edu 600: educational research methods and techniques how to write so readers will understand you...
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EDU 600:Educational Research
Methods and TechniquesHow to Write so Readers Will Understand You
Rachel Brown-Chidsey, Ph.D., NCSPAssociate Professor of School Psychology
University of Southern Maine907-355-7328
Overview
These slides will cover the following: Importance of clear writing in research Key features of academic writing Resources to support your writing If you struggle with writing Summary
Importance of Writing
Writing is how we communicate ideas to people who are not immediately available to hear us
It plays a crucial role in all professions
Written work allows researchers to communicate with each other
Key Features of Academic Writing
There are standards for writing that are specific to each profession
Academic writing for publication must follow the standards for the discipline
There are many writing standards and manuals used in higher education:
American Psychological Association (APA) Chicago Manual of Style Modern Language Association (MLA)
Educational Research Writing
Educational research uses the APA standards for writing
These are found in the most recent version of the Publication Manual of APA (click to visit website)
6th Edition (published in July 2009)
All SPY students are expected to learn and use APA style in all papers and assignments unless otherwise noted.
Good Writing is Good Writing
Regardless of the discipline, all written work at the graduate level needs to utilize formal rules of the language
Formal written English is not the same as spoken English
The following slides review key rules about formal written English
Students are encouraged to refer to Rachel's 10 Commandments of Writing often in this class
1. Thou shalt write complete sentences.2. Thou shalt use subject-verb agreement in all clauses of each sentence.3. Thou shalt use a semicolon ONLY when connecting two independent clauses.4. Thou shalt use the past tense when describing prior research.5. Thou shalt use personal pronouns to describe people.6. Thou shalt have agreement in gender and number between all pronouns and the nouns they represent.7. Thou shalt consult a dictionary to check for word spellings and meanings.8. Thou shalt use a font size no smaller than 10 and no larger than 12.9. Thous shalt not use Wikipedia as a reference in graduate level writing assignments.10. Thou shalt review your paper at least 3 times before turning it in to check for mistakes.
Rachel's 10 Commandments of Writing
1. Thou Shalt Write Complete Sentences
A complete sentence includes a subject and predicate, plus any modifiers or clauses.
The shortest sentence can include a noun and a verb. Shorter and simpler sentences can be easier to read
and more communicative than longer ones. Complete sentences include proper punctuation and
capitalization. If you are not sure if a sentence is complete, read it
out loud to yourself or have a friend read it.
2. Thou Shalt Use Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-verb agreement means that the number and tense of the subject (noun or pronoun) is the same as the number and tense of the verb
Examples: I went to the store. You are late.
Non—examples: I goes to the store. I is late.
3. Thou Shalt Use a Semicolon ONLY when connecting two independent clauses.
The ONLY correct use of a semicolon is to connect two independent clauses.
Independent clauses are like complete sentences without a starting capital letter.
Example: I like to read books; Dana Stabenow is my favorite
writer. Non-Example:
I like to read books such as; Harry Potter
4. Thou Shalt Use the Past Tense When Describing Past Research
In formal academic writing, the past tense is used to describe prior research
The reason is that past research includes data from specific studies done at a point in time. Such past studies may, or may not, be replicated in the future.
Only the past tense conveys the closed nature of the prior research
Imperfect of present tense suggests that prior research is infallible; this is not true.
5. Thou Shalt Use Personal Pronouns to Describe People
Personal pronouns are the ones that can stand in for a person.
These include
He
She
They When a person's name or title is replaced with a
pronoun, it should be a personal pronoun.
6. Thou Shalt Have Agreement in gender and number between all pronouns and the nouns
they represent.
If a pronoun is used to represent a noun, it needs to agree with the noun it replaces in both number and gender
Examples: Sally = She Bob = He
Non-Examples: Bob = They
7. Thou Shalt Consult a Dictionary
English words have correct spellings and meanings. When incorrect spellings and meanings are used, the
usefulness of the written work is reduced. Electronic spelling programs are fine as long as you
proof-read your paper to control for homophones. There are online dictionaries which you can add to
your tool bar to use as your write. It is your job to know the meaning of the words you
use.
8. Thou Shalt Use a Font Size no smaller than 10 and no larger than 12.
Font quality and size affect the readability of a text. For ease of reading, it's best to use a simple font.
Example: Arial
Non-Example: Agnes
The size should range from 10-12.
9. Thou Shalt Not Use Wikipedia as a reference in graduate level writing assignments.
Wikipedia is an interesting and sometimes useful creative resource.
It is, by definition, not externally or peer-reviewed. It is not appropriate for use as a references in formal
academic work because the information has not been validated.
10. Thou Shalt Review Your Paper
It is the student's responsibility to review and proofread your paper before turning it in.
It is recommended that you review it 3 times: Review the working draft(s) Review the final draft Proof-read the final before you turn it in
We all make mistakes but strong students and scholars make few of them in writing.
Writing Ethics
All universities have policies concerning ethical educational practices
In the area of writing a key ethical standard relates to plagiarism
Plagiarism is the intentional use of another's work without giving credit to the author
USM's graduate catalog includes a summary of academic policies and discipline actions related to violations of the policies
Resources to Support Your Writing
A number of print and online resources can provide help when writing in formal academic style
Be wary of websites not sponsored by Universities or professional associations because they may give inaccurate information
The APA website has a number of books which “translate” APA style into everyday use
Other books might be helpful as well
If you Struggle with Writing
All writers struggle when writing at some point or other
If you find that all writing tasks are difficult for you, you can contact the following USM resources:
Learning Foundations: http://usm.maine.edu/lap/
Office of Support for Students with Disabilities:
http://usm.maine.edu/oassd/
Your academic advisor
Summary
Clear writing is essential for research and teaching. Formal academic English has specific rules that
need to be followed. Rachel's 10 Commandment's of Writing provide
basic guidelines for graduate level writing assignments.
If you struggle with writing, seek out help and use it.