edexcel gcse further additional science topic 3.4 motion of particles amd topic 3.5 kinetic theory...

TEST 5

YEAR 5 TRIPLE SCIENCE PHYSICS 1 Turn over

Surname

Name

American Academy Larnaca

Year 5 Physics

Semester 2 Test 5 Unit P3 Applications of Physics Topic 4 Motion of particles Topic 5 Kinetic Theory and gases

FORMULAE

You may find theses formulae useful

The relationship between focal length, object and image distance

current = number of particles per second × charge on each particle I = N × q

kinetic energy = electronic charge × accelerating potential difference

momentum = mass × velocity p = m × v

The relationship between temperature and volume for a gas

The relationship between volume and pressure for a gas V1 P1 = V2 P2

The relationship between the volume, pressure and temperature for a gas

Do not forget to include units in all your answers.

TEST 5


_______________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Twice a day weather balloons are released simultaneously from 900 locations worldwide.

They carry instruments that collect information about wind speeds, temperature, pressure etc. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark] As altitude increases the density of air in the atmosphere is lower.

What happens to the pressure as altitude increases?

A Decreases because of less collisions

B Decreases because of more collisions

C Increases because of less collisions

D Increases because of more collisions

A weather balloon is released from sea level. It rises and expands collecting data about the weather.

It is m b b 5 km b ’ . The instruments then drop gently onto the surface with a parachute.

(b) The pressure at sea level is 100 kPa. The temperature at sea level is 27 °C.

The volume of the weather balloon when it is released is 0.8 m3. At 25 km high the pressure is 1.3 kPa and the temperature drops to –57 °C. Calculate the volume of the balloon when it bursts.

[3 marks]

V m ………………………… m3

(c) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark] How does the average kinetic energy (KE) of particles at 25 km compare to that at sea level?

Average KE of air particles at 25 km Reason

A less than at sea level Closer to outer space

B less than at sea level KE is proportional to temperature

C more than at sea level More space for particles to move

D more than at sea level KE is inversely proportional to temperature

TEST 5


(d) Anne is investigating the p-V relationship for ideal gases.

She measures the volume of a gas at different pressures. (i) Name one quantity she should keep the same throughout the investigation.

[1 mark] ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… A ’ b .

Pressure / kPa 100 120 140 160 180

Volume / cm3 60 50 43 37.5 33.3

1/V / cm−3 0.017

(ii) Complete the table above with the values for 1/V. One is done for you.

[1 mark] (iii) Plot the graphs of p against V and p against 1/V in the space below.

[4 marks]

(iv) Describe accurately the p-V relationship for an ideal gas.

[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[Total for Question 1 = 12 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

Pressure / kPa

Volume / cm3

Pressure / kPa

1/V / cm−3

TEST 5


_______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. A car of mass 800 kg is moving at 14 m/s.

It collides with a second car of mass 1000 kg moving at 8.5 m/s in the opposite direction. After the collision the two cars move off locked together.

(a) Show that their common velocity after collision is 1.5 m/s.

[3 marks] (b) Perform the necessary calculations to show that the collision was inelastic.

[2 marks] (c) Suggest what happened to the lost kinetic energy.

[1 marks] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


TEST 5


_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Five years ago Sohanna was diagnosed with breast cancer.

She had treatment and the cancer went into remission. Recently her doctor told her that the cancer had spread into her neck bones. She needs palliative therapy.

(a) Explain what is meant by palliative therapy.

[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Sohanna is given a course of external radiation therapy using a radioactive isotope.

This lasts a few minutes on each of ten consecutive days. (i) What is the effect of this type of radiation on living matter?

[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Suggest a reason why Sohanna is treated over ten days instead of being given

a large dose of radiation in one day. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) During the treatment the radiation source is rotated through a full circle

’ k. Explain why this is better than keeping the source still.

[2 marks] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

TEST 5


(c) T b ’

treatment. These are the sources and half-lives available.

source radiation type half-life

Actinium-223 α 2.1 minutes

Actinium-227 β 21.7 years

Barium-129 γ 2.2 hours

Barium-133 γ 10.5 years

Thorium-230 α 75 000 years

Thorium-233 β 22.3 minutes

(i) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark] W α-decay

A it gains 2 protons and loses 2 neutrons

B it loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons

C it loses 2 protons and 2 electrons

D it loses 2 neutrons and gains 2 electrons

(ii) W γ-decay?

[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) W , α, β γ b ’ m ?

[1 mark] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) N m b m b ’ m .

Give your reasoning. [2 marks]

M b …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… R ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


TEST 5


_______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Fluorine-18 is a radioactive nuclide used in PET scans.

It is made by bombarding oxygen-18 nuclei with protons. The equation for this reaction is

(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark] The product X is

A a neutron

B a proton

C a positron

D an electron

(b) Fluorine-18 has a half-life of 110 minutes and decays by emitting positrons.

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using a radioactive tracer with a short half-life.

[2 marks] A …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… D ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

TEST 5


(c) The detectors in a PET scanner are designed to detect gamma rays.

The arrangement used is shown in the diagram. The two gamma rays are produced by the annihilation of a positron and an electron.

(i) Why do the electron and positron annihilate each other?

[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) The electron and positron move towards each other with momentums of equal size.

Explain why two gamma rays are always produced. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) U ’

E = m × c2

γ . Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

[1 mark]

…………………………

radiation detector

positron

γ-ray

γ-ray

electron

radiation detector

TEST 5

YEAR 5 TRIPLE SCIENCE PHYSICS 9

* (d) The protons used to bombard Oxygen-18 are accelerated in a cyclotron.

The diagram below shows a cyclotron.

Explain the principles of how a cyclotron functions.

Explain where the protons are accelerated and where they move at constant speed. Explain what structures X are and what they are used for. Explain why forces have to be applied for protons to move at steady speed in a circle. Explain why protons spiral outwards as they move faster.

[6 marks] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


END TOTAL FOR PAPER = 40 MARKS

high frequency alternating voltage

source of protons

Dee

accelerated particles Gap

X

X

TEST 5 – MARK SCHEME


MARK SCHEME p. 2 & 3 1. (a) A [1 mark] (b) 27 + 273 = 300 K, 273 – 53 = 220 K temperature unit conversion [1/2 mark]

p1 V1 / T1 = p2 V2 / T2 formula [1/2 mark] 100 × 0.8 / 300 = 1.3 × V2 / 220 substitution [1/2 mark] V2 = 100 × 0.8 × 220 / (300 × 1.3) rearrangement [1/2 mark] V2 = 45.1 m3 calculation [1/2 mark] unit [1/2 mark]

(c) B [1 mark] (d) (i) Any one from [1 mark]

Temperature Amount / Mass of gas

(ii) p / kPa 100 120 140 160 180 1/V / cm−3 0.017 (given) 0.02 0.023 0.027 0.03 Every 2 correct [1/2 mark] (iii)

For each correct graph [2 marks] (iv) Any one from [1 mark]

Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Volume / cm3

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

0.01 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.026 0.03

1 / V / cm3



p. 4 2. (a) m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2) v formula [1 mark]

800 × 14 + 1000 (− .5) 00 v substitution [1 mark] 2700 = 1800 v => v = 2700 / 1800 = 1.5 m/s rearrangement [1 mark]

(b) KETOT, bef = ½ m1 (u1)

2 + ½ m2 (u2)2 = ½ (800) (14)2 + ½ (1000) (8.5)2 = 114 525 J [1 mark]

KETOT, aft = ½ (m1 + m2) v2 = ½ (1800) (1.5)2 = 2025 J [1 mark]

KETOT, bef ≠ KETOT, aft => inelastic (c) Any one from [1 mark]

KE changes to heat / sound KE reduced because of deformation of car body

p. 5 & 6 3. (a) Treatment to reduce / contain effects / growth of cancer rather than heal [1 mark] (b) (i) Any one from [1 mark]

Kills cells Change DNA / DNA mutation Stops cell division (or similar)

(ii) Any one from [1 mark]

Give time to living cells to recover Reduce damage to healthy cells (or similar)

(iii) Radiation follows different path through the body every time [1 mark]

Healthy cells get much smaller dose than cancerous cells [1 mark] (c) (i) B [1 mark] (ii) Loses excess energy [1/2 mark]

No change in composition [1/2 mark] (iii) γ [1 mark] (iv) Ba-133 [1 mark]

Long T1/2 so no need to renew source often (or similar) [1 mark]



p. 7, 8 & 9 4. (a) A [1 mark] (b) Advantage: does not stay in the body long, less damage from ionising radiation [1 mark]

Disadvantage: limited time for scanning (or similar) [1 mark] (c) (i) T − ( m ) [1 mark] (ii) Any three from [1 mark]

Total momentum of e− & e+ = 0 Momentum after should be 0 Gamma have momentum as well Gamma will move in opposite directions Momentum is a vector

(iii) E = 9.1 × 10−31 × (3 × 108)2 substitution [1/2 mark]

E = 8.2 × 1014 J answer & unit [1/2 mark]

* (d) H D’ p+s accelerate when in the gap Sign changes when they reach the gap causing more acceleration p+ m D’ b 0 X are magnets produce a magnetic field Cause p+ m D’ The magnets provide a centripetal force acting on p+s towards the centre Velocity is a vector and it changes as p+s move in a circle (because velocity is always tangent) This means that p+ D’ b So a (centripetal) force must be applied A greater centripetal force is needed to keep particles moving at higher speed Centripetal force from magnets not enough to keep p+s moving at high speed in small radius So as speed increases radius will increase as well and p+s spiral outwards

Level Marks 1 1 – 2 Reference to where p+ accelerate and where they move at constant speed

Identifying X and their role 2 3 – 4 Refers to some detail why alternating source is necessary

Refers to connection between speed and radius 3 5 – 6 Refers to the vector nature of velocity

Connects to acceleration and force Explains effect of radius and speed on centripetal force

edexcel gcse further additional science topic 3.4 motion of particles amd topic 3.5 kinetic theory...

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