies the range of impacts arising from the proposed development of the Patna Riverfront and an objective evaluation of those impacts (beneficial and adverse) on the Ghats and surroundings and in particular on the site’s significance, integrity and authenticity, safety, security, preservation, access, visual impact and archaeological impact. The report would conclude with clear guidelines and recommendations to mitigate or avoid potential impact of the development project for Patna Riverfront and its surroundings during and after completion of the proposed project.

1.3. Assumption and Limitations

The CIA draws its assessment of the proposed RFD at Patna Project based on the reports and architectural drawings provided by Sen & Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd and Nila A Architecture & Urban Design, commissioned by the Urban Development Department, Bihar, and therefore assume that they are accurate in their description of the proposed project.

No public consultation process has been undertaken as part of the cultural impact assessment. No subsurface investigation (including excavations or sampling) were undertaken. The soil surfaces of the existing open areas were visually inspected. If heritage resources are

present below the surface or in areas of dense vegetation on the sites, the client is bound by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act), which requires that the developer cease all work immediately and notify the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) should any heritage resources, as defined in the Act, be discovered during the course of the development works.

1.4. Methodology

i. Site Visit

A Team from INTACH inspected during the period of 3rd to 6th September 2013 several ghats along the Ganges River, especially the ones that received a final grade one and two in the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front at the World Bank’s Final Report – Consultancy Services for INDIA: National Ganga River Basin Project (P119085), prepared previously by LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. and INTACH. A visual survey was conducted to identify any potential heritage resources on the sites. Site visits helped assess the condition, authenticity and integrity, sensitive viewpoints of the Ghats and so on with respect to the proposed development project to help predict impacts in cultural assets.

ii. Desktop Research

Preliminary information on the sites was obtained from existing databases in the form of INTACH’s listing of Patna, 1990, and World Bank’s Final Report – Consultancy Services for INDIA: National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011. The objective of ‘baseline data’ collection was to enable the heritage attributes to be quantified and characterized and thereby allow their vulnerability to proposed changes to be established.



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iii. Assessment Significance

The Cultural resources identified in the areas of the ghats have been assessed to determine their cultural significance. This is a crucial component for assessing the proposed development project’s impact on the cultural environment. The significance of the cultural heritage derived on the basis of aesthetic, historic, social, cultural, economic, educational values, etc.

iv. Impact Identification and Assessment

Impact on the ghats and/or any other potential cultural resources identified which may be perceived as the changes to the sites authenticity and integrity that may be incurred as a result of the proposed development project. These changes may be either beneficial or adverse. If the proposed development actively protects, preserves, enhances and promotes the heritage resource or the environment in a sustainable manner then it would be regarded as beneficial impacts.

Adverse impact however would be considered as direct or indirect. Direct effects would be the result of abrupt negative results of a project which can be attributed to the particular environmental modifying action. They are directly caused by a project or its ancillary facilities and occur at the same time and place. Indirect

impacts result from activities not directly associated with actual project actions but is attributed to modification the environment.

After project impacts are identified, it is necessary to determine their individual level-of-effect on the ghats and the heritage resources in their areas and surroundings. This assessment is aimed at establishing the degree to which the resources will be adversely affected by the proposed project. This methodology for assessing the values of heritage assets and the system for assessing/evaluating magnitude of impact has been based on ICOMOS ‘Guidance on heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Properties’.

v. Impact Management / Mitigation Recommendations

Where unavoidable negative impacts are identified between heritage resources and the proposed development work, the management of unavoidable and unanticipated adverse impacts on the heritage resources will be taken into consideration through the implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures. Mitigation strategies proposed comprise of measures that would need to be taken to reduce negative effects of project construction, operation and maintenance on the ghats areas. Mitigation measures are proposed under Design Interventions, Prevention Measures and Investigation/Studies.



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2. Description of Project

2.1. Project Background

The city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges, the major river of the Indian subcontinent, which besides its physical resource value enjoys a cultural and spiritual significance that transcends the boundaries of the basin. For several years Patna’s urban growth has been developing towards the interior of the city. In this process, Patna’s Riverfront towards the Ganga River went through a process of abandonment and underutilisation.

The small roads that lead to the Ghats make the connection between the city and the river and just few of them have been properly utilized by the population. Their use is mainly religious and some of them get are very crowded during religious festivals, as the famous Chhat Puja. Patna attracts around 2.5 million tourists every year, mainly for religious purposes. Apart from that, they are not very attractive for regular tourists. The existing facilities at the Ghats are also quite poor and the Ghats are not easily connected at the riverfront area.

Another problem faced by Patna’s Riverfront and Ghats is related to safety. In 2011 Patna District Administration declared 23 ghats as unsafe for Chhath Puja. Several accidents already took place at Patna’s Ghats during religious festivals due to the unsafeness of the areas. As the city isn’t facing the Ganga River and the Ghats majority of the area is uninhabited most of the times and crimes also take place.

The Department of Tourism - Government of Bihar focuses on the Ganges Ghats in Patna as a major touristic attraction. There are a number of old forts and ruins and pilgrimages situated on the bank of the Ganges in Patna. Some Ghats, like Collectorate Ghat,

Mahendru Ghat and Kali Ghat, already had interventions carried by the Tourism Department.

According to the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front at the World Bank’s Final Report there are around 200 built heritage in Patna and many of these are along the riverfront and needs to be conserved. The report also pointed the threads that these heritage buildings are suffering due to lack of maintenance, leading to further deterioration and complete loss of the heritage properties, and by real estate pressures to replace all old heritage properties with newer and commercially profitable developments.

Figure 2 - Chhath festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna. Source: World Web.



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There are several issues with regard to the situation of the riverfront at Patna. The shifting river course is one critical factor to be considered in the riverfront interventions, as the water course has been shifting over the years. The connection between the city and the river is required, as the present urban growth practically faces away from the river and the ghats are the only places where the city meets the river. This lack of connection with the city and consequently lack of river edge’s usage made this area vulnerable to encroachment, present in several of the Ghat’s access roads.

At present there is virtually very less landscaping along the river edges. Also there are no city level parks in the area. These are some of the reasons that the Bihar Government has decided to take up Ganga riverfront development project.

Figure 3 - Encroachment at Anta Ghat.

2.2. Project Description

The project has interesting proposals for the riverfront of the Ganga River in Patna. The RFD at Patna listed 27 ghats for the project, having proposals of new designs for 20 of them in the development plan. All the Ghats were studied individually for the project, and in the Chapter 3 of the DPR access, connections, activity nodes, landmarks, activity mapping and edge condition were analysed.

The project comprehends the area from Collectorate Ghat to Naujar Ghat, in a length of 6.6 km and aims to connect areas of the riverfront by promenades, also including the ghats that have already received an intervention by the Tourism Department. The connection of several ghats by promenades, called precincts at the project, is a proposal that really facilitates the use and view of the riverfront,

Map 3 - Precints and Land Use.



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creating a leisure area. The precincts were created based on nature of land use of immediate, possibilities for infrastructure, availability of land, extent of public use and geographic possibilities.

The riverfront area was divided in three zones and four precincts for the project. The Zone A that mainly comprises government offices, institutional and public buildings is divided in Precinct 1, from Collectorate Ghat to Mahendru Ghat, Precinct 2, from Adalat Ghat to Gandhi Ghat and Precinct 3, from Gandhi Ghat to Rani Ghat.

The Zone B starts where the institutional area ends and the dense residential area starts, being also an area with important religious

Map 4 - STRATEGY VII - Multi use public space onto the river. The division of the precints and promenades can be observed in this drawing.

and community buildings on the riverfront. It has one precinct, Precinct 3A, from Gulvi Ghat to Gai Ghat.

The Zone C starts at the point between new and old Patna, also characterized mainly by dense residential areas. This Zone contains Precinct 4, between Bhadra Ghat and Naujar Ghat.

The promenades have been placed over the high tide level, allowing its use throughout the year, being 6 meters wide. At the promenade level there are proposals for several facilities as parking, multi-purpose kiosks, art terraces, seating, hawker zones, toilets, changing rooms, lifeguards stations and other services. The construction of



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new buildings for the Collectorate and for leisure and culture along the Riverfront are proposed, creating new points of interest at the Riverfront area.

The proposed Ghats have been designed based on analysis of Ghats in traditional cities and the architecture of the Ghats has been prototyped, having seven options of design.

There is a concern about the river ecology in the project. The development of the river edges is proposed to avoid harm to the natural environment, aiming the edge restoration, biodiversity for wild life, methods for carbon reduction, etc.

Some of the principles followed for the proposed riverfront development are:

• A holistic development of the river edge with its interface to the city rather than an edge beautification measure.

• Promote a more walkable, pedestrian friendly edge thus promoting healthy city.

• Creation of open space in space crunched city. The only possible open spaces in the dense residential areas are the areas from the riverfront. An effort is made to give most of the riverfront as public spaces to the city.

Map 5 - STRATEGY VIII - Public Architecture - Civic Identity. Design and location of the proposed buildings for the riverfront.



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• Development should be sensitive to local context and upgradation of local facilities.

• Proposed development should be sensitive towards the existing heritage which is a symbol of Patna’s rich history.

• Sensitiveness towards the river’s ecology and landscape.

Elements of the project:

1. Promenades – at high level:

• 4 m wide walking paths;• 1.5 m swide pace for vendors, seating and circulation;• Green areas;• Kiosks – small services like information, newspaper, food,

snacks, etc. (mobile in some cases) – at interval of 200 m;• Shelter;• Art terraces;• Seating / Pause spaces;• Hawking zones – designated zones close to entrances and

in between Ghats;• Toilets – walkable distance from each other – general

and accessible toilets that can be used by families, senior citizens, handicap, men and women alike, following the Shulabh Shauchalays;

• Signage and way finding – orientation;• Railing;• Dustbins / Waste Disposal – with separation of waste;• Lighting.

Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 - Facilities at the Promenade.

2. Access – from access streets towards promenades

3. Ghats – with 7 options of design:

• Steps and Walkaways;

• Entry multifunctional kiosks – police facility, first aid, information signage;

• Changing Rooms;



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• Toilets (every 150 – 200 m);

• Life Guard Station (every 100 m);

• Amphitheatre and View Platform;

• Terraces – various levels;

• Ritual Terraces – first two levels;

• Shade systems;

• Safe bathing areas;

4. Buildings:

• Eco Center at Collectorate Ghat;

• Café & Reading Room at Patna College Ghat;

• Audio Visual Theatre at Baharwa Ghat;

• Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat;

• Dolphin Research Centre at Gai Ghat;

• Community Centre at Bhadra Ghat.

5. Landscape Design:

• Riparian edge restoration;

• Larger open spaces;

• Solid waste management;

• Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary;

• Environmental education;

• City level parks – Patna College and Gai Ghat. Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 - Designs of Ghats.



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Figures 16, 17 and 18 - Location of elements at the promenade and design of Art Terrace and Shelter.



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Figures 19, 20 and 21 - Design of Hawking Zones, Kiosks and Toilets.



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Table 1 – Summary of Proposal per Ghat



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3. Significance of the Sites

3.1. Understanding the Context

3.1.1. Location and Reference

The area selected for the project is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges and on the northern part of the city of Patna. It’s a 6.6 km long stretch of Patna’s Riverfront that starts at Collectorate Ghat (Latitude: 25°37’20.39”N; Longitude: 85°08’55.33”E) and ends at Naujar Ghat (Latitude: 25°36’33.20”N; Longitude: 85°12’42.96”E). The city of Patna is located at a Seismic Zone IV, a high damage risk zone affected by destructive earthquakes.

27 Ghats were identified in this area and most of them are located individually at the riverfront, without any connection to other Ghats.

Map 6 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna. Source: Google Maps (23/10/2013).

Map 7 - Location of the area for the intervention at Patna’s riverfront. Source: Google Earth (23/10/2013).



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3.1.2. Historical Context

Patna is one of the oldest inhabited places in the world, with around 3,000 years of history. “Even in India there are but few places so rich in historical memories as Patna” affirmed Walter K. Firminger in 1909 (p. 01). Its rich culture and heritage are evident from the ancient monuments distributed all over the region. Firminger (1909, p. 01) continues in his book saying “Beneath the soil, watered by the blood of Mir Kasim’s victims, lie the ruins of the ancient Buddhist capital, Pataliputra, the greatness of which had been foretold by the Buddha a few months before his death. From the Greek Megasthenes in the 4th century B.C. and the Chinese pilgrim Fa Hein in the 5th, we hear the wonders of Patna’s palaces.” Pataliputra was a the capital of the Maurya Empire, one of the world’s largest empires in its time, and the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent.

According to information at ASI’s website (http://asi.nic.in/) Pataliputra was located on the south bank of the Ganga, where the Gandak and Punpun join the mainstream respectively from the north and south. O’Malley (1924, p. 172) said about Pataliputra based on the scriptures of Hiuen Tsiang in 640 A.D.: “All that was left of the ancient city was a small town, containing about 1,000 houses, to the north of the old palace and bordering the Ganges. For nearly a thousand years Patna remained an inconsiderable town […]”.

During the XVII Century Patna became a trading centre, especially for saltpetre, urging Europeans, like British, French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. After 1764, year of the Battle of Buxar, which was fought hardly 115 km from Patna, the rule of the British East India Company in East India was established. During the British rule in Bihar, Patna emerged as one

Figure 22 - Part of the City of Patna, on the River Ganges. Drawing made by Thom-as Daniell in 1795. Source: http://www.columbia.edu

Figure 23 - View of the opium bungalow and encampment at Gulzarbagh, near Patna City, a road coming down to the river. 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu



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of the most important commercial and trading centers of the East India, preceded only by Kolkata (WIKIPEDIA, 2013). The British built several buildings in Patna, many of them for educational institutions or government offices, as can be seen until the present days. Credit for designing the massive and majestic buildings of colonial Patna goes to the architect, I. F. Munnings (FIRMINGER, 1909).

“In the early nineteenth century Patna was of great commercial importance as the centre of trade between upper India and Bengal; but since the coming of the East Indian Railway the city has been injuriously affected by the decline of the river-borne traffic. […] Other causes for the decline of the commercial importance of the city, apart

from the change in means of communication, were the abandonment of the Company’s trade in the early years of the nineteenth century, and in the late years the abandonment of the opium trade which had for centuries flourished in Patna.” (O’MALLEY, 1924, p. 165 – 166). Nevertheless its importance as an educational and administrative centre was not diminishing and in 1912 Patna was restored to its old station of a Provincial Capital of the new Province of Bihar and Orissa.

The importance of the River Ganges, otherwise, was extremely affected by the presence of the railway in Patna. The city started to grow towards the south (opposite to the riverfront) and the buildings at the riverfront started facing the same direction, creating the current situation found in Patna.

Figure 24 - View from the terrace of the Patna Custom House looking along the Ganges towards Gulzarbagh and Bankipur. 24th October 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu

Figure 25 - View of road and houses near Patri Ghat in the Western suburbs of Patna City. 31st October 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu



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3.1.3. Identification of Cultural Heritage Resources

Either along the Riverfront and areas of the Ghats there are no buildings protected by ASI or by the State Archaeological Department of Bihar. However, most of the ghats have high cultural significance, especially temples that are also important landmarks of the riverfront. A table with the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front, from the World Bank’s Final Report (Annexe I), shows the importance of the Ghats, according to different criteria,

related to Architectural, Archaeological, Technological and Cultural Values.

Patna being a city with a long history of human settlement, several remains can still be seen in the city of this history and many of them are possibly hidden between layers of construction. Archaeological sites have earlier been discovered at Patna’s Riverfront.

The significance of the heritage found at Patna’s Riverfront permeates the architectonic, cultural and religious aspects. Several Temples are found at the riverfront, not all with elaborate architectural qualities, but definitely with cultural, religious, social or even archaeological significance. The intangible cultural heritage, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts, is abundant in this area.

Following the Ghats listed for the project, the heritage buildings were listed as follows:

i) Collectorate Ghat:

At the Collectorate Ghat two temples are found, one on each side of the Ghat, and one ashram, Shri Swami Vasudeva Ashram (1946). The Temple towards west is the Ancient Shri Lakshmi Narayan Temple and the temple towards east is the Surya Temple. The Temples and Ashram don’t have elaborated architectural qualities but the intense use indicates their association value with the local population. Interventions at the ghat were carried out by the Tourism Department.

The surrounding areas are also being intensely used by the local people. There are interesting colonial buildings in its surroundings, Figure 26 - View of Raja Shitab Rai’s Ghat in the W. suburbs of Patna City taken

from the river. 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu



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where the Collector’s office and other government offices are located, before reaching the ghat itself. The Collectorate occupied the actual Collectorate buildings in 1857. Before the buildings were occupied by the old Court of Appeal. “The portion which faces the river preserves the outward appearance of the old Court Appeal, built by William Augustus Brooke in 1787, where Bishop Heber preached in 1824; but its interior arrangements have been considerably altered.” (O’Malley, 1924, p. 176). Probably the whole complex was built around 1787. The record room of the Collectorate is a Dutch building of European architectural design and was previously used by the Judges Court. It was earlier used as the saltpetre godown by the English for a long time.

Figure 27 - Collectorate Ghat. Source: World Web.

Figure 28 - Collectorate Ghat, Temples and Collectorate buildings.Source: World Web.



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ii) Anta Ghat

On this Ghat there are no heritage buildings. There is a partly built temple complex at the Ghat. Some windows of the Bankipore Club open towards the riverfront. The Bankipore Club was established in 1865 on the bank of the River Ganges. “The club premises commands an exquisite view of the river.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 64). There is a small slummed area, surrounded by garbage and a sewage pumping station at the Ghat.

Figure 31 - View towards the River Ganges from Bankipore Club.Source: http://bankiporeclub.com

Figures 32 and 33 - Anta Ghat.Figures 29 and 30 - Entrance to Collectorate Ghat and Collectorate Buildings.



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iv) Mahendru Ghat

The Mahendru Ghat is located behind the Railway Reservation Center. This Ghat also had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department and has been used by the locals as a leisure area. The Civil Court building can be seen at the riverfront between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats.

It is popularly believed that from this Ghat Emperor Ashoka Maurya sent his son Mahendru (also called Mahinda or Mahendra) to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.

Figure 35 - Railway Reservation Center and Mahendru Ghat (after intervention).

iii) B. N. College Ghat

This Ghat is located behind the Department of Physics and Chemistry of the Bihar National College (B.N. College) and is inaccessible from the main roads, as the college building is locked. The college was established in 1889 and taken by the Patna University when it was formed, in 1917 (SINGH, 2008). The College building has a high boundary wall towards the river but still can be seen along the riverfront. There are private residences adjacent to the college building and they also have a private access to the Ghat.

Figure 34 - Entrance to B.N. College Ghat through the College.



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v) Adalat Ghat

This Ghat is located close to the Civil Court. There is a Temple Complex with a residential area at this Ghat and some old buildings behind (with some parts almost in ruins) and at the side of the temple, including an old curved wall. The residential area is located at the other side of the temple and there is an old wall with arches at its entrance. The unfortunate incident that happened in Patna in 2012 took place at Adalat Ghat, where 18 people died during the Chhat Festival.

Figure 36 - Adalat Ghat, Temple Complex and provisory bridge (probably for the Chhat Festival). Source: World Web.

Figure 37 - Adalat Ghat and Temple Complex.

Figure 38 - Civil Court between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats. Source: World Web



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vi) Mishri Ghat

This is the first Ghat inside the Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH) Complex. The PMCH started in 1874 as the Bankipore Dispensary, and became the Medical College in 1927 (SINGH, 2008). As there are dense vegetation and boundary walls towards the riverfront the PMCH Complex can’t be easily seen. There is a Temple Complex towards the east and on the temple’s side wall, it is written Shri Shaileshwar Mandir & Shri Shaileshwar Ghat.

vii) T.N. Banerjee Ghat

The Ghat is located on the river side of the Administrative Block of the PMCH Complex and surrounded by main Hospital Blocks. A small Temple is also at the entrance of the Ghat. The PMCH buildings can be seen from the riverfront, as the boundary walls are shorter than the buildings.

Figures 39, 40 and 41 - Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat. Figures 42 and 43 - Administrative block of PMCH Complex. Source: World Web.



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viii) Kali Ghat

This Ghat is located at the back of the Darbhanga House, an impressive historical building built by the Maharaja Lakshmishwar Singh on the banks of river Ganges in the 1880’s. In 1898 his younger brother, Maharaja Rameshwar Singh, built the Kali Temple (SINGH, 2008). It is one of the few monuments classified as of national interest on the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front and evaluated as Final Grade 1. The Ghat is connected to the Patna College Ghat at a lower level. The intervention at this Ghat was already carried out by the Tourism Department and it is being widely used by the local people.

Figure 44- Darbhanga House at Kali Ghat. Figures 45 and 46 - Darbanga House and Kali Ghat seen from the pathway and from the River Ganges. Source: World Web.



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ix) Patna College Ghat

It is located on the rear side of the of Patna College Administration Block, being separated by a green area. Patna College was founded in 1863 and the central portion of its Administrative Block was a Dutch Saltpetre factory of the 17th Century with a central hall upstairs. The western wing was added in 1871 and the eastern wing in 1880. “It was the first institution for imparting higher education in Bihar.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 83). There is an entrance gate to the Ghat, called Batheja Mandap, built in 1941. This ghat is connected to Kali Ghat through a promenade at the first landing level. The project and interventions for this ghat will be carried out by the Tourism Department.

x) Krishna Ghat

Krishna Ghat is surrounded mainly by hostels and staff quarters of the Patna College and the Science College, located between the Ghat and Ashok Rajpath. Patna Science College exists since 1927, when the science departments separate from the Patna College. The hostels of the Patna University were separated for Muslims and Hindu boys in the beginning of the 20th Century. The hostel for girls was established at the Krishna Ghat, called Ganesh Dutt Singh (SINGH, 2008). These buildings can’t be seen from the riverfront, as there are big walls towards the River Ganges. Facing the Ghat there is a Temple Complex, with an unfinished structure on the side, which is a part of the complex. The buildings present simple architecture and are used by the locals.

Figure 47- Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat. Figures 48, 49 and 50 - Krishna Ghat and Temple Complex.



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xi) Gandhi Ghat

This Ghat is located on the rear side of the National Institute of Technology’s (NIT) main block. The NIT started functioning as the Bihar School of Engineering in 1898-99. In 2004 the college was upgraded to the status of National Institute (SINGH, 2008). There is a small Shrine near the Ghat’s entrance, a restaurant and a pier, with a ferry boat service. The complex for the Bihar Naval Unit is located on the side of the Ghat towards the riverfront. Every weekend “Ganga Aarti” happens at this Ghat and gathers a lot of local crowd. This Ghat already had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department, being fully developed and is one of the widest Ghats available. The Ghat is very popular in Patna.

xii) Baharwa Ghat

Baharwa Ghat is located at the back of NIT’s hostel block. Some buildings can be seen from the riverfront.

Figure 52- Gandhi Ghat. Source: World Web.

Figure 51 - Ganga Aarti at Gandhi Ghat. Source: World Web.



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xiii) Law College Ghat

The Law College Ghat is located at the end of Law College’s hostel block, also a historical building. The Law College was established in 1909 being initially affiliated to the Calcutta University. When Patna University came into existence in 1917, it became affiliated to it. In 1952 it became a constituent college of Patna University. There are small structures, most of them dilapidated and broken, facing the Ghat. This Ghat also had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department and is being used by the locals.

Figure 55- Law College’s hostel block - main facade, perpendicular to the river.Figure 53 - Law College Ghat.

Figure 54 - Law College’s hostel block - facade towards the riverfront.



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xiv) Rani Ghat

“Ranighat is one of the oldest ghats in Mahendru locality. There are five temples on the Ghat. These temples include three Shivalayas, a Chitragupta Temple and a Mahavir Temple.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 90). The temples might be around 200 years old. The Temple Complex is already recognized by its importance, being very popular between local people and tourists. It is also one of the few monuments classified as of national interest at the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front, and evaluated as Final Grade 1. Sculptures were found during excavations at Rani Ghat’s area. There is a serie of steps that go under the temples leading to the river.

Figure 59 - Temple Complex at Rani Ghat.Figures 56 and 57 - Entrance to Temple Complex and Temples at Rani Ghat.

Figure 58 - Rani Ghat and Temple Complex seen from the River Ganges. Source: World Web.



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xv) Gulbi Ghat

This is mainly a cremation Ghat and a new electric crematorium is also operational. The ashes are dumped inside the river at this Ghat. There is also a small temple behind the Ghat, hardly seen from the riverfront.

Figure 60 - Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat. Source: World Web.

xvi) Ghagha Ghat

The Ghat is a very traditional Ghat with stone steps and platforms on both sides for performing rituals. There are small temples at both sides of the Ghat. The sides of the Ghat are decorated with carved stones in some details.

Figures 61 and 62 - Entrance to Ghagha Ghat, Temple and steps.



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xvii) Raushan Ghat

Part of the remnants of Tekari House is located on both sides of the Raushan Ghat. Most of the remnants are located towards the eastern side of the Ghat. The Tekari House was built in 1805 and belonged to Raja Mitrajit Singh of Tekari. Behind the remains there is a temple that can be seen from the riverfront. This Ghat is widely used by the residents for recreation. The Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front indicates the existence of two Ghats between Raushan Ghat and Chaudhary Tola Ghat, called Tikri and Devraha Ghats, and evaluates them as Final Grade 1.

Figure 63 - Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat. Figures 64 and 65 - Remnants of Tekari House and Raushan Ghat.



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xviii) Chaudhary Tola Ghat

There is a Temple Complex (Shri Radha Gopal Mandir and Shri Devraha Hans Baba Sidhashram) at this Ghat that comprises part of the remnants of Tekari House. There is still the Tekari Ghat at the Temple Complex. On the other side of the Ghat there is another Temple Complex, with smaller temples and steps. Behind this Temple Complex there is a building built in 1900 with a garden. At the entrance there is written “Babu Hira Sinha 1900 – 1905”. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front the Ghat located between Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Pathri Ghat (called School Complex Ghat) was evaluated as Final Grade 1.

Figure 66, 67 and 68 - Tekari Ghat and Temple Complex. Figure 71 - Babu Hira Sinha building at Chaudhary Tola Ghat.

Figures 69 and 70 - Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Temple Complex.



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xix) Pathri Ghat

This Ghat is located at the back of Badshah Nawab Rizvi (BNR) Girls’ Training School. The school was established in 1909 and was the first institution for girls born out of native initiative (SINGH, 2008). There are the ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf1 on the eastern side of the Ghat, small temples behind the walkway, bathrooms in front the walkway and the BNR College Ghat at the other side, separated by a wall. The wall from the BNR College Ghat seems to have incorporated part of an old wall, as it has an interesting curved element, like a small bastion. This is an elongated Ghat. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front the Ghat located between Pathri Ghat and Alamganj Ghat (called Factory Ghat) was evaluated as Final Grade 1.

1 Mir Ashraf was a gomasta (caretaker) of the East India Com-pany.

Figures 72, 73, 74 and 75 - Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf, small temples behind the walkway, and bathrooms in front the walkway and BNR College Ghat at the other side.



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xx) Alamganj Ghat

There is a mosque and an open space for the mosque at this Ghat. The base of the mosque appears to be an older structure. There’s no Ghat structure or steps at this Ghat.

xxi) Laurwa Ghat

There is a temple complex close to the Ghat that can’t be seen at the riverfront.

Figure 76- Mosque at Alamganj Ghat.

xxii) Hanuman Ghat

There is a small temple at the Ghat.

xxiii) Raja Ghat

The Ghat itself is a stone lined Ghat and has one temple at each side (Shiva Temple and Maha Shiva Mandir). The temple towards the Gai Ghat side, Maha Shiva Mandir, is situated inside one old wall, probably part of the fortification partly ruined located at the riverfront. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front this ghat was classified as Final Grade 1.

Figures 77 and 78 - Entrance of Raja Ghat, temples at both sides and ruined forti-fication. Maha Shiva Mandir inside the old walls



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Figure 79- Shiva Temple at Raja Ghat.

Figures 80 and 81- Old walls at Raja Ghat.

xxiv) Gai Ghat

There is a small temple (unfinished construction) at the riverfront. In front of the small temple there is a new ghat named Kalimganj Ghat.

Figures 82 and 83 - New ghat at the front and Gai Ghat at the back. Small temple at the riverfront.

xxv) Bhadra Ghat

At Bhadra Ghat there are a Temple Complex, changing rooms and a small Ghat, built earlier by the Tourism Department.

xxvi) Mahavir Ghat

It is located at the back of the Government Press. The Government Press was previously “the site of the original English opium factory, a massive-fortified warehouse with round tower. This old building of the East India Company was built in the early seventeenth century, and refurbished in 1657.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 95). There is a small Temple Complex at the Ghat. There are also steps in good conditions.



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xxvii) Naujar Ghat

There are two Temple Complexes on this Ghat. The most famous one is Aadi Chitragupta Mandir, located on a higher level, and was surrounded by a new and bigger structure. A touchstone idol of Chitragupta was installed at the site in 1766 and later a temple was constructed there (SINGH, 2008). A staircase leads to the Mandir and no ghat was found.

Most of the Ghats have elements of interest, of both tangible and intangible values. The buildings of interest located at the above mentioned Ghats were listed for further analysis of their values, as follows:• Collectorate Buildings and Temples at Collectorate Ghat;• Bankipore Club – building at the riverfront close to Anta Ghat;• B.N. College building towards the riverfront at B.N. College Ghat;• Railway Reservation Center at Mahendru Ghat;• Temple Complex at Adalat Ghat (excluding the Residential Area);• Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat;• PMCH Buildings at T.N. Banerjee Ghat;• Darbanga House at Kali Ghat;• Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat;• Temple Complex at Krishna Ghat;• “Ganga Aarti” at Gandhi Ghat and Bihar Naval Unit towards

the riverfront close to Gandhi Ghat;• Law College’s hostel block and small structures at Law College

Ghat;• Temples and Ghat at Rani Ghat;• Temples and Ghat at Ghagha Ghat;• Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat;• Existing Tekari Ghat, Temple Complexes at Chaudhary Tola

Ghat;• Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf and BNR College Ghat’s wall at

Pathri Ghat;• Mosque at Alamganj Ghat;• Temple Complexes and fortification at Raja Ghat;• Temple Complexes at Naujar Ghat.Figures 84, 85, 86, 87 and 88 - Temple Complex, entrance to the Ghat, interior of a

Temple and Aadi Chitragupta Mandir,



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3.1.4. Assessment of Values of Cultural Heritage

For the assessment of values of Cultural Heritage the grade scale proposed is based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on heritage impact assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties. According it the value of the asset may be defined using the following grading scale:

• Grade I – equivalent to High

• Grade II – equivalent to Medium

• Grade III – equivalent to Low

As the cultural heritages referred in this report are not Cultural World Heritage Properties, the Very High was eliminated from this list. Also Negligible and Unknown potential were not considered, as the selection was already made for the heritage. For a better understanding of the meaning of each grade, ICOMOS’ Value Table can be found at the Annexe II.

The values are the reasons why an object or place is meaningful. Values in this case is used in reference to the qualities and characteristics seen in things, in particular the positive characteristics (actual and potential). The study of values is a useful way of understanding the contexts and sociocultural aspects of heritage conservation. The values attributed to the sites are given according the following criteria:

• Archaeological Value - the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity. Some idols, sculptures, ruins and inscriptions surviving across the historic area of the riverfront from different time periods are of rare archaeological significance.

• Historic Value – this is the root of the very notion of heritage. The capacity of a site to convey, embody, or stimulate a relation or reaction to the past is part of the fundamental nature and meaning of heritage objects. The associations of the area with numerous notable people related to art, literature, aristocracy and royalty and politics that have enriched the history and development of Patna city have immense historic value. Such associations need to be identified and preserved.

• Architectural Value - mainly refers to the visual aspects and design qualities of the architectural heritage. The many interpretations of beauty, sublime, ruins, and quality of formal relationships considered more broadly have long been among the most important criteria for labelling things and places as heritage. The design and evolution of a building can be another source of architectural value. It is also valid for the cases where the architectural sample presents a different regional style typology of architecture or design or unusual structural properties. It as well represents the specimens that are characterized as a landmark or possessing qualities that require preservation as a group. In Patna the historic areas have high quality spaces that provide a unique experience. The riverfront area is largely vernacular in character with Late Mughal and Colonial architectural features, materials and building technology adapted into it.

• Social Value - associated with places that people perceive as a source of identity, distinctiveness, social interaction and coherence. Some may be comparatively modest, acquiring communal significance through the passage of time as a result of a collective memory of stories linked to them. Social value also includes the “place attachment” aspects of heritage value.



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Place attachment refers to the social cohesion, community identity, or other feelings of affiliation that social groups (whether very small and local, or national in scale) derive from the specific heritage and environment characteristics of their “home” territory. In this value are also included the ideas of cultural, associational, educational and economic (use value – market value given by the society). Patna’s riverfront is a great learning resource for the future generations. Its heritage is related to several groups, identities, memories and present values related to the current uses and possibilities.

• Spiritual Value - heritage sites are sometimes associated or imbued with religious or other sacred meaning. These spiritual

values can emanate from the beliefs and teachings of organized religion, but they can also encompass secular experiences of wonder, awe, and so on, which can be provoked by visiting heritage places.

In the Receptor Archaeology the expression “None identified” doesn’t mean that there are no archaeological assets. It means that they are unknown, being classified as unknown potential. Extensive research about previous excavations in Patna and new excavations can determine the presence of archaeological assets at the sites. It is known that the city of Pataliputra and other periods of the city of Patna were located along Riverfront.

S.No Description

Receptors

Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology

Built Heritage or Historic Landscape

Historic Urban Landscape

Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations

1Collectorate Buildings

None identified.*

Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities and historical associations.

Averagely well preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence and time-depth.

Associated with the presence of the British in Patna.

Medium Archaeological Value

High Historic Value

High Architectural Value

High Social Value

Low Religious Value

I

Table 2 – Assessment of Values.



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S.No Description

Receptors





2Temples at Collectorate Ghat

None identified.

Buildings of modest architectural qualities.

Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices.

Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage –ICH – activities of regional significance).


Low Historic Value

Medium Architectural Value

Medium Social Value

High Religious Value

II

3

Bankipore Club – building towards the riverfront close to Anta Ghat

None identified.



Associated with the presence of the British in Patna.


High Historic Value


High Social Value

Low Religious Value

I

4

B.N. College building towards the riverfront at B.N. College Ghat

None identified.



Associated with Patna University’s history.


High Historic Value


High Social Value

Low Religious Value

I



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S.No Description

Receptors





5

Railway Reservation Center at Mahendru Ghat

None identified.

Historic building of modest qualities.

Historic landscape with importance to local groups (Railway History).

Associated with the Railway history in Patna.


Medium Historic Value


Medium Social Value

Low Religious Value

III

6

Temple Complex at Adalat Ghat (including Ghat structure and excluding the Residential Area)

None identified.

Building of modest architectural qualities.

Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temple at the Ghat.

Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).


Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value


II

7Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat

None identified.


Landscape with little significance

Intangible Cultural heritage activities of local significance. The Shri Shaileshwar Mandir is used by the local population.


Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value

Medium Religious Value

III



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S.No Description

Receptors





8

PMCH Buildings at T.N. Banerjee Ghat

None identified.


Landscape of regional value.

Related to the history of Patna and of the Medical studies in Bihar (Associations with particular developments of regional significance).


High Historic Value


Medium Social Value

Low Religious Value

II

9Darbanga House at Kali Ghat

Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives.


Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.


High Archaeological Value

High Historic Value


High Social Value


I

10

Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat

None identified.

Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities.

Landscape of regional value, due to the importance of Patna College.

Association with Patna College and high usage by its members and population.




High Social Value

Low Religious Value

II



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S.No Description

Receptors





11Temple Complex at Krishna Ghat

None identified.

Buildings of modest architectural qualities.

Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices.

Worshiping and religious practices by the local population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of local significance).


Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value


III

12“Ganga Aarti” at Gandhi Ghat

None identified.

n.a. n.a.

Worshiping and religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).


Low Historic Value

Architectural Value – n.a.

Medium Social Value


II

13

Bihar Naval Unit towards the riverfront close to Gandhi Ghat

None identified.

Historic building of modest qualities.

Historic landscape with importance to local groups (Bihar Naval Unit).

Associated with the Navy’s history in Patna.




Medium Social Value

Low Religious Value

III



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S.No Description

Receptors





14

Law College’s hostel block and small structures at Law College Ghat

None identified.


Landscape of regional value, due to the importance of Law College.

Association with Law College and usage by its members.


High Historic Value


Medium Social Value

Low Religious Value

II

15Temples and Ghat at Rani Ghat

Sculptures were found during excavations at the site. The assets can contribute to researches related to Pataliputra, of national significance.







High Social Value


I

16Temples and Ghat at Ghagha Ghat

None identified.


Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temples at the Ghat.



Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value


II



46

S.No Description

Receptors





17

Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat

Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to regional research objectives.

Remains with exceptional qualities and historical associations.

Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest

Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style (house of the Raja) during the 19th Century.


High Historic Value


High Social Value

Low Religious Value

I

18

Existing Tekari Ghat at Chaudhary Tola Ghat




Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style (house of the Raja) during the 19th Century.


High Historic Value


High Social Value


I

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Temple Complexes at Chaudhary Tola Ghat

None identified.

Buildings with recognized architectural qualities.




Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value


II



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S.No Description

Receptors





20

Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat




Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style during the 19th Century. Influence of the British presence in India.


High Historic Value


High Social Value


I

21BNR College Ghat’s wall at Pathri Ghat

None identified.

Historic remain of modest qualities.


Little is known about ICH




Medium Social Value

Low Religious Value

III

22Mosque at Alamganj Ghat

None identified.





Low Historic Value


Medium Social Value


III



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S.No Description

Receptors





23Temple Complexes at Raja Ghat

None identified.







Medium Social Value


II

24Fortification at Raja Ghat

Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to national research objectives.



Related to the history of Patna (unknown period).


High Historic Value


High Social Value

Low Religious Value

I

25Temple Complexes at Naujar Ghat

None identified.

Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities (especially the Aadi Chitragupta Mandir).




High Historic Value


Medium Social Value


I



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* In the criteria Archaeology, the expression “None identified” doesn’t mean that there are no archaeological assets. It means that they are unknown, being classified as unknown potential. Extensive research about previous excavations in Patna and new excavations can determine the presence of archaeological assets at the sites. It is known that the city of Pataliputra and other periods of the city of Patna were located at Patna’s Riverfront, evidence that brings a question related to the assets at this area. For this reason, all the riverfront was considered of Medium Archaeological Value, except the places where the presence of archaeological assets was already identified or there is a high probability of its presence at the site. In these cases, a High Archaeological Value was given.



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Figure 91 - Bird’s eye view from above the Opium Godown at Patna; a watercolor by Seeta Ram, 1814-15; from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Patna to Benares Vol.

II’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15, to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.

Source: http://www.columbia.edu

3.2. Understanding the Site

3.2.1. Historic Site Description

The river front of the Patna had, for many centuries or millenniums a position of prominence in the city. The river was responsible for the transportation, commercial trades, and the place for religious practices and agriculture. The riverfront fascinated most of the foreigners that reached Patna until the beginning of the 20th Century. O’ Malley (1924, p. 173 – 174) wrote about Patna’s riverfront: “The most pleasing aspect of Patna is that which is to be obtained from

Figure 89 - View of the ruins of the Dutch Factory in the W. suburbs of Patna City showing the great revetments on the River Ganges on 17th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu

Figure 90 - Grounds of Duncan Campbell’s house at Patna.Source: http://www.columbia.edu



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the Ganges. The distant prospect of the eastern part of the city is magnificent, though now, as a hundred years ago, the traveller may be disappointed on a nearer approach by the common appearance of neglect and dilapidation2. On the Bankipore side, the striking beauty of the scenery, as the morning sun tinges the eastern face of the temples and bungalows lying half-hidden among the great trees which line the southern bank, owes nothing to distance or myopia. The finest views of the Ganges from the land are to be obtained from the lower portion of the city; and the river scenery from the Fort is in its way unequalled.”

In the year O’Malley wrote, 1924, Patna has already started the process of negligence and dilapidation. The riverfront has lost its importance since then.

2 O’Malley (1924, p. 174) inserted a very interesting footnote at this passage, as follows: “Compare Bishop Heber’s account. (August 20th, 1824.) ‘We arrived at the south-east extremity of Patna about nine o’clock; it is a very great, and from the water at some little distance, a very striking city, being full of large buildings, with remains of old walls and towers, and bastions projecting into the river, with the advantage of a high rocky shore, and considerable elevation of the ground behind it. On a nearer approach we find indeed, many of the houses whose verandahs and terraces are striking objects at a distance, to be ruinous; but still in this respect, and in apparent prosperity, it as much exceeds Dacca as it falls short of it in the beauty and grandeur of its ruins.’ Journey in India, I, p. 312. The Bishop was mistaken in supposing that the fort was built on a rock; but the bank certainly gives this impression: and as a description of the appearance of the city, Bishop Heber’s account is accurate.”

Figure 92 - Chait festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna- a watercolor (1795-1800) Source: http://www.columbia.edu

Figure 93 - View of the French Factory, Patna City, seen from the river on 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu



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3.2.2. Present Site Description

Most of the Ghats on the riverfront have a difficult access from the main roads. Several areas have encroachments including the access roads. There are no connections between the Ghats, being almost impossible to walk at the riverfront to go from one Ghat to another. The area is covered with vegetation, dense at few places (close to T.N. Banerjee Ghat, Kali Ghat, Raja Ghat, etc.). Most of the trees are located behind boundary walls. The posterior façade of most of the buildings faces the riverfront. Garbage, drain outlets and other kinds of disturbances can be seen at the riverfront.

Temples and heritage buildings are spread along the riverfront, mainly at the Ghats. As highlighted in the previous section, there are several temples and buildings of heritage value along the riverfront. However, there is complete lack of protection and management mechanism for the heritage buildings.

3.3. Statement of Cultural Significance

Religious activities, as pujas and festivals are performed at the Ghats. A festival like Chhath, the most important festival associated with the River Ganges in Patna, brings devotees from several parts of the city and also from other localities to descend to the river front during the 3 days of this annual event. In some Ghats, like Kali Ghat, Krishna Ghat and Gai Ghat daily religious activities are observed. These activities are related to the culture of Patna, being part of its Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Bathing is another activity observed in some of the Ghats along the Patna Riverfront. It is performed both due to religious activities as well as by the adjoining community.

There are buildings and remains at the riverfront from several periods of history. Archaeological remnants are found on the area.

In 1990, INTACH identified and delineated The River Front Area from Mahavir Ghat to Pir Damaria till Sudarshan path, proposing a Heritage zone.

3.4. Identification of Heritage Variable

Heritage variables point to measurable change to the heritage or a heritage site from a development project. The heritage variables that need to be addressed for the proposed development project are as follows:

Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources

- Presence of archaeological resources- Changes to buildings in the proposed area- Changes to historical built environment / heritage- Effects on intangible heritage

Structural Safety on Monument

- Status of existing structures on site- Type of constructions- Use of heavy machinery

Security

- Changes on site boundaries- Misuse of site- Effecting site inspection



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Access to Site

- Obstruction on approach roads to the sites- Effects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites

Environmental Characteristics

- State of preservation of green cover- Felling of tree- Pollution

Spatial Characteristics

- Land use pattern- Zonal and Building Regulations- Visual integrity

Community Characteristic

- Changes in communities lives- Changes in community infrastructure- Perception of risk, health and safety- Attitude towards the project

3.5. Assessment of Heritage Variable on Site

Based on the identification of various heritage variables, their existing status / situation on the ground is highlighted as follows:

i) Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources

There are few known archaeological remains in the area. However, given the historical background of Patna’s riverfront, as it’s been

occupied for millenniums, the presence of archaeological resources should be investigated.

The existing heritage buildings at the riverfront are in different states of conservation. Most of the structures are in a reasonable state and few are very well maintained. Most of the sites are in use.

Most of the landscapes are not historical. Some historical buildings are located at the area of the project but there are no historical environments, apart from the Collectorate area (without including the Ghat).

ii) Intangible Heritage

The River Ganges is a great symbol of the Intangible Heritage in India. Several activities related to the religious practices are performed at the river / riverfront. The Ghats are the main places where these activities take place. There are also religious buildings at the riverfront and all of them are used (in different scales), having a special significance to the goers.

iii) Structural Safety

Most of the buildings located at the Ghats are structurally stable. Few ruins, like the Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat, the Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat and the Fortification at Raja Ghat need stabilization work or conservation intervention, as they are important heritage buildings and should be maintained. There are several signs of deterioration of the physical fitness of these ruins. It’s important to observe the structural problem at Mahatma Gandhi Setu Bridge at Gai Ghat, as there are interventions projected for the area.

During the festivals the Ghats don’t have structure to accommodate thousands of devotees and there are high chances of accidents.



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iv) Access to the Sites

Most of the Ghats are not easily accessed by the main road closer to the riverfront (Ashok Rajpath). The roads that lead to the Ghats are usually small and there aren’t indications that they lead to the ghats. Some roads have encroachments and the access is even more difficult.

v) Security

The riverfront is open and disconnected from the main areas of the city. Boundary walls from buildings are facing the riverfront and there is no security in the area. There is no need for boundary walls closing the riverfront area, but guards should be located at strategic places at the riverfront. There are hardly any light at the Ghats making the area not appropriate for goers after sunset due to security reasons, especially women. Women are not seen at the ghats after 4 p.m.

vi) Environment

Patna’s riverfront is identified for the presence of the River Ganges and the river bank, which varies its size according to the period of the year and the river’s flow. The river bank has a sloping edge which is stone pitched in certain portions and green cover in others. The river edge conditions change drastically during and after monsoon and most of the steps get submerged in various Ghats.

Sanitation at the Ghats is quite poor. Disposal of raw sewage from buildings, slums are very common along the edge and inside the river. The illegal colonies, slums and encroachment are observed along the ghats and are causing several environmental problems to the site.

The proposed project (Ghat Development) partly comprises Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem)

and partly terrestrial Habitat. Plants and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. The existing habitat along the banks of Ganga is mainly manmade type. There is scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and trees leaning over river water.

The trees found at the area of the project are: Peepal, Bargad, Sissoo, Jamun, Neem, Sal, Salai, Bahera, Mango, Golden shower, Bakain, Jackfruit, Kadamb, Bail, Siris, Devil Tree, Royal Palm, Amla, Coconut, Umar, Gular, Palash, Gulmohar, Kala siris, Semal and Bair.

The fauna reported at the area is mainly avifauna, followed by mammals and reptiles. The commonly found avifauna in the study area, with higher diversity, are Common crow, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. Few wild mammals are found, but not very easily, at the area like Indian mongoose and five stripped squirrel. Domesticated mammals like goat, sheep, dog, cow, ox, donkey etc. are easily found. There are poor reptilian distributions; reptiles like Rat Snakes, Common Kraits, Indian cobra, House Geiko and Garden Lizard can be found. Aquatic mammals (Dolphins), reptiles and numerous species of fishes are found at the area.

vii) Spatial Characteristics

Planning, Regulatory and Management Contexts

At the riverfront area delimited for the project the areas are mainly public and semi-public.



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Map 8 - Existing Land Use Source: City Development Plan (2010-30) PATNA - Ur-ban Development and Housing Department - Government of Bihar

Zonal and Building Regulation

Regulations weren’t found for the riverfront area in Patna. Guidelines were found in some documents available at the websites of the Urban Development and Housing Dept., Govt. of Bihar (http://www.urban.bih.nic.in/) and the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India (http://moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/index.html).

At the Final Report – City Development Plan for Patna under Jnnurm the guidelines for the development of the river front area is described as follows:

• The river’s edge will be maintained in as natural a state as possible.

• Natural ecosystems should be restored where necessary.

• Slope areas should be stabilized to prevent any erosion and maintain a green edge to the river.

• Any infrastructure improvements, including roads, rail lines or highways, will be constructed to minimize impacts on slopes and vegetation.

• Utility lines will be placed underground or away from the rivers.

• Riverfront promenades will be designed to use soft materials which minimize impacts, and to discourage pedestrian intrusion into natural areas off the promenade.

• Substantial construction, including building development, retaining walls, and infrastructure development, will be discouraged.



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The Guidelines for preparation of reports Under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) also give instructions for the Riverfront Developments along the Ganges. They are divided in two types, one for larger stretches and other for small ghats. The instructions for each kind of proposal are:

Type A – Area Development Plans (ADP) would apply to sub-projects where larger river front stretches say 1-2 km long and 30-40 m wide are involved.

Facades of RFD works must be match with the cultural, religious and heritage value of the place.

Given the meandering characteristic of most rivers, one of the essential requirements should be the availability of water along the bank round the year.

The local bodies concerned are also to ensure that materials like municipal solid waste (MSW) and other wastes of any other kind are not allowed to be dumped on or near the river bank. Separate guidelines are available for management of MSW.

Consultations with stake holders are essential to assess the needs of the people based on which, components of ADP would be finalized. The underlying need is that an ADP should facilitate an interface between the community and the river. The following components must be considered for developing an ADP:

(i) Provision of platforms and steps leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach;

(ii) Changing rooms for males and females;

(iii) Toilet washroom and drinking water facilities at the ghats. It is also necessary to provide toilet facilities for the floating population assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilets may be one of the ways to address this problem;

(iv) Adequate number of benches for sitting of people;

(v) Lighting and landscaping of area with fountains, flowerbeds etc.;

(vi) Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries;

(vii) Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be self-sustaining;

(viii) Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable platforms for holding cultural and recreational programmes must be considered.

Type B – Improvement of Small Ghats

(i) Like ADP, development of small ghats should comprise components like platforms and steps, changing rooms, toilets, washrooms and drinking water facilities, lighting, sitting space and matching landscape;

(ii) All these facilities should be finalized in consultation with stakeholders.



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Visual Integrity

The riverfront of Patna is dominated by boundary walls, vegetation and Ghats. Some buildings and temples can be seen at the riverfront. Most of the buildings have one (G) or two floors (G+1) and are quite distant from the river edge, except during monsoons. The architecture of this part of the riverfront of Patna is from various periods of time, especially colonial era and 20th century.

viii) Community Characteristic

The community living at the vicinity and at the riverfront is varied. There are encroachments/slums at the access roads and riverfront formed by 142 households and 718 persons. The composition of this population is of 52.5% males and 47.5% females, being 100% of them Hindus. They live in bad conditions and the main constraints are cramped accommodation, choked sewage system, open defecation and open dumping of garbage.

At the vicinity of the riverfront there are also residential areas related to the universities, as the quarters for the PMCH staff, hostels (New Hostel – Patna College, National Institute of Technology Hostel, Law College Hostels and Hathwa Hostel) and Law College Staff quarter.

There are also regular residential areas, most of them very dense, composed by houses of varied sizes. Several houses are in exposed brick and aren’t well maintained.

Due to the presence of a good number of institutional buildings, the area is frequented by different kinds of people.

The magnitude of the impact of the project is discussed in the following section.

4. Cultural Impact Assessment

4.1. Project Types

The proposed project is an Urban Development project type and covers a length of 6.6 km and an area around 0.05 km2 of Patna’s riverfront. For this kind of project it is important to assess the special extent of potential impacts on safety, security, preservation, access, visual integrity and archaeological integrity in the area of the riverfront and its surroundings.

4.2. Project’s Representation Problems

There are some problems related to the representation of some ideas. Some aspects in the DPR require proper information and detailing as follows:

1. A detailed survey of the existing buildings is required, as the project mentions some of the buildings but they are not located on the proposal drawings;

2. If there is any kind of demolition that is going to take place for the implementation of the project, it has to be mentioned and preferably represented in drawings;

3. At the detailed drawings for intervention in each ghat it is importsnt to show the existing elements, that will be provided by the detailed survey. In sections and elevetions the existing buildings and representative vegetation should be represented, giving and idea of the impact of the intervention over the existing elements.



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4.3. Magnitude of Impact in Heritage Variables

Given that for the cultural heritage located at the riverfront their significances comprise the sum of their component heritage receptors as identified in the Table 2. The assessment of the individual impact on each heritage receptor is valid for the purposes of this assessment; however, consideration has been given to impacts of the proposed project upon the overall significance of the site as a whole. Therefore the scale or severity of changes to the cultural heritage has been judged taking into account their direct and indirect effects whether they are temporary or permanent, reversible or irreversible. It is important to observe that the effects that are being considered are not necessarily the negative ones. There may be changes that are positive and the significance of the change will be described in the item 4.4.

The scale or severity of the impact on the identified heritage variable was based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment for Cultural World Heritage Properties, 2011, and can be seen at the Annexe III. It has been ranked as follows without regard to value of the asset as:

- No change- Negligible change- Minor change- Moderate change- Major change

No. Heritage VariableScale and Severity of Change affecting Patna’s Riverfront

Description of Change

1.Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources

Presence of archaeological resources

Minor change

There are some archaeological assets at the riverfront that can be affected by the implementation of project. Areas as Kali Ghat, Rani Ghat, Raushan Ghat, Chaudhary Tola Ghat, Pathri Ghat and Raja Ghat require a conscious intervention, as there are already ruins and archaeological assets were found. For all the areas it is important, during excavation works, to check the presence of remains below ground.

Table 3 – Assessment of Scale of Impact or Severity of Changes



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Changes to buildings in the proposed area

No change No buildings are going to be demolished or altered for this intervention.

Changes to historical built environment / heritage

Moderate change

Some buildings will be affected by the presence of the structures for the new Ghats in front of them, covering their facades towards the riverfront. The construction of the promenades will affect some buildings and environments, especially in cases where a brigde is created due to the differences of levels.

Effects on intangible heritage Moderate change

Most of the heritage buildings detected has some relation with the religious practices. The blockage of the view of these buildings, that might occur in few cases, will affect the intangible character as the connection with the sacred River Ganges will be broken by the structures at the new Ghats.

2. Structural Safety on Monument

Type of constructions No changeThe structure for the promenades, buildings and Ghats would not have direct impact at the heritage buildings.

Use of heavy machinery Minor change

If heavy machinery is required for the constructions, especially the foundations, the structure of existent buildings and ruins might be affected due to the vibration, as the distance between the new promenades, buildings and Ghats and the existent heritage is not much.



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3. Security

Changes on site boundaries No change No changes to sites boundaries due to the proposed development.

Misuse of site No change No misuse of the riverfront sites as result of the new development work.

Effecting site inspection No change The new development will not cause any hindrance for regular site inspection.

4. Access to Site

Obstruction on approach roads to the sites

Moderate changeThe main road will not be affected due to the new proposal. New access roads will be created, facilitating the approach to the riverfront.

Effects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites

Moderate changeThe proposed development will not hamper existing facilities and convenience of access to the area.

5. Environmental Characteristics

State of preservation of green cover

Negligible changeSome green covers will be removed for the implementation of the promenades and in compensation green covers are proposed for the contention areas at the river edge, creating a bigger green covered area.

Felling of tree Minor changeFor the implementation of the project some of the trees probably will have to be cut, as they are located at areas where promenades and buildings will be built.

Pollution Minor change During the execution the level of pollution will be increased.



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6. Spatial Characteristics

Land use pattern No change The areas will remain being mainly public and semi-public.

Zonal and Building Regulations No change The proposed DPR doesn’t refer to regulations related to the riverfront.

Visual integrity Moderate changeThe project will definitely affect the visual integrity. Concerning the built heritage the change will be adverse for the few cases where the existing buildings, according to the proposal, will have their view obstructed by the new Ghats.

7. Community Characteristic

Changes in communities lives Major change142 families will be majorly affected by the project, as they will be removed from the area. Mitigation measures are proposed.

Changes in community infrastructure

Moderate changeThe infrastructure will change as new access roads and facilities will be introduced at the Ghat.

Perception of risk, health and safety

Moderate changeThe safety questions might be solved with the implementation of the project, as it might give an intensive use of the riverfront and also provide appropriate lighting, safety guards, structure for bathing and rituals at the Ghats, etc.

Attitude towards the project Moderate changeMost of the population of Patna and tourists that visit the city will be beneficiated by the implementation of the project by the new facilities.



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4.4. Assessment of Impact Value

The significance of the effect of change – i.e. the overall impact – is a function of the importance of the attribute (heritage receptor in the area) and the scale of change. This can be summarized for each attribute described using the following heritage variables. The significance of the impact on the identified heritage variable was also based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment

No. Heritage Variable Significance of Impact

1. Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources

Presence of archaeological resources Minor Adverse

Changes to buildings in the proposed area Neutral

Changes to historical built environment / heritage Moderate Adverse

Effects on intangible heritage Moderate Adverse

2. Structural Safety on Monument

Type of constructions Neutral

Use of heavy machinery Minor Adverse

3. Security

Changes on site boundaries Neutral

Misuse of site Neutral

Effecting site inspection Neutral

4. Access to Site

Obstruction on approach roads to the sites Moderate BeneficialEffects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites Moderate Beneficial

5. Environmental Characteristics

State of preservation of green cover Negligible Beneficial

Felling of tree Minor Adverse

Pollution Minor Adverse

6. Spatial Characteristics

Land use pattern Neutral

Zonal and Building Regulations Neutral

Visual integrity Moderate Adverse

7. Community Characteristic

Changes in communities lives Major Adverse

Changes in community infrastructure Moderate Beneficial

Perception of risk, health and safety Moderate Beneficial

Attitude towards the project Moderate Beneficial

for Cultural World Heritage Properties, 2011. As the changes or impacts may be adverse or beneficial, there is a nine-point scale with “neutral” as its center point:

- Major beneficial- Moderate beneficial- Minor beneficial- Negligible beneficial

- Neutral- Negligible adverse- Minor adverse- Moderate adverse- Major adverse

Table 4 – Assessment of Impact Value / Significance of Impact



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4.5. Mitigation Measures

The proposed development plan for Patna’s riverfront is very close to all the heritage buildings listed in this report. The main concern of this CIA with the project is related to the design of the Ghats and promenades and the existing cultural heritage. Some of the negative impacts can be mitigated by a refinement through architectural design. The impacts related to social factors are going to be mitigated by actions to compensate the losses of the affected families.

With the aim to incorporate mitigation measures to reduce the impact, the process of CIA has identified two ways to mitigate heritage impacts in the area designated for the project at Patna’s riverfront:

- Actions to be taken during PROJECT PLANNING STAGE and

- Actions during PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION / CONSTRUCTION STAGE

The basic principles of mitigation for the area include Design Interventions, Prevention Measures and Investigation/Studies.

4.5.1. Mitigation Measures during Project Planning Stage

A micro detail of the project is essential for the analyses and implementation of the project. INTACH recommends that the companies responsible for the proposal could refine the detailing of the project by focusing on the following elements:

• Mapping existing buildings, heritage and cultural components, trees, steps and levels;

• Mapping the demolitions that are required for the project - it is important to locate the buildings that are supposed to be demolished in the proposals, in case there is any, even if the buildings are not protected or generally considered of importance;

• Detail of each Ghat individually, with plans, views and sections, indicating the obstructions of buildings by the elements located at the Ghats in each case.



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Historical Built Environment

The reuse of heritage structures should be aimed in this intervention. For example, the Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat should be integrated as part of the project, giving a new use to the old heritage building. Maintaining the historical fabric doesn’t necessarily indicates preventing development. The development process should adopt sustainable approach where the new and the old cohexist.

The support of Conservation Architects, Historians and Archaeologists in this project is fundamental for having an intervention that will consider history, buildings and archaeological remnants from a perspective that goes beyond the limits of architecture.

It is relevant to highlight that is important to consider the existing heritage buildings, both protected and unprotected. Patna has few officially protected monuments buildings and a detailed survey of the heritage buildings on the riverfront is required, as many of these buildings have importance, being already recognized by scholars.

Visual Impact

The main problem found in the proposal is related to the connection between the new Ghats and promenades and the existing buildings and heritage. In some cases the elements proposed at the Ghats and the promenades obstruct the view of the existing cultural and religious buildings. Each case of Ghat is a unique case and the proposals aren’t suitable for the sites in some situations.

The design for the Ghats and promenades should be appropriate, considering the existing elements. In situations where the existing Ghat and buildings are relevant, like the case of Rani Ghat, the proposal should not interfere in the view and understanding of the existing elements, being submissive and integrative to the existing Ghat and buildings and respecting their importance. The existing buildings at the riverfront have a low architectural profile and the proposed Ghats should not overcome the existing heritage, covering their view from the riverfront.

Environmental Impact

Mapping, identification and location of the trees are recommended for the project phase, including the remaining trees in the detailed project. It has to be ensured that the design for the new Ghats, promenades and buildings will help retain mature trees on the site by incorporating them into landscape design and thereby minimizing the need for feeling of trees and help preserve the green cover of this area. The areas where there will be plantation of new trees should also be identified.

Community Impact

The impact over the affected families can’t be mitigated at the project phase. Mitigation measures will be taken during execution.



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4.5.2. Mitigation Measures during Construction Stage

Safeguards are of great importance during the intervention, as some of the proposals have the potential to damage the existing buildings and other elements present in the Ghats’ areas. Measures should be followed to protect these elements during the execution phase.

Historical Built Environment

Construction vibration should be assessed in cases where there is a significant potential for impact from construction activities. Such activities include blasting, pile driving, demolition and drilling or excavation in close proximity to sensitive structures. The use of equipments that cause vibration, as pile drivers, used for the construction of foundations, and also movements of earth, as bulldozers, used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material, should be avoided close to the heritage buildings to avert structural problems. The impact can be mitigated by the selection of demolition methods that do not involve impact and vibration, as manual and non-electric equipments, where possible.

The presence of an Archaeologist at site during the execution is desired. In case of discovery of heritage resources below the surface during excavations or present in areas of dense vegetation on the sites (such as pieces of pottery, sculptures, pieces of ancient walls, etc.), the client is bound by the AMASR Act, which requires that the developer cease all work immediately and notify ASI, as defined in the Act. This is a mitigation measure for all the sites, not only for those were archaeological assets were already found.

Table 5 – Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment

Equipment PPV at 25 ft (in/sec)

Approximate Lv † at 25 ft

Pile Driver (impact) upper range 1.518 112

typical 0.644 104

Pile Driver (sonic) upper range 0.734 105

typical 0.170 93

Clam shovel drop (slurry wall) 0.202 94

Hydromill (slurry wall) in soil 0.008 66

in rock 0.017 75

Large bulldozer 0.089 87

Caisson drilling 0.089 87

Loaded trucks 0.076 86

Jackhammer 0.035 79

Small bulldozer 0.003 58

† RMS velocity in decibels (VdB) re 1 µinch/second.

PPV is the peak particle velocity and is defined as the maximum instantaneous positive or negative peak of the vibration signal. PPV is often used in monitoring of blasting vibration since it is related to the stresses that are experienced by buildings. “Lv” is the velocity level in decibels.



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In the several sites where historical elements and archaeological remnants were already found at the riverfront, as it was already observed at Rani Ghat, the team should be extremely attentive to any element found at and under the ground, as the execution of the project requires excavation and earth movement at the riverfront.


Even mapping the trees during the project phase, it is advised to consider them also during the execution, adjusting the project to the real situation, planning the space for their growth and avoiding the obstruction of the existing roots.

Study and inspect the impact on the natural drainage pattern in the surrounding area due to demolition and construction work is required.

The access roads to the sites should be maintained in good conditions, keeping the access to the buildings located at the riverfront and minimizing dust propagation. A shelter should be used to stock the resources, avoiding dust particles to be carried away by the wind.

Community Impact

In this phase the mitigation for the impact over the affected families should happen. The relocation of the families is already proposed.



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4.5.3. Mitigation Measures per Ghat

Table 6 – Impact and Mitigation Measures per Ghat

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal

Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures

Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible

Collectorate

(Grade I)

• Construction of a promenade and Eco Center

• Connection of Ghats.

None None Medium

• Alteration in the historic landscape and riverfront.

None • Demolition of cultural and religious buildings should be avoided, in case it is proposed in this intervention, especially those that attract a good number of visitors / devotees.

Anta

(Grade I)

• Construction of Ghat (Arched Gateway design), promenade and wall.

• Requalification to the area.

None None None Low

• The construction of the New Ghat will affect the population that lives at the encroached areas at the Ghat.

• Impacts over the population living at the encroachments will be mitigated.



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Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



B. N. College

(Grade I)

• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design), promenade and wall.

• Requalification to the area and access to the Ghat.

NoneNone None

None

Mahendru

(Grade III)

• Promenade connecting this Ghat to other Ghats.

Medium• Possible

presence of archaeological remains due to event of Mahendru, Ashoka’s son, being sent to Sri Lanka from this Ghat.

• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.

None None None

• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.



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Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Adalat

(Grade II)

• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design) and promenade (walls weren’t shown for this and all the next Ghats).

None Medium

• The proposed “Chattris” will interfere at the existing Temple Complex.

None Low

• The new Ghat may affect the religious practices.

• The construction of “Chattris” in front of the temple complex should be avoided. The “Chattris” located in front of the Temple Complex should be moved towards the sides or removed.

• In the proposals where there are temples the construction of elements that might obstruct the facades should be avoided.

• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.

Mishri

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.

None Medium

• Interference by one of the heritage pavilions on the temple.

Low

• Slight change of character of the Ghat.

Low

• The new Ghat may affect the religious practices.

• The Heritage pavilions should be built in a way that the temple can be seen and highlighted. For this one of the heritage pavilions, located partly in front of the temple, should be moved towards the side. With a sligth movement of the Ghat towards the west would centralize the Temple at the Ghat, and the pavillions can be adjusted after the temple’s facade, according to the intended design.




70

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



T. N. Banerjee

(Grade II)

• Construction of Ghat (Buland Gateway design) and promenade.

None None None None

Kali

(Grade I)

• Construction of promenade and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.

High

• Remains of older structures at the site (Darbhanga House and Kali Temple).


None None None




71

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Patna College

(Grade II)

• Construction of promenade, Café and Reading Room, and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.

None None None None

Krishna

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design), promenade and wall.

None Low

• “Torri Gates”, are inserted at the promenade’s level and some of them are located in front of the Temple Complex, slightly obstructing its view.

Low

• Slight change at the character of the Ghat.

Low

• As the Ghat is proposed in front of the temples it might affect the religious practices.

• At Krishna Ghat the elements from the “Torri Gates” design should be positioned according to the location of the existing Temple Complex, avoiding insertion of any element that would block or obstruct anyhow its façade towards the riverfront.




72

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Gandhi

(Grade II)


None None None None

Baharwa

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), promenade and Audio Visual Theatre.

None None None None

Law College

(Grade II)


None None None None



73

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Rani

(Grade I)


High

• Remains of older structures at the site (Rani Ghat and Temple Complex).

• Archaeological assets were found at the site in the past.


Medium

• The promenade goes in front of the temple complex’s walls, covering a large portion of them, as the level of the promenade is high.

Medium

• The proposed promenade creates a bridge close to Rani Ghat and its walls, also creating spaces that disqualify the surrounding area by the promenade’s intervention.

Low

• As the proposed promenade interfere at the exit of the steps of the existing Ghat it may interfere in the religious practices.


• The promenade shouldn’t be designed as a bridge close to the Rani Ghat and its walls. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should go around Rani Ghat’s walls, replicating them and creating an opening for the entrance to the existing Rani Ghat.




74

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Gulbi(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (mainly steps), promenade and Crematorium.

None None None Low• As the Ghat

is proposed very close to the existing temple it may affect the religious practices.


Ghagha(Grade II)

• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), separated from the existing Ghat, and promenade.

None None None None



75

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Raushan

(Grade I)

• Construction of Ghat (Dome design) and promenade.

High

• Remains of older structures at the site (Tekari House).


• Construction of the Ghat in an area where there are remaining part of walls.

Medium

• The proposed promenade goes around the ruin’s walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high. The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking the view of the Tekari House’s walls.

Medium

• The proposed promenade will affect some remains located at the site.

None


• The promenade shouldn’t go around the remnants of Tekari House. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the remnants of Tekari House, integrating it to the project, proposing a landscaped area surrounding the ruins.

• 2 possibilities for the area located between Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats:* the promenade should follow the

alignment of the other promenades, crossing private areas. There is an issue related to the ownership and allowance from the owners of the lands;

* the promenade should contour the areas, going towards the riverfront, in a curved shape, turning towards the land side to connect with the promenades at the Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats.



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Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal

Negative Impacts

Mitigation MeasuresArchaeology Architecture Cultural

Landscape Intangible

Chaudhary Tola

(Grade I)

• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design)and promenade.

High

• Remains of older structures at the site (Tekari House and Ghat).


Medium

• The proposed promenade goes in front of the walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high.

Medium

• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking the view of the walls and obstructing the access to the Tekari Ghat.

Low

• As the new Ghat is proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.


• The promenade as it is proposed shouldn’t go around the remnants of Tekari Ghat and adjacent walls. For this case the promenade should enter the Temple Complex’s area behind the Tekari House’s walls, integrating it to the project. There may be an issue related to the ownership of the area and allowance from the Temple’s owners.

• The construction of the promenade shouldn’t affect the temples and the Tekari Ghat.

• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices. The access from the temples to the river should be maintained.



77

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Pathri

(Grade I)

• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design) and promenade.

High

• Remains of a heritage building at the site (Haveli Mir Ashraf).


Medium

• The proposed promenade goes around the ruin’s walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high.

Medium

• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking its view.

Medium

• As the new Ghat is proposed in front of existing temples it will affect the religious practices, as the Ghat is proposed in front of temples.


• The promenade shouldn’t go around the existing ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the haveli’s ruins, integrating them to the project, proposing a landscaped area inside the haveli.


Alamganj

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Dome design) and promenade.

• New Ghat proposed with some distance from the Mosque.

None Low

• Promenade proposed in front of the Mosque.

None None• The construction of the promenade

shouldn’t affect the Mosque’s building and use.



78

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Laurwa

(Grade III)


None None None None

Hanuman

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design) and promenade.

None None None None

Raja

(Grade I)


High

• Remains of older structures at the site (Fortification and historic buildings).


High

• The proposed Ghat locates its steps on top of the existing stone lined Ghat and its structure blocks the view of one temple complex.

High

• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking its view.

Medium

• As the new Ghat is proposed in front of the temples it may affect the religious practices.


• The promenade shouldn’t go around the existing fortification and historic buildings. There are two possibilities proposed: * the promenade should enter the

complex inside the fortification, crossing the areas that belong to the temple and to the government, facing a difference of level between the two lands;

* the promenade should be interrupted at the fortification’s walls, continuing



79

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Raja

(Grade I)

Continuation

• The proposed promenade goes around the fortification walls, leaving a small portion of the walls visible, as the level of the promenade is high.

at the other side, going around the temple at the rear.

• The new Ghat should preserve the existing historic Ghat along with its steps by moving the proposed Ghat towards the west. The new Ghat should be designed in continuity to old Ghat.

• The structures of the new ghat shouldn’t block the view towards the temple complex. It should also be moved towards the west, ahead from the beginning of the steps.

• The construction of the promenade shouldn’t affect the Fortification.


Gai

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design), promenade and Dolphin Research Centre.

None None None None

Bhadra

(Grade III)

• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), promenade and Community Centre.

None None None Low • As Ghat is

proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.

• No impact was considered as, according to a detail drawing for the Community Centre, no temple will be demolished. Otherwise impacts will occur.




80

Name of the Ghat

and GradeProposal



Mahavir

(Grade III)


None None None Low


• No impact was considered as, apparently, no temple will be demolished. Otherwise impacts will occur.


Naujar

(Grade I)


None None None Low



The Grades for each Ghat were given according to the cultural heritage at the Ghat (see Table 2 – Assessment of Values).

The design for the new Ghats should aim to harmonize with the architecture of Patna and of the existent Ghats and buildings. Also should be planned for each Ghat individually. The designs may be appreciated for this individual quality, but these don’t agree with the situation. Some cases require a subtle intervention, as the existent buildings have importance and should be highlighted, as Rani Ghat and Raja Ghat, instead of the new buildings. Large and bulky sized structures should be avoided in most of the cases.



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4.6. Monitoring Mechanism

Crucial to the CIA process is to monitor significant heritage impact variables and measures which have been proposed in the CIA report to mitigate them. Monitoring and mitigation will be the developer’s responsibility. Monitoring means to observe take samples or measure specific heritage variables in order to track changes, measure performance or compliance and/or detect problems and would require remedial or specific management measures. It would ensure conformity with the design brief and specifications. It can also be used to evaluate the progress of mitigation activities proposed in the Cultural Impact Assessment report.

Monitoring to be carried out prior to the construction phase or during the construction phases of a project, depending on the particular risks of significant impacts identified in the CIA for these phases and/or the need to monitor compliance with proposed mitigation requirements in the CIA. As standard practice, monitoring results must be thoroughly documented in the form of a monitoring report by the developer and supplemented with maps and photographs, as applicable.

Pre-Construction Baseline Monitoring

- The developer would require for monitoring of base line condition on site relevant drawings of the existing site plan at an appropriate scale together with the location and inventory

of trees on site. Photographs should be included.

- Develop a monitoring plan and delegate responsibility to site personnel to implement the monitoring plan. Identify specialists, statutory and local authorities (ASI, Tree Officer, Patna Municipal Corporation, etc.) to undertake inspection of the site during the construction phase.

Construction Phase Monitoring

Construction phase monitoring nay encompass the following activities:

- Archaeological monitoring by the specialist archaeologist or ASI during excavations at the sites for the new constructions. This could relate mainly to below surface remains.

- Architectural interventions on the Ghats may need to be monitored by an appropriate conservation architect.

- The competent authority would undertake site inspection for ensuring adherence to conditions of approval.

Operational Monitoring

- Any substantial deviation from the set of plans which form part of the cultural impact assessment should automatically have to be subject to resubmission of an application for approval by the Competent Authority prior to the project implementation / construction stage.



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4.7. Findings and Recommendations

Patna’s riverfront has several heritage buildings, as observed in the course of this report, built in different periods of time, with different styles, use and character. The city faces its back to the riverfront, disclaiming its importance. In the surrounding areas there are mainly institutional buildings and residential areas, and encroachments are present in various parts of the riverfront. The riverfront areas are not safe for bathing and for the activities of some festivals, and security is lacking, especially after sunset.

Facing all these issues and the need for leisure areas in Patna, the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. proposed the development project. Hence this study called the Cultural Impact Assessment on the Riverfront Development at Patna is carried out by INTACH for BUIDCo to know the present condition of the area and to know the nature and magnitude of impact of the proposed development on the riverfront area and its heritage buildings.

It was found during the Cultural Impact Assessment that there will be several impacts on the area and buildings, some desirable and some unwanted. Most of the adverse impacts presented were related to the built heritage and can be mitigated mainly at the project planning stage, as most of the problems identified.

As it was already pointed, a micro detail of the project with the insertion of the pre-existing elements is essential for the analyses and implementation of the project. Appropriate information of the existing heritage buildings, existing trees and Ghats is required for a detailed project. Environmental impact can have an adverse effect on the preservation of the trees in the area due to the design and site construction requirements for the proposed project. Adequate measures to mitigate this affect are being recommended.

During the implementation of the project there will be impacts on the community due to the necessity of moving the encroachments from the riverfront area and access roads. Mitigation is required and a detailed study about this issue is found at the Social Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar.

Therefore based on the above findings the recommendations to mitigate the Archaeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape, Visual, Environmental and Community Impact are summarized as follows:

Archaeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape Impact

- Mitigate the adverse effect on Built Heritage and Historical Landscape through design interventions that respect the historic character of the buildings and some historic areas.

- Reuse of heritage structures.

- Avoid vibration close to buildings during construction.

- Undertake ground investigations on site after excavations and removal of vegetation, before starting the construction work.

- During construction work ensure effective monitoring of the site to safeguard any unknown archaeological resource discovered during construction work on site.

Spatial/Visual Impact

- Avoid / Minimize visual obstruction of the heritage buildings through designs that will highlight the buildings.



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- To implement the policy for preservation of trees in the project to ensure their integration with the proposal.

- Minimize dust propagation and damage in the surrounding areas during the construction work.

Community Impact- Mitigation for the impact over the affected families

through relocation (World Bank recommendations and the Social Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar).

eia study for proposed river front development in …nmcg.nic.in › writereaddata › fileupload...

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