Effect of cold pasteurization Effect of cold pasteurization on the color and flavor of on the color and flavor of

frozen packaged ground beef frozen packaged ground beef pattiespatties

D. D. Johnson D. D. Johnson

University of FloridaUniversity of Florida

ObjectivesObjectives

Does increasing dosage level of Does increasing dosage level of irradiation affect visual and sensory irradiation affect visual and sensory properties of ground beef patties?properties of ground beef patties?

Does chill state at cooking affect Does chill state at cooking affect visual and sensory properties?visual and sensory properties?

ProcessProcess Formulation Formulation

15% fat 15% fat .1% Rosemary Extract.1% Rosemary Extract

1/4 Lb. Patties1/4 Lb. Patties Frozen (-40Frozen (-40°°C)C) Packaged (D955 Thermoform Packaged (D955 Thermoform

laminate Cryovac Seal Air Corp.)laminate Cryovac Seal Air Corp.) Irradiated with electron beam 0, .5, Irradiated with electron beam 0, .5,

1, 2, 3 or 4 kGy (Florida Accelerator 1, 2, 3 or 4 kGy (Florida Accelerator Services and Technology)Services and Technology)

ProcessProcess

Kept Frozen at -Kept Frozen at -4040°°CC ThawedThawed

ColorColor Grilled to 71Grilled to 71°°C C

FrozenFrozen ColorColor Grilled to 71Grilled to 71°°CC

Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Color and Discoloration of Ground Beef Color and Discoloration of Ground Beef

PattiesPatties

4.54.5aa4.74.7aaThawedThawed

4.54.5aa4.84.8aaFrozen Frozen

Chilled StateChilled State

2.12.1ee2.72.7ee4.04.0

2.52.5dd3.23.2dd3.03.0

3.53.5cc4.14.1cc2.02.0

5.95.9bb5.85.8bb1.01.0

6.06.0bb5.85.8bb0.50.5

7.07.0aa6.96.9aa00

DiscolorationDiscolorationColorColorIrradiation, kGyIrradiation, kGy

Color scale: 8 = light cherry red; 1 = extremely dark red or brownColor scale: 8 = light cherry red; 1 = extremely dark red or brown

Discoloration: 8 = no discoloration; 1 = 100% discolored.Discoloration: 8 = no discoloration; 1 = 100% discolored.

a-ea-e Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05) Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05)

Measuring Color: CIE Color SpaceMeasuring Color: CIE Color Space

Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Hunter Color Measurements in Ground Beef Hunter Color Measurements in Ground Beef

PattiesPattiesHunter ValuesHunter Values

11.911.9bb19.419.4bb46.546.5ThawedThawed

12.212.2aa18.418.4aa47.747.7FrozenFrozen

Chilled StateChilled State

10.610.6ff15.315.3ff46.246.24.04.0

11.211.2ee16.116.1ee47.347.33.03.0

11.611.6dd17.617.6dd46.346.32.02.0

12.412.4cc19.819.8cc48.248.21.01.0

12.712.7bb20.920.9bb46.846.80.50.5

13.613.6aa23.823.8aa47.847.800

b*b* a*a* L*L*Irradiation, kGyIrradiation, kGy

a-fa-f Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05) Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05)

Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Effect of Irradiation Level and Chill State on Sensory Properties of Ground Beef PattiesSensory Properties of Ground Beef Patties

5.05.0aa5.25.2bbThawedThawed

5.15.1aa5.05.0aaFrozenFrozen

Chill StateChill State

5.05.0abab5.05.04.04.0

5.15.1bb5.15.13.03.0

5.35.3bb5.25.22.02.0

5.45.4bb5.45.41.01.0

5.35.3bb5.05.00.50.5

4.74.7aa5.15.100

Off-flavorOff-flavorOff-odorOff-odorIrradiation, kGyIrradiation, kGy

Off-odor scores: 5 = Threshold, barely detected; 4 = slightOff-odor scores: 5 = Threshold, barely detected; 4 = slight

Off-flavor scores: 5 = Threshold, barely detected; 4 = slightOff-flavor scores: 5 = Threshold, barely detected; 4 = slight

a,ba,b Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05) Means in a column lacking a common superscript differ (P < .05)

SummarySummary

1.1. As irradiation level increased, color As irradiation level increased, color became darker and more reddish brown.became darker and more reddish brown.

2.2. As irradiation level increased, As irradiation level increased, discoloration increased.discoloration increased.

3.3. Off-odors were not affected by irradiation Off-odors were not affected by irradiation level, but patties thawed before cooking level, but patties thawed before cooking had slightly less off-odor.had slightly less off-odor.

4.4. Irradiated patties had less off-flavor than Irradiated patties had less off-flavor than non-irradiated patties.non-irradiated patties.

ConclusionConclusion

End users may perceive quality End users may perceive quality changes (color, discoloration) in changes (color, discoloration) in ground beef patties irradiated at high ground beef patties irradiated at high levels. However, we did not detect levels. However, we did not detect sensory changes at the levels sensory changes at the levels evaluated.evaluated.