The International Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology

under the auspices of UNESCODepartment of Applied Ecology

University of Łódź

Ecohydrology for elimination of water Ecohydrology for elimination of water threats and to amplify opportunities threats and to amplify opportunities

for sustaianbale developmentfor sustaianbale developmentMaciej Zalewski

International ConferenceEcohydrological Processes and Sustainable Floodplain Management

Opportunities and Concepts for Water Hazard Mitigation, and Ecologicaland Socioeconomic Sustainability in the Face of Global Changes

Tylna 3, 90-364 Lodz, PolandTel: (+48) 42 681 70 07Fax: (+48) 42 681 30 69www.erce.unesco.lodz.pl

Content of presentation:

1. Introduction: water, ecosystems and humanity- global perspective

2 E h d l i t ti bl l i i t d 2. Ecohydrology integrative problem solving science: concept and principles

3. Ecohydrology of floodplain: new tool for IWRMy gy p

4. Ecohydrology of urban areas for reduction of flood, improvement of human helth and quality of life

5. Does large dams if constructed according ecohydrology principles can be friendly for ecosystems and societies?

6. Mathematical modeling of ecohydrological procesess for decision support systems

7 Foresigth methodology for engeenering harmony between water 7. Foresigth methodology for engeenering harmony between water resources, ecosysems and societies toward sustainable future.

TYTUL SLAJDUGlobal water resources at the begining of XXI Centuryg g y

• Almost 80% of the surface of the Earth modified by Man, y ,so that recent era is called Anthropocene

• Freshwater ecosystems situated in the lowest point of the • Freshwater ecosystems situated in the lowest point of the landscape – exposed to cumulative impact due to varius forms catchment exploitation

• According to Maybeck (2001) rivers are one of the most modified aquatic ecostystms

Tylna 3, 90-364 Lodz, PolskaTel: (+48) 42 681 70 07Fax: (+48) 42 681 30 69www.erce.unesco.lodz.pl

Strategy of sustainable water resouces, ecosystems and societies

Oportunities for sustainable

Development and implementation-ecohydrology for engeenring harmony between environment and

pdevelopment

harmony between environment and society+

Amplification oportunities

Elimination of threats

0

Elimination of threatsReduction of flood droughts and pollutants emission by engeenering methods

-engeenering methods

Degradation of water resources and environment

Flood and groundwater level at river valley, key factor for recovery of aquatic and terrestial biodiversity - Donyana case

November 2000 December 2001

October 2002November 2003

Eutrophisation -Monitoring of threats

Application of molecular methods for Application of molecular methods for risk assessment and an early warning risk assessment and an early warning

systemsystem

mcyA mcyA

M l l it i

mcyA mcyA

Molecular monitoring asan early warning system

againist toxic blue-green algae blooms

Cells after green algae

(Zalewski 1999; Mankiewicz et al., 2005)

Demaged DNAin human limphocyts

toxins treatment

Blue-green algae blooms due toreservoir eutrophication

Many options exist to conserve or enhance specific ecosystemVisionVision

Many options exist to conserve or enhance specific ecosystemservices in ways that reduce negative trade-offs or that providepositive synergies with other ecosystem services.

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

The major body of the Ecohydrology theory

“DUAL REGULATION”Regulation of biotag

by altering hydrologyand regulation of hydrology

by shaping biota

BIOTABIOTAREGULATIONREGULATION

BIOTABIOTA

„use ecosystem procesess as „use ecosystem procesess as management tool”management tool” HYDROLOGYHYDROLOGY

HARMONIZATIONof ecohydrological measures

INTEGRATIONof various regulations acting in a

with necessary hydrotechnical infrastructure

synergistic way to stabilize and improve the quality of water resources

ERCE, Poland

I – FIRST PRINCIPLE

„Quantification of hydrological cycle as a template for biogeochemical cycle in a catchment scale”

Precipitation

Evapo-transpiration

Infiltration

RetentionTotal runoff

Subsurface

Underground

runoff

Surface runoff Underground runoff

Surface runoff

Zalewski 2008

II – SECOND PRINCIPLE

„Identification of the potential areas for the enhancementof ecosystem carrying capacity”

TRANSFORMATIONRETENTION IN THE CATCHMENT

Hot spots

into biomass in land water ecotones

RETENTION IN THE CATCHMENTby enhancement of landscape diversity

TRAPPING- in plant biomass (seasonally

removed)- storage in the unavailable

DENITRIFICATIONin anaerobic conditions of

wetlands

SELFPURIFICATION- mineralisation of organic

matter- reduction of spiralling

transport rate

storage in the unavailable pool in bottom sediments

SEDIMENTATION- pondage

RECIRCULATIONreduction of resuspension

- phosphatase – enzymatic release- zooplankton excretion

pondage- at the floodplain

- zooplankton excretion

BIOFILTRATION- reduction of algae biomass

HYDROLOGICAL CONTROLhydrological control of biotic feed

by biotahydrological control of biotic feed

back towards water qualityimprovement in reservoirs

Zalewski 2008

III – THIRD PRINCIPLE

„The using of biota to control hydrological processes andvice versa, using hydrology to regulate biota”

H BREGULATION WoodlandsDual regulation

Constructed

Buffer stripes (ecotones)

Bioenergygeneration

wetland

Land reclamationsMain reservoir

Small impoundments

Small pondsSedimentrelease

Small impoundmentsBy-pass

(fish-ladder)

system

Zalewski 2008

Ecohydrology for IWRM

„Dual regulation” as ecological engineering technique

To maintain the ecological flow with flood pulses,which can be done by science, conflict resolution andlaw enforcement;law enforcement;

Overloading the freshwater ecosystems by nutrientsOverloading the freshwater ecosystems by nutrientsand pollutants. Additionally to reduction of emissionfrom point source pollution and good agriculturalpractices, the „dual regulation” has to be used forpractices, the „dual regulation has to be used forenhancement of resilience of ecosystems againsthuman impact and the conversion of the excessnutrients and pollutants at aquatic ecosystems intop q ynon available pool.

To prevent floods and droughts

C C it t t l ti t D i f fl

RIVER ZONE RIVER VALLEY CATCHMENTScale: WATER, ECOSYSTEMS AND SOCIETY

E i i h b

EcohydrologyZalewski et al.

Concept: Community structure relation to abiotic factors

Dynamics of energy flows

Nuitrient cycling

Biodiversity Enhancement of ecosystem absorbing capacity for sustainbility of water

Engineering harmony by using ecosystem properties as management tool

Concepts

Flood pulses

Role of land-inland ecotones in landscapeNaiman, Decamps &Fournier

(1989)

(1997)resources

m s

olvi

ng

Nutrient spiralling concept

Flood pulses concept

Junk et al. (1989)

ty&

pro

blem

River zonesH t (1949)

River continuumVannote et al.. (1980)

Junk et al. (1989)

ive

capa

cit Huet (1949)

Illies & Botosaneau (1963)

TimePred

icti

Development

a) Understanding of the past (e.g. paleohydrology, ecological succession patterns)

Fig. Changes in the rates of precipitation (P), runoff (R), and evaporation (E) along a European - African transect: 18 000 years BP 9 000 years BP and at present Emax = present day potential evaporation (changedtransect: 18,000 years BP, 9,000 years BP, and at present. Emax = present day potential evaporation (changed from Starkel 1988)

b) Integration of specific knowlegde of various disciplines

OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL STRUCTUREOF THE PILICA RIVER FLOODPLAIN

for the enhancement of self-purification

Velocity (m/s)

0.704

1.409

0.352

0.704

Mown meadows Scirpetum silvatici

L e g e n d :

0.000

Di t ib ti f t l iti

Caricetum gracilis

Phragmitetum australis

Riverine bush with Salix sp.Mixed wood

Distribution of water velocities on the floodplain during

floods and high discharges

Distribution of wetland vegetation corresponding to the sequence of

floodplain inundation

(Magnuszewski et al.. 2005; Kiedrzyńska et al., in press)

N

STUDY AREASTUDY AREA

1 2 3 4 km0

N

Piotrków Trybunalski

Strawa

Sulejów

Czarna MalenieckaArea IExperimental

Fot. P. Wysocki

Fot. Mariusz Koch

Experimental Pilica River floodplain

Area II30 km section of the valley

between Przedbórz and Sulejów

Fot. Marek WysockiPilica

Przedbórz Fot. Marek WysockiFot. Marek WysockiFot M Kiedzyński

Present – macrophytes accumulation 255 kg P per floodplain

Total phosphorus accumulation in the floodplain biomass p

Enhancement of absorbing capacity 24% of area with willows 332 kg P per floodplain

Enhancement of absorbing capacity of the floodplain for phosphorus

accumulation

48% of area with willows 399 kg P per floodplain

Willows

Kiedrzyńska et al. 2008. EcolEng.

Identification of the flooding areas in the valleyand retention of nutrients and suspended sediment load

Average The Highest

Models of the flooding forcharacteristic water level

Digital Terrain Model of the Pilica River valley(30 km section between Przedbórz-Sulejów)

gWater

(248 cm)Water

(260 cm)

818 3 h 1006 6 h818,3 ha 1006,6 ha

Flooding areas 818 ha

R t ti1007 ha

Retention TP

Retention suspended sediment load

455 tons

8 tons

560 tons

7 tons

Retention TN 129 tons105 tons

System solutions

Improvement of water quality, human healthand quality of life

CO2 assimilation

reduction of fossil

sewage

reduction of fossil fuel use

decreases CO2emission

employmentopportunities

Sewage treatmentplant

bioenergy

pp p

constructed wetland- willow plantation

water quality improvement

tourism development stimulates economic growth

of the region

(Zalewski, 2000)

THE CITY OF LODZ, POLAND

LODZ – the City of Water

University of Lodz, European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology u/a UNESCO, Poland

Green Zone

Grotniki Forest

L i i ki

Buffering Zone

Green Zone of a Friendly City

Lagiewnicki Forest

CSR Nowa Gdynia

Julianów

Residential Area

JCSRJulianów

CSR START

Centrum „Manufaktura”

Campus of University of Lodz and Medical University

Triangle

Cultural and Exhibition Centre Lodz Fabryczna

gof dynamic development of the city

otrk

owsk

a St

r.

Campus of the

Pio

Special Economic Zone of Lodz

Technical University of Lodz

Campus of the Polish Academy of Sciences

CSR - Centrum of Sport and Recreation

JCRS – Horseriding Centrers Opracowanie: M. Urbaniak

Wydział Gospodarki Komunalnej Urząd Miasta Łodzią

A = 0 44 haA 0,44 ha

c) Considering the society’s priorities vs. ecosystem carrying capacity

Conversion of sludge in to bioenergy at willow plantation at buffer zone of sewage treatment plantplantation at buffer zone of sewage treatment plant

Plantation

Comparative experiments on different species and varieties of willow

I: Salix viminalis clones;II: Tordis (Salix schwerini x S. viminalis) x S. viminalis;III: Salix viminalis gigantea;IV: Salix viminalis (clone 192)

The algorythm of the mathematical model for optimisation the sludge use at bioenergy plantation

~gestosc obsady a biomasa

gestosc obsadyilosc sadzonek na ha

~

pH gleby a biomasa

pH gleby

Biomasa

czy nnik 1

czy nnik 2

procentowa ilosc zaatakowany ch sadzonek przez szkodniki

~

przezy walnosc a sila ssaca gleby

sila ssaca gleby pF

utrata biomasy wierzby na skutek zachwaszczenia w ciagu 4 lat

gestosc obsadyilosc sadzonek na hawilgotnosc

gleby %

~~

akty wnosc zwierzy ny a jej ilosc

ilosc sadzonek zaatakowany ch przez szkodniki na ha

~

biomasa a zwierzy na

~

f otosy nteza~

wzrost biomasy a P przez 4 lata

przy zy walnosc a poziom wod gruntowy ch w ciagu 4 lat

utrata biomasa wierzby na skutek utrata biomasy wierzby na skutek

procent utraty biomasy przez 1 rok

procent utraty biomasy przez drugi rok

zachwaszczenia w ciagu 4 lat

wilgotnoscgleby %

wzrost biomasy a N przez 4 lata

srednia miesieczna temperatura dla Lodzi oC

~wspolczy nnik wilgotnosci~

biomasa zjedzona przez zwierzy ne

w kolejny ch latach

wilgotnosc a opady

ilosc zwierzy ny

wzrost biomasy a K przez 4 lata

biomasa chwastow w pierwszy m roku t s m na ha

~

yzachwaszczenia w 1roku %

biomasa chwastow

~

zachwaszczenia w 2 roku %

~srednie miesieczne

opady dla Lodzi

~wilgotnosc

a temperatura

~g p y

~poziom wody 1: 0

1: poziom wod gruntowy ch cm

~poziom wod

gruntowy ch cm

1: 25

1: srednia miesieczna temperatura dla Lodzi oC

~srednia miesieczna

temperatura dla Lodzi oC

1: 60

1: srednie miesieczne opady dla Lodzi

~srednie miesieczne

opady dla Lodzi

w drugim roku t s m na ha~srednia miesieczna

temperatura dla Lodzi oC

a opady

13:19 24 maj 2007

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Months

1:

1:

-300

-150

11 1 1

13:15 24 maj 2007

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Months

1:

1:

-5

101

1

1 1

13:13 24 maj 2007

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Months

1:

1:

20

40

1 1

1 1

Ecohydrological approach for sutainability of Nieszawa dam construction (Vistula River)

• Reduction ofblue-green algaeblue green algaeblooms in Baltic maintourist zone : 6 mln tourists = 6 bln $

Toxic algal blooms

• Elimination of the danger of floodup to 1 bln $

Nieszawa damDrought area

• Use ofwater for agriculture0.3 bln$

Nieszawa dam

• Hydro energy (100 mln $ annually) = zero CO2 emission

• Elevation of ground water level for biodiversity maintenancein the area ofhydrological drought

Implementation of ecohydology for harmonisation of new dam reservoir on Vistula river with Water Framwork Directive of UE

Permanent bypass channel

SUCH

A HOLM

BOBROWNIKI COMPLEX

BÓGPOMÓŻ STARY COMPLEX

Nieszawa Barragekm 703,75

Włocławkm 674,85

ExistNew-design

DZIERŻĄCZKA COMPLEX

Castle in Bobrowniki

NIE

SZAW

A

km 703

km 702

km 701km 700

km 699

km 698

km 697km 696 km 695

km 694

km 677

km 676

km 675

km 704km 705

m 706

Biodiversity refuge

S

SZPETAL DOLNY

HOLMKORABNIKI HOLMS COMPLEX

KAWKA I HOLM

KAWKA II HOLM

BÓGPOMÓŻ HOLM

X

WŁOCŁAWEK COMPLEX

KAWKA COMPLEX

KORABNIKI COMPLEX

km 693

km 692 km 691

km 690

km 689

km 688km 687

km 686

km 685

km 684km 683

km 682

km 681

km 680

brid

ge km 679

km 678

W Ł

O C

Ł A

W E

K

Enhanced sedimentation areas

Bioenergy plantation

LORIS VISIONRegional Technological Foresight

Technological Foresight is the system approach forevaluation of new trends on the basis of knowledgeevaluation of new trends on the basis of knowledgeand technologies from the point of wiev economy,quality of life and sustainable development.

Technological Foresight has 3 main goals:

1. FORECAST OF FUTURE – enable of undertaking theadaptative attempts, preparation for unpredictableevents, reduction of negative consequences ofevents that can not be changedevents that can not be changed

2. MANAGEMENT OF FUTURE – means the proactive(management of probable crisis) and positive(mangement by goals)

3. CREATION OF FUTURE – means mainly theproactive creation of needed vision of future

Tylna 3, 90-364 Lodz, PolskaTel: (+48) 42 681 70 07Fax: (+48) 42 681 30 69www.erce.unesco.lodz.pl

Identification of the future scenarios for Łódż region by using „foresight” methodology

H10. Informatic systems

H1 Bi t h l i i llt

H9. Urbanized areas ecology KNOWLEGDEH1. Biotechnology in agricullture

H6. Genetic engineering for biodiversity preservation

H14. Transdysciplinary educationH15. New education modelH28. Ecological services

H29. Green arcchitecture

H4. Micropollutants monitoring

H8. Biosensors and bioindicator systemsH5. Monitoring of ecosystem functioning

H22. Ecosystem biotechnology H23. Tree industry

H27. Movies for ecology

H7. Phytotechnology for soil reecultivation

H12. BioremediationH13. Biotechnology in the fuel productionH16. Bioenergy and biofuelHUMAN HEALTH BIO-

TECHNOLOGY

H2. Bioprocesses H19. Biorafineries

H3. Waste development

H21. Recacling

H11. Water reservoirH17. Turism and recreation

H18 Ecologica food

&QUALITY OF LIFE

TECHNOLOGY

H20. BiomaterialsH18. Ecologica food

H24. Feed production

H25. High tech in food productionH26. High tech in agriculture production

Ecohydrology for sustainable water, biodiversity ecosystem services & preventing of floods and droughts

PROBLEMPROBLEMFl d d htFl d d ht t litt lit

Integrative analysis ofDYNAMICS OF HYDROLOGICAL AND

ECOHYDROLOGYECOHYDROLOGY

VISIONMillenium Development Goals

Floods, droughts, Floods, droughts, water quality water quality and and sustainablity ofsustainablity of ecosystem servicesecosystem services

Identification of

DYNAMICS OF HYDROLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

POLICYeg. Water Framework Directive

Identification ofREGULATORY FEEDBACS

between hydrology and biota for potential application in water management

ASESSMENTE l i l t tE l i l t t

gINTEGRATION AND HARMONISATION

all range of regulatory feedbacks (E-H) and hydrotechnical facilities in basin scale for restoration

d h t f i it id i-- Ecological status Ecological status -- HydrologyHydrology-- HydrochemistryHydrochemistry-- BiomonitoringBiomonitoring

Considering remote sensing dataConsidering remote sensing dataooff catchment and specificcatchment and specific

ADAPTATIVE IMPLEMENTATIONTh f t ti l t

and enhancement of carrying capacity considering socio-economic and climatic scenarios

ooff catchment and specificcatchment and specificof its of its aantropogenic modifications ntropogenic modifications from the point of view of integrityfrom the point of view of integrity

The use of ecosystem properties as an complementary tool to hydrotechnical solutions:

- Consultation with authorithies, stakeholders- Adaptative assessment and management

GOALGOALMDG of UNMDG of UN, , GGood ecological statusood ecological status(Zalewski 2004)

What Ecohydrology propose in respect to above What Ecohydrology propose in respect to above challengechallengechallengechallenge

For ECOLOGY:enhancement of ecosystem carrying capacity understand as improvement of capacity understand as improvement of water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services

For SOCIETY:For SOCIETY:l t hi h t h l i f low-cost high technologies for sustainable water and ecosystems;

For WATER SCIENCE:use of ecosystem properties as amanagement tool;

Implementation

For implementation of new approach and solutions For implementation of new approach and solutions for sustainable floodplain management, three steps, have to be done:

The decision makers and society environmental • The decision makers and society environmental consciousness has to be expanded by education–(e.g., ecological engineering, ecohydrology)

• Foresight methodology has to be applied for development of scenarios toward sustainable future

L l f k h t b d t d t th t i• Legal framework has to be adopted to the recent progress inenvironmental sciences