ecological versatility and community...

Index

Abricta curvicosta, 265absolute rates

desirability of, 259-61Acacia, 287Acanthiza, 288Acanthocy clops, 125Africa, 48

central-west, 250South, 61

agria, see Stenocereus gummosusAgropyron repens, 231Alces alces, 86-7alcohol

salicyl, 97alga, 100, 340

red, see Gelidium robustumallelochemical, 79, 86, 94, 99, 324Allium cepa, 131Amanita

muscaria, 130, 131pantharina, 130

Amazilia tobaci, 60Amazonia, 250Amblycercus holosericeus, 121America

Central, 48, 121North, 48, 106, 110, 118, 149, 165,

214South, 48, 121

amphibian, 54anuran, 2, 37-8, 158

amphipodCaprellidae, 146-7Gammaridae, 146-7see Pontoporeia affinis

analysisdetrended correspondence, 270—1

isoleg, 284principal component, 270sensitivity, 225

Anolis, 37, 58, 79, 159, 327eugenegrahdmi, 338evermanni, 74—6gundlachi, 74—6humilis, 73limifrons, 73stratulus, 74—5vermiculatus, 338

Anoplocephala, 149Auostraca 149ant, 312

see Lasius, Conomyrma bicolor,Myrmecocystus kennedyi,Conomyrma insana, Crematogasteremery ana, Iridomyrmex humilis

Antarctica, 48Anthrocothorax nigricollis, 60aphid

fundatrix, 154polymorphism, 154summer female, 154

areography, 4Asia, 48, 106ASM, see model, apparent sizeAtherina breviceps, 61Australia, 172, 301

Great Dividing Range, 287New South Wales, 272, 288, 303Queensland, 288south-eastern, 194, 275south-western, 275Victoria, 9, 272, 287, 288Western Australia, 224

autocorrelation, spatial, 297

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424 Index

bamboo, see Chusqueabananaquit, see Coereba flaveolaBanksia, 224bat, 334

insectivorous, 120Mollosidae, see Nyctinomops,

Molossussurface-gleaning, 56

bathymetry, 50bear, grizzly, see Ursus arctosbeetle, leaf, see Phratora vitellinae,

Galerucella lineola, PhyllobroticaBellis perennis, 131Betula pedula, 131biogeography, 4

zone, 275bird, 54, 320, 337

fish-eating, 106foliage-gleaning, 172frugivorous, 56, 321granivorous, 321nectarivorous, 67, 126, 321rainforest, 250

body size, of consumer, 315, 330Boidae, 37Boletinus pictus, 130Boletus rubellus, 130Bosmina, 125burbot, see Lota lotabutterfly, 54, 89

Danainae, 89Heliconiinae, 89Ithomiinae, 89Lycaenidae, see Plebejus argusNymphalidae, 89

butterwort, see Pinguicula

caciqueyellow-billed, see Amblycercus

holosericeuscactus, columnar, 52Caffrogobius multifasciatus, 61Canada, 96

Alberta, 105New Brunswick, 64

Canadian Shield, 124cannibalism, 54, 122, 125

Cantharellus cibarius, 130carnivore

plant, 119primary, 110

Carpodacus mexicanus, 277carrying capacity, 144, 167, 209, 230,

295Catostomus

catostomus, 105commersoni, 105

cellular automata, 335Cennococcum

geophilum, 130graniforme, 130

Centrostephanus rodgersii, 340Cervus elaphus, 87cestode

Hymenolepididae, 103see Schistocephalus solidus

Ch, see exploitation, coherent, hardChamaelinorops, 37chemostat, 360Chlorella, 133Chrysolampis mosquitus, 60Chusquea, 121cicada, 292

see Abricta curvicosta, Psaltodamoerens, Henicopsaltria eydouxi,Thopha saccata, Cystosomasaundersii

cina, see Stenocereus alamosensisCircus cyaneus, 73cisco, see Coregonus artediiCittotaenia, 103cladistics, 89, 98, 103cladocera, 124Clerodendrum, 98Clinus spatulatus, 61, 74, 76Clitopilus prunulus, 130clone, 59, 139coenocline, 269

distinct preference, 220shared preference, 221

Coereba flaveola, 60, 69coevolution, 94

bilateral, 318coexistence, 229






Index 425

ecological versatility and, 261—3probability of, 262

Colluricincla harmonica, 9-10, 265, 273Colubridae, 37community

fungal, 16hammock, 56microbial, 16plant, 16

competitioncoefficient, 230-1, 374; equivalence

with resource overlap, 222exploitation, 169, 171, 374-5interference, 171interspecific, 15, 27, 213-64, 267,

316, 327-8; actuality of, 214;combining ability, 223;compression, 213, 280-1, 322;context-specificity, 251—3;depressive, 214, 231; ecologicalversatility and, 220-4; exclusion,213, 227; intransitivity, 223;manifestations of, 214; matrix,216; release, 213, 280-1

intraspecific, 230, 316, 326competitiveness, 236, 242-3complementarity, 302component

environmental, 20conformance, 40—1Conomyrma

bicolor, 148insana, 148

conservation biology, 203constraint, 25Contopus latirostris, 280Conus, 62

chaldeus, 74copepod, 76, 106

see Senecella calanoides, EpischuraCoregonus

artedii, 105clupeaformis, 105

Cortinariusglaucopus, 130mucosus, 130

cosmology, 1

cosmopolitanism, 9, 35, 267Costa Rica, 56, 96, 121Crematogaster emery ana, 148Cs, see exploitation, coherent, softcue, environmental, 151curve, indifference, 23-4cyanobacteria, 133Cyanophaia bicolor, 280Cyphoderia ampulla, 36Cystosoma saundersii, 265, 293

Dacelo novaeguineae, 265Daphnia pulex, 158Darlingtonia haetiana, 37—8DCA, see analysis, detrended

correspondenceDendroica

castanea, 118pensylvanica, 118petechia, 281plumbea, 281

density, of consumer populations, 330Deschampsia flexuosa, 178desert

Great Basin, 148Mojave, 148

design, sampling, 329-30, 332-5deterrent, chemical, 55, 340detoxification, 136, 317development, continuous, 159Diacy clops, 125Diaphanosoma, 125Diaptomus, 125Dicaeum hirundinaceum, 301digestibility, 87-8Dionaea muscipula, 119discrimination, sensory, 323disease, 218dispersal, 204, 218

agents, 49displacement, character, 215, 327distance, Euclidean, 270distribution

ideal free, 282-3isotropic resource, 372—3

disturbance, abiotic, 218Dolabella auricularia, 23, 99






426 Index

dormancy, 177, 195DRM, see model, digestive rateDrosophila, 52-3, 60, 139, 318

aldrichi, 53arizonensis, 53Hawaiian, 318, 337mojavensis, 53

drought, 54

earthworm, 59echolocation, 120ecology, theoretical, 207ecophysiology, 266—7effect, Allee, 372efficiency, digestive, 88Elaenia martinica, 280elaenia, Caribbean, see Elaenia martinicaelectivity, Ivlev index, 60, 70Eleutherodactylus, 37-8elk, see Cervus elaphusEmbiotoca later alis, 146-7, 165emigration, 205Endogone lactiflua, 130Enhydra lutris, 340enslavement, 146, 148, 313environment

predictable versus stochastic, 246-7,310, 321

test, constant, 180—1; stochastic,247-8, 254; variable, 180-1

variability, 245-51, 310-11Epibolium glandulosum, 131Epischura, 124equilibrium, see stability, asymptoticEricales, 130Esox lucius, 105ETE, see extinction, expected time toethology, 279Eucalyptus, 131,287

calophylla, 131camaldulensis, 9, 131, 273, 287dairy'tnpleana, 131diversicola, 131maculata, 131marginata, 131microcarpa, 9, 273, 287obliqua, 131

pryoriana, 11, 287regnans, 131sideroxylon, 288sierberi, 131stjohnii, 131tricarpa, 273, 287, 288

euryphagy, 89evolutionary

bilogy, 12, 279radiation, 12

EWMA, see moving average,exponentially weighted

experimentecological field, 214, 233, 342optimal design, 225

exploitationcoherent, 162, 179hard, 182-7; hard, algorithm, 363-4;

soft, 182-7; soft, algorithm, 364-5efficiency of, 202facultative, 142-6, 179hard, 175-8incoherent, 163, 179resource-like, 162, 164, 179; hard,

187-94; hard, algorithm, 365-7;soft, 187-94; soft, algorithm,367-8

soft, 175-8specialization, 163, 179; hard, 194—

201; hard, algorithm, 368-9; soft,194-201; soft, algorithm, 369-71

extinction, 218expected time to, 19stochastic, 372

factor, exogenous, 43, 136Falcunculus frontatus, 304—5fantail

see Rhipiduragrey, see Rhipidura fuliginosa

fasting, 177feasibility, 216fecundity, 51, 146finch

Cocos, see Pinaroloxias inornataDarwin's, see GeospizaEmberizidae xviii, 302






Index 427

ground see Geospiza, small, seeGeosp iza fu liginosa

house, see Carpodacus mexicanusfish, 54, 139

estuarine, 61piscivorous, 157, 160planktivorous, 157-8

fitness, 6-7, 19-20, 333-4FIVAR, see design, samplingfixation

phenotypic, 151floater, 173fluke, blood, see Schistosoma japonicumflux, energy and nutrient, 205-6flycatcher

brown-crested, see Myiarchustyrannulus (oberi)

neotropical (Tyrranidae), 56flytrap, Venus, see Dionaea muscipulafood, availability

between-year variation in, 278—9seasonal variation in, 276—8

food web, 29theory, 339-40

forestbroad-leaf, 118coniferous, 118deciduous, 68montane, rain, 280

Fragaria, 131chiloensis, 131

frog, see amphibian, anuran; tadpole

Gabon, M'Passa Biological Station,250

Galeolaria caespitosa, 194—5Galemcella lineola, 94, 97Galium aparine, 131Gasterosteus aculeatus, 72—3, 106gastropod, 57, 340Gelidium robustum, 146-7gene flow, 28, 152generalization

costs of, 151dietary, 89obligatory, 143, 179, 239

genetic control

epistatic, 148pleiotropic, 148

genetic diversity, ecological versatilityand, 310, 318

genetics, population, 152Geospiza, 66, 73

fuliginosa, 12>Geum, 131germination, 52Gerygone, 288gerygone, see GerygoneGilchristella aestuarina, 61, 74, 76Glomus

caledonius, 131fasciculatus, 131macrocarpus, var. geosporus, 131; var.

macrocarpuSy 131monosporus, 131mossae, 131

glyph, see parameter space, spangrain, 87grass

silica content of 99see Agropyron repens, Poa pratensis,

Phleum pratensegrassland, 275, 278Great Britain, 96, 178, 275

Kent, 294Greya politella, 129gum

Gippsland manna, see Eucalyptuspryoriana

river red, see Eucalyptus camaldulensisGyrodon meruloides, 130Gyroporus castaneus, 130

habitat, 17, 26, 64floristics, 35, 270, 286-9fragmentation, 203patch, 26physiognomy, 35, 270, 286-9selection, 4, 279; animals, 282-9;

density-dependent model, 282-4;plants, 289-90

sink, 203source, 203source—sink model 284—6






428 • Index

habitat (cont.)stability, 311unuseable, 203xeric, 22

hare, snowshoe, see Lepus americanusharrier, northern, see Circus cyaneushawk, 58Heliothis, 90Henicopsaltria eydouxi, 265herbivory, 324

generalized, 83-8phytophagous insects, 88—99small noninsect, 99-100

hierarchy, social, 146Hippodamia convergens, 93honeyeater, 172

fuscous, see Lichenostomus fuscusregent, see Xanthomyza phrygiawhite-plumed, see Lichenostomus

penicillatusyellow-tufted, see Lichenostomus

melanopsHoplosoma, 98host range

phytophagous insects, 88-100taxonomic breadth, 90

Howardula aoronymphium, 139hummingbird, 68, 176

Antillean crested, see Orthorhynchuscristatus

blue-headed, see Cyanophaia bicolorcopper-rumped, see Amazilia tobacisruby-topaz, see Chrysolampis

mosquitusHutchinsonian series, 215, 327

idiosyncrasy, 336—9immigration, lag, 229, 243—5insect, 331

holometabolous, 158interactions

interspecific, caveats, 80-1strength of, 127

interspecific competition models, seemodel, competition, interspecific

invarianceecological, 295

invasibility, 3, 155, 216-19, 233, 243-5invasion, high density, 185-6, 218, 243Ipomopsis aggregata, 69Iridomyrmex humilis, 93ironbark

red, see Eucalyptus tricarpamugga, see Eucalyptus sideroxylon

IslandsGalapagos 48, 66, 73, Rabida, 73Greater Antilles, 338Hawaiian, 48, 318Hispaniola, 37-8Lesser Antilles, 280, 337Montserrat, 281Santa Cruz, 146St Kitts, 281Tobago, 60, 67Trinidad, 60, 67West Indies, 37

Israel, 285

Juniperus communis, var. siberica, 131

kelp, 49, 340kingbird, grey, see Tyrannus

domenicensiskleptoparasitism, 116kookaburra, laughing, see Dacelo

novaeguineaekudu, see Tragelaphus strepsiceros

lace wing, 110Lactarius

chrysorrheus, 130deliciosus, 130hehus, 130

Lake, Cold (Canada), 105Lamia, 98landscape, 35, 294

fractal, 335Larix

decidula, 131occidentalism 131

Lasius, 128latex, 89, 337Lavandula atifolia, 129leaf trenching, 89, 337






Index • 429

legumes, 133root nodulation, 130

Lepomis macrochirus, 157, 165Leptoglossus phyllopus, 90Lepus americanus, 86Lichenostomus

fuscus, 287melanops, 287, 304-5penicillatus, 11, 287

lichen, 133life cycle, complex, 2, 106, 156limit cycle, 217

two-point, 182limiting factor, 20, 25, 253limpet, 54Lithophragma parviflorum, 129lizard, 38, 54, 157

see Anolislocalized, 9Lota lota, 105LVM, see model, Lotka—VolterraLycopersicum esculentum, 131Lyophyllum immundum, 130

macroecology, 1macrohabitat, 17, 26Maiathemum dilatatum, 131maintenance, 5malentity, 20, 25mango, black-throated, see

Anthrocothorax nigricollisManorina

melanocephala, 172melanophrys, 172, 305

MDS, see scaling, multidimensionalMegarcys signata, 137Meliphagidae, see honeyeatermetamorphosis

disjunctive, 157—9nondisjunctive, 157-9

metapopulation, 1, 12, 203-7Metechinorynchus salmonis, 104—5metric, Canberra dissimilarity, 70Mexico, 52microhabitat, 17, 26-7, 63-4Micronycteris

brachyotis, 57

hirsuta, 57megalotis, 57

Microtus ochrogaster, 99migration, 214Mimon crenulatum, 57miner

bell, see Manorina melanophrysnoisy, see Manorina melanocephala

Mischocyttarus jlavitarsus, 93mistletoe, 109,301,313mistletoebird, see Dicaeum

hirundinaceummite

parasitic, 103-4see Unionicola

modelalgorithmic, 168-9apparent size, 157-8community assembly, 217competition, interspecific, 219-20contingency, see predation,

foraging, optimalcore/satellite, 300-1digestive rate, 87-8dominance, 281-2ecological, 207-9, 335-6logistic, 167, 185, 208-9Lotka-Volterra, 219-20, 224,

229-30, 233, 242, 245, 260, 335,374

mathematical, 167nonlinearties, as resources, 246-7partial niche, 142-3patch, 113-15phenomenological, 167prey, 113-15standard conditions, 228statistical, linear, 342ubiquity, algorithm, site-selection,

290-3; contingency, 293-300;fractal landscape, 297-300;hierarchical, 296-7; marginalmosaic, 294—6

unpacking of, 18, 260versatility, assumptions of, 371—5;

implementation, 375Molossus, 119






430 • Index

Moniezia, 103monomorphism, 152, 316monophagy, 89, 91

ecological, 89monophenism, 151moose, see Alces alcesmorphology, host-specific, 325Morula marginalba, 194-5moth

Noctuiidae, 89Notodontidae, 98, 337Sphingidae, 89

Mountains, Andes, 121mouse

deer, see Peromyscus maniculatuspinyon, see Peromyscus truei

moving average, exponentiallyweighted, 361-2

mutation, 153mutualism, 126-34, 326

diffuse, 127obligatory bilateral, 128outcome variability, 129

mutualistic associations, 129—33mycorrhiza, 130-3Myiarchus tyrannulus (oberi), 281Myrmecocystus kennedyi, 148Mysis relicta, 123-5

natural enemies, 91, 93nectar, 87neighbourhood, ecological, 27nematode, parasitic, see Howardula

aoronymphiumniche

breadth xvii, 4, 8, 40, between-phenotype, 141, 155; statistic, 32-4, 355—7; statistic, conformance,34, 188-9, 355-7; statistic,nonconformance, 34, 355—7;within-phenotype, 141, 155

ontogenetic, 141, 156overlap, statistic, 32-4, 355-7partial, 142-3, 319pattern, 269-76position, 269, 298regeneration, 224

width, see niche, breadthnumbers, tyrrany of small, 339-41nutrient, 20

balancing, 322Nyctinomops, 119

Ocean, Pacific, 340Oceania, 48Octolasion tyrtaeum, 59OFT, see, predation, foraging, optimaloligophagy, 55, 89omnivory, 122—6

common-sense or ecological view,123

Oncorhynchus kisutch, 105opportunism, 38Opuntia willcoxii, 52-3organ pipe, see Stenocereus thurberiOrthorhynchus cristatus, 280

Pachycephala pectoralis, 273Panama, 56, 121paradigm

MacArthurian, 327Popperian scientific, 341

parameter spaceglyph, 226-8span, 226-8

parasite, 214-15, 325animal, 102-8, required host

(definitive), 105; required host(intermediate), 105; suitable host,105; unsuitable host, 105

plant, 108-9parasitoid, 101-2, 324-5

Diptera, Tachinidae, 102, 337idiobionts, 101, 313koinobionts, 101,313

pardalote, striated see Pardalotus striatusPardalotus striatus, 304—5particle physics, 1Paruroctonus mesaensis, 159Patelloida latistrigata, 194-5PCA, see analysis, principal componentPenstemon barbatus, 69permanence, 3, 219Peromyscus, 60






Index 431

maniculatus, 66-7, 288truei, 66—7

persistence, 19Peru, Manu National Park, 250Petroica, 288

goodenovii, 265, 273, 287pewee, Lesser Antillean, see Contopus

latirostrisphenotype, ecological, 146-8, 179, 190Philaenus spumarius, 74, 76Phleum pratense, 131, 231phoebe, Say's, see Sayornis sayaphosphorus

absorption rate, 178soil concentration, 298

Phratora vitellinae, 94, 97Phyllobrotica, 98Phyllostomus

discolor, 57hastatus, 57

physiology, thermal, 310, 320Physostegia, 98Picea

abies, 131sichensis, 131

pike, northern, see Esox luciusPinaroloxias inornata, 120, 137, 139-40pine, ponderosa, see Pinus ponderosaPinguicula, 119Pinus, 131

contorta, 131echinata, 131monticola, 131mugo, 131ponderosa, 100, 131radiata, 131sfrofcws, 130, 131sylvestris, 130, 131taeda, 131virginiana, 131

pitcher plant, see SarraceniaPlacida dendrittica, 55, 56, 137, 139-40plankton, 157-8

phytoplankton, 123-5plant

calcification, 99chemistry, 100

suitability, 324Platycercus

eximius 9-10flaveolus, 265, 273, 304-5

platyhelminthes, Monogenea, 103Plebejus argus, 128Pleistocene, 266Poa pratensis, 231pollen, 87pollinator, 49polymorphism, 152—5, 316

allelic-switch, 152behavioural, 146-8ecological, 146-8protected, 153, 316stable, 152-3, 190-3

Polymorphus minutus, 103polyphagy, 55, 89polyphenism, 316

adaptive, 148-52, 263Pontoporeia affinis, 105population

differentiated, 326-7distinctly staged, 58migrant, 322-3resident, 322-3size-stepped, 58stage-structured, 156-61

predation, 109-22, 215, 325-̂ 6behaviour, 118-21,314biophysics, 118-21,312effect on versatility, 110-12foraging, optimal, 87, 112-18, 157,

315intraguild, 54, 122reciprocal, 122

prickly pear, see Opuntia willcoxiiprinciple, MacArthur's minimization,

239priority effect, 243-5problem

juvenile bottleneck, 160-1N populations-N resources, 253-9

process, Wiener, 247prokaryote, 129Psaltoda moerens, 265Psammogobius krysnaensis, 61






432 Index

Pseudosuga menziesii, 131Psophodes olivaceus, 11Puerto Rico, 74Pungitius pungitius, 72-3, 105

Qs, see specialization, potential

rangegeographic, 4, 9, 267-8, centre,

294-5; periphery, 294-5rarity, 275recolonization, 218recombination, genetic, 154, 263recruitment, 284, 327refuge, 117, 123region, 35, 293reproduction, 5resin, 89resource

abundance versus availability, 31aliasing, 29-30, 32, 49, 124availability, 7-8, 160, 314; formula

for 360; memory, 361-3;perceived, 361-3; threshold, 83-^;variation in, 204

complementary, 23-5, 180, 311, 322critical, 22definition, 20-5distribution, clumped, 311, 322exclusive access to, 21exploitation, 5, 19extraneous, 22ordering, 29-30partitioning, 213, 239substitutable, 23-5, 180, 311, 322utilization, 5, 19; abstention, 203;

antagonism, 309; efficiency of,223, 310; malleability of, 223;prudence, 242; stage-specific, 263

responsefunctional, 170, 173-5mixed, 173—5numerical, 170, 173-5

Rh, see exploitation, resource-like,hard

Rhipidura, 288fuliginosa, 273

Rhodophyllus rhodopolius, 130rhizobia, 133Rhyzopogon

luteolus, 130roseolus, 130

risk, predation, 116-18robin

red-capped, see Petroica goodenoviisee Petroica

rodent, 81rosella

eastern, see Platycercus eximiusyellow, see Platycercus flaveolus

rotifer, 124Rs, see exploitation, resource-like, softRubus spectabilis, 131ruminant, 86Russula

emetica, 130lepida, 130

salinity, 54, 267Salix

dasyclados, 94, 97fragilis, 94, 97viminalis, 94, 97

salmon, coho, see Oncorhynchus kisutchSalvelinus namaycush, 105Sarracenia, 119satellite, 173savanna, 275Sayornis saya, Tilscale

ecological, 17spatial, 26-9, 274-5

scaling, multidimensional, 271Scaphiopus multiplicatus, 149, 165Schistocephalus solidus, 106Schistosoma japonicum, 106Sciurus aberti, 99Scleroderma aurantium, 130scorpion, see Paruroctonus mesaensisScutellaria, 98Sea, Caribbean, 48, 60, 267, 327

seahare, see Dolabella auriculariaotter, see Enhydra lutris






Index 433

slug, see Placida dendriticaurchin, 340

Senecella calanoides, 124—5sequestering, deterrent chemicals, 100,

136, 315Sh, see exploitation, specialized, hardshrew, 176shrike-thrush, grey, see Colluricincla

harmonicashrike-tit, crested, see Falcunculus

frontatusshrimp

fairy, see Anostracaopossum, see Mysis relicta

similarity, limiting, 230, 233simulation, computer, 168—9snake, 37, 320

water, 157Solidago, 74-6space, ordination, 271Spain, 67, 129, 322-3sparrow, 278

western chipping, see Spizellapasserina arizonae

specializationdietary, 37-8, 322-3ecological, 53facultative, 143-5obligatory, 143, 320physiological, 53potential, 196-201serial, 159stage-specific, 160

speciation, 27specificity

ecological, 103, 106physiological, 106

Sphaerodactylus, 37Spizella passerina arizonae, 266squirrel, Abert's, see Sciurus abertiSs, see exploitation, specialized, softstability, asymptotic, 3, 216-19Stachys, 98

mexicana, 131stagnation, 267statistic

Czekanowski, 189, 359-60

diagnostic, 358-60Hurlbert L, 70inverse Simpson diversity, 69Levins, 71Petraitis W, 70proportional similarity, 70, 188, 359Shannon-Wiener, 70

Stenocereusalamosensis, 52gummosus, 52thurberi, 52

stenophagy, 37-8, 88-9, 96, 98, 315stickleback, 64, 79

ninespine, see Pungitius pungitiusthree-spined, see Gasterosteus

aculeatusStipa capensis, 285Stizostedion vitreum, 105stonefly, see Megarcys signatastrategy

exploitation, 161-4, hybrid, 262-3;tactic, 225, 261

facultative, 112homologous, 182

suckerlongnose, see Catostomus catostomuswhite, see Catostomus commersoni

Suillusbovinus, 130

flavidus, 130flavovirens, 130granulatuSy 130luteus variegatus, 130

sunfish, bluegill, see Lepomis macrochirussupplementation, 302surfperch, striped, see Embiotoca lateralissurvey

climatic zones, 47conformance, 59—62constraint, 54-5differentiated populations, 58—9fitness, 51—4geographic zones, 47-8habitat types, 46—7individuals, 55—8niche, breadth statistics, 69-70;

overlap statistics, 69-70






434 Index

survey (cont.)niche statistics, list of, 354—7parameters, 41—3resource, availability, 59-62resource specification, 49-50selection criteria, 43-5sources, 43-5spatial variability, 62-5studies, list of, 351-4taxonomy, 45-6temporal variability, diurnal, 68-9;

season, 65—8survival, 5Sweden, 94Symbiodinum, 133symbiosis, 126-7, 312Syngnathus acus, 61

tadpole, 149-50Taxus brevifolius, 131temperature, water, 54territoriality, 171-2, 279Tesseropora rosea, 194—5Thopha saccata, 265Thuja plicata, 131thornbill, see Acanthizathroughput, 86-8thyroxine, 149-50toad, southern spadefoot, see

Scaphiopus multiplicatusTonatia

bidens, 57sylvicola, 57

Trachops cirrhosus, 57Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 85transect, Victorian, 272, 287, 292trematode, 103-5Tricholoma

jlavobruneum, 130flavovirens, 130imbricatum, 130pessundatum, 130saponaceum, 130vaccinium, 130

Trifolium repens, 131Trillium ovatum, 131Tripneustes gratilla, 340

Triticum, 131aestivum, 131

trophic continuum, 81, 125Tropidophiidae, 37trout, lake, see Salvelinus namaycushTuber

albidum, 130maculatum, 130

Turbo undulata, 340turtle, 157Tyrannus domenicensis, 281

ubiquity, 8-11, 18,35abiotic effects on, 268ecological versatility and, 301—4

ungulate, 81African, 266

Unionicola, 106United States, 60, 119

Arizona, 68, 148, 266, 278California, 146, 148Colorado, 337Florida, 56, 103

Hawai'i, 337Idaho, 60Illinois, 60, 69North Carolina, 59north-eastern, 275Tennessee, 59Washington, 129

Ursus arctos, 372utilization

pressure, 170-3, 231-2rate, marginal, 175; maximum, 171,

175

vector, 49versatility

dietary, 87ecological, 5-8, 11, 19-20, and

ubiquity, see ubiquity, ecologicalversatility and; density and,318-20

foraging, 22, 303viability floor, 371-2vole, prairie, see Microtus ochrogastervoracity, 170






Index 435

walleye, see Stizostedion vitreumwarbler

bay-breasted, see Dendroica castaneachestnut-sided, see Dendroica

pensylvanicaplumbeous, see Dendroica plumbeawood (Parulidae) xviii, 118-19, 214,

302yellow, see Dendroica petechia

wave action, 54whipbird, eastern, see Psophodes

olivaceuswhistler, golden, see Pachycephala

pectoraliswhitefish, lake, see Coregonus

clupeaformiswillow, see Salix fragilis, Salix

dasyclados, Salix viminaliswoodland, 272

evergreen oak, 67riparian, 287

Xanthomyza phrygia, 287

Zea mays, 131Zerna erecta, 178






ecological versatility and community...

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