Economic Empowerment of Women in Japan

Shizuka TAKAMURA,Counsellor for Gender Equality AnalysisGender Equality Bureau Cabinet ffice, Japan

4th Global Forum on Gender Statistics

28th March,2012

Contents

０．The statistical system of Japan１．The Strategy for Rebirth of Japan２．Big Potential of Women３．Issues４．The way ahead

1

０. The statistical system of the Japan

2

The statistical system of JapanThe statistical system of Japanese government is decentralized

Major Statistical Surveys in JapanStatistics Ministry Sex-segregated

data

Population Census Economic Census Family Income and Expenditure Survey Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities Labour Force Survey

○

Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions

Longitudinal Survey of Adults in 21st Century

Basic Survey on Wage Structure

○

Japan's Education at a Glance Survey on Full Time Equivalent (FTE) data

for Research Staff members in Higher Education Organization

○

Survey on Violence Between Men and Women Cabinet Office ○

Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications

Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

１. The Strategy for Rebirth of Japan- Overcoming crises and embarking on new frontiers

3

Women will be in the front line as ”the greatest potential to move Japan forwards”

December 22, 2011

Background

Strategies

Realizing growth by exploring new frontiers

1. Rebirth efforts following the earthquake and nuclear incident2. Achieving both economic growth and fiscal health3. Three frontiers: Economic frontier, Social frontier, International frontier4. Exploring new frontiers

Declining population

Aging society

Delayed transformation of the industrial structure

Great East Japan Earthquake

Nuclear power station accident

Global financial market instability

Deflation since the mid-1990s

Appreciating ¥

- Third Basic Plan for Gender Equality

4

December 17,2010

Highlights

“Specialist committee on Basic Issues and Gender Impact Assessment and Evaluation” Reported : “Women‘s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan,” (February, 2012)

③ Promotion of efforts aimed at increasing the share of women in leadership positions to at least 30% by 2020 in all social fields

④ Emphasizing revitalization of the economy and society and elimination of the “M-shaped curve problem” by having women play an active role

② Setting 82 performance objectives

① Creation of new priority fields

(Total number of priority fields:15)

２ Big potential of women

5

Gender Gap Index

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

Economic Participation andOpportunity

Education Attainment

Political Empowerment

Health and Survival

Sample average

Japan (98/135)

Iceland  (1/135)

(100/135)

(1/135)

(101/135)

(80/135)

Source: “The Global Gender Gap Report 2011” World Economic Forum

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

０～４５～９10～1415～1920～2425～2930～3435～3940～4545～4950～5455～5960～6465～6970～7475～7980～8585～8990～9495～99100～104105～

Demographic Changes in Japan

6

Women Men

Source： National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 2012

Year 2060 (86,787thousand people)

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

０～４５～９10～1415～1920～2425～2930～3435～3940～4545～4950～5455～5960～6465～6970～7475～7980～8585～8990～9495～99100～104105～

0

Year 2012 (127,498 thousand people)Percentage of aged population (Aged 65 years or above) : 24.2%

Percentage of aged population (Aged 65 years or above) : 39.9%

7

Increase and decrease in the number of male and female employees in each industry （Year 2002⇒Year 2010)

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200（万人）

男性

女性

全産業（132万人）

建設業（－99万人）

製造業（－115万人）

医療・福祉（180万人）

All industries1.32million people

Construction industry△0.99million people

Manufacturing industry△1.15 million people

Medical and welfare industry1.8million people

MenWomen

(million people)

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Source: “Labour Force Survey ” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

8

Women’s Huge potential

Women who are willing to work but are not included in the labor force

3.4million women, non-labor-force but willing to work,could boost the Japanese GDP by 1.5%.

Ratio of self-employed (right axis)

Labor participation rate (left axis)

Potential labor participation rate (left axis)

Source: “Labour Force Survey ” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

9

Female/male total wage ratio:

＝

Female/male Total wage ratio

Japan

Around 71%

Female/male Working hour ratio:

Female/male employed workers ratio:

Female/male Wage ratio:

Around 76%

Around 68%

Around 37%

×

×

Source: “Women‘s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan,” Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment , Council for Gender Equality, 2012

10

Female/male ratio of legislators, senior officials and managers

Source: OECD

11

GD

P per hour worked

（US$

）

Female labour participation rate (%)Source: OECD

Female Labor Participation Rates and GDP per Working Hour

Percentage of women involved in a decision in their households

4.4

19 .6

husband, 24.0 

19.2

60.4

couple, 30.1 

74.2

16.4

wife, 44.8 

0 20 40 60 80 100

【purchase daily goods】

【purchase consumer durable goods】

【decision the proposion of saving

and consumption】

（%）

husband couple wife another persons all family members else

12

Women are decision makers in their households

Source: “A survey on concerns bout the saving and consumption” Cabinet office, Japan (2010) N=6,432 (married males=3,023 married females=3,409）

Who is the decision maker in the household?

0.0

24.9

2.2

1.1

4.1

12.2

1.2

3.4

37.7

0.2

2.8

5.4

9.0

12.7

29.5

25.5

10.1

5.6

Newly‐organized individualproprietorship entities(*)

managed by female

Newly‐organized individualproprietorship entities(*)

managed by male

proprietors (male) family workers (male)full‐time employees (male) non‐regular staff, part‐timers (male)temporary employees (male) proprietors (female)family workers (female) full‐time employees (female)non‐regular staff, part‐timers (female) temporary employees (female)

13

Women entrepreneurs tend to create jobs for women

percentage of female engaging to the entities is 49.5%

percentage of female engaging to the entities is 89.1%

Source: “Establishment and Enterprise Census 2006” and “Economic Census for Business Frame 2009” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. * Cabinet Office analyzed situation using individual data.

(*) “Newly-organized entities” refer to entities founded after the Establishment and Enterprise Census 2006, among those which actually existed as the day when the Economic Census for Business Frame 2009 was conducted.

14

（１）Imbalance between Work & Life, Disparities between Women & Men,

３. Issues

Time spent for paid and unpaid work according to sex and age

(published by National Police Agency )

Women Men

Paid workUnpaid work

Source: “Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities 2006” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

( Minutes)( Minutes) (Age)

85+ 80～8475～79 70～7465～6960～6455～5950～5445～4940～4435～3930～3425～2920～2415～19

15

Labor force participation rates by sex

36.442.8

31.3 26.7 25.9

8.52.1

18.6 23.8 29.9

17.2

3.7

12.63.3

0.9

4.20.9

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

Ages 15-19

Ages 20-24

Ages 25-29

Ages 30-34

Ages 35-39

Ages 40-44

Ages 60-64

Ages ≥ 65

38.5

69.575.5 74.1 73.0 69.9 64.8

55.4

19.9

19.8

7.33.7

9.6

4.43.3

5.7

9.80.7

6.3

8.6 5.94.8

4.0

15.0

3.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Ages 15-19

Ages 20-24

Ages 25-29

Ages 30-34

Ages 35-39

Ages 40-44

Ages 45-49

Ages 50-54

Ages 55-59

Ages 60-64

Ages ≥ 65

Regular staffs Part-time workers/temporary workers

Dispatched workers/entrusted employees/others

%

22.016.0

7.88.09.6

12.69.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0%

26.3 24.9 19.6

31.8 29.6

25.0

4.4

5.7

Ages 45-49

Ages 50-54

Ages 55-59

7.4

3.5

2.32.1

2.02.7

3.94.3

5.7

100.0100.0

[Female] [Male]

Source: “Employment Status Survey 2007,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Note 1: Employees excluding executives of companies or corporations Note 2: “Regular staffs” are officers and employees; and “dispatched workers/entrusted employees/others” are dispatched workers from

temporary labor agencies, contract employees, entrusted employees, and others.

16

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

50万円未満

50～99万円

100～149万円

150～199万円

200～249万円

250～299万円

300～399万円

400～499万円

500～599万円

600～699万円

700～799万円

800～899万円

900～999万円

1000～1499万円

1500万円以上

男性

-25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0%

女性

25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

Women Men

Source: “Employment Status Survey 2007,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

Employed workers annual income according to sex

15～10～159～10 8～97～86～75～64～53～42.5～32～2.51.5～21～1.50.5～1～0.5

( million Yen )

17

The relative poverty rate of women & men according to age

Source: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions 2010“ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. ＊Abe, Aya calculated the relative poverty rate using the individual data.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%(Rrekatuve

 poverty ra

te,M50

)

Male Female

18

Childcare availability and maternal employment rates

Source: OECD

（２）Condition and Mind Set

19

(published by National Police Agency )

Fathers’ annual income and motherly labor participation rates

0

20

40

60

200万円

未満

200～399万円

400～599万円

600～799万円

800～999万円

1000万円

以上父親の年収

1984年 1994年 2004年母親の就業率

（％）

Fathers’ annual income

Source: “Women‘s potential as a critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan,” Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment , Council for Gender Equality, 2012

Mot

herly

labo

r par

ticip

atio

n ra

te (%

)

～2Million Yen

2～4Million Yen

4～6Million Yen

6～8Million Yen

8～10Million Yen

10～Million Yen

20

OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)＆ Proportion of females awarded tertiary degrees

0

20

40

60

GreecePolandSlovak RepublicSpainItalyIcelandDenmarkSwedenNew ZealandPortugalMexicoFranceBelgiumChileTurkeyOECD averageCzech RepublicNorwayAustraliaCanadaHungaryAustriaUnited KingdomGermanyKoreaFinlandUnited StatesIrelandSwitzerlandNetherlandsJapan

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

KoreaFinlandJapanSwitzerlandCanadaNetherlandsNew ZealandAustraliaEstoniaGermanyIcelandBelgiumSloveniaDenmarkNorwaySlovak RepublicSwedenPolandOECD AverageCzech RepublicFranceAustriaHungaryIrelandUnited KingdomPortugalLuxembourgUnited StatesItaly SpainGreeceIsraelTurkeyMexicoChile

女性 男子

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

FinlandJapanKoreaNew ZealandAustraliaEstoniaCanadaNetherlandsSloveniaGermanySwitzerlandPolandIrelandUnited KingdomBelgiumCzech RepublicHungaryNorwayOECD AverageFranceSwedenIcelandPortugalUnited StatesDenmarkSlovak RepublicAustriaItaly SpainLuxembourgGreeceTurkeyIsraelChile Mexico

女子 男子

PISA mean scores in mathematics (2009)

PISA mean scores in science (2009)

Proportion of females awarded tertiary degrees in engineering, manufacturing and construction (2008)

Source: OECD

women men

women men

21

Enrollment ratio for the tertiary education

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

日本

フランス

オランダ

英国

韓国

イタリア

オーストラリア

スウェーデン

ノルウェー

デンマーク

米国

フィンランド

女性

男性

FinlandUSADenmarkNorwaySwedenAustraliaItalySouth KoreaUnited KingdomNetherlandFranceJapan

WomenMen

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2008)

（３）Education and Capacity Building

Ratio of fulltime workers aged 20-24 excluding students

22

Men Women

University graduates

Junior college graduates

High school graduates

Junior high graduates

Source: “Employment Status Survey 2007,2002,1997, 1992” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

1992 1997 2002 2007 1992 1997 2002 2007

23

How do Fulltime female workers who would like to be in the leadership position feel?

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Availability of systems for balancing work and life, suchas child care leave

Having a feeling like "People in the workplace  rely onme and they have high hopes for me."

Opportunities to present one's ideas and projects

Opporttunities for raise, promotion and reasignment

Opportunities to build one's capacity and experiences

Availability of peer network and mentors, whom onecould consult with

Other female managers at one's side

It doesn't apply to me

It applies to me

Institutional mindsets

Social backgrounds

Networks, role models and mentors

Source: “Women‘s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan,” Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment , Council for Gender Equality, 2012

24

Difficulties in starting businesses

Source: “Women‘s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan,” Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment , Council for Gender Equality, 2012

４．The way ahead Deepen public understanding of the favorable effects of

gender diversity initiatives on economic growth ◦ Identify and disseminate the evidence based on gender statistics

and the good practices◦ Corroborate with international movements to pursuing policies

25

Take a proactive approach to increase the existence and representation of women, especially in decision making positions◦ Promote the measures to require an participation of women ◦ Promote the efforts to diminish the wage gap and promotion gap

between women and men in each company◦ Provide easy-to-access funding to female entrepreneurs

Disseminate the importance of women’s education and training

Move forward with “Comprehensive Reform of Social Security and Taxation” ◦ Introduce “Comprehensive New System for Children and Child-

rearing” to provide sufficient childcare facilities◦ Consider the effect of taxation affecting women's working will