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Prepared By

Group No -14Crop Production (AGR-351)

Sl no Name Id#

1 Md.Shamim Reja 13109072

2 Md.Rashidul Islam 13109075

3 Md.Zillur Rahaman 13109084

4 Md.Shadek Ali 13109012

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Prepared for

Dr. M Sayadur RahamanFaculty

Collage of Agricultural Sciences IUBAT

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Contents1. Description2. Names and etymology3. Scientific classification4. Origin & History5. Cultivated varieties6.Climate7.Soil8. Growth stages 9. Production technology 10.Statistics11.Producing countries map 12. Cooking13. Health properties14.Allergies15. See also16.Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM crop17. References

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Eggplant is a frost tender, heat loving, branching bushy plant with thick, woody stems. The green to grayish green leaves are large, lobed, and alternate with the underside typically covered with spiny fuzz. Mature plants range from 1 to 8 feet in height. Although eggplant is a perennial, it is more commonly grown as an annual.

1. Description

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Common NamesEggplant, Bagun,eggfruit, aubergine, brinjal, tomato-fruited eggplant, gilos, guinea squash, mad apple, nasubi

Some 18th-century European cultivars were yellow or white and resembled goose or hen's eggs, hence the name "eggplant".

2.Common Names and etymology

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Common name: BegunEnglish name: EggplantScientific name: Solanum melongena L.Kingdom: PlantaeOrder: SolanalesFamily: SolanaceaeGenus: solanum

3.Scientific classification

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The ancient ancestors of eggplant grew wild in India and were first cultivated in China in the 5th century B.C. Eggplant was introduced to Africa before the Middle Ages and then into Italy, the country with which it has long been associated, in the 14th century. It subsequently spread throughout Europe and the Middle East and, centuries later, was brought to the Western Hemisphere by European explorers. Today, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, China Bangladesh and Japan are the leading growers of eggplant.

4. Origin & History

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Bangladesh cultivated lot of variety without any name. But some popular variety is – Islampuri, Laffa, Tolla, Singnath, Essordi-1, Khotkhotia, nayon, kajol, Muktokasi, Kuli etc. From Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute Developed this variety, such as-Tarapuri, Uttara, Kajla, Nayantara, Sukhtara these are very high yielded. Bt Brinjal- 1 ,Bt Brinjal -2.

5.Cultivated varieties

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Bt brinjal is a transgenic eggplant which has a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis inserted into it. This variety was designed to give the plant resistance against lepidopteran insects like the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

Genetically engineered variety

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Eggplant is a summer-growing vegetable that requires warm to hot conditions over a 5–6 month growing period to produce high yields and quality fruit. Periods of cool weather during the growing period will retard plant growth and reduce yields. Young seedlings are sensitive to frost.The optimum growing temperature range is 21°–30°C, with a maximum of 35°C and a minimum of 18°C. The optimum soil temperature for seed germination is 24°–32°C.

6.CLIMATE

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Eggplants are moderately deep rooting and canbe grown on a wide range of soils. They do beston light-textured soils such as sandy loams oralluvial soils that are deep and free draining.These soils warm up quickly in spring and aresuitable for early plantings. Avoid soils withhigh clay content.A soil pH in the range 6.0–7.0 is desirable.

7.SOIL

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8.Growth stages of Eggplant

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1.Seed to sproutEggplant seeds need to be started indoors about two hour before your region's last frost date. Kept moist and warm, the seed absorbs water and germination occurs. The seed uses its stored energy to produce a small root and two seed leaves. These seed leaves, or cotyledons, provide enough energy until the seedling can grow a set of true leaves.

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2.Seedling to PlantThe seedling continues to grow indoors until the weather warms outside. The seedling needs to be kept in a sunny window so it doesn't get lanky. During this time, the seedling adds height and leaves, and the roots will typically fill the pot. When daytime temperatures average 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the eggplant can be planted outside in a garden area that receives full sun.

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3.Flowering

Over the next couple months, the eggplant adds more height, fuller leaves and deeper roots. Eventually, small green buds form at the ends of several stems. Within a couple of days, these buds open to reveal the eggplant's showy purple flower.

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4.Flower to FruitAs bees and other pollinators visit the eggplant flowers, pollen is transferred from one flower to another. When pollination occurs, seeds develop within in the eggplant's ovary. The ovary itself becomes fleshy and grows into the eggplant that are harvested and eaten. 17

5.Fruit to DeathEggplants are annual plants, which means they complete their entire life cycle in one year. Once the eggplant has finished producing fruit, or if no flowers are pollinated, the plant starts to shut down. The leaves stop producing energy for the plant. Within a few weeks, the plant withers and dies. 18

Contents:1.Variety Selection2.Time For Eggplant Production3.Seed ret and plant population4.Seedling Production 5.Soil and Land Preparation6.Transplanting7.Weed Control8.Fertilizer Requirements 9.Irrigation10.Pollination11.Diseases12.Insect Pests 13.IPM tactics and Control Measures14.Environmental Stress15.Harvest16.Average Yield17.Postharvest Handling

9.Production technology

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Many eggplant cultivars are readily available from major seed companies. Cultivars differ in earliness, as well as in size, shape and color of mature fruit. A primary consideration in cultivar selection is market preference. Individual markets usually prefer or require a specific type(s) of eggplant. Ideally, a potential grower should identify the prospective market.

1.Variety Selection

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2.Time For Eggplant Production

Season Time of sowing Time of transplanting

Kharif 2 nd week of June July-August

Rabi End of September October-November

Summer 2 nd week of January February

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1.Seed Planting Depth (cm): 1.0 Seed2.Requirement Transplant (gm/ha): 200gm3.Seeds per gram (approx): 200-2504.Plant Population: 4800-13000 /ha5.Dependant on type Row spacing: 1.5-2 Meters 6.Plant Spacing: 0. 5-0.8 Meter

3.Seed ret and plant population

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There are two methods that can be used to produce seedlings, the seedbed method and seedling tray method. In both methods, use a rain shelter to protect the seedlings.

4.Seedling Production

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1. Remove weeds and cultivate the proposed area for seedling production using a hoe or shovel2. Make 5 plots where beds are 6 inches high and 10 meters long. Thoroughly mix compost, humus, and carbonized rice hull ash at a ratio of 1:1:1. Level the beds.3. Sow 300-400 grams/hectare of seeds in a horizontal rows with a distance of 5 centimeters apart. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil.4. Water the seedbeds after sowing until seed emerged. Drench the seedbeds with fungicide at a rate of 1 tablespoon/gallon of water once damping-off is observed.5. Regulate watering as soon as the seed germinates.6. Harden the seedling by watering the seedbeds only when plants show temporary wilting. 7. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 30 days after seed emergence.

A. Seedbed Method

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1. Using this method, a hectare needs 200 grams of seeds and 200-250 pieces of plastic seedling tray with 100-104 cells or holes. 2. Prepare the soil medium by mixing garden soil, organic fertilizer, and rice hull ash at a ratio of 1:1:1, then fill the holes of tray with the prepared soil medium. 3. Sow 2-3 seeds per hole and cover them with the prepared soil medium. Water the seeds to trigger germination. 5. Seven days after seed emergence, prick the extra seedlings from a hole into another tray. Maintain only one seedling per hole. 6. Reduce watering and gradually expose to direct sunlight one week before transplanting to harden the seedlings. 7. Three weeks after emergence, seedlings are ready for transplanting.

B. Seedling Tray Method

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Well-drained, sandy loam soils are ideal for eggplant production. Poorly drained soils usually result in reduced functional root area, poor plant growth and low yields. Site selection can be important if early eggplant production is required. For early production, select sites with a southern to southwestern exposure. Soil with a southern exposure receives more sunlight in the spring and therefore warms more quickly.

5.Soil and Land Preparation

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hills 1-2 days after planting. Irrigate the furrows before transplanting. Transplant 30-day-old seedlings at the side of the furrows with a distance of 50 centimeters between hills at a depth of 4-6 centimeters depending on the height of the seedlings. Replant missing

6.Transplanting

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Weed control is one of the most serious concerns to commercial eggplant growers. Off-bar or re-plow 14-21 days after transplanting and hill-up at 30-40 days after transplanting. Mechanical. Mechanical control is very effective is requires supplementary Hand weeding to remove weeds in the rows.Herbicides. Herbicide control is limited to chemicals recommended .weeds that emerge before eggplant is transplanted. Fumigation. Fumigation for weed control is expensive and dangerous and must be handled by trained personnel. The cover is then removed and the soil is allowed to aerate for seven days before the eggplant is transplanted.Plastic mulch. The use of Black plastic is the most effective plastic mulch because the color prevents the light penetration which is necessary for weed seed germination.

7.Weed Control

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8.Fertilizer Requirements

This plant take many nutrient from soil. For eggplant have to need this amount of fertilizer, cow dung - 14tan/ hecUrea- 250 kg/ hecTSP- 220 kg/ hecMOP- 125 kg/ hecCow dung and half amount TSP should be sprinkled over the whole field in general during opening on the field. Rest amount of TSP applied on the hole for the plant. Urea & MOP should be applied in two installments.

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During deficient water conditions, eggplant responds well to irrigation. In the absence of sufficient rainfall, irrigation can be very beneficial from transplanting until the plants are well established. When the plants are established, maintain enough available moisture to keep plants actively growing.

9.Irrigation

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Research indicates that eggplant is not self-fruitful and not wind-pollinated; therefore, insect pollination is required for good yields. If feral (wild) bee activity is inadequate, beehives should be placed in or near the field. Depending on conditions and the native population of wild bees, one hive for one to three acres is adequate.

10.Pollination

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Eggplant is susceptible to a number of diseases capable of causing serious losses. Most diseases can be prevented if precautions are taken early. Basic cultural practices help provide good disease control, but sometimes chemical control is also necessary. Root-knot nematodes cause major damage to eggplant. Southern stem blight is the second most common problem. This is a soil-borne disease common to many crops. Phomopsis blight is another disease affecting eggplant. This is primarily a fruit disease and is controlled by chemical sprays. The degree of control depends upon early diagnosis and weather conditions.

11.Diseases

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Eggplant may be severely damaged by several insect pests. Most pests are sporadic and scouting is the most cost-effective means of determining the need for insecticide applications.

12.Insect & Pests

Cutworm (Rottenburg)

Eggplant Shoot and Fruit Bore

Jassid,

Leaf Roller

Epilachna Beetle33

13.IPM tactics and Control Measures

A combination of methods is of paramount importance to keep the pest population below economic injury level for minimizing the yield loss. followings:(i) cultivation of tolerant eggplant varieties such as ISD006, BL114 & BL095(2), or growing grafted seedlings,(ii) growing healthy seedlings. (iii) practicing adequate field sanitary (iv) clipping off and destroying the infested shoots and fruits (v) undertaking weekly field checking to spot out the presence of the insect in the field,(vi) placing sex pheromone ((E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, mixed in 10:1

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Stressful growing conditions are caused by insufficient moisture, excessive moisture, insufficient availability of plant nutrients, or adverse temperatures. Stress results in poor plant growth and reduced yields of eggplant. For optimal yields and quality, prevent or alleviate stressful conditions as much as possible.

14.Environmental Stress

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15.Harvesting

Eggplants are ready for harvest when the fruit is glossy, firm, and full colored and not streaked with brown. Time from planting to harvest is 100 to 150 days from seed, 70 to 85 days from transplants. Harvest eggplant young before the flesh becomes pithy. The eggplant fruit grows on a sturdy stem; cut the fruit from the stem with a sharp knife.

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Yield Potential Average Yield: 6500-8000 Cartons per Ha Packing: Eggfruit is usually packed in cartons of size graded fruit in cartons of 9 - 11kg, or tray packed "gourmet" style fruit to 6 kg.

16.Average Yield

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Eggplant is too delicate to be run across a grading line, so it is packed in the field for marketing. Before packing, eggplant fruits are sorted by size and culls are removed. They are washed, if needed, individually wrapped in tissue paper and carefully packed to prevent the stems from puncturing other fruits. Proper sizing achieves a specified count per carton and is important for marketing. Eggplant is packed in waxed, corrugated or wire bound cartons, depending on market preference.

17.Postharvest Handling

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The largest production of eggplant in 2012(million tones)

Rank Country Production1 China 28,800,0002 India 12.200,0003 Iran 1.300,0004 Egypt 1,193,8545 Turkey 799.2856 Indonesia 518,8277 Iraq 460,0008 Japan 327,4009 Spain 246,60010 Italy 217,690

10.Statistics

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11.Eggplant producing countries MAP

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12.Some cooking food by Eggplant

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Nutritionally, eggplant is low in fat, protein, and carbohydrates. It also contains relatively low amounts of most important vitamins and minerals.

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 104 kJ (25 kcal)

Carbohydrates 5.88 g

Sugars 3.53 g

Dietary fiber 3 g

Fat 0.18 g

Protein 0.98 g

13.Health properties

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Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals. A 2008 study of a sample of 741 people in India, where eggplant is commonly consumed, found nearly 10% reported some allergic symptoms after consuming eggplant. Contact dermatitis from eggplant leavesand allergy to eggplant flower pollen have also been reported. Cooking eggplant thoroughly seems to preclude reactions in some individuals, but at least one of the allergenic proteins survives the cooking process.

14.Allergies

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15.See also

Advantage of BT Eggplant Bacillus thuringiensis microbial formulations have been shown to be very specific to target insect pests. Tests have shown that Bt brinjal’s effectiveness is 100% pest mortality in shoots and fruits, compared to 30% or less with conventional pesticide treated varieties.Disadvantage of BT EggplantThe most serious disadvantage is that long-term effects of genetically modified organisms is not known. BT varieties of GM crops are the result of taking DNA from a bacteria and inserting it into the seeds .

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16.Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM crop

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Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM crop cont..

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1.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant2. www.realsimple.com/.../easy-3. www.whfoods.com/genpage4. www.finecooking.com5. www.organicgardening.com6. https://www.google.com.bd/7. https://www.plantvillage.com8. www.genet-info.org9. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 10. www.vegparadise.com

17.References

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