ECOLOGYECOLOGYThe study of how organisms interact with The study of how organisms interact with and are dependent upon the environment and are dependent upon the environment

and each otherand each other

Environmental Environmental Organization Organization

Lesson 1Lesson 1

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Brain Pop video: EcosystemsBrain Pop video: Ecosystems

Take out List Examples worksheet and Take out List Examples worksheet and complete while watching Brain Popcomplete while watching Brain Pop

EnvironmentEnvironment Made up of living and nonliving things that surround Made up of living and nonliving things that surround

an organisman organism

ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM11. . BioticBiotic – living things such as bacteria, plants, animals – living things such as bacteria, plants, animals

and fungiand fungi

22. . AbioticAbiotic – nonliving things such as the soil, water, air, – nonliving things such as the soil, water, air, gases, minerals, temperature and pHgases, minerals, temperature and pH

Levels of organizationLevels of organizationOrganismsOrganisms = individual = individual

PopulationPopulation = all organisms of a specific species = all organisms of a specific species living in a particular area (ex: goldfish in a living in a particular area (ex: goldfish in a pond)pond)

CommunityCommunity = all populations in a given area (ex: = all populations in a given area (ex: goldfish, turtles, lilies and frogs in a pond)goldfish, turtles, lilies and frogs in a pond)

Levels of organizationLevels of organizationEcosystemEcosystem = communities plus abiotic environment, = communities plus abiotic environment,

must have input of energy and recycling of must have input of energy and recycling of materialsmaterials

BiomesBiomes = large geographic areas with similar climate = large geographic areas with similar climate and ecosystemsand ecosystems

Biosphere Biosphere = portion of Earth where living things live= portion of Earth where living things live

HABITATHABITAT = Specific place that is an organisms = Specific place that is an organisms homehome

NICHENICHE = The role of the organism in its habitat = The role of the organism in its habitat

Only 1 species can be in a niche at the same time ** Only 1 species can be in a niche at the same time ** If 2 attempt to fill this role there will be If 2 attempt to fill this role there will be competition competition

Relationships within an Relationships within an EcosystemEcosystem

Lesson 2Lesson 2

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Answer the following questions in your Answer the following questions in your notebook:notebook:

1. Explain the difference between a habitat 1. Explain the difference between a habitat and a niche.and a niche.

2. What is a food chain?2. What is a food chain? BrainPop video: Food ChainsBrainPop video: Food Chains

Relationships in the ecosystemRelationships in the ecosystem

2 Basic groups of organisms: 2 Basic groups of organisms:

1.1. AutotrophsAutotrophs = Producers - = Producers - make their own food by make their own food by photosynthesis (plants, algae) photosynthesis (plants, algae) source of energy source of energy

2.2. HeterotrophsHeterotrophs = those who = those who cannot make food so must cannot make food so must consume it = consumersconsume it = consumers

CONSUMERSCONSUMERS

a.a. HerbivoresHerbivores = primary consumers who graze = primary consumers who graze on plants (cows, deer, moose, insects, on plants (cows, deer, moose, insects, elephant, buffalo)elephant, buffalo)

b.b. CarnivoresCarnivores = eat other animals = eat other animals- PredatorsPredators – hunt and attack prey and – hunt and attack prey and

eat themeat them- ScavengersScavengers – “clean up” feed on – “clean up” feed on

remains of animals already deadremains of animals already dead

CONSUMERSCONSUMERSc.c. Omnivores Omnivores = eat both plants and animals = eat both plants and animals

d.d. Decomposers Decomposers = consume wastes and dead = consume wastes and dead bodies of organisms and bodies of organisms and

recycle materials for use recycle materials for use

by producersby producers

FOOD CHAINFOOD CHAIN Illustrates the Illustrates the

relationshipsrelationships between producers between producers and consumers and and consumers and decomposers. Also, decomposers. Also, shows how shows how energy energy flowsflows from one from one organism to anotherorganism to another

FOOD WEBSFOOD WEBS Interconnected Food ChainsInterconnected Food Chains

RESOURCESRESOURCESIn any relationship in an ecosystem, resources are In any relationship in an ecosystem, resources are

limited! Organisms compete for resources for limited! Organisms compete for resources for survivalsurvival

COMPETITIONCOMPETITION = = struggle for limited resources struggle for limited resources this keeps a population stable – some this keeps a population stable – some populations vary with seasonspopulations vary with seasons

LIMITING FACTORSLIMITING FACTORS

1.1. AbioticAbiotic – amount of oxygen dissolved in pond – amount of oxygen dissolved in pond limits the # of fish or the amount of light limits the # of fish or the amount of light reaching the forest floor limits # of plants that reaching the forest floor limits # of plants that growgrow

2.2. BioticBiotic – predator/prey – predator/prey predators eat prey predators eat prey decreases # of prey decreases # of prey predators starve and their predators starve and their # goes down # goes down # of prey increases again # of prey increases again

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity

The number of organisms of any single species The number of organisms of any single species that an ecosystem can support – determined by that an ecosystem can support – determined by available energy, water, food, oxygen, space available energy, water, food, oxygen, space or mineralsor minerals

Food Chains and Energy Food Chains and Energy in Ecosystemsin Ecosystems

LabLab

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Compare your food chain with your partners?Compare your food chain with your partners? How are they different? How are they alike?How are they different? How are they alike?

Natural Controls of Natural Controls of PopulationsPopulations

LabLab

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BrainPop video: Population GrowthBrainPop video: Population Growth

SymbiosisSymbiosis

Lesson 3Lesson 3

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Make 3 Piles on your table.Make 3 Piles on your table. 1. Beaks of Finches Lab1. Beaks of Finches Lab 2. Lab Write Up2. Lab Write Up 3. Food Chains and Energy in Ecosystems Lab3. Food Chains and Energy in Ecosystems Lab

BrainPop video: Symbiosis BrainPop video: Symbiosis Multiple Choice quizMultiple Choice quiz

SYMBIOSIS SYMBIOSIS

Close relationship between 2 different organismsClose relationship between 2 different organisms

3 Types of 3 Types of SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS::

1. Mutualism1. Mutualism

2. Commensalism2. Commensalism

3. Parasitism3. Parasitism

MUTUALISM MUTUALISM Mutual benefitMutual benefit from the relationship from the relationship +/++/+

a. a. TermitesTermites – eat wood and protozoa in gut and digest – eat wood and protozoa in gut and digest woodwood

b. b. Acacia TreeAcacia Tree – hollow thorns with sugar and stinging – hollow thorns with sugar and stinging ants live in thorns and keep other insects awayants live in thorns and keep other insects away

c. c. LegumesLegumes – nodules on their roots + nitrogen fixing – nodules on their roots + nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules and make N for the plant while bacteria live in nodules and make N for the plant while getting food from the rootsgetting food from the roots

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISMOne organism benefits while the other is unaffected One organism benefits while the other is unaffected

+/0+/0

a.a. Pilot fish and SharkPilot fish and Shark – when the shark eats, – when the shark eats, pieces of food are eaten by the pilot fishpieces of food are eaten by the pilot fish

b.b. Barnacles on a whaleBarnacles on a whale – barnacles get a free – barnacles get a free ride but don’t help or harm whaleride but don’t help or harm whale

c.c. Cape buffalo and egrets (birds)Cape buffalo and egrets (birds) – as the – as the buffalo grazes it disturbs insects which the buffalo grazes it disturbs insects which the egrets eatsegrets eats

PARASITISMPARASITISM

TAPEWORMTAPEWORM

FUNGUS OR FUNGUS OR

ATHLETES FOOTATHLETES FOOT

TICKS OR FLEASTICKS OR FLEAS

PARASITISMPARASITISMOne organism benefits while the other is One organism benefits while the other is

harmed harmed +/- +/- . The host usually does not die. The host usually does not die

a.a. TapewormTapeworm – sucks nutrients in gut of – sucks nutrients in gut of human (pain, less nutrients and weight loss)human (pain, less nutrients and weight loss)

b.b. Fungus of athletes footFungus of athletes foot – sucks nutrients – sucks nutrients from skin on humans (itchy, red and from skin on humans (itchy, red and uncomfortable feet)uncomfortable feet)

c.c. Ticks or FleasTicks or Fleas – suck blood from dogs – suck blood from dogs (discomfort and sometimes disease, ex: (discomfort and sometimes disease, ex: lymes)lymes)

In class assignmentIn class assignment

Symbiosis worksheetSymbiosis worksheet

Homework Homework

Good buddies worksheetGood buddies worksheet

Energy Flow Energy Flow andand

Environmental CyclesEnvironmental CyclesLesson 4Lesson 4

Energy Flow through an EcosystemEnergy Flow through an Ecosystem

Solar energy Solar energy stored as food to power life processes stored as food to power life processes organisms break chemical bonds to make ATP organisms break chemical bonds to make ATP

then use it for metabolism then use it for metabolism most energy converted to heat and lost to the most energy converted to heat and lost to the

environment environment rest is used by organisms rest is used by organisms each step of the food chain has less available each step of the food chain has less available

energy to useenergy to use

Energy PyramidEnergy PyramidUsed to illustrate the transfer of energy through Used to illustrate the transfer of energy through

the food chainthe food chain

Recycling and Reusing MaterialsRecycling and Reusing Materials

Self-sustainingSelf-sustaining = must have recycling of = must have recycling of materials between organisms and the abiotic materials between organisms and the abiotic (nonliving) world(nonliving) world

Chemical elements in living organisms –Chemical elements in living organisms – Carbon Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N) (N) make up the molecules of life! Pass make up the molecules of life! Pass through the food chain – broken and through the food chain – broken and recombinedrecombined

CYCLESCYCLES1. Carbon/Oxygen/Hydrogen1. Carbon/Oxygen/Hydrogen

CYCLESCYCLES2. H2O2. H2O

CYCLESCYCLES3. Nitrogen3. Nitrogen

In class assignmentIn class assignment

Cycles worksheetCycles worksheet

Homework Homework

Review book work Review book work Pages 98-115 questions 1-59 (due Wednesday)Pages 98-115 questions 1-59 (due Wednesday)

Threats to Global Threats to Global StabilityStability

Lesson 5Lesson 5

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What are some threats to global stability?What are some threats to global stability?

Threats to Global StabilityThreats to Global Stability

1. Direct Harvesting1. Direct Harvesting = destruction or removal = destruction or removal of species from their habitat of species from their habitat can lead to can lead to endangered species or extinction – humans caused endangered species or extinction – humans caused extinction of passenger pigeonextinction of passenger pigeon

Ex: exotic pets, animals killed for body Ex: exotic pets, animals killed for body parts such as pelts or tusksparts such as pelts or tusks

22. . Deforestation Deforestation

Destruction of forests that causes widespread Destruction of forests that causes widespread habitat destruction (area covered by rain forest habitat destruction (area covered by rain forest is only ½ that of 150 years ago) is only ½ that of 150 years ago) reduces reduces biodiversitybiodiversity

3. Imported species 3. Imported species

New species brought to a place New species brought to a place (ex: rabbits brought to (ex: rabbits brought to Australia) can become pests Australia) can become pests especially if they disrupt food especially if they disrupt food chains. They often have no chains. They often have no natural enemy and can natural enemy and can overpopulate and may overpopulate and may eliminate native specieseliminate native species

Some countries “Some countries “quarantine”quarantine” any new animals any new animals and plants brought into the country until sure and plants brought into the country until sure they are free of peststhey are free of pests

SaferSafer pest controls (instead of chemicals that pest controls (instead of chemicals that pollute the environment) include:pollute the environment) include:

a. chemical scents to attract insectsa. chemical scents to attract insectsb. sterilizing male insectsb. sterilizing male insectsc. releasing native predatorsc. releasing native predatorsd. repel or attract with hormonesd. repel or attract with hormonese. genetically resistant to pestse. genetically resistant to pests

4.4. IndustrializationIndustrialization

Machines produce productsMachines produce products- Power plants pollute air - Power plants pollute air and waterand water- Nuclear plants - Nuclear plants thermal thermal pollution of water and disposal pollution of water and disposal of nuclear wastesof nuclear wastes- Uses large amounts of - Uses large amounts of waterwater

5. Pollution 5. Pollution

Introduction of contaminants into a natural environment Introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes harmthat causes harm

Water: Water: caused by dumping wastes, runoff from chemicals caused by dumping wastes, runoff from chemicals and acid rain from factory smoke and acid rain from factory smoke

Toxic wastes in waterToxic wastes in water moves through the food moves through the food chain and become most concentrated in organisms at the chain and become most concentrated in organisms at the top of the chain (like humans)top of the chain (like humans)

Air Air – releasing harmful substances into the air – releasing harmful substances into the air

Consequences of Burning fossil Consequences of Burning fossil fuels:fuels:

1. 1. Sulfer and nitrogen in airSulfer and nitrogen in air - - combine with rain combine with rain acid rain (lower pH) acid rain (lower pH) damages plants and animalsdamages plants and animals

2. 2. SmogSmog – toxic pollutants react with sunlight – toxic pollutants react with sunlight and produce gray haze and produce gray haze causes respiratory causes respiratory problemsproblems

6. Global warming 6. Global warming

CO2 is a “greenhouse gas” that traps light and CO2 is a “greenhouse gas” that traps light and keeps the Earth warm.keeps the Earth warm.

- Too much can cause ice caps to meltToo much can cause ice caps to melt- Planting trees can help!Planting trees can help!

7. 7. Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion

Release of industrial gases Release of industrial gases causes destruction of the ozone causes destruction of the ozone layer that shields the Earth from layer that shields the Earth from harmful UV light which can harmful UV light which can causes cancer and destroy causes cancer and destroy producers * main causes are producers * main causes are CFC’s (chlorofluorcarbons)CFC’s (chlorofluorcarbons)

8. Land Use 8. Land Use

Decreases space and available resourcesDecreases space and available resources

In class assignmentIn class assignment

Topic 7 “Quiz”Topic 7 “Quiz”

HomeworkHomework

Review Book Pages 98-115 questions 1-59Review Book Pages 98-115 questions 1-59

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Lesson 7Lesson 7

Do NowDo Now

How does the strength of toxins change as you How does the strength of toxins change as you move up a food chain?move up a food chain?

Take out Topic 7 Quiz & Homework from Take out Topic 7 Quiz & Homework from Last night!Last night!

Videos and picture montages depicting natural Videos and picture montages depicting natural and man made disastersand man made disasters

Disasters of the 21Disasters of the 21stst century century

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession Gradual changes in an ecosystemGradual changes in an ecosystem Can be initiated by natural disaster (flood, Can be initiated by natural disaster (flood,

tsunami, fire, landslide, volcanic eruption)tsunami, fire, landslide, volcanic eruption) Primary vs. secondaryPrimary vs. secondary MOST stable ecosystem is a forest!MOST stable ecosystem is a forest!

Primary vs. Secondary SuccessionPrimary vs. Secondary Succession

Primary – begins where no soil is present. First Primary – begins where no soil is present. First bacteria colonize then lichens, small plants and bacteria colonize then lichens, small plants and grasses, trees etc. grasses, trees etc.

Secondary – begins where soil is already Secondary – begins where soil is already present.present.

Pioneer SpeciesPioneer Species

Species which colonize previously Species which colonize previously un-colonized landun-colonized land

First organisms to start chain of First organisms to start chain of events leading to a livable events leading to a livable ecosystemecosystem

Ex: Bacteria, lichen, durable plantsEx: Bacteria, lichen, durable plants Pioneer species will die, creating Pioneer species will die, creating

plant litter to form new soil for plant litter to form new soil for secondary successionsecondary succession

Homework Homework

Complete Topic 7 in your Review BooksComplete Topic 7 in your Review Books

Review

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Ecological Succession WorksheetEcological Succession Worksheet