ecoinformatics indicators workgroup
DESCRIPTION
Ecoinformatics Indicators workgroup. Berkeley 23-25 October, 2006 David Stanners. Overview. EEA indicators update IT systems and indicators – SEIS Aggregate & composite indicators Defining sustainability – SCP Effectiveness Evaluation. 1. EEA Indicators update. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1 - Ecoinformatics International Technical Collaborative Meeting UC Berkeley, California, USA, 23-25 October 2006
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EcoinformaticsIndicators workgroup
Berkeley23-25 October, 2006
David Stanners
2 - Ecoinformatics International Technical Collaborative Meeting UC Berkeley, California, USA, 23-25 October 2006
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Overview
1. EEA indicators update2. IT systems and indicators – SEIS3. Aggregate & composite indicators4. Defining sustainability – SCP5. Effectiveness Evaluation
3 - Ecoinformatics International Technical Collaborative Meeting UC Berkeley, California, USA, 23-25 October 2006
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1. EEA Indicators update
• From SOER 2005 to SOER 2010• Belgrade report – June 2007 (see separate presentation)• GEO-4 UNEP – Sept 2007• WHO CEHAPE review – May 2007• Thematic indicators – biodiversity, marine...• Sectoral indicators – construction, food...• Regional – Mediterranean – EEA mandate• Sustainability indicators – SDS review – new EEA
mandate – reform of structural indicators• Environment & health – BoD methodological• ”Late Lessons fron Early Warnings” Vol 2
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Information & assessment tools
• Statistics & monitoring data / geo-referencing as the basis
• “Core set” of indicators to monitor key trends and warning signals
• “Scorecard” to compare and measure progress• Environmental accounting to understand stocks &
flows• Effectiveness evaluation to improve performance• Country “profiling” to understand local conditions• Good practices to share successful experiences (local,
regional, national)• Scenarios to imagine plausible futures and stimulate new
thinking
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Problem statement – indicators as part of an monitoring/information system
• Growth and divergence of indicator & reporting activities (see e.g. List of 2007 reports!)
• Divergence of indicator and data activities• Divergence of assessment and indicator and
data activities• Lack of temporal, spatial, discipline continuity• Lack of overall concept linking, data, indicators
and assessment• Need for linking people (experts, users,
stakeholders) involved – people as part of the information system
Linking the different parts – Towards more Integrated & Effective Activities
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The data line
Data out Data in
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The information cross
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information outData in
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The Knowledge-Innovation sphere
Knowledge of new developments
Intelligence gathering
Anticipate, Integration,
Frame
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The data line
Data out Data in
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The data line
Data out
Data reports
Data in
Data management
Compiling available data
Country reporting Data/Statistical compendia
Reporting the best available
11 - Ecoinformatics International Technical Collaborative Meeting UC Berkeley, California, USA, 23-25 October 2006
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The data line
Data out
Data reports
Data in
Data management
Compiling available data
Country reporting Data/Statistical compendia
Reporting the best available
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The information cross
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information outData in
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The information cross
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
(Integrated) Assessments
Data in
Data management
Core Set of Indictaors
SOERs etc
Sectoral data sets
Thematic data sets
Thematic & sectoral indicator sets
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The information cross
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
(Integrated) Assessments
Data in
Data management
Core Set of Indictaors
SOERs etc
Sectoral data sets
Thematic data sets
Thematic & sectoral indicator sets
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The information cross - systemisation
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
Integrated Assessments
Data in
Data management
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(Modelling)
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The information cross – the missing half
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
Integrated Assessments
Data in
Data management
?? ??
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)
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The information circle
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
Integrated Assessments
Data in
Data management
”Late Lessons”
OutlooksParticipatory processes
Practices/experiences Clearing houses, BATs…
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)
Scenarios
Effectiveness evaluation
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The information circle
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
Integrated Assessments
Data in
Data management
”Late Lessons”
OutlooksParticipatory processes
Practices/experiences Clearing houses, BATs ...
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)
Scenarios
Effectiveness evaluation
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The information circle – systemisation?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Information out
Integrated Assessments
Data in
Data management An SEIS for qualitative information? (Gathering & organising practice, experiences, lay & local knowledge)
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)
Knowledge based assessments
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The information circle - systemisation
Quantitative
Qualitative
Knowledge for ActionData in
Data management Gathering & organising practice, experiences, lay & local knowledge
SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)
Knowledge based assessments
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The Knowledge-Innovation sphere
Knowledge of new developments
Intelligence gathering
Anticipate, Integration,
Frame
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Towards more integrated & effective activities linking the different actors knowledge for action
Target audiences
Regulatory bodies....
Capacity* building
Business, Children / Education.....
*the ability to improve the environment and influence others
Knowledge of new developments
Intelligence gathering
Anticipate, Integration,
Frame
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Reinforcing development of indicators linking to....
• Sectors• Prospective analysis, scenarios & outlooks• Model interfacing• Uncertainty/sensitivity analysis• Participatory methods• Policy effectiveness assessment• Spatial analysis .......
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Monitoring
Data
Information
Assessment
Reporting
Reporting
Assessment
Information
Data
Monitoring
Reversing the thinking
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Air pollution: Reporting
Is progress in the implementation of agreed policies on ammoniaenough to reach targets?
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Air pollution: Assessment
"Changes in agricultural practice and lower animal numbers are expected to reduce ammonia emissions to X mln tonnes above the NECD target in 2010. In Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium it will be necessary either to reduce the amount of cattle with an additional Y% or to support the building of low-emission stablesand to ban the conventional distribution of liquid manure on the fields".
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N-critical load exceedance
Air pollution: InformationAmmonia emissions, EU15
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2010
Th
ou
san
d t
on
nes CLRTAP target
emissions
NECD target
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Air pollution: Data
•Basic statistics•Emission coefficients and emissions•Scenarios for societal developments•Measures and their effects
dataspreadsheetsmodels
bases
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How to codify this?
• Core set of indicators
• Part of indicator definitions (metadata)
• Links to data sources, models,the environmental issue and policy questions
By codifying the meaning of the indicator (how it relates to the phenomena it aims to ”indicate” and the policy questions) we can automate indicator production and shift effort to assessment and interpretation.
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Towards more effective products and services (knowledge for action) – a learning innovation cycle
Target audiences
Regulatory bodies....
Capacity* building
Business, Children / Education.....
*the ability to improve the environment and influence others
Knowledge of new developments
Intelligence gathering
Anticipate, Integration,
Frame
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2. IT systems and indicators - SEIS
• IT systems to support presentation, access and analysis to indicator information and supporting data and metadata
• Role of the European Shared Environment Information System (SEIS)
• Data Centres – administrative arrangement
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Data centres
• EEA Air Climate change Water Biodiversity Land use
• Eurostat Natural resources Waste Integrated product policy
• JRC Forestry Soil
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1985 - 1995 - 2005+: ”stand alone” information system
NodeEEA
Node Node2005 – 2013+:
”shared” environment information system
1995 - 2005+: ”reporting” information system EEA
Evolution of Europe’s Environmental Information System
CORINE
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Common components of a SEEIS node
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Components of EEA SEEIS node
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http://dataservice.eea.eu.int/sdi
Integrating data sets 2005 to 2008…..
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Applied across the collaborating organisations a key component
of SEEIS
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3. Aggregate & composite indicators
• EEA Scientific Committee opinion• Commission now reviewing seriously Ecological
Footprint• Towards a basket of Aggregate indicators
(common metric)• Skepticism on use of Composite indicators (no
common metric)• See Excel dbase of composites
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UP4. Defining sustainability
•EU SDS review and revision of structural indicators
•Sustainable consumption & production (SCP)
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SDS review
• SD now overarching Lisbon agenda• New request to EEA – measuring resource
efficiency• Revision of structural indicators (ESTAT lead)• SCP – a more practical understanding of SDS?
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Sustainable consumption & production (SCP)
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Content
1. How we see sustainable consumption and production
2. A storyline of unsustainable consumption and production in Europe
3. Results from our NAMEA project
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1. Defining SCP
‘SCP is a holistic approach to minimising negative environmental impacts from the production-consumption systems in society.
SCP aims to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of products, services, and investments so that the needs of society are met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.’ (Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, Oslo Symposium, 1994)
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1 (cont.) Material flows in the economy
Waste
MaterialsBiomassEnergy
Consumption
Extra
ction
Emissions
Emissions
Emis
sion
s
Emissions
Em
issi
ons
Emissions
Em
issi
ons
Production
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1 (cont.) What influences consumption and production?
Source: Household consumption and the environment, EEA, 2005
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1 (cont.) Economic actors
Waste
MaterialsBiomassEnergy
ConsumptionPrivate Public
Extra
ction
Emissions
Emissions
Emis
sion
s
Emissions
Em
issi
ons
Emissions
Em
issi
ons
Distribution:o Marketingo Advertising
ProductionPrivate Public
Investments
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1 (cont.) What are the drivers?
Consumption
InvestmentDistribution
Production
S
Goal of GDP growthPublic procurementInfrastructurePrivate financingSubsidies (EU + MS)
Need for profitEnergy marketsInertia of establ. industryCountry specialisation
GlobalisationMarketing
AdvertisingPackaging
Pricing
Increasing incomesAging population
Basic needsStatus goods
Desire to ownIndividualism
Old habitsFitting to norms
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1 (cont.) Tools for change
Consumption
InvestmentDistribution
Production
S
Goal of GDP growthPublic procurementInfrastructurePrivate financingSubsidies (EU + MS)
Need for profitEnergy marketsInertia of establ. industryCountry specialisation
GlobalisationMarketing
AdvertisingPackaging
Pricing
Increasing incomesAging population
Basic needsStatus goods
Desire to ownIndividualism
Old habitsFitting to norms
DRIVERS
Subsidy reformAlternative welfare indicatorsGreen procurementGreen urban planningSocially resp. invest.Tax reform
LCAIPPEmission trading schemesPollution controlEnergy taxesProducer responsibilityProduct innovationEMAS/ISO14001Worst polluters list
Fuel taxes (also airfuel)EcolabelsImport controlsGreen advertisingDifferential V.A.T.
Environmental educationInformation on impactsEconomic instrumentsChanging normsPromoting rent not ownershipChallenging habits
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1 (cont.) SCP policy time-line
WSSD Jo-hannesburg
2011
1992
Global
Europe
National
UNCSD re-view of SCP 2010-2011
Rio Summit
UNCSD work progr. On SCP
Marakech process
SCP Action Plan
2006 2002
Belgrade conference
SCP Action plans in Swe-den, UK, Czech Republic, Hungary
Regional SCP meeting
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2. Some trends and figures from recent EEA work related to SCP
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2. (cont.) Storyline
Consumption growth in Europe outweighs gains in efficiency. As a result many environmental impacts continue to increase (also outside Europe)
Consumption categories causing highest environmental impacts (through the production – consumption chain) are food consumption, housing activities (including heating and construction), and personal travel
Achieving SCP is a common joint challenge of public authorities, business and consumers.
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2 (cont.) European consumption patterns are changing
Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15, 1994 to 2004 (sectors are presented in the order of most rapidly growing in EU-10 - most rapidly at top)Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15, 1994 to 2004 (sectors are
presented in the order of most rapidly growing in EU-10 - most rapidly at top)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1994 1999 2004 1994 1999 2004
EU10 EU15
Ho
us
eh
old
co
ns
um
pti
on
ex
pe
nd
itu
re (
co
ns
tan
t 2
00
0 $
US
)
Transport & communication
Housing, water, el, gas
Furniture and equipment
Recreation, culture, restaurants andhotelsHealth and education
Alcohol, tobac, narcotics
Other goods and services
Clothing and footwear
Food and non-alcoholic beverages
Source: Draft Belgrade ChapterData Source: Eurostat
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2 (cont.) Why are consumption patterns changing?
Economic and technological factors: globalisation and market liberalisation, the internet, mobile phones
Demographic factors: average household size fallen from 2.8 in 1980 to 2.4 today, number of households increase, ageing of populations
Socio-cultural factors: individualisation, social groups, marketing, fashion
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2 (cont.) What are the impacts? One indicator: Ecological footprint
One indicator of many The average footprint of EU25 was 4.7 global hectares in 2002 (EEA data) and on the increase It varied from 3.3 in Poland to 7.7 in Finland By 2002, Europe used two Europes (in biocapacity)The global average footprint was 2.2
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2 (cont.) Are we decoupling resource use from economic growth?
Decoupling resource use from GDP in EU15
GDP
Energy cons.
DMCEMC GHG
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2 (cont.) Housing
Larger homes with fewer people in each New houses more energy efficientIncrease in number and use of electronic appliances outweighs efficiency gains
Environmental pressuresLarge pressures from especially heating (70%)Households contribute same share of emissions of greenhouse gasesWater use is decreasing in all regions of EuropeEEA projects higher waste amounts from households
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2 (cont.) Energy efficiency and ownership of appliances
Trends in specific energy efficiency and ownership of 3 household appliances, and overall electricity consumption for lighting and appliances in EU-15
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
2,4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Ind
ex
ed
to
19
90
va
lue
s
Ownership Dishwasher
Ownership TV
Ownership Washing machine
Elec. consumption per dwelling forlights and appliances
Specific energy consumption TV
Specific energy consumptionWashing machine
Specific energy consumptionDishwasher
Source: Draft Belgrade chapter, Enerdata, 2005a
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2 (cont.) Food and drinks consumption
Consumption of major food categories (kg/capita)
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2 (cont.) Personal travel and mobility
Figure 5.3 Fuel efficiency of new vehicles in Europe Source: EEA 2004b.
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sports Utility Vehicle(Toyota Landcruiser)
Large petrol car(Peugeot 406)
Large diesel car(Peugeot 406)
Mid-size petrol car(Renault Megane)
Mid-size diesel car(Renault Megane)
Mid-size hybrid car(Toyota Prius)
Small hybrid car (HondaInsight)
3.0 L cars (VWLupo/Audi A2)
CO2 emissions g/km
EU-15 average for new vehicles in 2002 from ACEA suppliers
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2 (cont.) Bending the trends
Governments, business and consumers alike have interdependent and complementary roles
Technological improvements are necessary but not sufficient
Economic instruments can get the prices right
Labelling can enable consumers to make informed decisions about what to buy
Need to better understand consumer behaviour: Some actions may affect some consumer groups – but not others
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2 (cont.) Environmental taxes in EEA-17
Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Lux'burg NL Norw ay Portugal Spain Sw eden UK
Air/EnergyCO2*SO2NOxFuelsS in fuels
TransportCar sales and useDiff. annual car tax
WaterWater eff luents
WasteWaste-endDangerous w aste
NoiseAviation noise
ProductsTyresBeverage cont.PackagingBagsPesticidesCFCsBatteriesLight bulbsPVC/phtalatesLubrication oilFertilisersPaper, boardSolvents
ResourcesRaw materials
in 1996 new in 2000 new in 2004
Sources, including:EEA (2000) Environmental taxes - Redent developments in tools for integration, CopenhagenOECD/EU database for environmental taxes (http://www1.oecd.org/env/policies/taxes/index.htm)
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(2 cont.) Environmental tax reform in the EU 1995 - 2003
Source: Eurostat
Green tax shift EU-25, 1995-2003
Energy taxes
Labour taxes
Energy consumption/GDP
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2 (cont.) Improving energy and resource productivity
Labour costs constitute about 20% of total costs in manufacturing in EU-25. Material and energy costs can be up to 50%
Labour productivity
Materials productivity
Energy productivity
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productionproduction final
usefinaluse
productionproduction
resource extractionresource extraction emissionsemissions
exportsexports
importsimports
National economyNational economy
final use
final use
resource extractionresource extraction emissionsemissions
3. NAMEA bases on environmental Input-Output Analyses (eIOA)
Rest of the worldRest of the world
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3 (cont.) Data
• monetary Input-Output Tables• Eurostat
• NAMEA-type tables for selected environmental pressures• national authorities
– air emissions => 3 impact categories
» GWP - Global Warming Potential
» ACID – Acidification
» TOFP – Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential
– Direct Material Input (DMI)
» domestic extraction (used)
» imports of goods
• Country coverage = 8– Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden (1995
+ 2000)
– Spain, United Kingdom (1995)
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3 (cont.) Priority product chains related to domestic final use
Hotel and restaurant services ; 5%
Transport equipment ; 5%
Transport, storage and communication services ;
5%
Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry ; 6%
others; 33%
Construction work ; 14%
Food products, beverages and tobacco ; 13%
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water ;
11%
Wholesale and retail trade services; 7%
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3 (cont.) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing!
Hotel and restaurant services ; 5%
Transport equipment ; 5%
Transport, storage and communication services ;
5%
Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry ; 6%
others; 33%
Construction work ; 14%
Food products, beverages and tobacco ; 13%
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water ;
11%
Wholesale and retail trade services; 7%
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3 (cont) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing; food
Hotel and restaurant services ; 5%
Transport equipment ; 5%
Transport, storage and communication services ;
5%
Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry ; 6%
others; 33%
Construction work ; 14%
Food products, beverages and tobacco ; 13%
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water ;
11%
Wholesale and retail trade services; 7%
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3 (cont.) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing, food, transport
Hotel and restaurant services ; 5%
Transport equipment ; 5%
Transport, storage and communication services ;
5%
Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry ; 6%
others; 33%
Construction work ; 14%
Food products, beverages and tobacco ; 13%
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water ;
11%
Wholesale and retail trade services; 7%
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3. (cont.) Consumption-patterns fairly similar across Europe: some countries perform more eco-efficient in providing basic needs
-
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
SE_2000 IT_2000 DE_2000 NL_2000 DK_2000 ES_1995 UK_1995 HU_2000
kg
CO
2-e
qu
iva
len
t p
er
Eu
ro
Food products, beverages and tobacco
Construction works
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water
Transport, storage and communication services
Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles, motorcy-cles and personaland household goods Transport equipment
Hotel and restaurant services
e.g. GWP
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3 (cont.) Production-patterns and related environmental pressures vary significantly
-
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
DK_2000 NL_2000 UK_1995 DE_2000 HU_2000 IT_2000 SE_2000 ES_1995
ton
ne
s C
O2
-eq
uiv
ale
nt
pe
r ca
pita
exports
infrastructures
consumption
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3 (cont.) Production-patterns and related environmental pressures vary significantly
-
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
DK_2000 NL_2000 UK_1995 DE_2000 HU_2000 IT_2000 SE_2000 ES_1995
ton
ne
s C
O2
-eq
uiv
ale
nt
pe
r ca
pita
infrastructures
consumption
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5. Effectiveness Evaluation
• A model• Reports due out in 2007 – see table• EEA activities• International links
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EEA activities in effectiveness evaluation
Surveys on the effectiveness of EEA products – ongoing
Policy effectiveness evaluations:• Urban waste water treatment• Effectiveness of packaging waste management systems
in selected countries: an EEA pilot study• Paper and cardboard meta study on LCA & CBA• New study - Landfill/incineration project – to what extent
those directives contributed to increased prevention and recycling
• November workshop to develop lessons learnt and guidelines for use in future studies
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International links
• Eurosai (Auditor Generals) meeting 27-28 Nov 2007 on effects of environmental policies. (http://eurosai.nik.gov.pl/en/site)
• UNEP’s best practice network (Paris office) meeting in Spring 2007 (postponed from November 2006 in Ottawa)