educational psychology, 7 th edition jeanne e. ormrod © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights...

Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights

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Understanding research


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Types of data Quantitative

numerical data

Qualitative non-numerical data


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Quantitative studies Descriptive Correlational Experimental


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Research questions Descriptive

“How many students are involved in extracurricular activities?”

Correlational “Do students involved in extracurricular

activities have higher grades than those students not involved in extracurricular activities?”

Experimental “Will joining two extracurricular activities

affect students’ grades?”


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Qualitative studies

In-depth look at certain characteristics or behaviors

Essentially descriptive


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Interpreting research results

Consider alternative explanations Draw causal inferences only from

experimental data


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Theories Integrated set of concepts and

principles


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Collecting data and drawing conclusions


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Assessment practices

Collecting data about student learning

Formal or informal measures


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Action research

Systematic study in one’s own school

Goal = “taking action” more effective strategies in working

with students


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Strategies How can you use research to

guide your teaching practices?


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General principles of human development


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Development = changes occurring throughout the lifespan orderly adaptive

Maturation

Defining Development


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General Principles

Development is orderly and predictable

Children develop at different rates Development occurs in spurts and

plateaus Heredity and environment interact

Hmmm, what do we call this in psychology?


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The brain


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Neurons Communicate across synapses

release of neurotransmitters Grouped for specialized function


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The Brain and Learning Learning involves changes in neurons

and synapses Changes in the brain enable

development of thought processes synaptogenesis & pruning myelination

Many parts of the brain work in harmony

The brain is adaptable throughout life


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Piaget’s Basic Assumptions Children are active, motivated learners. Children construct knowledge from

experience. Children learn through assimilation and

accommodation. Interaction with physical and social

environments is essential. Equilibration promotes progression toward

increasingly complex thought. Children think in qualitatively different

ways at different ages.


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Stages of Cognitive Development

Piaget proposed that children move through four stages.

Periods of time are consistent in age and developmental sequence. Age ranges are averages. Some children are in transition from one stage

to the next.


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Piaget’s Stages

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)Preoperational (2 – 6/7)Concrete operational (6/7 – 11/12)Formal Operational

Does research support Piaget’s viewpoint?


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Vygotsky’s theory:Sociocultural perspective


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Key Ideas Adults convey cultural interpretations through

informal interactions & formal schooling mediation

Every culture passes along physical and cognitive tools

Thought & language become interdependent self-talk becomes inner speech

Complex mental processes begin as social activities & evolve into mental activities

internalization Children can perform more challenging tasks when

assisted Challenging tasks promote cognitive growth

zone of proximal development Play allows children to stretch themselves

cognitively


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Zone of Proximal Development


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Extensions and Applications Social construction of meaning

mediated learning experience Scaffolding Guided participation in adult

activities Apprenticeships Dynamic assessment


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Language development


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Theoretical Issues Children use what they hear to

construct their own understanding of language

Humans are born with predispositions to learn language language acquisition device? sensitive periods


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Trends During the School Years Vocabulary increases

inferring meaning from context often imprecise

Syntax becomes more sophisticated learned via formal instruction

New definition of “listening” emphasis on comprehension

Refined understanding of pragmatics Increase in metalinguistic awareness


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Learning a Second Language

Early exposure may be important especially if languages are different facilitates academic achievement

Benefits of bilingualism greater phonological awareness higher scores on tests of intelligence

and creativity helps to close cultural gap opportunities for more social interaction


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Teaching a Second Language

Immersion second language used almost

exclusively in the classroom Bilingual education

intensive instruction in second language

academic subjects taught in native language

educational psychology, 7 th edition jeanne e. ormrod © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights...

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