editorial 2019.pdf · products. i visited otops in ayutthya and surin provinces in 2005. there were...

Editorial

BIOLINK | JULY 2019 | 01

One fine morning in the year 1989, in our neighbourhood of Survey,Beltola a few of us decided to form a Nature Club. This idea cameabout since in those days ‘conservation’ wasn’t a word you would usein the context of environment, biodiversity etc. People would understandit to mean basically as tree planting!

I remember in the early ‘90’s I had arranged a plantation program in theGirls’ Polytechnic, Bamunimaidam premises that was carried out by ourClub members. The then Principal of that Institute agreed to allow us toproceed with it and we were delighted. We planted and fenced eachplant with bamboo sticks and I requested the Principal to arrange forsomeone to take care, at least initially. Strangely, he expressed his inability

in this regard! Here was an educationist who should have jumped at this initiative to make the campusenvironment green and he had the manpower to utilise in this effort! Anyway this shows that only like-minded individuals can work towards a goal and if others choose to join in then the goal is easier toachieve. The evolution of Aaranyak Nature Club into the present organisation was inevitable with the participationof many enthusiastic scientists and nature-lovers. The vibrancy in all the varied activities could be feltover the years and to keep this in control we soon had to have an Administration wing and a Financewing, initially manned by our members . But as the legislations covering NGO’s became more stringentand our involvement with foreign funds deepened we had to take professional help and I can humblyclaim that our organisation has a very high standard of governance. Without being complacent I wouldlike to mention that from the days of tree -planting, bird -watching etc. to more advanced and contemporaryfields like scientific research, genetics, capacity-building, legal policy reforms and so on it has been along journey of thirty years; and for me it has been like raising a child to adulthood. Now, Aaranyak canclaim to be on par if not better than any NGO worldwide and this has been made possible due to thetremendous hard work, dedication and belief of the scientists, staff and well-wishers of Aaranyak. I think the importance of biodiversity conservation and environment protection need not be emphasisedsince these days everyone is familiar with the negative fall-out of climate change. I think we have wronglytaken Mother Nature’s bounty for granted and as unlimited . Deforestation, mining, wildlife-huntingetc. had taken its toll to such an extent that some species have been wiped out from the face of thisearth, so action must be taken now to preserve whatever is left. Remember, DOOMSDAY at this rateof destruction isn’t very far off (i.e. no living creature on our planet!) and we must strive to stop this atwhatever the cost.

Ranjan BhuyanPresident, Aaranyak

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD DEVELOPMENTOTOP model for Assam

Manoj K DasEmail: [email protected]: +91 98540 21845

Sustainable development can be classified as thedevelopment that suffices the needs of the presentpopulation without compromising the availability offuture generations. The development process shouldconsume less than the environment’s ability toreplenish the resources. In such a situation it becomesenvironmentally sustainable. Livelihood thus deriveddoes not have adverse impact on the environment andeco system.

Among many models that I studied and personallyobserved, OTOP of Thailand will suit Assam well.OTOP is the acronym for ‘One Tambon One Product’.Tambon means sub-district. It is a local area basedentrepreneurship stimulus program which targets toidentify and support the unique locally made andmarketed products of each Tambon all over Thailandand world.

OTOP frames its basics and motivation fromJapan’s successful One Village One Product (OVOP)programme, and guides village communities to improvelocal product variety, design, quality and marketing.One superior product from each Tambon is selectedto receive formal branding as a “starred OTOPproduct”. It is provided local and international stagefor branding, promotion and marketing of theseproducts. I visited OTOPs in Ayutthya and Surinprovinces in 2005. There were Banana, Jasmine Rice,Organic products, Bamboo, Lotus, Sericulture, WaterHyacinth, Orchid OTOPs etc.

OTOP products mostly cover a large variety oflocal items, including handicrafts, cotton and silkgarments, pottery, fashion accessories, household items,wood carvings, handloom items, natural dye products,medicinal products, aromatic products, essential oilsand processed food items. Over the years a number ofproduct groups have been identified for promotion;

these include food items and beverages, textiles andclothing, woven handicrafts, wood carvings,embroidered products, artistry items, gifts, householdand decorative items, home furnishings and non-edibleherbal products. These cover traditional items made invillage communities, each lovingly and carefully craftedwith trade mark local ingredients with traditionalknowledge and skills.

Different regions contribute specific types ofproducts based on locally available raw materials andresources. Brief of such products from variuos regionsin Thailand are:

NORTHEASTERN THAILANDNortheast villagers traditionally weave two sets of

clothes – daily used clothes and one set of high qualitygorgeous silk garment weaved with intricate skill forgrand occasions like marriages and festivals. Highquality fabrics are picked up as OTOP products. Silkweaves and cotton fabrics, especially tie and dyedesigns. The most fabulous items are various silkgarments. Others include reed mats, baskets wovenfrom water hyacinth and triangular pillows.

NORTHERN THAILAND Excellent handicrafts, mainly carved and crafted

wood, tin items, silverware, hand-made paper products,ceramics, bamboo basketry, cotton made fabrics, indigodyed cotton home furnishings and ethnic jewellerymade from silver by hillmen.

EASTERN THAILAND Famed for its fruits, fresh and processed, as well as

bamboo and rattan baskets, reed mats and natural fibrefabrics. Banana Sun Dried items and other items areproducedin large quantities and exported.

The author is currently working as a Head, Advisory and Consultancy Division of Northeastern DevelopmentFinance Corporation Limited, NEDFI House , Dispur


CENTRAL THAILAND Traditional handicrafts of bamboo, basket,

furniture, hand fans, great earthen pots, enameledpottery, Red pottery and artistic terracotta items areselected as OTOP products.

SOUTHERN THAILAND Batik fabrics, woven products from natural fibres,

mother-of-pearl inlays and carved wood products aretypical of southern side.

QUALITY CONTROL AT OTOPRural made OTOP products are selected for

promotion based on their quality and export potential.In many cases I saw Japanese clients giving designsand specifications for products to be made for Japanesemarket. Quality and continuous improvement throughdesign and research is the mainstay of the OTOPmovement.The project has strong multi-level government support1. Selecting potential OTOP products2. Providing advice on process of production3. Creating Common facility4. Packaging5. Design6. Quality Control7. Market Linkage8. Branding and Promotion9. Competition and Award system.

The endeavor is to make continuous effort to makethe products continuously more attractive to domesticand export markets. Entire OTOP product cycle comesunder the supervision and monitoring of a NationalOTOP Committee, with regional, provincial andprefecture level committees to assist in identifying,developing, promoting and grading OTOP products.

OTOP CHALLENGESDue to its basic nature, the OTOP concept comes

with inherent set of challenges. In traditional societies,villagers produce products either for their ownconsumption or exchange. Surplus is bartered or soldto neighbours. These products are made during availablespare time, when farming or housework has beencompleted. Hence, production capacity and the abilityto supply in high volume of products required bybuyers quickly becomes an issue.

With the system of OTOP, villagers are entangled withthe complex realities of foreign trade. It has broughtforth the issues of meeting deadlines, quality control,production in large quantities, design issues, brandbuilding and marketing challenges.

Many allied government agencies dovetailing theirschemes and facilities to provide the villagecommunities the necessary support. For example, theOTOP Task Force of the Department of ExportPromotion (DEP), Ministry of Commerce, Thailandframes policies and creates facilities that assists in theexport of OTOP products. These include display ofselected products at trade fairs in Thailand and abroad,as well as display of wares in in-store promotions andThailand Exhibitions outside.

While the aim of the OTOP project is to enhancerural income, Thai government also offers options tointo full time OTOP production with plenty of publicsupport. Major government agencies provide support:The Interior Ministry’s Department of CommunityDevelopment works directly with the artisans to finetune their products; the Industry Ministry’s Departmentof Industrial Promotion helps in product development,skills training and quality control; DEP’s ProductDevelopment Centre engages teams of designers towork with villagers to create marketable designs andsuitable packing materials for their products.

MARKET LINKAGES:OTOP Products are marketed through various

platforms.· OTOP online www.thaitambon.com· Jatujak Weekend Market websitehttp:/

www.jatujakguide.com/ or http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-market/popular-markets.html or http://thailand-travel.suite101.com/article.cfm/chatuchak_weekend_market...)

· Baan Tawai Market Village, Chiang Mai http://www.ban-tawai.com/

· Market Village, Hua Hin· Small OTOP corners in some malls, major

department stores or in the duty free sections ofinternational airports at Bangkok, Chiang Maiand Phuket.

· Thailand Export Mart in Bangkok· Export Promotion Centre in Chiang Mai etc.


There are other such successful models of rural/semi-urban development through cluster approach.These are OVOP, (One Village One product), Japan;Town & Village Enterprises (TVE), China; One TownOne Product (OTOP), Taiwan.

Many desi models were developed like RBH (RuralBusiness Hub), MSE-CDP (Micro, Small Enterprise-Cluster Development Scheme); SFURTI (Scheme ofFund for Upgradation of Traditional Industries),Clusters under Development Commissioner(Handlooms) and DC (Handicrafts). Nationalhandloom development project has drawn up ambitiousproject to implement a large number of clusters.Many schemes are under implementation underNERTPS (North eastern region Technology Promotion

Scheme), Comprehensive Micro Planning andPromotion of sustainable Livelihood in 499 JFMC &EDCs under French Govt. aided project COMPELO.National Rural Livelihood Mission (NERM), AssamState Rural Livelihood Mission projects aim at clusterdevelopment and promotion of sustainable livelihoodin rural areas. APART (Assam Project on Agricultureand Rural Transformation) is another such ambitiousproject funded by the World Bank.

Another ambitious project launched by Govt. ofAssam in 2017 is ‘Mukhyamantrisamagra GramVikash Yojana’. It aims at providing Rs. 1.2 Cr eachto Assam’s 15000 villages for promotion of livelihoodand some basic infrastructure. Hope this project willbring desired result.

Photo: Aaranyak


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·1˜ ¬Û±Úœ Î¬◊“̋ √√1 ’ªø¶öÓ¬º ΔÚ‡ÀÚ Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”ª ø√À˙ Â√¬Û±ÚÊ≈√— øÈ¬„√√1 √øé¬ÀÌø√

’±ø˝√√ øÓ¬ø1À‡— ·“±ªÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ¤È¬± 25 ø˜È¬±1 Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬±1 Ù¬È¬±ø˙˘ Ê√˘õ∂¬Û±Ó¬

¬Û±1 Δ˝√√ ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º Ú±˜¬ı1 Ú√œ ¬ı1Ê√±Úfl¡ ˘·Ó¬ Δ˘ 39 Ú— 1±©Ü™œ˚˛ ‚±˝◊√√¬ÛÔ

¬Û±1 Δ˝√√ ÒÚø˙ø1Ó¬ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º

7º Δ√À¢∂±— ΔÚ– Δ√À¢∂±— ΔÚ‡Ú1 Δ√‚«… õ∂±˚˛ 64 øfl¡À˘±ø˜È¬±1º fl¡±ø¬ı«-’±—˘—

øÊ√˘±1 Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”ª ø√˙1 ¤˝◊√√ ΔÚ‡Ú ¬Û”ª ø√˙Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ 15 øfl¡À˘± ’±ø˝√√ ø1fl¡±

ΔÚÓ¬ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ø˝√√º ΔÚ‡Ú Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”ª ø√À˙ Œ˝√√˝√√± ◊̋√√ ·“±ª1 fl¡±À ∏̄ø√ õ∂± ˛̊ 3

øfl¡À˘±ø˜È¬±1 ’±ø˝√√ Œ1—√±— ΔÚ1 ˘· Δ˝√√ Δ√À¢∂±— Ú√œ1 Ú±˜ ˘˚˛º Ó¬±1 ¬Û1±

Sê˜±i§À˚˛ ’±ø˝√√ ’±ø˝√√ ¬ı±ø˘Ê√±Ú, fl¡±Â√˜±1œÊ√±Ú, Œ˝√√˜±˝◊√√Ê√±Ú, ¬ı1‰¬±¬Ûø1Ê√±Ú

Δ˝√√ Δ¬ı ’±ø˝√√ Ú±˜¬ı1 ̋ √√±ø¬ı1 ›¬ÛÀ1ø√ Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”ª ø√À˙ø√ Δ¬ı Δ·ÀÂ√º

8º fl¡±ø˘˚˛Úœ ΔÚ– fl¡±˘œ˚˛Úœ Ú√œ1 Δ√‚«… õ∂±˚˛ 110 øfl¡À˘±ø˜È¬±1º ΔÚ‡Ú

¬Û±˝√√±11 fl¡˚˛˘±ô¶11 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 Δ¬ı ’˝√√±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Û±Úœ1 ¬ı1Ì fl¡í˘± Œ˝√√±ª±1

¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ΔÚ‡Ú1 Ú±˜ ëfl¡±˘œ˚˛Úœí Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı≈ø˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÊ√ÀÚ ̃ Ó¬À¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º

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ΔÚ‡Ú ¬ı1¬Û≈„√√Ó¬ ø˜˘˝◊√√Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ fl¡ø˘˚˛Úœ Ú±˜ ˘˚˛º Ó¬±1¬Û1± õ∂±˚˛


1.5 øfl¡À˘±ø˜È¬±1 ’±ø˝√√ fl¡±Ìœ˘±—Â≈√Ó¬ ˘·Ó¬ Δ˘ Δ¬ı ’±ø˝√√ Ó¬±1±—¬Û≈—ÕÚ1

¬ı±›Ù¬±À˘ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º fl¡±˘œ˚˛Úœ Ú√œ1 õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊¬ÛÕÚ¸˜”˝√√ ˝√√í˘- øÚ˝√√±—

˘±‰≈¬— ΔÚ, ̆ ±—fl¡±È¬±— ΔÚ, ¬ı1¬Û≈— ΔÚ, Ó¬±1±¬Û≈— ΔÚ, Ê√±—˝√√±Úø1 ΔÚ, Œ√Î¬◊1œ ΔÚ

’±1n∏ 1±—Â√±˘œ ΔÚº

9º øÎ¬Ù¬˘≈ ΔÚ– øÎ¬Ù¬˘≈ ΔÚ ‡Ú fl¡±ø¬ı«-’±—˘— øÊ√˘±1 Î¬◊M√√1 ø√À˙ø√ ›˘±˝◊√√

’±ø √̋√ Œ·±˘±‚±È¬ øÊ√̆ ±1 fl¡±øÊ√1„√√± 1±©Ü™œ ˛̊ Î¬◊√…±Ú1 ̃ ±ÀÊ√À1 ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈SÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√

º ¤ ◊̋√√ Ú√œ‡ÀÚ ¬Û”ªø√À˙ ’±ø √̋√ ‰¬±¬ıÊ≈√ø11 ̆ ·Ó¬ ̆ · Δ √̋√ ¬Û≈1n∏̆ ±—Â≈√1 Œ¸±“Ù¬±À˘

˘· ˘±ø·ÀÂ√, ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ΔÚ‡ÀÚ ¸1n∏ øÎ¬Ù¬˘≈, ŒÔ√—, Œ√Ò1± ’±ø√ ΔÚ1

˘·Ó¬ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ Δ˝√√ fl¡±øÊ√1„√√±1 ̃ ±ÀÊ√À1 õ∂±˚˛ 2 øfl¡À˘±ø˜È¬±1 Î¬◊M√√1 ø√À˙ Δ¬ı

’±ø˝√√ Ú√œ‡Ú ¬Ûø(˜≈ª± ˝√√˚˛º

10ºfl ˝√√“1±¡ – ¤˝◊√√ ΔÚ‡Ú fl¡±øÊ√1„√√±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 Δ¬ı ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º fl¡±øÊ√1„√√± ø¬ı˘Ó¬

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1„√√±Ê√±ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√º ̋ ◊√√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ‡±·ø1 ø¬ı˘, √Ê«√± ø¬ı˘, ¬ı1 ø¬ı˘1 fl¡±À¯∏ø√

Δ¬ı ’±ø˝√√ ˝√√±Ó¬œ‡≈ø˘ ‰¬±˝√√ ¬ı±ø·‰¬±À1ø√ ø˙ø„√√˜±1œ ΔÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√ø˝√√º ΔÚ‡ÀÚ

¬Û± √̋√±11 ¬Û1± ’ √̋√± ¬ı1 ø√ø √̋√— ΔÚ1 ̆ ·Ó¬ ¬ı±·ø1 ’=˘Ó¬ ̆ · Δ √̋√ ̃ 1± øÎ¬Ù¬ ≈̆1

˘· ø˜ø˘ Ú·±“› øÊ√˘±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 Δ¬ı Δ·ÀÂ√º

Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚ ø¸—˝√√±¸Ú ¬Û±˝√√±1Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˝}√√√ Ú±˝◊√√ ˚ø√› Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ˝◊√√˜±Ú

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Œ˚ ø¸—˝√√±¸Ú ¬Û±˝√√±11 ¤fl¡ ”√·«˜ ’=˘Ó¬ 1—ø¬ıÚ Ú±˜1 ¤‡Ú ’À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ·±“›

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ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ 1é¬± ¬Ûø1øÂ√̆ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡±ø¬ı«̧ fl¡˘1 ̃ ±Ê√Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡ø¬ıù´±¸ ’±ÀÂ√º ø¸— √̋√±¸Ú

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Photo: Hari Krishna Baruah


TRAIN-ELEPHANT MISHAPS:The Causes of Present and Future Mortalities

Abhijit Rabha, IFS.

Author recently working as PCCF of Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council also formerly he was the Conservatorof Forests & Field Director, Manas Reserve and Conservator of forests, Western Assam Circle

Introduction:No Matter how revered are our elephants from the

socio-religious viewpoint, developmental activities,must remember, are thick skinned and thick headed tothe issues and ethos of conservation. It was lamentedby the International Union of Conservation of Natureand Natural Resources (IUCN) that even after the term‘Conservation’ was defined precisely in the WorldConservation Strategy in 1984, the powers that be inthe world, could not implement that even after thepassage of the year 2K. This is the era wheninformation is precious; speed is required to giveeverything a premium service. Also, there are marketsat global, regional and local levels which are insensate

to the emotional factors that kept our animals safethrough centuries. Man-Elephant issue used to be thatof co-existence in the North-Eastern Indian. Thecoming of the Colonial era saw large acreage of forestsbeing felled for raising extensive tea plantations, havinga subsidiary ply-wood industry for tea-packaging, layingrailway tracks to transport out the tea-chests and soon. The railway tracks needed clearance through theunbroken continuous jungles, the iron-steamer routefrom the upper Assam to Calcutta also took part intea-transportation, the steam driven paddle boatsrequired huge amounts of firewood or coal. Theultimate impacts were on the green cover and theanimals therein. The simple job of encouraging

Photo: Udayan Borthakur


settlement in extensive areas in Kamrup District ofthe yore cost the colonial government over a lakhrupees in 19101, to pay the compensation for manwildlife conflict. Environmental costs could have beenconsiderable for running colonial economy andstructure. Till late 50’s, there were no diesellocomotives in the North-East Frontier Railways.However, the major work force was steam driven andslow meter gauge engines which spanned from NewBongaigaon to upper Assam on both the banks of theBrahmaputra. Low speed, inherent jerky motion anddifficulty in track maintenance kept the forward speedlow and many collisions with elephants were possiblyaverted. Further, the frequency of trains were very low.Added to this was the pristinity of jungles whichafforded very good habitat and shelter for elephants.

Keywords : Migration, conservation, Elephas maximusdevelopment, Locomotive engines.

Materials and Methods:The primary data available with the Divisional

Forest Officers of Goalpara, Kamrup East, GuwahatiWildlife Division. Sonitpur East Division, KarbiAnglong East and Karbi Anglong West Divisions ofKAAC, Jorhat, Golaghat, Digboi, Tinsukia andDibrugarh Divisions were collected and compiled inthe office of the CWLW, Assam. Theses were subjectedto GIS analysis. Analysis showed that the crossingpoints on the tracks definitely belonged to traditionalmovement patterns. In many new cases, due todegradation of habitat, the new collision points couldbe explained. Literatures available were studied inhistorical perspective. This indicated that the problemstarted with the introduction of Tea Cultivation andthe Railway Tracks in the elephant habitat areas. Inthe height of elephant catching in Assam, the elephantpopulation fell to about 3610 in 1917-18. It did notfind much favour with the forestry fraternity6. Thepresent day figure is put around 5100 individuals7. Thisis probably due to absence of licensed hunting andreasonable degree of ivory poaching.

Understanding Elephant Movements:This is a key to finding a holistic solution to Man-

Elephant Conflict of any kind. Also, one can have thepower over prevention of any future mishaps and

consequent loss to the Habitat, Elephant Population,Human Life and Property. Except professional shikariesor poachers, nobody had tracked herds of elephantsover a large tract of jungle or landscape in the NorthEast India.

The movements of elephants driven by energyneeds, seasonal availability of nutrients in the variousForest Types, water and carrying capacity of the speciesin a landscape. Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) ofthe North East India are very selective feeders. As forexample, while they go as a whole for new sprouts in apost burned Terai-Bhabar grasslands in Manas NationalPark. But leave the abundant Tora (Elephant Grass orAlpinia allaughas) plants till the mid August. The SimulTree (Bombax ceiba) barks are not sloughed off and eatentill December-January2. The habitats as per major foresttypes have different levels of productivity. The MoistDeciduous (3C1) forests have the maximumproductivity whereas the Tropical Wet Evergreen(1C1(a) and 1C1(b)) is endowed with the leastproductivity. No wonder, the Nahor and the Hollongtake so long to grow. When we find that the forest typesevolve towards a climax stages of Semi-Evergreen toEvergreen types, they can behave negatively towardsthe elephant population, which is largely terrestrial.Maximum Distance Moved by elephants are governedby their mass, Field Metabolic Rate (FMR) and tocertain extent, the terrain and geographical attributes.In a scientific study undertaken in South Africa, theelephants were reportedly found to consume 80% to120% of their body weight per day per individual in aherd. If this as applicable in Indian Situation, a herdcomposed of 50 large elephants may need a minimumof 80-176 ton of forage per day. Considering three suchherds in a small fragmented habitat, the requirementwould be three fold. Now, all forests are not thatproductive and degradations of various levels do existand naturally the cycle of movement becomes smaller.Resultant low regeneration of utilized habitat degradequickly with anthropological pressure. Downstreamdevelopment is that of loss of water regime. This cyclehas become vicious over the years.

The south bank and the north bank elephantmovement scenario depends upon the Hills-Valley-Hillscontinuum for survival of elephants. Elephants fromthe Khasi and Garo Hills traditionally descended tolarge water bodies like the Deepor (Sanskrit Deep, for


elephant) Beel of Kamrup and Urpad in Goalpara inthe months following the month of April and remainingin the vicinity till the advent of the Autumn Season.Thereafter, they become dependent upon the junglehabitats of the hills till April, completing a cycle. Avalley-valley migration of the elephants through thejungle of the plains were earlier known but neverdocumented well enough. Till the Guwahati-Goalpararailway tracks carry on or herds frequenting the Deeporand Urpad wetlands vanish for some reason, the trainlocomotives will cause mortality to these haplessanimals. If one wanted to avoid collisions, there shouldnot be any trains running on the tracks between sunsetand sunrise. Data available on train smashing upelephants show 100% cases happen in the night andare caused by speeding goods trains. Hill-Hill-valley-Hill configuration of movement is difficult and timeconsuming. But the informed sources who were jungledwelling hunters in Karbi Anglong; say that suchmovements took elephants from the Karbi-Anglong toKhasi Hills areas. Some important crossing points arealso gone; those who can remember that Ninth Mile-Jorabat section of the road was frequented by elephantswhich eventually went to Amchang, Chandrapur, digaruthen into Khasi hills and may be to Nagaon junglesbeyond the Kiling River.

Smash ups : The Raison d’etreIt is not known how many wild animals were

encountered daily ad hunted down with much ado andbravado while the train lines were swathed through thevarious jungles to upper Assam via both the banks ofthe river Brahmaputra. It is on record that a Britishroad builder always hunted down big games prior tohis breakfat!”. For the Railway engineers, Tea-plantersand Foresters; the triune bred by the British Raj therewere common factors: the elephant herds, Tigers andleopards. They were the occupational hazards too.However, there were government prize money of Rs.25 for a Tiger and Rs. 5 for a leopard that were hunteddown. This was hiked from earlier Rs. 5 and 2 Rs. 8.Annas for a hunted tiger and a leopard respectivelysince 1870. This was a result of Imperial design ofAgricultural expansion (read Tea growing)3. Theelephant could be hunted under Elephant ControlLicence. Late David Long Enghee, a legendary Karbigentleman from Amreng area under Hamren Sub

Division, who was a Travelling Ticket Examiner in theRailway Department has an unbroken record ofshooting 300 elephants under elephant control licence.Many were tuskers with large sized tusks. Survivingphotographs show that certain tusks were taller thanhim in length4. The majestic pachyderms were sourcesof Revenue for the Colonial Economy. As for example,the organized Mela-Shikar or Khedda earned Rs.3,02,836 between 1875-1900. The estimated exportprice of an elephant in 1835 AD was Rs. 300 only.Though the earnings were initially put under the headof Minor Forest Produce they were a kind of preciousproperty of the crown after all.

This brings us to the topic of ecological valuationof an elephant or a elephant population in Assam. Thisis pertinent for us to know in terms of valuation inUSD or Euro or INR otherwise the insensate factorswill neither listen nor understand a bit of elephantconservation. Though such studies in conservation oflandscapes have been made in many ways, directvaluation of species is not done so far. The last knownad-valorem rate of Royalty for a species is that of GreatIndian Rhinoceros in Assam. That was Rs. 5.00 lakhsper animal (1983)5. If the wildlife enthusiasts need tofind a way, this can be good handle for enforcingelephant conservation measures. The animals like theelephants are the product and function of the habitat.If we found out the entire ecosystems services and thecarbon sequestration (Going rate is USD300.00 pertone) that the habitat is producing plus the commercialvalue; the resident population of the habitat would beof that many USD or Euro Or INR worth. That is,even after leaving aside the genetic and other values.Some sense of whooping economic loss can beattributed to the carelessness of the railways and erringjungle keepers can be inculcated. In such cases, thesense of economic responsibility may be stupendousenough to make policy makers stand up, listen and dosomething positive and practical. At least, theworthiness of the species will prevail (Lord Ganeshamust be smiling!).

The railway-lines on the south bank is the majoroffender. The track is bang on the many crossing pointsin an elephant habitat however fragmented. TheGoalpara-Panikhaiti stretch notwighstanding, the sametrack goes through the MaratLongri-Dhansiri RFjunction. Dhansiri has broken contiguity with nearby


Doldoli RF (From ‘slushy area’) and fareway Namborto the north through civil and USF hills areas. TheKaziranga National Park and these areas are connectedvia a slim corridor at Panbari RF area. The over thehill view to the south of Bagori Range of KNP givesus the Dejoo Valley area. One of the earliest RF’sDejoo Valley North and South are here. From theForestry point of view, this is the eastern culminatingpoint of Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae) from itswestern limit of Mohand near Dehradun. But, accordingto the working plans and reserve register of theundivided Nagaon Division, both of the RF’s were de-reserved to a large extent. Now, a missile storage facilityis being planned within the South Dejoo RF. Thisproposal was dealt with by CWLW of Assam’s officesometime in 2007-08. The further fate is not known tothis writer. The point emphasized here is thatconnectivity from KNP is lost via Dejoo Valley. Atthis moment, there are several big and small tea gardensin that valley including Amlakhi, Dejoo Valley,Lengteng, Kellyden and so on. Even establishmentsof tea gardens like the Behora, Sekonee, Hatikhulieare obvious signs of historical mistakes. Vast fields ofpaddy at the Nagaon District side of the Parkup Paharhad been marauded by elephant herds since 1980’s.With earlier history of extensive forest operation underlease system and recurring jhumming even in PRFs,the elephant habitat in Karbi Anglong is not what thatused to be in the late 1970’s. Whatever remained hassupported, with dwindling efficiency, a population ofelephants which have to frequently cross the railwayline cutting like parabola through it. The frequency oflocomotives with high speed and traction has gone up.The traditional crossing points do not attempt crossingat any point of the track at any time. Therefore thefuture has grave portents. Antagonizemnt caused byintroduction of Railway line can go away only when

the Railway lines are removed. This, everybody willagree, is not possible.

Suggested measures:As suggested earlier, the following exercises would

help in short in short and long term.1. Tracking teams on elephant back, equipped with

Global Positioning System, Solar charged Laptopsand camera should track the elephant movementin the habitat (It is true for Assam). It will generatethe data seasonal and diurnal, of approach to anyarea. This will be helpful in long term conservationplanning versus any developmental activity.

2. Immediate organization of a group, paid against atime bound hectic project to know the ecologicalvaluation of elephant population in Assam.

3. Formulation of ideas on the basis of the other twoenumerated above.

4. Get Lungding-Dhansiri-Itanki ER under MIKE sitewith immediate effect.

Conclusion :One must not take what he cannot give back.

Humanity has taken toll of countless lives of speciesacross the globe. Humanity is not humanity when itcannot perform the basic task of giving what it tookaway for fun or fancy or whatever. Antagonizementby animals is a misunderstanding by and of man. Tounderstand conservation is to understand relationshipswith one and all of the creation. This is central to thehuman survival. Future generations of humans aredependent upon efficient and same functioning ofpresent generations. For development and spiritualgrowth, the future generations are privy to all thingsunharmed and as they were of Nature. Only then,the humanity will live forever thorough generationsof perfect offspring.


References :

1. The District Gazetteer of Kamrup, 1910.2. Independent Observations made by the writer during the period 1991-95 and 2001-2005.3. # and 3, From ‘Jungles, Reserves, Wildlife’, A History of Forests in Assam by Arupjyoti Saikis, Page 261. Wildlife Areas

Development and Welfare Trust.4. From “In memory of our father David Long Enghee” by Sar Roy Enghee, Self financed booklet.5. Late William Allen Rodgers, 1989, WII, New Forest, Dehradun, Pers. Comm..6. Letter from W.L Blunt and WFL Tottenham : Conservators to the Chief Commissioner of Assam, 4 September 1918 ASP, No

107-133, Finance Department, Forest-A, July 1919 (ASA)7. B.N. Talukdar, AFS, 2008, Pers. Comm..8. Working Plans of Nagaon Division 1973-1983, by PC Gogoi.9. Reserve Register, Nagaon Division, (Contd)


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¬ı‘é¬ ̧ —1øé¬Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º Ò˜œ«˚˛¶ö±ÚÓ¬ ’±˝√√“Ó¬, Œ¬ı˘, ¬ı1·Â√ ̋ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò1Ì1 Ú±Ú±Ú

¬ı‘é¬ ˆ¬øMê√ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¸—1é¬Ì fl¡1± Œ√‡± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ’±˝√√“Ó¬ ·Â√1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Œ˜Ã˚«

¬ı—˙1 1Ê√± ’À˙±Àfl¡ Ó¬¬Û¸…± fl¡ø1 ¬ıËp¡:±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ’±˝√√“Ó¬·Â√

Œ¬ı±øÒ^n˜ Ú±À˜À1› Ê√Ú±Ê√±Ó¬º Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 Ê√Úø¬ıù´±¸ ˜ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı˘·Â√Ó¬ ˜˝√√±À√ª

ø˙ª ’±1n∏ ¬ı1·Â√Ó¬ Ú±˜‚11 ¬ı≈Ï¬ˇ±-Î¬±„√√1œ˚˛± Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚ

Ò1Ì1 Î¬±„√√1 Î¬±„√√1 ¬ı‘é¬À¬ı±1 ̃ ±Ú≈À √̋√ fl¡±øÈ¬¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ı1 ̧ ± √̋√̧ Úfl¡À1º ŒÓ¬ÀÚÒ1Ì1

·Â√fl¡ ’±Ó¬11 ¬Û1± õ∂Ì±˜ Ê√Ú±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ˆ¬±ª1 õ∂ˆ¬±Àª± ·Â√ ¸—1é¬Ì1

¤øÈ¬ Œ˚±·±Rfl¡ ø√˙ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1º Ê√œª Ê√·Ó¬1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ø¸—˝√√ˆ¬±· ’ø'ÀÊ√Ú

’±“˝√√Ó¬·ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±Ú ÒÀ1, ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¸fl¡À˘±Àª ˚ø√ ¤ÀÊ√±¬Û± ·Â√ fl¡±øÈ¬À˘ ≈√øÈ¬ ·Â√

¬Û≈ø˘ Œ1±ª±1 ¤øÈ¬ ¸≈μ1 ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À1 ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝√√íÀ˘ ¬ıM«√√˜±Ú ø˚ ˆ¬˚˛±¬ı˝√√

õ∂”√¯∏ÀÌ ·± fl¡ø1 Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√˚˛± Œ1±Ò fl¡1±1 ¤øÈ¬ Î¬◊M√√˜ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ˝√√í¬ıº Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√

˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏̄ ∏ ¿˜ôL ̇ —fl¡1À√ª1 ¬ı±ÌœÀ1 ’±ø˜ ̧ —fl¡ä¬ıX ̋ √√›“ ’±˝√√fl¡ ëë¤fl¡ ¬ı‘é¬ √˙

¬Û≈S ¸˜ºíí

¬Ûø1À¬ı˙ ’±1n∏ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ̧ ≈1é¬±1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Ê√Úø¬ıù´±¸1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú õ∂ˆ¬±ª Δ˙˙ª1

øfl¡Â≈√̃ ±Ú ¶ú‘øÓ¬À˚̨ Œ¸±“ª1± ◊̋√√ ø√À˚̨º ë˜±íñŒ√Î¬◊Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ¬ı1À√Î¬◊Ó¬± ◊̋√√ Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1

¤øÓ¬˚˛±› ̃ ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1, ëëˆ¬1≈√¬Û1œ˚˛± Î¬±„√√1 ·Â√1 Ó¬˘Õ˘ ̊ ±¬ı Ú±¬Û±˚˛, Ó¬±Ó¬ Œ˝√√ÀÚ±

Œ√ªÓ¬± Ô±Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ øÊ√1Ìœ ̆ ˚˛ ’±˜øÚ fl¡ø1¬ı Ú±¬Û±˚˛ºíí ̂ ¬±ø¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı1 ̂ ¬˚˛

˘±À·º ’±1n∏ Œfl¡±ª± ̃ ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√ ’±˜±1 ‚11 ¬ı±ÀÈ¬ø√ ̧ øg˚˛± ̧ ˜˚˛Ó¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı±

¬ı± 1±øÓ¬ ›‡ ¬ı·± fl¡±À¬Û±1 ø¬Ûg± ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ¤Ê√Ú Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡±øÏ¬ˇ Δ· ø¬Û‰¬Ù¬±À˘ ø˜Í¬±

’±˜ÀÊ√±¬Û±1 ›‰¬1ÀÓ¬ Ú±˝◊√√fl¡œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√fl¡±1ÀÌ Œfl¡±ÀÚ› ’fl¡À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√

’±˜ÀÊ√±¬Û±1 Ó¬˘Õ˘ ˚±¬ıÕ˘ ¸±˝√√¸ Úfl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ›‰¬1ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± fiÀÈ¬„√√±ÀÊ√±¬Û±

’±1n∏ ’˜1±ÀÊ√±¬Û± Ó¬˘Õ˘› ˚±¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı1 ˆ¬˚˛ ˘±À·º fiÀÈ¬„√√±ÀÊ√±¬Û±1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ˆ¬”Ó¬

›˘±˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô±¯∏±1Ó¬ ˜ÚÀÈ¬± ’Ê√±Ú ˆ¬˚˛Ó¬ fl“¡ø¬Û Î¬◊øÍ¬øÂ√˘º Δ˙˙ª1

Œfl¡±˜˘ ˜ÚÓ¬ ˆ¬˚˛ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬øMê√ ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ·√·√ Δ˝√√ Ôfl¡± Œ¸˝◊√√ ø˜Í¬± ’±˜ÀÊ√±¬Û±,

fiÀÈ¬„√√± ’±1n∏ ’˜1±ÀÊ√±¬Û± ¸˜˚˛1 Ò±˜‡≈ø˜˚˛±Ó¬ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± Δ˝√√ ·í˘º ¬ıM«√√˜±Ú

’=˘ ø¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√Úø¬ıù´±¸1 õ∂ˆ¬±ª ˝}√√±¸ Œ¬Û±ª± fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ıÚ ’=˘ Ò√ı—¸1

¤øÈ¬ fl¡±1Ì ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1º Ó¬±À1±¬Ûø1 ¸1n∏ÀÓ¬ Œ¸Ã1±·Â√1 Í¬±ø1, ¬ı„√√±˘œ ¤1±

’±1n∏ ¬ıfl≈¡˘ ·Â√1 Í¬±ø1À1 √±“Ó¬ ‚ø˝√√¬ıÕ˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1º √±“Ó¬1 ø¬ı¯∏ ˝√√íÀ˘

¬ı„√√±˘œ ¤1±1 ¤Í¬± ˘·±À˘ ˆ¬±˘ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡˚˛º Œ¬ÛÈ¬1 øfl¡¬ı± ’¸≈‡ ˝√√íÀ˘

øSÙ¬˘±, ̃ ±ÀÚ ’±˜˘‡œ, ø˙ø˘‡± ’±1n∏ Œˆ¬±À˜±1±&øÈ¬1 &ø1 ø˜|Ì fl¡ø1 ‡≈ª±˚˛º

˜Ò≈1œ·Â√1 Œfl¡±“˝√√ ‡≈øμ 1¸ ‡±À˘› ˆ¬±˘ ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ¬ıÚ√1ª1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’±˚˛≈À¬ı«√Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fi¯∏øÒ ·Â√1 ¬Û1± ‚1n∏ª± Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛À1

Œ¸˝◊√√¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬ıÚ √1ª õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ1±·1 ø‰¬øfl¡»¸± fl¡1± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¬ıM«√√˜±Ú

ø¬ı:±Ú1 ̊ ≈·Ó¬ Î¬◊ißÓ¬˜±Ú1 õ∂˚≈øMê√ø¬ı√…± ’ª˘•§Ú fl¡ø1 Œ¸˝◊√√ Œfl“¡‰¬± ̧ ±˜¢∂œ¸˜”˝√√1

¬Û1±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √1ª, ’±˚«˛≈À¬ıø√fl¡, ¤˘íŒ¬ÛøÍ¬fl¡1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ1±·1 fl¡±1ÀÌ √1ª

õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ¬ıUÀÓ¬ ·ˆ¬œ1ˆ¬±Àª ø‰¬ôL± Úfl¡ø1 ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú ¬ı‘é¬¸˜”˝√√

¸—1é¬ÌÓ¬ &1n∏Q õ∂√±Ú fl¡1± Œ√‡± Ú±˚±˚˛ Œ˚Ú ’Ú≈ˆ¬ª ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± ˜±Úª

Ê√±øÓ¬1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ı± ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œªÊ√·Ó¬1 fl¡±1ÀÌ qˆ¬˘é¬Ì Ú˝√√˚˛º

øfl¡c ¬ı…ª¸±ø˚˛fl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 ̆ é¬… fl¡ø1À˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ̧ ≈1é¬±1 Œé¬SÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú

qˆ¬˘é¬Ì Œ√‡± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì¶§1+À¬Û ¸±‰¬œ ·Â√, fl¡√˜·Â√, ˚:

øÎ¬˜1n∏, Ó¬±À˜±˘·Â√ ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√ Ò1Ì1 ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú ·Â√ Œ1±¬ÛÌÓ¬ &1n∏Q

’±À1±¬Û fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬ıM«√ √˜±Ú ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¸±‰¬œ·Â√1 ¸≈-·øg ŒÓ¬˘1 ¬ı…ª¸±˚˛ ¤øÈ¬

’øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬Ê√Úfl¡ ¬ı…ª¸±˚˛, Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ¤˝◊√ √ ¬ı‘é¬Ê√±øÓ¬ ¸—1é¬Ì fl¡ø1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙

¸≈1é¬±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ø√˙ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ ˚ÀÔá¬ ˘±ˆ¬Ê√Úfl¡º Ó¬±À1±¬Ûø1 fl¡√˜·Â√

’øÓ¬ ̧ ˝√√ÀÊ√ Î¬±„√√1 ̋ √√˚˛º fl¡√˜1 fl¡±Í¬ ’øÓ¬ Ú1˜ ¬ı±À¬ı Ê≈√˝◊√ √˙˘± ø˙ä1 ¬ı±À¬ı

’øÓ¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œº Œ¸˝◊√ √√À1 ˚: øÎ¬˜1n∏1 ¬Û±Ó¬ Ó¬±À˜±˘ ·Â√1 Ï¬fl≈¡ª±À1

¬ı…ª¸±˚˛øˆ¬øM√√Ó¬ ’±˝√√ø1 ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ¸±˜¢∂œ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ò1Ì1 ·Â√À¬ı±1 ¸—1é¬Ì fl¡ø1 Ó¬±1¬Û1± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1À˚±·… ¸±˜¢∂œ

Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝√√íÀ˘ ¬ıM«√ √˜±Ú ¬ıU˘ˆ¬±Àª ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬ Œ¬Û˘Úœ˚˛±

õ≠±ø©Üfl¡1 ¸±˜¢∂œ1 õ∂”√¯∏Ìfl¡ ’˘¬Û ˝√√À˘› Œ1±Ò fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ˝√√í¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘ ’±˙±

fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 ’Ú…˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ’±øÔ«fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¶§±ª˘•§œ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¤øÈ¬ ¸≈μ1 ¬ÛÔº

Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ’±ø˜ ˚ø√ ’øÓ¬ ¬ı˝√√˘ˆ¬±Àª ’Ò…˚˛Ú ’±1n∏ ·Àª¯∏Ì± fl¡ø1 ¬ıÚ±=˘

¸—1é¬Ì1 ¤øÈ¬ ˜˝√√» ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û fl¡±˚«…fl¡1œ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1± ’”√1 ˆ¬øª¯∏…ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√

¸≈μ1 ¬Û‘øÔªœ‡Ú Œ·±˘fl¡œ˚˛ Î¬◊¯ûÓ¬±1 fl¡¬ı˘1 ¬Û1± øÚ–¸ÀμÀ˝√√ ̧ ≈1øé¬Ó¬ ̋ √ √í¬ı

¬ı≈ø˘ ’±˙± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ˚±˚˛º


• ’±¬Û≈øÚ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ˘·Ó¬ Œfl¡ÀÚÒ1ÀÌ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ ¬ı± ’±¬Û≈øÚ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1

˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±À1∑

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 õ∂Ô˜ ø˙é¬± ’±ø˜ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ¬Û±› ’±1n∏ ’±˜±1 ’¸˜1

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Î¬±„√√1 fl¡Ô± ̋ √√í˘ Œ˚ ̃ ˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ̇ —fl¡1À√ª1 √À1 ¤·1±fl¡œ

’±˜±1 ̧ ±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬ôL±1 Ú±˚˛fl¡ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬Û±À˘±º ŒÓ¬›“ Δfl¡øÂ√˘, ëë˚Ó¬ Ê√œª

Ê√e˜ fl¡œÈ¬ ¬ÛÓ¬e˜ ’· Ú· Ê√· ŒÓ¬ø1 fl¡±˚˛±ºíí ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı±fl¡…ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 õ∂øÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ø‰¬ôL± õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬, ø˚˜±Ú Ê√œª-Ê√c

’±ÀÂ√, ø˚˜±Ú fl¡œÈ¬-¬ÛÓ¬—· ’±ÀÂ√, ø˚˜±Ú ‰¬ø˘ Ôfl¡± ¬ı± ÚÔfl¡± ¬ıd ’±ÀÂ√,

¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡À˘±À1 Œ√˝√√ ˜±ÀÔ± ¤È¬±˝◊√√º ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt ¤øÓ¬˚˛±1 ø¬ı:±Ú1

Î¬◊¬Û˘øt1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ ¸•Û”Ì« ¤Àfl¡º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡, õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬› ’±˜±À1˝◊√√ ¬ı± ˜±Ú≈˝√À1

¤È¬± ’—˙ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±ø¬ı¬ıÕ˘ ’±˜±fl¡ ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ø˙fl¡±˚˛º ˝◊√√˚˛±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı:±Ú ’±1n∏

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ø˜˘Ú Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ø˚ÀÈ¬± ¤È¬± Î¬±„√√1 fl¡Ô± ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û˝◊√√ ˜˝◊√√

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ Œ˜±À1 ¬ı± ’±˜±À1 ¤È¬± ’—˙ ¬ı≈ø˘ ̂ ¬±À¬ı± ̆ ·ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬À ˛̊ Œ˜±Àfl¡±

¤È¬± ’—˙ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û Œ˘±ª± ¬ı≈ø˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À1±º

• ëø¬ıù´¬ı…±¬Ûœ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ¸—fl¡È¬±ª¶ö±í Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡

Ê√˘¬ı±˚˛≈ ¬Ûø1¬ıÓ«¬Úº ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ıÚ…õ∂±Ìœ1 ¬ı¸øÓ¬1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—fl¡È¬±ª¶ö±1

õ∂ˆ¬±ª1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ øfl¡∑

Œ¸ ˛̊± ̃ ±Ú≈À˝√√ ◊̋√√ fl¡1± ̧ ˜¸…±, ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ̃ ±Ú≈À˝√√ ◊̋√√ Ó¬±1¬Û1± Î¬◊X±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ̆ ±ø·¬ı,

¸fl¡À˘±Àª ø˜ø˘º ”√ˆ¬«±·…1 fl¡Ô± Œ˚, ’±ø˜ ø˚Ò1ÀÌ ̂ ¬±ø¬ıøÂ√À˘± Œ˚ ¬Û‘øÔªœ1

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√˙ ø¬ı˘±fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ˙øMê√˙±˘œ Œ√˙ø¬ı˘±fl¡ ’±ø˝√√¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬±

ŒÚ±À √̋√±ª±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ’±˜±À1± Œ√± ∏̄ ’±ÀÂ√, øfl¡c ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Í¬± ◊̋√√1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙

fl¡˜œ«¸fl¡À˘ ø˚Ò1ÀÚ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› ’±R Î¬◊»¸·«± fl¡ø1 ’±ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀé¬SÓ¬,

¤øÓ¬˚˛±› ¤È¬± ’±˙± ¬ı±øÂ√ ’±ÀÂ√º

Î¬o ’˜1ÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ

• ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ’Ú…Í¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı± Œ√˙1 Ó≈¬˘Ú±Ó¬ ’¸˜ Ó¬Ô± Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı«±=˘1

ΔÊ√ªÕ¬ıø‰¬S1 ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ª¶ö±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ øfl¡∑

¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ˆ¬±Àª, ’¸˜ Ó¬Ô± Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı«±=˘fl¡ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ̧ •Û√1 ̂ ¬1“±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘

Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡c, ’±˜±1 Œ˘±ˆ¬ ŒÚ ’:±ÚÓ¬±1 Ù¬˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú±Ê√±ÀÚ± ’±ø˜

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ø˚Ò1ÀÌ ø¬ıÚ©Ü fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±, Œ¸˝◊√√ÀÈ¬±Õ˘ ‰¬±À˘ ¬Û‘øÔªœÀ˚˛ ¸±˜¢∂œfl¡

ˆ¬±Àª ø˚˜±Ú ’Ú…±˚˛ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 Ó≈¬˘Ú±Ó¬ øfl¡c ’±ø˜ ’Ó¬…ôL √±˚˛œ, ’±˜±1

¬’¬Û1±Ò fl¡˜ Ú √̋√̊ º̨ ̆ ·ÀÓ¬, ’±˜±1 ̋ ◊√√̃ ±Ú ‰¬ √̋√fl¡œ ̧ —¶‘®øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ø‰¬ôL± Ô±Àfl¡±ÀÓ¬

¤˝◊√√ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√±ø˝√√, ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬±Àª ’Ó¬…ôL ̃ ˜«±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À1 Œ˜±fl¡º

• ë·“Î¬ˇ ’¸˜1 ¸•Û√í¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛, øfl¡c ’Ú… Ê√œª-Ê√c1 Ó≈¬˘Ú±Ó¬ øfl¡˚˛

·“Î¬ˇ1 Œ˘±fl¡fl¡Ô± ¬ı± ¬ı±‡…± Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˚±˚˛ ¬ı± fl¡˜∑

’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬, ’±Ú õ∂±Ìœ1 ̆ ·Ó¬ ø˜˘±-ø˜Â√± fl¡1± õ∂±ÌœÀ¬ı±11 ø¬ı ∏̄À ˛̊ ‰¬‰«¬± ’˘¬Û

Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ ̋ √√̊ ˛º ’±Ú √̋√±ÀÓ¬, ·“ÀÎ¬ˇ ’˘¬Û ’±Â≈√Ó¬œ ˛̊±Õfl¡ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1 ¬ı± Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¤È¬± Œ√‡± Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ ¸±Ò≈¸˜”˝√√Ó¬

·“Î¬ˇ1 Â√ø¬ı Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú Ú √̋√̊ ˛º Œ¸ ◊̋√√ÀÈ¬±› ¤È¬± fl¡±1Ì ̋ √√¬ı ¬Û±À1º ̆ ·ÀÓ¬,

·“Î¬ˇ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 fl¡±¯∏Õ˘ Ú±À˝√√ ’±1n∏ ’Ú… ø˝√√—¶⁄ õ∂±Ìœ1 √À1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ˜ÚÓ¬ S±¸

ÚÔfl¡±ÀÓ¬±› ¤È¬± fl¡±1Ì ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º

• ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ̧ ˜˚̨1 ’¸˜ Ó¬Ô± Î¬◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı«±=˘1 ’±È¬± ◊̋√√Ó¬Õfl¡ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙

¸•Ûfl¡œ«˚˛ ¸˜¸…±ÀÈ¬± ’±¬Û≈øÚ øfl¡ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡í¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1º

¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ¸˜¸…±À¬ı±1 ¤È¬± ’±ÚÀÈ¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ·Â√-·Â√øÚ

ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ øÚ˜«˘ ¬ıÓ¬±˝√√1 ’ˆ¬±¬ı Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ˘·ÀÓ¬, ’¸˜1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

õ∂±ôLÓ¬ ·±Î¬ˇœ-˜È¬11 ¬ı±À¬ı› ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¬ı±˚˛≈ õ∂”√¯∏Ì Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1ªM«√√ÚÀÈ¬±

¶Û©Ü ˆ¬±Àª Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√À˘± ŒÓ¬Ê√¬Û≈1 ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛Ó¬º ŒÓ¬Ê√¬Û≈1

Nature Talk

Photo: MPCD/Aaranyak


ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛Ó¬ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Δ· Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡À1± 1997 ‰¬ÚÓ¬,

Œ¸ ◊̋√√ø‡øÚ ̧ ˜ ˛̊Ó¬ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘ ˛̊1 Œ‰¬Ã √̋√√Õ˘ ·íÀ˘ Î¬◊̇ ± √̋√Ó¬ Œ·±ÀÈ¬ ◊̋√√ øˆ¬Ó¬1‡Ú

¬Ûø1©®±1 Δ˝√√ ’˝√√± Œ˚Ú ̆ ±À·º ø˚Ò1Ì1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¤‡Ú ̋ √√±ø¬ıÕ˘ ·íÀ˘ ̋ √√˚˛,

øÍ¬fl¡ŒÓ¬ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± Ó¬±Ó¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√fl¡±1ÀÌ˝◊√√ Ó¬±Ó¬ 1±øÓ¬¬Û”ª±

Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡Ï¬ˇ±ÀÈ¬± ’±˜±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ı1 ’±Úμ1 fl¡Ô± ’±øÂ√˘º øfl¡c ¬ıÂ√1 ¬ıÂ√1

Òø1 ’±ø˜ Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛1 ¸—1øé¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙ÀÈ¬±Àª

Î¬◊˙±˝√√1 ¬ıÓ¬±˝√√ø‡øÚ ˆ¬±˘ fl¡ø1 1±ø‡¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√√º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬± ^nÓ¬ ’ªÚøÓ¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√

’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬ ’¸˜1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±ôLÓ¬ Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º

&ª±˝√√±È¬œ ˜˝√√±Ú·1œ1 ¬ı±˚˛≈ÀÓ¬± øÚ˜«˘ ¬ı±˚˛≈1 Ó≈¬˘Ú±Ó¬ ŒÒ“±ª±1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì ¬ı‘øX

Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ̊ ±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬ı±È¬-¬ÛÔÓ¬ ›˘±¬ı ŒÚ±ª±1± ’ª¶ö±1 ̧ ‘ø©Ü Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ’˘¬ÛÀÓ¬

˜ ◊̋ ¬ıUø√Ú1 ̃ ”1Ó¬ ¤È¬± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏̄ 1±ô¶±Ó¬ Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡±øÏ¬̌øÂ√À˘±º Ó¬±Ó¬ Œ‡±Ê√fl¡±ÀÏ¬̌±ÀÓ¬

Œ˜±1 ¤È¬± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˘±ø·øÂ√˘ Œ˚Ú ˜˝◊√√ ŒÒ“±ª±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ê√œ˚˛±˝◊√√

’±ÀÂ√±º ·Ò”ø˘ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ õ∂”√¯∏Ì1 ˜±S± ˚ÀÔá¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˝√√˚˛º õ∂±À˚˛ ˜˝◊√√ ΔÚ1

¬Û±1Ó¬À˝√√ Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡±ÀÏ¬ˇ±º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ΔÚ1 ¬Û±1Ó¬ Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡Ï¬ˇ± ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√1±ô¶±Ó¬

Œ‡±Ê√fl¡Ï¬ˇ±1 ̃ ±Ê√Ó¬ ̂ ¬˚˛±Úfl¡ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ’±ø˝√√ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√º

• ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 ̃ ÀÓ¬ ̧ ±Ò±1Ì Ê√ÚÓ¬± ◊̋√√ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ Δ√ÚøμÚ fl¡± «̊À1 ΔÊ√ªÕ¬ıø‰¬S

¸—1é¬ÌÓ¬ ’ø1˝√√Ì± Œ˚±·±¬ı ¬Û±À1∑

’±˜±1 ̧ —¶‘®øÓ¬À˚̨ ̧ fl¡À˘± Ê√œª-Ê√c, fl¡œÈ¬-¬ÛÓ¬—·fl¡ |X± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø˙fl¡± ◊̋√√ÀÂ√,

Œ¸ ◊̋√√ø¬ı˘±fl¡fl¡ Œfl¡ª˘ ’±“Ó¬1± ◊̋√√ ¬ÛÍ¬±¬ıÕ˘ Δfl¡ÀÂ√º fl¡±˘œ˚̨ √̃ Ì1 øfl¡Â≈√̃ ±Ú ¬ı±ø √̋√11

Î¬◊¬Û±‡…±Ú1 ˜ÀÓ¬ fl¡±˘œ˚̨fl¡ fl‘¡¯û ◊̋√√ Ú±ø‰¬ Ú±ø‰¬ ˜±ø1 Œ¬Û˘± ◊̋√√øÂ√̆ øfl¡c ’±˜±1

Î¬◊¬Û±‡…±ÚÓ¬ fl¡˚̨ Œ˚ fl¡±˘œ˚̨fl¡ ¤È¬± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏̄ }̋√√√1 ¬Û1± ’±“Ó¬ø1 ˚±¬ıÕ˘ Δfl¡øÂ√̆

fl¡±1Ì Œ¸ ◊̋√√ÀÈ¬± ̋ }√√√Ó¬ ̃ ±Ú≈À √̋√ ¬Û±Úœ ‡±˚̨º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ Ê√œª1 ̆ ·Ó¬ ̃ ±Ú≈̋ √√1 ̧ √̋√¬ı±¸

fl¡1±1 ø˚ÀÈ¬± õ∂øSê˚̨±, Œ¸ ◊̋√√ÀÈ¬± ’±˜±1 fl‘¡ø©Ü-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸ ◊̋√√

ø‰¬ôL±, ·±“Àª-ˆ¬”“Àª Œ¸±˜± ◊̋√√ ·íÀ˘, ˜±Ú≈̋ √√1 ˘·Ó¬ fl¡Ô± ¬Û±øÓ¬À˘ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1

˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚̨º ¤øÓ¬˚̨± ”̆̃ fl¡Ô± √̋√í˘ Œ˚, ¤ ◊̋√√ ø¬ıù´±¸À1 ’±“Ó¬

Òø1 Œ˚±ª± Œfl¡ ◊̋√√È¬±˜±Ú √̇ fl¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ø˚ÀÈ¬± ^nÓ¬ ’ªÚøÓ¬ √̋√í˘ Œ¸ ◊̋√√ÀÈ¬±

Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 fl¡˜œ«̧ fl¡À˘ ’±·¬ı±øÏ¬̌ ’±ø √̋√ÀÂ√ øÍ¬Àfl¡ ◊̋√√ øfl¡c ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊̋√√

¸˜¢∂ ’¸˜ Ê≈√ø1 ¤ ◊̋√√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ÀÈ¬± ̊ ø√ ‚≈1± ◊̋√√ ’Ú±1 õ∂øSê˚̨± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1 ŒÓ¬ÀôL

˜ ◊̋√√ ˆ¬±À¬ı± ◊̋√√ ’Ó¬…ôL ’±˙±1 fl¡Ô± √̋√í¬ıº

• ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ıÚ…õ∂±Ìœ1 ˘·Ó¬ øfl¡¬ı± ¶ú1Ìœ˚˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ’±ÀÂ√

ŒÚøfl¡∑

¸1n∏fl¡±˘1 ¤È¬± ‚È¬Ú± ˜ÚÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ˜˝◊√√ ¸1n∏À1 ¬Û1± &ª±˝√√±È¬œÀÓ¬ Î¬±„√√1

Δ √̋√ÀÂ√±º ’±˜±1 ‚1 ’±øÂ√̆ Î¬◊M√√1 &ª± √̋√±È¬œÓ¬1 1—˜ √̋√̆ Ó¬º ̧ 1n∏ÀÓ¬ ̃ ◊̋√√ ¬ÛÔ±11

˜±Ê√Ó¬ q˝◊√√ ¬ıUÓ¬ ’±Úμ ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√À˘±º ¤ø√Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ÛÔ±11 ¬Û1± ’±·¬ı±øÏ¬ˇ Δ·

Δ· fl¡± ∏̄1 ̋ √√±ø¬ı ¤‡ÚÓ¬ Œ¸±˜± ◊̋√√ Δ·øÂ√À˘±º ̃ ◊̋√√ ¬ı±È¬ Œ √̋√1n∏ª± ◊̋√√øÂ√À˘± ̋ √√±ø¬ı‡Ú1

˜±Ê√Ó¬º øfl¡c ˝√√±ø¬ı‡Ú Œ¬ıøÂ√ Î¬±„√√1 Ú±øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡±¯∏1 ·“±›‡Ú1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√

Œ˜±fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ’˝√√± Œ‡±Ê√1 ˙s qøÚ¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√À˘±º Œ˜±1 ø¬ıù´±¸ ’±øÂ√˘

Œ˚ ˜˝◊√√ øÚ1±¬Û√, Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ˜˝◊√√ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Δ1 ’±øÂ√À˘±º øfl¡c, Œ¸˝◊√√¸˜˚˛ø‡øÚ

¸“‰¬±Õfl¡ ’¬Û”¬ı« ’±øÂ√˘, Ó¬±Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ·Â√ ’±1n∏ ‰¬1±˝◊√√ø¬ı˘±fl¡1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡±R

Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¤fl¡ ’æ≈√Ó¬ õ∂øSê˚˛± ’±1y Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œ˜±1 ¬ı˚˛¸ 7 1

¬Û1± 8 ¬ıÂ√11 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ıº øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ø˚ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˝◊√√ Œ˜±fl¡ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› Œ1±˜±ø=Ó¬ fl¡À1º Œ¸˝◊√√ø‡øÚ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤fl¡ Δ˝√√

Ôfl¡± ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡›“ ˚ø√› ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ¬Û1± ¬ıUÓ¬ ø¬ıø‰¬ißº

• ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±1Ì…fl¡¬ ¬ı± ŒÓ¬ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ¸—¶ö±¸˜”˝√√1 ΔÊ√ªÕ¬ıø‰¬S

¸—1é¬ÌÓ¬ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± Œfl¡ÀÚ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±À¬ı∑

√1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬, ’±1Ì…Àfl¡ ø˚Ò1ÀÌ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ø˚Ò1ÀÌ

¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ̧ ˜¸…±À¬ı±11 ̃ ≈‡± ≈̃ø‡ Œ √̋√±ª±1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ̂ ¬”ø˜fl¡± Δ˘ÀÂ√ Œ¸ ˛̊± ’Ó¬…ôL

õ∂˙—¸Úœ˚˛º ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’¸˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ø‰¬ôL± fl¡1± ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡íÀ˘, ë¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1

ø‰¬ôL±í ’±1n∏ ë’±1Ì…fl¡í õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¡ Δ˝√√ Δ·ÀÂ√º ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ø‰¬ôL±1

fl¡Ô± fl¡íÀ˘ ’±1Ì…fl¡1 fl¡Ô± Úˆ¬¬ı±Õfl¡ ŒÚ±ª±ø1º ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ¸Ó¬… fl¡Ô±º

’±1Ì…Àfl¡ ¤È¬± ŒÚÓ‘¬Q ø√¬ı ¬Û±ø1ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ̧ ˜¸…±1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ ̃ ≈‡± ≈̃ø‡Õfl¡

˚≈øÊ√ÀÂ√, ̋ ◊√√ ¤fl¡ Î¬±„√√1 fl¡Ô±º ̆ ·ÀÓ¬ ̋ ◊√√ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙fl¡˜œ«1 ̧ ‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1ÀÂ√,

ø˚ÀÈ¬± ’±øÊ√1 ¬Û1± 20 ¬ıÂ√1 ¬ı± 30 ¬ıÂ√1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ̂ ¬¬ı±ÀÈ¬± ’¸yª ’±øÂ√˘º

√√

• ’±¬Û≈øÚ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± &ª±˝√√±È¬œ ˜˝√√±Ú·1œÓ¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙ ¸—1é¬Ì1 Œé¬SÓ¬

˘í¬ı ˘·± ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À¬Û±Ú±1 ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ øfl¡∑

&ª±˝√√±È¬œÓ¬ ¤È¬± ¸≈ø¶ö1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙ Òø1 1‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡ø1¬ı ˘·œ˚˛± ¬ıU ø‡øÚÀ˚˛

’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬±À1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ’±È¬±˝◊√√Ó¬Õfl¡ ≈√‡ ˘±À· Œ˚ ’±ø˜ ¸1n∏ Ô±Àfl¡±ÀÓ¬

Œ˜±1 ¬ıg≈¸fl¡À˘ ¸“±Ó≈¬1± ˆ¬1˘≈ Ú√œ1 ¬Û±Úœ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ”√ø¯∏Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬ÀÚÕfl¡

˜˝◊√√ ¸±“Ó≈¬1± √œ‚˘œ¬Û≈‡≈1œ1 ¬Û±Úœ› ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ”√ø¯∏Ó¬º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√À˚ ¬Û±Úœ›

”√ø¯∏Ó¬ fl¡ø1À˘±, ̃ ±øÈ¬› ”√ø¯∏Ó¬ fl¡ø1À˘±º Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±11 ¬Û1± Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ¬Ûø1S±Ì

Œ¬Û±ª± ˝√√í¬ıº Œ¸˝◊√√ÀÈ¬±1 ø‰¬ôL± ¸±˜¢∂œfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˚ÀÈ¬± ¬Û˚«±˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘±ø·øÂ√˘,

Œ¸˝◊√√Àé¬SÓ¬ ¤È¬± ’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ fl¡1±Ó¬Õfl¡ ‰¬1fl¡±À1± Ó¬±1 ̆ ·Ó¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬Û˚«±˚˛Ó¬

Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±ÀÂ√º


I honestly had an astounding experience with Aaranyak on “9th Field Course inConservation Biology and Global Health”, at Gibbon Conservation Centre, H.Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, held from 10th to 14th December, 2018. Itwould be unquestionably hopeless for anyone of us to work to save wildlife withoutworking to educate the young generation of conservationists. I belong to acommunity Adi (Bori) that has heaps of hunting pressure in the past, present andArunachal Pradesh as a whole. This practice paved a way and as I grew up I becamecrystal clear about my dream. The situation of my state towards conservation ofwildlife is at risks and we need many youngsters’ to come up in the field andvolunteer to fill the research gap along with promoting conservation communicationwith the locals. I want to be one amongst them. As I am on my budding stage oflearning with trial and error method, Aaranyak is one of such organization whoreflects about safeguarding wildlife and the motivating platform to boosts up one’sown self confidence to become active conservationists in the near future andinspiration for better guidance and engine for learning.

The course focuses on a variety of topics relating to Conservation Biology andGlobal Health with a special focus on the Human-Environment Interface. Thesmooth classroom talks included field study method (line transect), with populationassessment, Primates Diversity of North-East India and its Conservation, VultureConservation, an Introduction to an Asian Elephant, an Introduction to GlobalPositioning System, Conservation of Rhinos, Ficus towards conservation ofBiodiversity, Introductory identification difference between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, and filmed demonstration on uses of foldscope. Participantswere allocated into four groups; hiking two transects a day in the morning for thetwo days with hands on training on the field observation technique, equipment andtechnology (such as GPS, camera- trapping, and range finder). As we walked throughthe track we sighted Rhesus macaque, Hoolock Gibbon, Pig tailed macaque and

MY WONDERFULEXPERIENCE

WITH

AARANYAKMary Gaduk

Gibbon Biologist, Biological Park, Itanagar, Arunachal PradeshEmail:[email protected]


capped langur. However, the thrill was to sight Cappedlangur and Pig tailed macaque first time ever in the wild.Community outreach programme involved drawingcompetition for school students with awarding prizesand screening to create impact on community education.

The course was well organized, time valued,enlightenment and informative. The resource personswere very thoughtful and keenly interactive. This trainingupturns my curiosity and lift up my self-confidence tokeep working for conservation of nature so as somedayto wake up my people from darkness and come forwardto create impact towards saving our dwindling wildlife.I met my expectation and in fact till now my bestlearning experience. Participants had the wonderfulexperience of learning and handling GPS, range finder,blow gun and setting of the camera for the very firsttime and hence felt like proud wild lifers. The trainingexposed me to the world of new technology such asfoldscope, which was never known to me till I attendedthe course and immediately ordered online on amazon

as soon as I returned from the field which is an instantimpact. The activity of pre-and post-test conductedby Prof. Randel Kyes to evaluate our performance waspretty innovative and had handful impact to theparticipants. It is extremely commendable that thecourse was very diverse and we managed to cover theentire syllabus within short duration of four days.

I admire and bow my respect to a society that workwith local people for conservation of biodiversity ofNortheast in particular and India as whole. I put mygratitude with thanks for giving me this great chance tobe part of the programme and making the course worthyto applause. My sincere thanks are due to Dilip Chetryin particular, Prof. Randel Kyes, Mridu Paban Phukanand the entire respectable resource person for skippingtheir valuable work for building us mentally andphysically to come out better and make this world a betterplace to live. A big thanks to my fellow participants,nothing could be better without all of them and the staffswho contributed in the training course.


Confiscation by government authorities is a meansto discourage illegal trade to assist conservation. As asolution to snake confiscation, the authorities shouldput a humane solution by releasing the animals 1. Backto the wild, 2. Held captive in the lifelong care facilities(Zoo, rescue center, aquaria etc) 3. Humanly destroy(euthanize) them. However it is to be mentioned thatany of the above option must have to be made inaccordance to wildlife protection act 1972 and anyrelease to the wild must include the necessary screeningand monitoring to address potential negative impacts,as set forth in the IUCN guidelines for reintroduction(IUCN 1998). Most important source of confiscatedsnakes are from Snakes charmers and the mostcommon species confiscated are Naja naja (BinocledCobra), Naja kaouthia (Monocled Cobra), Ptyas mucosa(Indian Rat Snake), Coelognathus radiatus (Copper headedTrinket Snake), Gongylophis conicus (John’s Sand Boa),Eryx johnii (Red Sand Boa), Chrysopelia ornata (OrnateFlying Snake), Ahaetulla pulverulentus (Vine Snake).

Option 1: Back to the wild:Confiscated snakes whose origin are known or are

freshly captured from a known local area can bereleased back to the wild after proper veterinaryscreening. Also fit individuals of a species that isnaturally distributed in the area of procurement canbe assessed for release only under expert opinion.However, following are the difficulties to releaseconfiscated snakes into the wild:1. Confiscated snakes are often found in a poor health

state. Many of the venomous species like cobraare defanged and carry mouth rot disease. Thusmortality is high and a weak snake unlikely tosurvive in the wild.

2. Many xeric adapted species like Sand boa, Royalsnake cannot survive in mesic areas like NortheastIndia if released into the wild.

PROTOCOL TO DEALWITH CONFISCATED SNAKES

Dr. Abhijit Das, Scientist-C, Wildlife Institute of IndiaPhone: 0135-2646205 | E-mail :[email protected]


3. Snakes released into the wild outside natural rangemight become pest or invasive species that mayreplace native biodiversity.

4. Confiscated snakes often carry disease and parasitesthat can infect wild species if released into wild.

5. Provenance of confiscated snakes are often remainunknown thus difficult to ascertain thegeographical race of the species.

6. Confiscated snakes often belong to common speciesand doesn’t belong to high conservation category.Thus generation resource (e.g. financial) for releaseinto wild becomes difficult.

Option 2: Captive CareKeeping confiscated snakes in temporary captive

care might help the snake to be fit enough for releaseinto wild. On the other hand, life time care facilities(Zoo, rescue centers, aquaria) help in Snake awareness,as a stock for future captive breeding programme andpotential use in conservation and other valuableresearch programme.The costs of keeping snakes in captivity might include:1. A diseased snake might infect other captive snakes.2. Long time captive care of ever increasing number

of confiscated snakes require space, finance andexpertise not readily available and the practice oftenoverpopulate the cage degrading the care facility.

Reference:

IUCN guidelines for the placement of confiscated animals. Approved by the 51st meeting of the IUCN council, Gland, Switzerland,February, 2000.


Figure: Five question after snake confiscation


AaranyakComposed by:Tushar Ghosh

G-680

From time immemorialOn this earth

Prior to pre-historic ageSince homo-sapien’s birth

Reigned supreme in men’s heartAnd inexplicable wanderlust.

Aeons passed, terra and depthsSky and space got explored

Inch by inch remotest cornersUnseen even got exposed.

Tenzing to Gagrin, Scott to ChawlaAmundsen to Armstrong excelled

The grey-matters enhanced byScience incredible has always prevailed

The fires still burns more intensewith conservation’s and research’s flame

Why not? As ‘Aaranyak’ shinesIn this darkest world, like a gem!


EXPLORATION FOR GENETIC EVIDENCES OFBENGAL TIGER (PANTHERA TIGRIS TIGRIS)

PRESENCE IN DAMPA TIGER RESERVE, MIZORAMAuthorUdayan Borthakur1, Pranjal Kr Das1, Rumi Dev Barman1, Jimmy Borah2, Lalthan Puia2, Anupam Sarmah2,Joseph Vattakavan2, Laltlanhlua Zathang3

Affiliations and addresses:1Wildlife Genetics Laboratory, Aaranyak, House No. 12, Kanaklata Path in Bir Lachit Path, Ajanta Path,Survey, Beltola, Guwahati-781028, India2WWF India, 172-B, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi-110003, India3Office of the Field Director, Dampa Tiger Reserve, West Phaileng, Mizoram

Corresponding AuthorUdayan BorthakurE-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: 91 361 2235758; Fax: 91 361 2228418

Abstract:Noninvasive genetic sampling provides ways of

confirming presence and estimating population size ofelusive species such as Bengal Tiger. These tools areespecially useful in areas of low population density andphysically challenging mountainous terrain. In thepresent study, carnivore scats were collected from theDampa Tiger Reserve located in the state of Mizoramto genetically identify samples of tiger origin and toestimate the minimum number of individuals present.The field sampling of scats was undertaken by the FieldDirector, Dampa Tiger Reserve, during regular anti-poaching patrolling jointly with Aaranyak and WWFduring December 2011 to March 2012. Genetic spe-cies identification using mitochondrial DNA basedmarkers confirmed that nine out of the twenty six scatsamples collected from Dampa Tiger Reserve were oftiger origin. Further, three unique multilocus genotypeswere identified from nine tiger scats using polymor-phic microsatellite markers. The present study demon-strates the utility of noninvasive genetic tools in study-ing elusive species in low density areas.

Keywords: Dampa Tiger Reserve, Panthera tigristigris, noninvasive genetics, mitochondrial marker,microsatellite marker

Introduction:Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is protected as a

Schedule-I species under Wildlife (Protection) Act,India (1972) and categorized as Endangered by IUCNRed List (IUCN 2012). Population monitoring of largecarnivores such as tiger is difficult to conduct becausethey are rare and roam over large distances and remoteareas (Schipper et al. 2008). Some of the present meth-ods of enumeration of tigers include pugmark study,photographic capture with remotely triggered camerasand noninvasive genetic analysis of scats. The photo-graphic capture method has been widely used for esti-mation of population size of tigers over the years(Karanth and Nichols 1998, Karanth and Sunquist2000, Karanth et al. 2004, Simchareon et al. 2007).However, the method has a number of potentialdrawbacksespecially in low density areas (Mondol etal. 2009). In the given context, noninvassive geneticstools can be effectively used for estimating tiger popu-lation.

In India, the noninvasive genetic technique has beensuccessfully implemented for estimation tiger popula-tion in recent years (Mondol et al. 2009, Borthakur etal. 2011, Borthakur et al. 2013). The method involvesidentification of genuine tiger scats from other sympa-

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE


report on the status of tigers in India suggests that thisregion could support a viable tiger population if man-aged as a trans-boundary population with Myanmar andalso with contiguous forests with Bangladesh. Ahmedand Talukdar (2010) in a report submitted to the NTCAof India stated that the DTR is one of the importantlandscapes in the Indo-Bangladesh border with con-tiguous forests in both the countries that could be anideal site for transboundary conservation of flora andfauna that facilitates migration of species across theborder. DTR has some connectivity to that ofKassalong Reserve Forest on Bangladesh side (Ahmedand Talukdar 2010), where there are reports of tigerpresence. This area is already within an area classifiedas a Tiger Restoration Landscape, contiguous with theNorthern Forest Complex-Namdapha-Royal ManasGlobal Priority Tiger Conservation Landscape(Sanderson et al. 2006).

tric carnivore species using mitochondrial markers. Inthe next step, polymorphic microsatellite markers areused for the identification of individual tiger throughdetermination of unique genetic profiles of individu-als. Further, sex identification of tiger individuals iscarried out using sex-chromosome associated markers.Apart from population estimation, noninvasive geneticsampling of wildlife population is a powerful tool forassessing demography, gene flow, population structureand this technique is increasingly used in conservationgenetics (Sharma et al. 20013, Reddy et al. 2012).

In the present study, carnivore scat samples werecollected from Dampa Tiger Reserve (DTR), as partof a joint effort of the Field Directorate, Dampa TigerReserve (DTR), Aaranyak and WWF-India. The scatsamples were analyzed in the Wildlife Genetics Labo-ratory of Aaranyak, Guwahati to identify samples oftiger origin using species-specific mitochondrial markerand thereby determine locations with tiger presence inthe area. Further, the number of individuals in the con-firmed tiger samples was determined, which providesthe minimum number of tigers present in DTR.

Materials and Methods

Study AreaDampa Tiger Reserve (Figure 1)lies in the Mamit

district of Mizoram, with an area of 988 km2, of which500 km2 is categorized as the core area. Mizoram liesin the Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot, withan impressive forest cover of 90.69% and 39% noti-fied forest area of the total area (FSI India State ForestReport 2011). With the state of Mizoram sharing in-ternational boundary with Myanmar (404 km) andBangladesh (318 km), DTR share its western bound-ary approximately 76 km (62 km of the core area) withBangladesh by River Saza. The geographic location ofDTR to that of Myanmar and Bangladesh makes it animportant corridor for gene flow of tigers from thesource populations of northeastern India (Jhala et al.2008), such a Pakke-Nameri population, which is con-tiguous till Namdapha in the east and further extend-ing south to DTR. The major source population ofKaziranga is connected to this forest extent throughKarbi-Anglong Hill forests. Thus, Dampa may estab-lish a potential corridor for long term gene flow to thatof Myanmar and Balgladesh. Jhala et al. (2011) in their

Figure 1: Map showing Dampa Tiger Reserve,Mizoram, indicating range & beat headquarters


Collection of Carnivore Scat SampleField survey for carnivore scat collection was car-

ried out by a joint team of the Field Directorate, DTRand a field team from Aaranyak and WWF-India dur-ing December 2011 to March 2012. The entire teamwas divided into two units and each unit undertooksurvey for multiple days in different tracks runningfrom the north to the south of the Tiger Reserve. Scatsamples collected during this survey were transportedto the laboratory, where these were kept at – 20o Cuntil DNA extraction. The GPS locations of all thescat samples were also noted during field sampling forfuture reference.

Extraction of DNADNA extractions for all the scats were performed

using the guanidine isothiocyanate - silica based pro-tocol, albeit with few modifications from Boom et al.(1990). All DNA extractions were performed in a roomdedicated to low copy-number DNA work. For everyextraction, negative controls composed of reagentblanks without the scat sample were included to moni-tor contamination.

Genetic Species Identification :We have used four mitochondrial genetic markers

developed by Mukherjee et al. (2007) for identifica-tion of tiger scats. These are Polymerase Chain Reac-tion (PCR) based mitochondrial markers where thespecies identity is based on the presence or absenceproducts of specific size, determined through agarosegel electrophoresis. PCR reactions were carried outusing QIAGEN Multiplex PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Ger-many) following standard PCR conditions describedby Mukherjee et al. (2007). 10 µl volume of PCR reac-tion were performed, using 2.5 µl of scat DNA.

Microsatellite Genotyping :A panel of 8 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci

optimized by Borthakur et al. (2011) for individualidentification of tigers were used for genotyping tigerscat samples. The forward primers of eachmicrosatellite marker used in the study were labelledat the 5’ end with fluorescent dyes viz., 6–FAM (blue),PET (red), VIC (green) or NED (yellow), while thereverse primers were not labelled. All the PCR werecarried out in multiplex of four loci in a single 10 µl

reaction, each loci labelled with a separate fluorescentdye. Multiplexing were carried out using QIAGENMultiplex PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Germany) followingstandard kit protocols for reagent concentration with0.2 µM of each primer and 2.5 µl template DNA. Thethermal cycling were performed with 95° C initial de-naturation for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94° Cfor 45 sec, 52° for 45 sec and 72° C for 60 sec fol-lowed by a 72° C for 15 min final extension step. PCRproducts generated after amplification were loaded ina capillary electrophoresis based ABI 3130 GeneticAnalyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA) and the allele siz-ing were done using the software Peak Scanner V1.0(Applied Biosystems, USA).

Genetic Analysis :Each sample and loci were typed for three or more

replicates depending on the genotype discrepancy(Navidi et al. 1992) and consensus genotypes were cre-ated from these repeat genotypes. Microsatellitegenotyping errors principally arise due to allelic drop-out (ADO) or false alleles (FA), these two types oferror were also estimated using the software GIMLETv 1.3.3 (Valiere 2002).From the microsatellite geno-type data the probability of identity (PID) and Prob-ability of identity among siblings (PID-sibs) were cal-culated using the software GIMLET v 1.3.3 (Valiere2002). The unique multilocus microsatellite genotypes,i.e., individual tigers were identified using the identityanalysis module of the program CERVUS (Marshall etal. 1998). Sex identification for all the confirmed tigerscat samples were performed using the Y chromosomelinked SRY loci as demonstrated in the domestic cat

Fca628

HDZ170

Ple51

HDZ700

F53

4

3

3

3

5

93-109

210-222

185-199

139-153

125-159

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

LocusName

No. ofAlleles

AlleleRange

ADO(%)

FA (%)

Tables 1: Results of five microsatellite markers usedfor individual identification of the 9 tiger scat samples.


References

Ahmed, M.F., & B. K. Talukdar (2010). A rapid appraisal ofDampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram. Stripes: 17-18.

Boom, R., C.J.A. Sol, M.M.M. Salimans, C.L. Lansen, P.M.E.Wertheim-van-Dillen & J.V.D. Noorda (1990). Rapid and simplemethod for purification of nucleic acids. Journal of ClinicalMicrobiology 28(3):495–503.

Borthakur, U., R.D. Barman, C. Das, A. Basumatary, A. Talukdar,M.F.Ahmed, B.K. Talukdar & R. Bharali (2011). Noninvasivegenetic monitoring of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) population ofOrang National Park in the Brahmaputra floodplain, Assam,India. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57: 603–613.

Borthakur, U., R.P. Saini, S.S. Gupta, R. Jakher, C. Das, A.K.Das, P. K. Sarma, B. K. Talukdar & R. Bharali (2013).Noninvasive genetic assessment of population status of tigers(Panthera tigris tigris) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India.International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 27-32.

individualization panel, MEOWPLEX (Butler 2002,Butler et al. 2002), following the methodology de-scribed by (Borthakur et al. 2011).

Results :A total of 26 carnivore scat samples were collected

from DTR during the field survey. The DNA extrac-tions were carried out for all the 26 scats. Genetic analy-sis showed that 9 out of the 26 scat samples were oftiger origin. 11 samples were found to be of non-tigerorigin while the rest of the samples failed to produceany result.

Out of the 8 microsatellite markers used, 5mark-ers viz., Fca628, HDZ170, Ple51, HDZ700, and F53produced usable data and were selected for furtheranalysis (Table 1). The genotyping error rates i.e., ADOand FA for these 5 markers ranged between 0 to 2%(Table 1). The productPID and PID-sib values werefound to be 1.08×10-4 and 1.94 × 10-2 respectively(Figure 2).

The programme CERVUS identified 3 uniquemultilocus genotypes i.e., three individual tigers out ofthe 9 tiger samples. Molecular sexing confirmed two ofthe three individual tigers identified from scat DNA asmale while the sex identity of the third individual couldnot be determined after repeated sexing PCR assay.

DiscussionThe present study confirms the presence of mini-

mum three tiger individuals in the Dampa Tiger Reserve,Mizoram. The results also demonstrate the applicabilityof noninvasive genetic tool as an alternative to the tra-ditional field based methods such as camera trappingfor

monitoring of tiger, especially, in low density reservessuch as Dampa. Further, Dampa Tiger Reserve coversan area of 988 km2 which is characterized by high al-titude mountains that are fed by hundreds of streamsand rivers (Devi et al. 2011) andsetting up of cameratrapsis often difficult owing to requirement of a largenumber of cameras and skilled personal for such anexercise. On the other hand, collection of noninvasivesamples such as scat can be effectively carried out bytrained local forest staff giving greater efficiency interms of area coverage and greater capture probabil-ity.

AcknowledgementsWe are thankful to the National Tiger Conserva-

tion Authority, Govt. of India, for providing neces-sary permission for collection of scat samples fromDampa Tiger Reserve. We thank Field EntertainmentInc. USA for providing funds to Wildlife Genetics Di-vision for undertaking this genetic study. We are alsothankful to the officials and staff of Department ofEnvironment and Forest, Mizoram and Field Direc-torate, Dampa Tiger Reserve for entrusting upon usby providing us scat samples collected from the areaas well as allowing us to work in the area for tiger

Figure 2: Graphical representation of PIDand PID-sibs value of the five microsatellite markers in 9 tigerscat samples from Dampa Tiger Reserve.


Butler, J.M. (2002). Information on the Cat STR Multiplex Developed at NIST and a Protocol for its Use on the ABI 310 and ABI 3100Instruments. A Technical Report submitted to the National Institute of Justice, USA. pp-10.

Butler, J.M., V.A. David, S.J. O’Brien & M. Menotti-Raymond (2002). The MeowPlex: A New DNA Test using Tetranucleotide STRMarkers for the Domestic Cat. In Profiles in DNA, Promega Corporation, September 2002, pp 7–10.

Devi, H.S., Hmingthangpuii & K. K. Sarma (2011). Change in Vegetation Cover of Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, North East India: ASerious Threat to Tiger Population. Journal of Experimental Sciences 2(9): 1-6.

Jhala, Y.V., R. Gopal & Q.Qureshi (eds.) (2008). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India. National Tiger ConservationAuthority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 08/001 pp-151Jhala, Y.V., Q. Qureshi, R. Gopal & P. R. Sinha (eds.) (2011). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators and Prey in India. National TigerConservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.TR 2011/003 pp-302.

Karanth, K.U. & J.D. Nichols (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data using photographic captures andrecaptures. Ecology 79:2852–2862.

Karanth, K.U. & M.E. Sunquist (2000). Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole(Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India. Journal of Zoology 250: 255–265.

Karanth, K.U., J.D. Nichols, N.S. Kumar, W.A. Link & J.E. Hines (2004). Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from preyabundance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 4854–4858.

Marshall, T.C., J. Slate, L.E.B. Kruuk & J.M. Pemberton (1998). Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in naturalpopulations. Molecular Ecology 7: 639–655.

Mondol, S., K.U. Karanth, N.S. Kumar, A.M. Gopalaswamy, A. Andheris & U. Ramakrishnan (2009). Evaluation of non-invasivegenetic sampling methods for estimating tiger population size. Biological Conservation 242(10): 2350–2360.

Mukherjee, N., S. Mondol, A. Andheria & U. Ramakrishnan (2007). Rapid multiplex PCR based identification of wild tigers usingnoninvasive samples. Conservation Genetics 8: 1465–1470.

Navidi, W., N. Arnheim & M. S. Waterman (1992). A multiple-tubes approach for accurate genotyping of very small DNA samples byusing PCR: statistical considerations. American Journal of Human Genetics 50: 347–359.

Reddy, P.A., D.S. Gour, M. Bhavanishankar, K. Jaggi, S.M, Hussain, K. Harika & S. Shivaji (2012). Genetic Evidence of Tiger Popula-tion Structure and Migration within an Isolated and Fragmented Landscape in Northwest India. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29827. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029827

Sanderson, E., J. Forrest, C. Loucks, J. Ginsberg, E. Dinerstein, J. Seidensticker, P. Leimgruber, M. Songer, A. Heydlauff, T. O’brien, G.Bryja, S. Klenzendorf, & E. Wikramanayake (2006). Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005-2015. TheTechnical Assessment. WCS, WWF, Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF, New York - Washington, D.C.

Schipper, J. et al (2008). The status of the world’s land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 141: 67–77.

Simcharoen, S., A. Pattanavibool, K.U. Karanth, J.D. Nichols & N.S. Kumar (2007). How many tigers (Panthera tigris) are there in HuaiKha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand? An estimate using photographic capture–recapture sampling. Oryx 41: 447–453.

Sharma, S., T. Dutta, J.E. Maldonado, T.C. Wood, H.S. Panwar & J. Seidensticker (2013). Spatial genetic analysis reveals high connectivityof tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in the Satpura–Maikal landscape of Central India. Ecology and Evolution 3: 48–60.

Valiere, N. (2002). GIMLET: a computer program for analyzing genetic individual identification data. Molecular Ecology Notes; https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00228.x-i2


LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGE IN HOLLONGAPARGIBBON WILDLIFE SANCTUARY AND BUFFER AREAS

USING GEO-SPATIAL TECHNOLOGYAuthorArup Kumar Das1,2, Madhushree Das1, Madhumita Borthakur1, Dilip Chetry2, Bibhab Kumar Talukdar2,Anukul Nath3, Pranjit Kumar Sharma4

Affiliations and addresses:1Dept. of Geography, Gauhati University, Assam.2Aaranyak, Assam.3Wildlife Institute of India.4Dept. of Geography, Mongoldai College, Assam.

Corresponding Author:Arup Kumar [email protected]

Abstract:This study was carried out in Hollongapar Gibbon

Wildlife Sanctuary and 1 kilometer buffer area. It coversa total Geographical area of 47 square kilometer, outof which Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 20.98square kilometer. An attempt was made to evaluatethe changes that have taken place between 1989 to2011. Remote Sensing and Geographical InformationSystem was extensively used for analyze the land use/Land cover change pattern. Satellite imageries ofLandsat TM, USGS of 1989, IRS P6 LISS III of 2003& IRS P6 LISS III of 2011 satellite imageries were usedfor analysing of Land Use-Land Cover change analysis.Different Image Processing techniques were appliedby using ERDAS 9.1 software, such as Spectral &Radiometric Enhancement to improve the quality ofthe imagery to acquire more information forinterpretation. Subseting of satellite images were done.Handheld GPS Garmin 60 was used to acquire theGeographical position and ground verification. In thepresent study visual interpretation was done by ArcGIS 9.3 software. Base map of different vector layerssuch as roads and wildlife sanctuary boundary weredigitized from Survey of India Topographical sheet No.83J/6. ASTER DEM 30 meter resolution data was

used to analyze the elevation range of the study area.The study shows the decreasing trend of area underEvergreen forest from 1989 to 2011. In 1989,Evergreen forest represents 15.74 Sq. Km (33.48%),It has decrease to 13.24 Sq. Km (28.17%) in 2003 andfollowed by 11.57 Sq. Km (24.61%) in 2011. On theother hand, it has been observed that the area undertea garden has the increasing trend from 1989 to 2011.In 1989, the area under Tea garden covers an area of15.65 Sq. Km (33.27%) and in 2011, it covers an areaof 13.24 Sq. Km (28.17%).

Key Words:Remote Sensing, GIS, Land use, Satellite Image.

Introduction:North-eastern region of India, counted among the

world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, has remained abiological frontier even well into the twenty-firstcentury. Recent explorations into these forests havecontinued to yield discoveries of new species and rangeextensions for many faunal groups (Athreya 2006; Daset al. 2006; Datta et al. 2003; Mishra et al. 2006; Pawarand Birand 2001; Sinha et al. 2005). This region’s UpperBrahmaputra Valley harbors wet alluvial grasslands and

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE


lowland tropical evergreen forests, regarded among themost threatened forest types in the world. Thebiologically diverse and unique Upper BrahmaputraValley of north-eastern India has experienced ahistorical deforestation of its tropical lowland forestsover the last two centuries. Extensive land-use changes,mainly brought about by the expansion of teaplantations and agriculture, has resulted in the dramatictransformation of the once contiguous forests of theregion into many small and isolated forest fragmentsthat extend over less than a quarter of the valley today.Land cover and land use are often assumed to beidentical, they are rather quite different. Land covermay be defined as the biophysical earth surface, whileland use is often shaped by human, socio-economicand political influence on the land (Nagendra et al.2003).Information on land use / land cover in the form ofmaps and statistical data is very vital for spatial planning,management and utilization of land for agriculture,forestry, pasture, urban-industrial, environmentalstudies, economic production, etc.(Chopra et al. 1997).Remote sensing, integrated with GeographicInformation System (GIS), provides an effective toolfor analysis of land-use and land cover changes at amacro, meso and micro level which could potentiallyenhance management of critical habitats for wildlife.Therefore, we have used remotely sensed satelliteimageries and GIS techniques were used to analyze thepresent land use/ land cover pattern & changes from1989 to 2011 of Hollongapar Gibbon WLS.

Study Area :The Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is

located in the Jorhat district with a distance of 20 km,Assam (India). It is situated in close proximity to theNaga Hills and the town of Mariani. Its geographicallocation is 26Ú40Ń to 26Ú45Ń latitude and 94Ú20Éto 94Ú25É longitude. As per the official records, thesanctuary accounts for an area of 20.98sq.km.(Bhattacharjee et al. 2012) Formerly it was called“Hollongapar Reserve Forest”; that was declared as awildlife sanctuary in 1997. (Chetia, et al., 2012; Kalita,et al., 2012.) , There is an army base on the westernboundary, which takes up 4sq km of the 20.98 km 2sanctuary. The army base was established during theChinese war of aggression in 1963, there is no place in

the vicinity to shift it. The sanctuary officially extendsto the Dissoi Valley Reserve Forest, Dissoi ReserveForest, and Tiru Hill Reserve Forest, which are usedas dispersal areas for Indian elephants (Elephas maximusindicus) and other animals (Haziraka. et al., 2005; Gupta.et al., 2005.) The park has been often regarded as theman made forest. The study area is surrounded byhuman population or villages in the northern, westernand southern directions. (Fig. 1)

The northern side is bounded by Madhupur, Bhogpur,Gobinpur villages and Jetukia Tea garden. The westernBoundary is surrounded by the Bhogdoi River,Pukhuriagaon, MES village, Kathalghuri and KaliapaniTea garden. South western side is bordered by Santipurvillage and Lakhipur village. The southern boundary isbordered by Kathalguri Tea garden. Dihingapar,Bhelaguri tea garden and lakhipurgaon lies on the easternpart. On the mid southern part from Santipur village toLakhipur village, railway line divides the sanctuary.Thealtitude of the study area ranges between of 43m -165mMSL.

Objectives :The present study was carried out in order to

achieve the following objectives:1. To understand the present land-use and land-cover

of the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary andits 1 km buffer area and to make a classificationthereof;

2. To estimate the trend of land use/ Land Coverchange;

3. To create a GIS database of the protected areasfor proper biodiversity conservation and futureresearch work.

Fig 1: Study Area Map


Methodology :Multi date satellite imageries were used to analyze the

land use/ land cover change dynamics in the study area.Besides this, the Survey of India topographical sheet no.83 J/6 at 1:50,000 scales were used for delineation of forestboundary and Google earth was used for baselineinformation for the study area. Satellite imageries LandsatTM 1989, IRS LIS III 2003 and IRS LIS III 2011 were usedto analyze the land cover change dynamics in the studyarea. Subset operation of satellite imageries of 1989, 2003and 2011 were carried out by creating an area of interest(AOI) layer of the vector layer of forest boundary with its1 km buffer. The details of the datasets used in this studyare shown inTable- 1.

Table-1: Dataset used for Land use/Land Cover.

After sub setting, the images of the study area wereprocessed through spectral enhancement technique usingERDAS Imagine 9.2 software. Onscreen digitizationtechnique was used to assess the land use/land cover changedynamics in the study area from 1989 to 2011. Groundtruth verification was made and based on the groundverification data, classes were assigned in the images.

Result and discussion :The entire study area was classified and the following

land-use/land-cover types were obtained, shown in (Table-2).The entire land use/ land cover of the study area iscategorized into seven classes based on field visit. Theclasses are as follows: Evergreen forest, Scrub forest, TeaGarden, Agriculture, Human settlement-Home garden,Water body and River sand.

From the land use and land cover change analysis ofHollongapar Gibbon WLS and its surrounding areas which

includes 1 km buffer area from the WLS boundary. It hasbeen observed that Evergreen forest has decreasing trendfrom 15.74 km² in the year 1989 to 13.24 km² in the year2003 with a net change of 2.5 km² and it has decreased upto 11.57 km² in the year 2011, with a net change ofevergreen forest from 2003 to 2011 was 1.67 km². Thedecreasing trend of evergreen forest was mostly due to theillegal cutting of trees mostly on the north eastern sides ofthe sanctuary and on the buffer areas. The regenerationtrees were illegally cutting down mostly on the western partby the fringe villagers. It has also been observed that treeswere uprooted by elephants in some cases which is notfrequent and also by strong winds fallen trees in thesanctuary. Due to the decreasing trend of evergreen forestresults in the destruction of the habitat of animals mainlyelephants and ultimately the animals move to the nearbyareas and create human wildlife conflict. The scrub foresthas an increasing trend from 6.18 km² in the year 1989 to7.38 km² in the year 2003, with net change between 1989to 2003, represents 1.2 km². It has further increased up to8.91 km² in the year 2011; with a net change from 2003 to2011 was 1.53 km². The increasing trend of scrub forest ismainly due to natural increase of secondary forest anddecrease in evergreen forest cover, which is converted intoscrub forest. It has been observed that tea garden hasincreasing trend from 15.64 km² in the year 1989 to 16.54km² in the year 2003. With a net change of 0.9 km² duringthis period. In the year 2011, the tea garden covered 18.25km² and the net change of tea garden from 2003 to 2011 is1.71 km².

The increasing trend of tea garden is mainly due tothe presence of big tea garden surrounding thesanctuary and due to rapid destruction of elephants

Fig 2: Land use / Land Cover in 1989

Landsat TM 135/42 14 January, 1989

IRS LISS III 112/53 19 January, 2003

IRS LISS III 112/53 07 April, 2011

SOI toposheet No.83 J/6 1:50,000 1974

Google Earth 2010

Data Type Path/Row Date ofacquisition


Table No. 4.3a. Showing land use / land cover class and its area in 1989, 2003 & 2011.

Evergreen Forest 15.74 33.489 13.24 28.17 11.57 24.61

Scrub Forest 6.18 13.148 7.38 15.702 8.91 18.96

Tea Garden 15.64 33.277 16.54 35.194 18.25 38.829

Agriculture 6.03 12.829 6.31 13.425 4.2 8.94

Human Settlement/ 2.53 5.385 2.89 6.148 3.16 6.725home garden

Water Body 0.7 1.489 0.59 1.255 0.65 1.383

River Sand 0.18 0.383 0.05 0.106 0.26 0.553

Land use/land cover Area in km2 Area in (%) Area in km2 Area in (%) Area in km2 Area in (%)class (1989) (2003) (2011)

The decreasing trend of agriculture is mainly due toconversion of the agricultural fields mainly paddy fieldinto small tea garden areas.

It has been observed that human settlement andhome garden has increasing trend. 2.53 km² in the year1989 to 2.89 km² in the year 2003, with a net changeof 0.36 km² and 3.16 km² in the year 2011. Net changebetween 2003 to 2011 is 0.27 km². The increasing trendof human settlement and home garden is due to increasein human population. The maximum increase wasobserved on the western side. The increase in the areaof human settlement ultimately leads human wildlifeconflict. It has been observed that there has decreasing

on the agricultural crops, local people converted theirpaddy fields into small plots of tea gardens. Most ofthe local people practiced tea cultivation which is lessdamaged by elephants. Tea gardens near villages areserving as a good habitat for leopard, they hide in thesetea garden and attacks on the cattle’s and sometimespeople.It has been observed that agriculture has increasingtrend from 6.03 km² in the year 1989 to 6.31 km² inthe year 2003 with a net change of 0.28 km² and it hasdecreased up to 4.2 km² in the year 2011; with a netchange of agriculture from 2003 to 2011 was 2.11 km².




References

Nagaraja, R., Navalgund, R.R., (2003) “Land Use/ Land Cover change with Special Reference to India,” Land Use/ Land Cover andManagement Practices in India, edited by Gautam, N.C., Raghavswamy, V. 2003, B.S. Publication, pp 15-27.

Chopra, R., Verma, V.K., Sharma, P.K., (1997) “Assessment of natural resources for conservation of Harike wetland (Punjab), Indiathrough remote sensing technology.” GIS Development, online publication. www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1997/ts7/ts7008pf.htm

Bhattacharjee, S., (2012) “The scenario of man elephant conflict in Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam, India”,International Journal of Scientific and Research publications, Vol2, Issue 8,pp1-3.Chetia, P., Kalita, K. D., (2012) “Diversity and Distribution of Spiders from Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India”, Asian Journalof Conservation Biology, Vol. 1, pp 5-1.

Hazarika, Reneema., Gupta, A. K., (2005) ”Resource Sharing by Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock) with two primate species inGibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India”. Envis: Wildlife and Protected Areas 8. ISSN 0972-088X.

trend of water body from 1989 to 2003 with a netchange of 0.11 km² and increase from 2003 to 2011with a net change of o.o6 km². This is the only watersource for animals which leads to conflict. The riversand has decreased from 1989 to 2003 with a netchange of 0.13 km² and increase from 2003 to 2011.Conclusion :

Change in the land use/land cover directlydisturbs the natural environment of the wildlife

sanctuary. The small size of the sanctuary still holdsrich diversity of flora and fauna species. Conflicts areoccurring on both the side’s wildlife and people. Theyare sharing the common surroundings to satisfy theirneeds and wants. Proper measures have to be taken toconserve the sanctuary and its wildlife population bylegal inclusion of some parts of buffer areas as protectedunder the jurisdiction of the sanctuary and try to reducethe loss of life and property of the fringe villagers.


RED PANDA,SOLE REPRESENTATIVE OF FAMILY: AILURIDAE

A SHORT REVIEW ON ECOLOGY AND THREATS

AuthorMitrajit Deb1, Udayan Borthakur1 and Shubhadeep Roychoudhury2

Affiliations and Address1Wildlife Genetics Division, Aaranyak, Guwahati2Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University

Corresponding Author:Mitrajit Deb, E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractRed panda belonging to Family Ailuridae (cat bears)

are endangered species across its geographical homerange. Red panda are known habitat specialists,generally found in subtropical and temperate forestswith a bamboo species as their major diet. Currentlyhabitat destruction along with hunting and trade aremajor threat to this species. Forest fragmentation andloss of corridors are further creating risk of inbreedingdepression in isolated populations. The present workreviews the taxonomy, distribution, ecology andprotection measures adopted to conserve thisenchanting species.Keywords: red panda, endangered, distribution, habitatspecialist, threats, conservation

IntroductionThe iconic black and white giant pandas are so

captivating that have somehow overshadowed anotherenchanting species, the “Red Panda”. The red pandaare very elusive, shy and solitary that it takes specialluck to see them in wild. Strangely red panda is noteven related to the giant panda. The giant pandabelongs to Family Ursidae (Bears) whereas the redpanda belongs to its own taxonomically unique FamilyAiluridae. The giant panda and the red panda do sharesome of the same characteristics through aphenomenon called as “convergent evolution.”

In India, red panda was first discovered by an

English General Thomas Hardwicke in 1821 and thenaming was done by Frederic Cuvier in 1825.Hardwicke first came across this species while beingposted in Darjeeling, India. He wrote his completeencounter with Red panda which was publishedsubsequently.

Taxonomically the species was named as Ailurusfulgens which literally means “cat with shining fur”. InChina the species is locally known as Hun-ho whichmeans fire fox owing to its shining red fur. FredericCuvier was extremely fascinated with the species andprobably borrowed the word panda from Nepaleseword “ponya” which means bamboo eater referring toits habit of preferring bamboo species as a major partof its diet. Like gaint panda, red panda also lovesbamboo. Red panda also feeds on lichens, fruits, rootsof some species and occasionally gorges on smallermammals, bird eggs and young birds.

Recent advances in genetic researches have helpedin better understanding of its taxonomy. Earlier, basedon morphological characteristics it was clubbed as asister taxon of the giant panda or a relative of the bearsand even with racoons. It was also thought to be amonotype within the Arctoidea superfamily of thecarnivore. Molecular studies have disregarded earlierassumptions based on morphologic resemblances only.Today red panda’s are considered as the onlyrepresentative of Ailuridae family (cat bears) belongingto Order Carnivora. Genetic studies have provided

REVIEW


closer insights and now two sub-species of the redpanda can be found in the Himalaya and itsnortheastern border mountain ranges.

Both sub-species Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurusfulgens styani are now categorized as threatened mammalspecies. The geographic range of red pandas extendsacross the Himalayan regions of Nepal, India, Bhutan,Myanmar and China and are reported between 2200and 4800 m altitude. Red pandas are generally foundin subtropical and temperate forests with a bamboo-thicket understory. Although, tropical forests ofMeghalaya in India also harbor this species which is anexception. Red pandas have small home range and areknown habitat specialists.

In last two decades researchers have finally studiedhabitat use and diet of this largely mysterious species.In the protected areas of Darjeeling in India, the redpanda was often found to occur on steeper slopes wherebamboo in high density. Across its home range, redpandas are known to commonly feed on bamboo speciesbelonging to the genera- Arundinaria, Phyllostachys,Thamnocalamus, Chimonobambusa, Semiarundinaria,Pseudosyachyum, and Qiongzhuea. A study conducted inSinghalila National Park found that red pandaspreferred Arundinaria maling and A. aristata as their mostfavored species. Occasionally, they also gorged onseasonal fruits and bamboo shoots. During breedingseason female panda give birth to 1 to 4 young onesand tends them until they are mature enough. Malepanda usually do not take part in rearing of young ones.

Threats and conservationNational Geographic describes them as victims of

deforestation and categorizes red panda as ‘at-riskspecies’. The loss and fragmentation of this habitatthreatens the red panda throughout its range. In recentyears tourism in the form of hiking/ trekking has comeup as a big recreational activity across Himalayanlandscape. This has led to exponential growth of homestays, hotels, small eateries and new housings. IUCNidentifies these as potential threats under its residentialand commercial development section. This threat isextremely important to understand because red pandasoften develop canine distemper disease throughzoonosis. Ghose and Dutta (2011) also highlight theloss of corridors across protected areas inKanchenjunga Landscape which may lead to problems

of inbreeding in the near future.Researchers guesstimate that there are fewer than

10,000 mature individuals, and populations continueto decline. For this reason both subspecies (A. f. fulgensand A. f. styani) are listed as Endangered in the IUCNRed List of Threatened Species. Earlier the IUCN RedList classified them as “vulnerable” but in recentassessments it was again reclassified as “Endangered”.The justification for this change was finalized whenestimates the total population was found to be of lessthan 10,000 fecund individuals. Fecundity is the abilityof an individual to reproduce offspring and impliesstable fertility.

The Indian version of Population and HabitatViability Analysis (PHVA) of red panda was held in2013. The PHVA figures are taken here as the mostrealistic guides, although none has been corrected forsuitability of gross area of broadly suitable habitataccounting for specific preferences. This is importantfor a species like red panda which is very specific aboutits habitat. Forest type, altitude, slope gradient andaspect, proximity to water courses, precipitation andpresence of tree stumps, all these influence the wayred panda chooses it habitat.

Currently, there are no reliable population numbersavailable. Choudhury (2001) estimated red pandahabitat based on forest service maps and national parkmaps. He suggested that n India, the cat bear’spopulation is estimated to be of 5,000 to 6,000individuals. Recent PVHA data is based more onaccurate satellite imagery and this population estimationcan go far down. Due to fewer site-specific studies, itis very hard to estimate exact population size of redpandas. Nevertheless we can definitely assume thatprobably population has been reduced to a great extent.Wei (2014) in his work suggests that a 40% decreasein population may have happened due to loss of habitat,poaching and trading.

As early as 1975, the red panda was listed in theAnnexure 1 of Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES). This gives a legal binding in any wildlifetrade of this endangered species and thus making anyinternational commercial trade of red panda illegal.The Indian government in its two CITES notification(1995 and 2018) has totally banned the export forcommercial purposes of all wild-taken specimens of


species included in Appendices I, II and III. Also, asper legal course hunting for the red panda is strictlyforbidden and is considered as a serious punishableoffence.

With shrinking of natural space, destruction ofvirgin forests due to tree felling and ever increasingdemand for agriculture, red panda today are atcrossroads with a bleak and dark future ahead. It isnow extremely important to protect the habitats of

red panda before it’s too late. More research pertainingto the ecosystem services provided by this specieswill further highlight their role in maintenance ofregions such as eco-sensitive Himalayan landscape.

Acknowledgement The first author thanks Rumana Maheen,

Researcher from Wildlife Genetics Laboratory,Aaranyak for her constructive suggestions.

Photo: Mitrajit DebFigure: Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in its habitat.


References

Bhatta, M., Shah, K.B., Devkota, B., Paudel, R. and Panthi, S. (2014) Distribution and Habitat Prefe-rence of Red Panda (Ailurusfulgens fulgens) in Jumla District, Nepal. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 989-1001.

Chakraborty T. (1999). Himalayan heritage: the endangered red panda in Himalayan Paryavaran. J. Environ. Prot. Soc. 6: 129-132.

Choudhury A. (2001). An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to itsglobal status. Oryx 35: 250-259 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00181.x

Ghose, D. and Dutta, P. K. (2011). Status and Distribution of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens in India in Red Panda Biology andConservation of the First Panda: Noyes Series in Animal Behavior, Ecology, Conservation, and Management, Pages 357-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7813-7.00020-3

Ghose, P.S., Sharma, B., Chakraborty, R. and Legshey, K. (2011). Status of red panda in Sikkim: a case study in east Sikkim. In: (M.L.Arrawatia and S. Tambe, eds.) Biodiversity of Sikkim – exploring and conserving a global hotspot. Information and Public RelationsDepartment, Government of Sikkim. pp. 363–378

Glatston, A., Wei, F., Than Zaw & Sherpa, A. (2015). Ailurus fulgens (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species 2015: e.T714A110023718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T714A45195924.en. Downloadedon 07 February 2019.

http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/red-panda/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/r/red-panda/

Pradhan, S., Saha, G. and Khan, J. (2000) Ecology of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India.Biological Conservation, 98(1), 11-18

Robert, M.S. and Gittleman, J.L. (1984) Ailurus fulgens. Mammalian Species, No. 222, 1-8

Ziegler, S., Gebauer, A., Melisch, R., Sharma, B. K., Ghose, P. S., Chakraborty, R., Shrestha, P., Ghose, D., Legshey, K., Pradhan, H.,Bhutia, N. T., Tambe, S. and Sinha. S. (2010). Sikkim - under the sign of the red panda. Pdf accessed on https://indiabiodiversity.org

Wang X., Choudhury, A., Yonzon, P., Wozencraft, C. and Than, Z. (2008). Ailurus fulgens. In IUCN 2011. UCN red list ofthreatenedspecies. Vers. 2011.2. Available at www.iucnredlist.org

Wei F. W., Feng, Z. J., Wang, Z. W. and Hu, J. (2000). Habitat use and separation between the giant panda and the red panda. J.Mammal. 80: 448-455.

Yonzon, P. B. and Hunter, M. L. (1991). Conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens. Biological Conservation. Volume 57, Issue 1,1991, Pages 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90104-H


GLIMPSES OFAARANYAK’S WORKIN THE PAST MONTHS

AARANYAK DONATED AWOODEN FLOATING BOATCAMP TO KNPAUTHORITYA wooden Floating Boat campwas donated by Aaranyak toKaziranga National ParkAuthority on 30thAugust 2018 inits Northern Range. The boat hadbeen formally handed over by Mr.Attila Hildmmn of Germany, whocontributed the required funds forconstruction of the boat throughNabu International of Germany.Mr. Pranjal Barua, Range Officerof the range had formally takenthe delivery of the boat.

SKILL DEVELOPMENTTRAINING UNDER MANASTIGER CONSERVATIONPROGRAMTo develop skills on eco-tourismmanagement to ensure betterservice delivery to the tourists inrespective localities in future, a 10day-long Cooking, Catering andHospitality Training wasorganized by Aaranyak’s ManasTiger Conservation Programme(MTCP) in partnership withAranya Lodge from 26th Augustto 4thSeptember, 2018. A total of10 participants belonging tovarious fringe villages of ManasNational Park, Roing, Arunachal

HERBAL GARDENESTABLISHED NEARBANSBARI RANGE OFMANASTo promote conservationawareness among school childrenand general public, Aaranyak,under its Manas TigerConservation Programme(MTCP) had established amedicinal plant garden at theMahut Camp, under the BansbariRange of Manas National Park.With this, a total of eight herbalgardens have been established byAaranyak in various localitiesincluding schools in the fringes ofManas National Park, which willhelp students in understandingimportance of plants as well as toknow various medicinal plants ofimportance.

CELEBRATION OF “64THWILDLIFE WEEK”The 64th Wildlife Week wascelebrated jointly by Aaranyak,Kaziranga National ParkAuthority, WWF India, Bhumi,WTI and TCF in Kaziranga from2nd to 8th October, 2018.During the week, variousactivities and competition relatedto wildlife were conducted amongstudents of Agaratoli, Kohora,Bagori and Burapahar area.

Pradesh and Kohora, Karbi-Anglong participated in thetraining.

MOU SIGNED BETWEENAARANYAK AND IITGTo facilitate coordinationbetween the Centre for RuralTechnology Indian Institute ofTechnology Guwahati andAaranyak in matters of commoninterest, Aaranyakhad signed aMoU with IITG on 4thSeptember, 2018 at the premisesof IITG. The MoU was signed byDr. Bibhab Kr. Talukdar, CEO &Secretary General of Aaranyakon behalf of Aaranyak and Prof.Gautam Biswas, Director of IITon behalf of IITG in thepresence of higher officials ofboth the organizations.

NATURE GUIDETRAINING WORKSHOPA presentation on ‘Environmentand Tourism’ was delivered byDr. Partha Jyoti Das, Head,Water, Climate and HazardDivision of Aaranyak in ‘NatureGuide Training Workshop’ held atNameri Eco Camp on25thSeptember 2018. Theprogramme was organized byABN Foundation and Aaranyakwas one of the Co-organizers.


ACCOLADESAFFILIATION UNDERDIBRUGARH UNIVERSITYAS RESEARCH INSTITUTEAaranyak signed Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) withDibrugarh University in February2018 recognising the importanceof research and development andintend to form a nucleus forpromoting excellent qualitymanpower in the fields of wildliferesearch, biodiversity monitoringand climate change and relatedfields.

AARANYAK IN “INDIAINTERNATIONALSCIENCE FESTIVAL”Aaranyak took part in “IndiaInternational Science Festival2018” held at Lucknow withdifferent scheduled programmefrom 5th to 8th October 2018.Being a premier organization ofNorth East India, Aaranyakshared its various socialinterventions through scientificresearch and conservation in thefield of biodiversity andenvironment.

AARANYAK AT “STATELEVEL NATIONALCHILDREN’S SCIENCECONGRESS 2018"Aaranyak took part in “Statelevel National Children’s ScienceCongress 2018" held at Majulifrom 23rd to 26th October 2018.With the objective to conveyscientific thinking andapproaches for conservation ofbiodiversity, Aaranyak’s variousinterventions in the field ofbiodiversity conservation werepresented in the event.

TRAINING ON“POPULATIONMONITORINGTECHNIQUES”Aaranyak, under its Manas TigerConservation Programme(MTCP) organised a short termprofessional training course on“Population MonitoringTechniques of TerrestrialMammals” from 6th to 10thNovember, 2018 at Bansbari,Manas National Park, Assam.The five day long trainingprogramme was attended by 17

wildlife researchers and forestofficials belonging to Indonesia,Myanmar, Bhutan as well as India.

DISTRIBUTION OFWIRELESS HANDSETS TOPOBITORA STAFFAaranyak provided 20 numbers ofwireless handsets and 2 basestations to Pabitora WildlifeSanctuary on 23rd November,2018 in an event held in premisesof the Wildlife Sanctuary. Thewireless handsets, funded by BornFree of Australia were formallyhanded over by Dr Bibhab kumarTalukdar, CEO & SecretaryGeneral of Aaranyak to the foreststaff engaged in the protection ofthe one-horned rhinos in theWildlife Sanctuary.

TRAINING ON SCIENTIFICLIVESTOCK REARINGAaranyak, under its Manas TigerConservation Programme (MTCP)organised a training programme onscientific livestock rearing for theeco-development committee(EDC) members underBhuyanpara Forest Range on 8thDecember, 2018 at BamunkhalVillage Library. A total of 32participants belonging toBamunkhal, Madanguri andLaharipara villages of Baksadistrict took part in the training.

9TH FIELD COURSE INCONSERVATION BIOLOGY& GLOBAL HEALTHThe 9th Field Course inConservation Biology & GlobalHealth was held in GibbonConservation Centre, HoolockGibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assamfrom 10th to 14th December

2018. A total number of 17participants from different partsof India joined in thisCollaborative Program ofUniversity of Washington, USA,Gibbon Conservation Centre ofAaranyak and Assam ForestDepartment (Jorhat ForestDivision).

‘KNOW YOUR MANAS’- ANINITIATIVE FORSTUDENTSIn an effort to createenvironmental awareness amongthe students belonging to fringeareas of Manas National Park,Aaranyak under its Manas TigerConservation Programme (MTCP)organised a programme called“Know Your Manas” inNovember-December, 2018. As apart of this programme, a team of15 students and 1 guide teacherfrom each of 5 schools of thelocality were taken for a day-longexposure visit inside the ManasNational Park under the guidanceof MTCP team.


TALK ON GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS INFIELD TRAINING AND OUTREACHEDUCATIONAaranyak and Department of Life Science,Dibrugarh University organized a talk & interactionsession on “Global Partnerships in Field Training andOutreach Education: Promoting Human-WildlifeCoexistence” by Prof. Randell C. Kyes University ofWashington, USA at Dibrugarh University on 17thDecember 2018. Around 100 students, researchscholars and faculty of the university were presentduring the event. The same talk by Dr. Kyes was alsoorganized by Aaranyak and Department of Zoology,Gauhati University at Department of Zoology,Gauhati University on 7th December 2018.

‘JOURNEY FOR LEARNING’- AN INITIATIVEIn an effort to promote community based eco-cultural tourism, Aaranyak successfully completed itsfirst ever ‘Journey for Learning’ programme from17th December, 2018 to 1st January, 2019. It is arecent initiative of Aaranyak to provide learningexperiences to interested persons irrespective oftheir age, profession or background and has beendesigned in coherence with the principles ofcommunity-driven ecological learning.

AWARENESS CAMPAIGN INBRAHMAPUTRA ISLANDSTo introduce the conservation issues and make themaware about the need of conservation, Aaranyak andKaziranga National Park authority organized a seriesof awareness campaign in Islands (Chaporis) of riverBrahmaputra. Major activities like schools programs,community programs and discussions, documentaryshows, audio visual talk, wildlife quiz andinteractions were carried out as a part of thisawareness campaign.

WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOPAT POBITORAMedia Production & Communications Division ofAaranyak organised a daylong advanced wildlifephotography workshop at Pobitora WildlifeSanctuary on 6th January 2019. The workshop wasmentored by Wildlife Photographers Udayan

Borthakur and Ashok Kumar Das. Total number of14 participants took part in the workshop.Discussions on several techniques of photographyand importance of understanding wildlife behaviourwere conducted and they were taken for fieldphotography.

24TH WEEK LONG TRAINING COURSE ONRS, GIS & GPSGeo-spatial Technology and Application Division ofAaranyak successfully conducted the 24th Week longtraining course on “Application of Remote Sensing,GIS & GPS in various fields” which was started from6th January 2019 at Research Division office ofAaranyak.

BIKE RALLY FOR CONSERVATION OFGOLDEN LANGUR & MANAS TIGERRESERVEA bike rally was organized by United Bikers ClubAssam (UBCA) in association with Aaranyak on13thJanuary 2019, from Bijni toll gate of Chirang districtto Abhayapuri town of Bongaigaon district. The rallywas specially conducted to make awareness amongbikers and public on the road to save Golden langurof the region and also to save Manas Tiger Reserve.About 100 youth bikers from different districts tookpart in the rally.

“RHINO GOES TO SCHOOL 2019” ANINITIATIVE OF AARANYAKAaranyak organized “Rhino goes to school” atKanyakashram Junior college and Kaliabor HigherSecondary School, Kaliabor on 21st January 2019with 100 students. With an aim to create awarenessabout rhino conservation, various programmes suchas presentation on rhino and its habitat, worlddistribution, population and lifespan, along withopen interaction and wildlife quiz competition wereconducted. This programme was supported by DavidShephard Wildlife Foundation.

INTERNATIONAL APPLIEDENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION COURSEA three-week long international course on appliedenvironmental education, organised by ‘Aaranyak’ in


ECOTOONassociation with Environment Education andConservation Global (EECG) and SatpudaFoundation (India) was organized from 28th January,2019 followed by a glittering inaugural session. Thiscourse, which covered two field sessions at Manasand Kaziranga National Park, ended on 17thFebruary, 2019.

4TH ANNUAL GLOBAL EVENT OFWOMEN IN NATURE NETWORK (WINN)Aaranyak and Women in Nature Network (WiNN) incollaboration with Kamrup Police, Assam ForestDepartment and Kamrup District Administrationsuccessfully hosted the 4th annual global event ofWomen in Nature Network (WiNN) at Guwahatifrom 28th to 31st January, 2019. Alice C. TylerPerpetual Trust Global Wildlife Conservation(GWC) and International Finance Corporation (IFC)had provided generous support in organizing thelandmark event.

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’±ø˜ Ê√±ÀÚ± Œ˚ ¬ıÂ√1ÀÈ¬±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ·ÀÂ√

¬Û±Ó¬ ¸˘±˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 Ò≈˜≈˝√√±-¬ı1¯∏≈Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ˝√√›fl¡

¬ı± ’±Ú fl¡±1ÌÀÓ¬ ◊̋√√ ̋ √√›fl¡ ·Â√À¬ı±11 Ù¬˘-Ù≈¬˘, Î¬±À˘±

˜±øÈ¬Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ1º ˚ø√À˝√√ ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¸—¢∂˝√√ Úfl¡À1 ¬ı± ¬Ûq-

¬Ûé¬œÀ ˛̊ ̧ —¢∂ √̋√ ¬ı± ̂ ¬é¬Ì Úfl¡À1 ŒÓ¬ÀÚ √̋√íÀ˘ Œ¸ ◊̋√√À¬ı±1

¸˜ ˛̊1 ̆ À· ̆ À· ̃ ±øÈ¬-¬Û±ÚœÓ¬ ø˜ √̋√ø˘ ̋ √√̊ ˛º ¤ÀÚ√À1

¤Àfl¡±‡Ú Í¬±˝◊√√1 ˜±øÈ¬1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú

Œ¸ ◊̋√√Í¬± ◊̋√√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ·Â√-¬ıÚ1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øÚˆ¬«1 fl¡ø1 ·Ï¬ˇ Δ˘

Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ¤‡Ú Í¬±˝◊√√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ·Â√-˘øÓ¬fl¡±,

‚“±˝√√øÚÀ¬ı±11 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øÚˆ¬«1 fl¡ø1 ’¸—‡… ’Ú≈Ê√œª1

˘·ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 fl¡œÈ¬-¬ÛÓ¬—·, ‰¬1± ◊̋√√-ø‰¬ø1fl¡øÈ¬,

¸1œ¸‘À¬Û ’±|˚˛ ˘˚˛º Sê˜ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ˘À· ˘À· ¤˝◊√√

‰¬1± ◊̋√√-ø‰¬ø1fl¡øÈ¬, ¬ÛÓ¬—·, ̧ 1œ ‘̧¬Û, ‚“± √̋√øÚ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 Î¬◊øæ√√1 ̃ ±Ê√Ó¬ ¤ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ¬Û±1¶Ûø1fl¡ ̧ •Ûfl«¡

·Ï¬ˇ Δ˘ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ Œ˚ ¤ø¬ıÀÒ ’±Ú ¤ø¬ıÒfl¡ Ê√œ ˛̊± ◊̋√√ Ôfl¡±Ó¬

¸˝√√±˚˛ fl¡À1 ¬ı± ’±Ú øfl¡Â≈√˜±Úfl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ˝√√±1Ó¬ ¬ı‘øX

Œ¬Û±ª±Ó¬ ̧ √̋√± ˛̊ fl¡À1 ¬ı± ’±Ú øfl¡Â≈√̃ ±Úfl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ̋ √√±1Ó¬

¬ı‘øX Œ¬Û±ª±Ó¬ ¬ı±Ò± ø√ 1±À‡º ’Ô«±» Í¬±˝◊√√ ¤È≈¬fl≈¡1±1

õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ˆ¬±1¸±˜… 1é¬± fl¡1±Ó¬ ¬ı± ¸≈¶ö

Δ˝√√ Ôfl¡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı Œ¸˝◊√√ Í¬±˝◊√√ È≈¬fl≈¡1±Ó¬ ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ˆ¬±Àª

·øÊ√ Î¬◊øÍ¬ ¬Û”¬ı«À1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ Ôfl¡± õ∂øÓ¬Î¬±˘ Î¬◊øæ√√À1

Ó≈¬˘Ú±ø¬ı˝√√œÚ ̂ ¬”ø˜fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡º ’ªÀ˙… ̃ ±Ú≈̋ √√1 ̧ ±Ò±1Ì

‘√ø©ÜÓ¬ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ Î¬◊øæ√√ ¬ı± õ∂±Ìœø¬ıÒ1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ &1n∏Q

¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ·Â√1 õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 &1n∏Q

Ú˘¬ı±1œ øÊ√˘±1 øÈ¬U1 fl¡±Î¬◊À1˝√√±ø· [Ê√˘‡±Ú±] ·±“ªÓ¬ Ê√ij ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± ÒËn∏ªÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ fl¡ø˘Ó¬± ’±1Ì…fl¡1 ’±Ê√œªÚ ¸√¸… Œ˝√√±ª±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1› õ∂±1øyfl¡ ô¶11 ¬Û1±˝◊√√

¸—·Í¬ÚÀÈ¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ ›Ó¬–Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º ŒÓ¬›“ ¤Àfl¡Ò±À1 ¤Ê√Ú Œ˘‡fl¡, fl¡ø¬ı ’±1n∏ ’±À˘±fl¡ø‰¬S ø˙äœº ¤Ê√Ú √±ø˚˛Q˙œ˘ ‰¬1fl¡±1œ fl¡˜«‰¬±1œ Œ˝√√±ª±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1›

ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬ ’¸˜ ø¬ı:±Ú ¸ø˜øÓ¬, ø‰¬.˝◊√√.˝◊√√1 √À1 ¸—·Í¬Ú1 ˘·Ó¬ øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇˆ¬±Àª Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º

Ú±Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤ÀÚ√À1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ¬ÛÓ¬—·,

¬Ûé¬œ ¬ı± ̧ 1œ ‘̧À¬Û± Œ¬Û±Ú¬ÛÈ¬œ ˛̊±Õfl¡ ‰¬±À˘ ̃ ±Ú≈̋ √√1 ¬ı±À¬ı

’˘±·øÓ¬˚˛±˘ ¬ı± é¬øÓ¬fl¡1 Œ˚Ú ̆ ±ø·À˘› õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡

ˆ¬±1¸±˜…1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 Ê√œªÀ1± ˜”˘… Ô±Àfl¡º

’±ø˜ ˚ø√ ’˘±·øÓ¬˚˛±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±ø¬ı øÚ–À˙¯∏ fl¡ø1

ø√› ˝√ √˚˛ÀÓ¬± √œ‚« fl¡±˘Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√ √ø¬ıÒ õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1

’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¤À˘fl¡±ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ &1n∏Q1 ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛

Œ√‡± ø√¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 fl¡±1ÌÀÓ¬ ◊̋√√ ø¬ıù´1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙

ø¬ı:±Úœ¸fl¡À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Í¬± ◊̋√√Ó¬ ¬ıøÓ«¬ Ôfl¡± Ô ≈̆ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1

Î¬◊øæ√√1 1é¬Ì± Œ¬ıé¬Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¬ıù´¬ı±¸œfl¡ ¸Ê√±·

Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ &1n∏Q ø√ÀÂ√º

’fl¡˘ ¬Û±ø1¬Û±øù´fl¡ ø√̇ 1 ¬Û1± ◊̋√√ Ú √̋√̊ ̨’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

’±1n∏ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ø√˙1¬Û1±› Ô˘≈ª± Î¬◊øæ√√1 &1n∏Q

’¸œ˜ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√˚˛± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤Àfl¡±‡Ú ¸˜±Ê√1

1œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬, ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬, ¸±Ò≈, Ú‘Ó¬…-ø˙ä ’±ø√ Œ¸˝◊√√

Í¬±˝◊√√1 õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙á¬1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ Ôfl¡± Œ√‡±

˚± ˛̊º ’¸˜1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ·œÓ¬-˜±Ó¬Ó¬ ¶ö±Úœ ˛̊

·Â√-·Â√øÚ, ¬Ûq-¬Ûé¬œ, ¬ÛÓ¬—·1 Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸ ◊̋√√√À1

fl¡±À¬Û±11 ’±ø √̋√« ’±1n∏ ¬ı± Ù≈¬˘ÀÓ¬± Œ¸ ◊̋√√À¬ı±11 õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú

˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊»¸ª ¬Û±¬ı«ÌÀÓ¬± Ô˘≈ª± ·Â√-˘øÓ¬fl¡±,

‚±“˝√√-¬ıÚ ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬ ̋ √√˚˛º ¬Ûq-¬Ûé¬œ1 ̆ ·ÀÓ¬ ̃ ±Ú≈˝√√À1±

‡±√… ’ˆ¬…±¸, ¬ıÚ√1ª1 ¬ı…ª √̋√±À1± ¬ıUø‡øÚ Ô ≈̆ª± ·Â√-

¬ıÚ1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘º Δ√ÚøμÚ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬

¸±-¸“Ê≈√ø˘ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1› ¬ıU ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬

øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡±˚« ’±1n∏ ø˙ä fl¡˜«› Ô˘≈ª± Î¬◊øæ√√1 ›¬Û1Ó¬

øÚˆ¬«1 fl¡ø1 ·øÏ¬̌ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º fl¡˘·Â√1 ’±“̋ √√, Ó¬±À˜±˘1 Ï¬fl≈¡ª±,

¬ı±˝√√1 ’±“˝√√, ˜1±¬Û±È¬1 ’±“˝√√, Œ¬ıÓ¬, ¬Û±È¬œ Δ√1 √À1

øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Ô˘≈ª± Î¬◊øæ√√fl¡ øÚˆ¬«1 fl¡ø1 ‰¬ø˘ Ôfl¡± ‚1n∏ª±

Î¬◊À√…±·fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øMê√1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ ’øÓ¬ Î¬◊2‰¬

˜±Ú√G ¸•Ûiß fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ˚íÓ¬ Î¬◊»¬Û±ø√Ó¬ ¸±˜¢∂œ

’±øÊ√ Œ√˙1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˘·ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ√˙ÀÓ¬± ¸˜±‘√Ó¬

Δ √̋√ÀÂ√º õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ 1—, ¬ıÚ√1ª, ΔÊ√øªfl¡ ̧ ±1, fl¡œÈ¬Ú±˙fl¡

’±ø√ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı› ¬ıU Œfl¡ ◊̋√√ø¬ıÒ Ô ≈̆ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1

·Â√ ˘Ó¬± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’˘¬Û˜±Ú

˜ÀÚ±À˚±· ø√À˘˝◊√√ ’±ø˜ ’Ú≈ˆ¬ª fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1˜ Œ˚

Ô˘≈ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬ ·Â√-¬ıÚ ˘Ó¬±À¬ı±À1 øfl¡√À1 ’±˜±1

õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ˆ¬±1¸±˜… 1é¬± fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬

’±˜±1 Ê√œªÚ, ø˙ä, ̧ ±ø˝√√Ó¬…-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1fl¡ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ fl¡ø1

’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ’±ø˜ ˚ø√ Î¬◊¬Û1n∏ª± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬—·œÀ1

’±˜±1 ‰¬ ≈̃ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ̆ ±ˆ¬ fl¡1± é≈¬^-’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 øˆ¬øM√√Ó¬

Ô ≈̆ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√-¬ıÚÀ¬ı±1fl¡ ’√1fl¡±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ’±‡…±

ø√ fl¡±øÈ¬ øÚ–À˙¯∏ fl¡À1± ¬ı± ”√Õ11 ¬Û1± ’Ú± øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú

·Â√-¬ıÚ Œ¸Ãμ˚« ¬ı‘øX ¬ı± ¬ı‘˝√√» ¬Ûø1˜±Ì1 ÒÚ ˘±ˆ¬1

’±˙±Ó¬ ’±øÚ ‚11 Œ‰¬Ã˝√√√ ¬ı± 1±ÊUª± ¶ö±ÚÓ¬ Œ1±¬ÛÚ

fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˘›, ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ fl¡±˚«1 ¬ı±À¬ı

ˆ¬øª¯∏…ÀÓ¬ ¤À˘fl¡±ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ˆ¬˚˛±¬ı˝√√ ¸˜¸…±˝◊√√

˜”1 √±ø„√√ Î¬◊øÍ¬¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±1¬ı±À¬ı ’±˜±1 ˆ¬øª¯∏…»

¬ı—˙Ò1¸fl¡˘1 Ê√œªÚ ø¬ı¯∏˜˚˛ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º

¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ”√Õ11 ¬Û1± ’±øÚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤Í¬± ◊̋√√Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú

õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√ Œ1±¬ÛÚ fl¡1±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ̊ ø√ ·Â√ Î¬±˘1 ¬ı‘øX

øÚ˚̨LaÌ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ¬ÛÓ¬—· ¬ı± ’±Ú õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√-¬ıÚ

’=˘ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ Ú±Ô±Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬ÀÚ √̋√íÀ˘ ·Â√Î¬±˘ ’øÓ¬ ‡1Õfl¡

¬ı‘øX √̋√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤ÀÚ fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ ¬ıUÀ˘±Àfl¡ ø¬ıÀ√̇ ¬ı±

’±ÚÍ¬± ◊̋√√1 ¬Û1± ’Ú± ·Â√¬Û”ø˘ Œ1±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1±

Œ√‡± ˚±˚̨, øfl¡c ¤ÀÚ fl¡± «̊1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√̃ ±Ú ¸˜¸…± ◊̋√√

Œ√‡± ø√¬ı ¬Û±À1º Œ˚ÀÚ- ·Â√Î¬±˘1 ̆ ·Ó¬ ’ √̋√± ’¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬

ˆ¬± ◊̋√√1±Â√ ¬ı± fl¡œÈ¬-¬ÛÓ¬—· ◊̋√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Í¬± ◊̋√√Ó¬ ’¬ı±Ò √̋√±1Ó¬

¬ı‘øX Δ √̋√ ’±Ú Ô ≈̆ª± ·Â√¬ıÚ ¬ı± Œ‡øÓ¬1 õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ó¬—fl¡1

fl¡±1Ì Δ √̋√ Î¬◊øÍ¬¬ı ¬Û±À1º ’±Úøfl¡ ̃ ±øÈ¬1 &Ú±&ÀÚ± õ∂̂ ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬

fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1º Œ¸À˚̨À √̋√ ’±ø˜ øÚÊ√1 ‚1ÀÓ¬ ◊̋√√ √̋√›fl¡ ¬ı±

1±Ê√Uª± ¶ö±ÚÀÓ¬ ◊̋√√ √̋√›fl¡ ø˚À¬ı±1 Ô ≈̆ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√-

¬ıÚ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1 ¸≈1øé¬Ó¬ fl¡ø1 1‡±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬

Œ¸ ◊̋√√À¬ı±1Àfl¡̋ ◊√√ ’±øÔ«fl¡̂ ¬±Àª ̆ ± ¬̂ª±Ú Œ √̋√±ª±Õfl¡ ¬ı± Œ‰Ã √̋√√1

Œ¸Ãμ˚« ¬ıX«Úfl fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1±Õfl¡ õ∂Ú±˘œ¬ıXˆ¬±Àª

õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±˘Ú fl¡1±Ó¬ ¬&1n∏Q ø√̊ ±̨ÀÈ¬±Àª ◊̋√√ Î¬◊M√√̃ Î¬◊¬Û±˚̨º

’±Ú √̋√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±ø √̋√11 ¬Û1± øfl¡¬ı± ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√-¬ıÚ

¬ı± ˙¸… ’±ø√ Œ1±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1À˘› Œfl¡ª˘

ø¬ı:±¬ÛÚ ¬ı± ø¬ıÀSêÓ¬±1 fl¡Ô±Ó¬ ̂ ¬”̆ ÚÕ· ’øˆ¬: Î¬◊øæ√√

ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏̄: ¬ı± fl‘¡ø ∏̄ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏̄:1 ¬Û1±˜ «̇ Œ˘±ª± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º

’±˝√√fl¡ ’±ø˜ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙, Ô˘≈ª± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’±1n∏

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸≈‘√Ï¬ fl¡ø1 1‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±˜±1 øÚÊ√1

¤À˘fl¡±Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Ô ≈̆ª± õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬1 ·Â√-¬ıÚÀ¬ı±1fl¡ 1é¬±

fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı øÚÀÊ√ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬-fl¡±À˜ ˚P fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬

’±ÚÀfl¡± ¸Ê√±· fl¡À1±º

ÒËn∏ªÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ fl¡ø˘Ó¬±,

E-mail: [email protected] no: 98640-69583


ø‰¬ôLÚ

Due to its unique geographical location, deep forest cover and also vari-ous natural water bodies, Northeast India has richest butterfly diversity inthe oriental region. About 962 butterflies are found in Northeast includingthe northern part of West Bengal. In recent years, Butterfly tourism has pickedup its growth. People from different parts of India often come to explore thebutterfly diversity of the region. Butterflies like Kaiser I Hind, Bhutan Glory,Brown Gorgon, Kohinoor, Dragon tail, Jungle Glory are the most beautifulbutterflies found only in NE India.

Pakke Tiger Reserve or Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is situated in the EastKameng district of Arunachal Pradesh and about 300 km away from Guwahati,Assam. Pakke tiger reserve harbours unique butterfly diversity, with about236 different species of butterflies being reported so far. This tiger reserve isfamous for butterflies like Large Yeomen, Vagrent , Dragontail, Courtesans,Imperials and they are commonly found in the month of September, Octo-ber and November. The North East Butterfly Meet, helds in different part ofNorth East India every year, was organized in Pakke Tiger Reserve in themonth of September 2018. People from different parts of India with differ-ent background participated, in order to study the butterfly diversity of thereserve. More than 150 different species of butterflies were photographedduring the three days of the Meet.

There has been considerable debate on the decline population of butter-flies all over the Northeast.It is a matter of concern that rapid decline offorest cover and larval host plants for butterflies, together with pollutionand climate change are some of the factors adversely effecting the popula-tion of butterflies.

Butterfliesof Pakke Tiger Reserve

Text & Photo: Khan SubhenduDutta Gayatri

References1. The book of Indian Butterflies by Isaac David Kehimkar2. https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org3. Indian foundation for butterflies5. Paschimbonger prajapati by Judhajit Dasgupta6. Wiki Loves Butterflies, Kolkata


editorial 2019.pdf · products. i visited otops in ayutthya and surin provinces in 2005. there were...

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