ecology1 complete
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecology I.
Introduction to ecology
![Page 2: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecology• The science of the study of the
relationships between living things and their environment
• The environment could be:– Biotic = other species
– Nonbiological (abiotic) = physical, chemical, geographical, geological factors
![Page 3: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ecological sciences
• General ecology• Plant ecology, animal ecology, microbial
ecology• Environmental science• Environmental protection and
management• Hydrobiology (water ecosystems)• Limnology (freshwater ecosystems)• Environmental geology and geography
![Page 4: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Applications of ecology in medicine• Medical ecology• Preventive medicine (hygiene)• Social medicine• Epidemiology• Toxicology• Genotoxicology – deals with mutagenic effects
of environmental factors• Medical parasitology• Medical microbiology• Alergology• Geographic medicine• Medical geology
![Page 5: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Genetic and environmental background of diseases
INHERITANCE ENVIRONMENT
(genetic factors) (environmental factors)
Diabetes mellitus
Tumor diseases
Phenylketonuria
Injuries
Infections
Cystic fibrosis
Intoxications
Color blindness
Deafness
![Page 6: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Basic ecological terms
![Page 7: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Population
• A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
Population of species A
Population of species B
![Page 8: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ecosystem
• Ecological community + nonbiological factors
• The minimum system that includes and sustains life
• It must include:– An autotroph– A decomposer– A source of energy– All the chemical elements required by the
autotroph and the decomposer
![Page 9: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Abiotic factors
Ecosystem
Population of species A
Population of species B
Population of species C
Community
![Page 10: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Food web (trophic „chain“)
Producers (green plants, algae, autotrophic bacteria)
Primary consumers (herbivores)
Secodary consumers (carnivores)
Decomposers (heterotrophic bacteria, fungi)
Decay of organic matterRelease of inorganic nutrients
Solar energy
![Page 11: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Energy flow within food web
Biomass of producers
Biomass of primary consumers
Loss of
energy
Loss of
energy
Biomass of secondary consumers
![Page 12: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Interspecific relationsRelation Species A Species B
Neutralism 0 0 No relation, neither effects the other
Commensalism + 0
Protocooperation + + Free relation
Mutualism („symbiosis“)
+ + Closed relation
Allelopathy (inhibition)
0 (+?) – Species A produces compounds harmful for species B
Parasitism + –
Predation + –
Competition + –
![Page 13: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Commensalism:One species benefits, the other doesn't but
is not harmed.
![Page 14: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Interspecific relationsRelation Species A Species B
Neutralism 0 0 No relation, neither effects the other
Commensalism + 0
Protocooperation + + Free relation
Mutualism („symbiosis“)
+ + Closed relation
Allelopathy (inhibition)
0 (+?) – Species A produces compounds harmful for species B
Parasitism + –
Predation + –
Competition + –
![Page 15: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Protocooperation
A hermit crab and the sea anemone
![Page 16: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Interspecific relationsRelation Species A Species B
Neutralism 0 0 No relation, neither effects the other
Commensalism + 0
Protocooperation + + Free relation
Mutualism („symbiosis“)
+ + Closed relation
Allelopathy (inhibition)
0 (+?) – Species A produces compounds harmful for species B
Parasitism + –
Predation + –
Competition + –
![Page 17: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mutualism• Giant Clam
Tridacna squamosa
• The mantle (soft tissue) within the shell is brightly coloured brown, blue and/or green. This is due to the microscopic algae known as zooxanthellae living inside the tissues which photosynthesise (manufacture food) from sunlight and the waste metabolic products of the clam. They are then "harvested" by the clam as supplementary food.
• Despite being "farmed" this way, the algae are assured of a safe "residence" and a continued supply of nutrients.
![Page 18: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Another example of mutualism- lichens
![Page 19: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Interspecific relationsRelation Species A Species B
Neutralism 0 0 No relation, neither effects the other
Commensalism + 0
Protocooperation + + Free relation
Mutualism („symbiosis“)
+ + Closed relation
Allelopathy (inhibition)
0 (+?) – Species A produces compounds harmful for species B.
„antibiosis“
Parasitism + –
Predation + –
Competition + –
![Page 20: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Antibiosis
Epicoccum nigrum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Antibiosis test of bacteria
![Page 21: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Interspecific relationsRelation Species A Species B
Neutralism 0 0 No relation, neither effects the other
Commensalism + 0
Protocooperation + + Free relation
Mutualism („symbiosis“)
+ + Closed relation
Allelopathy (inhibition)
0 (+?) – Species A produces compounds harmful for species B.
„antibiosis“
Parasitism + –
Predation + –
Competition + –
![Page 22: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Parasites in humans• Viruses• Bacteria• Fungi (e.g. some parasitic yeasts)• Protozoa or Protista (e.g. Trypanosoma,
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma)• Flatworms (e.g. liver fluke)• Roundworms (e.g. ascarid)• Insects (e.g. mosquito)• Arachnoids (e.g. tick)
![Page 23: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Microbiology and parasitology• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Insects
• Arachnoids
Medical microbiology
Medical parasitolgy
![Page 24: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plasmodium – a typical parasite transmitted by mosquito
![Page 25: Ecology1 Complete](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554eaceab4c9055f7b8b4f0f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
See you next week!
• Practicals – a short test in basic ecology is not excluded!