economics chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2
Economic Systems and the American Economy*
Section 2
Economic Systems*
Define economic system
Way in which a nation uses its resources to satisfy its people’s needs and wants*
What three questions must all economic systems answer?
• What should be produced?*• How should it be produced?*
• For whom should it be produced?*
Does a pure economic system really exist?
No- they are all mixed economies to some degree
What are the major types of economic systems and their differences?
• Traditional• Command
• Market• Mixed*
Define traditional economy
System in which economic decisions are based on customs and beliefs that have been handed down from generation to
generation*
Traditional• Answers the three basic questions
according to tradition• Things are done, “the way they have
always been done.”• Economic decisions are based on customs and beliefs-often religious-
handed down from generation to generation*
Traditional
Examples• Inuit of North America
• San of the Kalahari in Africa• Aborigines of Australia
Traditional
Advantages:• Everyone knows their role
• Little uncertainty of what and how to produce, for whom is usually
themselves
Traditional
Disadvantages:• Discourages new ideas/technology
• Punishes people who break rules• Lower standard of living
Define command economy
System in which the government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use*
Command• Government decides questions of
production• Example: Former USSR , Cuba, North
Korea, and China
CommandAdvantages:
• Speed in which resources can be rerouted (agriculture to industry)
• Little uncertainty-decisions made for you
• Some education, healthcare, public services, available at little or no cost
Command
Disadvantages:• Not designed for customer wants-basic
needs provided• Sacrifice for the good of the state and
benefit for future generations
Command
Disadvantages:• No incentive to work hard-just enough
to fill quota• Large bureaucracy
Command
Disadvantages:• Little flexibility-discourages change• Individual abilities not considered*
Define market system
System in which individuals own the factors of production and make
economic decisions through free interaction while looking out for their own and their families’ best interests*
Market• People and firms act in their own best
interests• Allow buyers/sellers to come together
to exchange goods or services• Ex. U.S., Japan, Germany
Define market
Freely chosen activity between buyers and sellers of goods and services
Market
Advantages:• Over time can adjust to change
• Individual freedom• Little government interference• Decentralized decision making
MarketAdvantages:
• Variety of goods and services• High consumer satisfaction
• Freedom to chose career, spend their income how they wish, own private property, take risks and earn profits
Define circular flow of economic activity
Economic model that pictures income as flowing continuously between
businesses and consumers
Market
Disadvantages:• Doesn’t provide for basic needs of all
members• Doesn’t provide enough services
people highly value*
Market
Disadvantages:• High degree of uncertainty for workers
and business
MarketDisadvantages:
• Can fail if three conditions are not met
1. Reasonably competitive markets
2. Resources able to move from one activity to another
3. Consumer access to information to make wise choices
4. Government helps to ensure these*
Define mixed economy
System combining characteristics of more than one type of economy*
Mixed• Combines the basic elements of a pure
market economy and a command economy
Section 2
Characteristics of the American Economy*
Identify and explain the six major characteristics of a pure market
economy?
I. The six characteristics of a pure market economy
• Little or no government control• Freedom of enterprise• Freedom of choice• Private property• The profit incentive• Competition
Explain why a pure market economic system
Requires little or no government control.
Limited Role of Government
Adam Smith:• Described a system in which
government had little to do with a nations economic activity
1. Limited Role of Government• Stated that individuals left on their
own would work for their own self-interest
• They would then be guided by an “invisible hand” to use resources efficiently and thus achieve the
maximum good for society
Identify the term used to explain Smith’s version of the ideal economic system.
Capitalism
Define capitalism
Economic system in which private individuals own the factors of
production and decide how to use them within legislated limits
The government lets people and businesses make their own economic decisions w/o government constraints
Identify the other term used for pure capitalism.
Laissez-faire system
Define laissez-faire
Economic system in which the government minimizes its interference
with the economy
1. Limited Role of Government• Since the 1880’s, the role of
government-federal, state, and local-has increased
Explain how the government’s role over the economy has increased since the
1880’s
Federal agencies regulate the quality of various foods and drugs, watch over
the nation’s money, and banking system, inspect workplaces for
hazardous conditions, and guard against damage to the environment
• The federal government also uses tax revenues to provide social programs such as Social Security and Medicare• State and local government have expanded their roles in such areas as
education, job training, recreation, and care for the elderly.
Freedom of Enterprise• The American economy is also called a
free enterprise system
Define free enterprise system
Economic system in which individuals own the factors of production and
decide how to use them within legal limits; same as capitalism
Explain how the government restricts free enterprise.
Freedom of Enterprise• Zoning regulations, child-labor laws ,
hazardous waste disposal rules, and other regulations
• All limit free-enterprise to protect you
Freedom of Choice• Buyers, not sellers, make the decisions
about what should be produced
Profit Incentive• When a person invests time, know-
how, money, and other capital resources in a business, the goal is to
make a profit• The desire of profit incentive motivates
entrepreneurs to establish new business and produce new kinds of goods and
servicesw
Private Property• One of the most important characteristics of capitalism
Define private property
Whatever is owned by individuals rather than by government
Define profit
Money left after all the costs of production-wages, rents, interests, and
taxes-have been paid
Define profit incentive
Desire to make a money that motivates people to produce and sell goods and
services
Describe the rights of property.
• The rights of humans to risk investment, own and produce assets,
learn new ways of producing, and enjoy the benefits if these choices
result in profits
Competition• Encouraged by the lure of profits
• Leads to an efficient use of resources• Forces businesses to keep their production costs as low as possible
• For competition to exist, barriers to enter and exit from industries must be
weak
Define competition
Rivalry among producers or sellers of similar goods and services to win more
business
Section 3
The Goals of the Nation
Identify the goals of free enterprise.
Goals of free enterprise• Economic Freedom
• Economic Efficiency• Economic Equity
• Economic Security• Economic Stability• Economic Growth
Economic Freedom• Goal: To allow each member of
society to make choices
Which country has the highest degree of economic freedom?
United States of America
Identify the consequences of economic freedom.
If a business fails, the government won’t help out
Economic Efficiency• Wise use of available resources so that
costs do not exceed benefits• We must always be watchful that the
costs of our economic actions do not exceed the benefits
Economic Equity• The attempt to balance an economic policy so that everyone benefits faily
Economic Security• Security is provided through a number
of government social programs
Economic Stability• Goal: To reduce the extreme ups and
downs in the standard of living• The standard of living is measured by
the average value of goods and services used by the average citizen
during a given period of time
Define standard of living
The material well-being of an individual, group, or nation measured by how well
their necessities and luxuries are satisfied
Economic Growth• Expansion of the economy to produce
more goods, jobs, and wealth
What is required to for a nation to achieve economic goals?
Trade-offs
Explain the responsibilities associated with a well-functioning free enterprise
system.
Individual responsibilities • Ability to support yourself and your
family• Responsibility to use your education in
a reasonable manner that helps you become a productive member of the
free enterprise system
Individual responsibilities• Individuals have the responsibility of
electing responsible government officials