ecology1 - an introduction

8/12/2019 ECOLOGY1 - An Introduction

1/39

ECOLOGY

By:

MARIA KRISIA

FAE DELOSREYES DE ASIS,

BSN-RN


2/39

ECOLOGY

- Derived from the Greek wordoikosmeaning house or place

to live introduced by Ernst

Heinrich Haeckel

- Science of interrelations

between living organisms and

their environment


3/39

ECOLOGY

- environmental biology

- Study of the relation of

organisms or groups of organisms

to their PHYSICAL and BIOLOGIGAL

environment


4/39

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

- includes light and heat or

solar radiation, moisture, wind,

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

in soil, water, and atmosphere

ECOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

- Organisms of the same kind andother plants and animals


5/39


6/39

IDENTIFY:

Includes all of the populationsoccupying a given area?

Answer:

COMMUNITY


7/39

IDENTIFY:

Includes all of the earths living

organisms interacting together with

the physical environment as a whole?

Answer:

ECOSPHERE / BIOSPHERE


8/39

IDENTIFY:

It is the capacity to do work or bringabout change?

Answer:

ENERGY


9/39


10/39

COMPONENTS

+ BIOTIC or LIVING COMPONENTS:

> Producers can make their own

food

> Consumers eat other organisms

for food

> Decomposers obtain

nourishment from dead matter


11/39

+ ABIOTIC or NON-LIVING COMPONENTS

provide nutrients for the

ecosystem to function

COMPONENTS

Also remember:

> Ecosystems are systems in which

there is a regulated transfer of

ENERGY and a controlled cycling of

nutrients.


12/39

HEAT

ECOSYSTEMSUN

PRODUCERS

ABIOTIC

NUTRIENTS

CONSUMERS

DECOMPOSERS

ENERGY &

NUTRIENTS

HEAT

HEAT

HEAT


13/39

PRIMARY CONSUMERS-Herbivores

-Feed directly on green plants

TYPES OF CONSUMERS

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

-Carnivores

-Feed on the herbivores

+ detritus

= waste material of an ecosystem


14/39

TROPHIC LEVELS

= from Greek word trophosmeaningfeeder

+ Autotroph self-feeder

+ Heterotroph other-feeder

o Herbivores consumers of green

plants

o Carnivores consumers of herbivores

o Omnivores consumers of both plants

and animals


15/39

TROPHIC LEVELS

o FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL

green plants

o SECOND TROPHIC LEVEL

herbivores, omnivores

o THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL

carnivores, onmivores

o FOURTH TROPHIC LEVELsecondary carnivores


16/39

FOOD CHAIN

A series of organisms made up of

the different trophic levels that

creates a continuous transfer of

energy


17/39


18/39

FOOD WEB

A set of interconnected food

chains by which energy and

materials circulate within an

ecosystem


19/39


20/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIES+ DOMINANCE

- results when one or several

species control the environmental

conditions that influence

associated species

+ DIVERSITY

- Involves the number of species

in a community and how these

numbers are apportioned


21/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIES+ STRATIFICATION

-layering than occurs in a

community

-Ex. Grassland: ground layer and

herbaceous layer

-Ex. Forest: ground, herbaceous,

low shrub, low tree and highshrub, lower canopy, and upper

canopy


22/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIES+ HABITAT

- the place where particular

plants or animals live

+ NICHE

- the functional role of a

species in a community


23/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIES+ BIRTH RATE

- the number of young produced

per unit of population per unit

of time

+ DEATH RATE

- the number of deaths per unit

of time


24/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIES+ GROWTH RATE

- Influenced by births and deaths

o When births exceeds deaths

= POPULATION INCREASES

= (+) POPULATION GROWTH RATE

o When deaths exceeds births

= POPULATION DECREASES

= (-) POPULATION GROWTH RATE


25/39

POPULATIONS AND

COMMUNITIESo When births equals deaths

= POPULATION REMAINS THE SAME

= ZERO POPULATION GROWTH RATE

+ EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

- Occurs when a small population

is introduced into a favorable

environment with abundant

resources (OPPORTUNISTIC SPECIES)


26/39

COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS

= various population interactionsthat tie the community together

= have major influence in

population growth

= SYMBIOSIS

1. COMPETITION

- When a shared resource is in

short supply, organisms compete,

and those that are more

successful survive


27/39


2. PREDATION- the consumption of one living

organism, plant or animal, by

another

3. PARASITISM

- two organisms live together,

one drawing its nourishment at

the expense of the other


28/39


4. COEVOLUTION

-the joint evolution of two

unrelated species that have a

close ecological relationship

-the evolution of one speciesdepends in part on the evolution

of the other

- a.k.a.Adaptation

or Mimicry


29/39


5. MUTUALISM- Coexistence that results in

mutual benefits to the

interdependent organisms

6. COMMENSALISM

- an association between two

different kinds of nonparasitic

animals that is harmless to both

and in which one of the organism

benefits


30/39


31/39

PLEASE PREPARE FOR A

SHORT QUIZ


32/39

question:

Capacity to do work?

Answer


33/39

question:

What is the Greek word

meaning house or

place to live?

Answer


34/39

question:

What are the two

components of the

ecosystem? Enumerate.

Answer


35/39

question:

What are consumers of

both plants and

animals?

Answer


36/39

question:

What are the 6 types of

community interactions?

Answer


37/39

question:

What is the functional

role of a species in a

community?

Answer


38/39

question:

A series of organisms

made up of the

different trophiclevels that creates a

continuous transfer of

energy?Answer


39/39

question:

Give an example of a

food chain with four

trophic levels. (5pts.)

ecology1 - an introduction

Documents