ece291 – comp eng ii lecture 1 – overview and review
TRANSCRIPT
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ECE291 – Comp Eng II
Lecture 1 – Overview and Review
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ECE291 Web SIte
www.ece.uiuc.edu/ece291
Everything you need to know about ECE291
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ECE291 Lab
Location: 238 Everitt Lab
Hours: 24 Hour Access
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Assignments
Homework is distributed, completed,and graded online.
MP Handouts are online.
Your textbook is online.
Access all of these from the 291 web site.
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NT Accounts
Go to www.ece.uiuc.edu/oics and click on “Create Account” to obtain your computer account for use in the
ECE291 lab. You should do this at least 24 hours prior to using the lab.
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Evaluation
Your grade will be based on:
5 Homeworks
4 Machine Problems
1 Final Project
2 Exams
1 Final
Occasional Unannounced Quizzes
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Course Goals I
ECE290 ECE291 (Everything in between)
Programming Classes
Binary numbers
digital logic,
state machines
Machine-level operations, computer
organization, data movement
High-level languages and algorithms
ECE291 bridges the gap between your logic classes and programming courses through assembly-level
programming of a real (80x86) computer
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Course Goals II
You will become proficient in assembly-level programming
You will learn to organize large programs.
You will learn how to interface to hardware
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Course Overview
Course Syllabus
Lecture, Exam, Homework, MP Schedule
Lab Staffing Schedule
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Today’s Topics
History of computing
Rapid changes (Moore’s Law)
Review of previous classes
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A very short historyand historical perspective
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1642
Blaise Pascal invents his mechanical calculator (counting device)
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1830
Charles Babbage’s “Difference Engine”
First steam-powered “Analytical Engine”
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1880’s
John H. Patterson’s Mechanical cash register (NCR)
First applications for computing devices
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1930’s
Claude Shannon suggests use ofthe binary system for use
with electronic circuits
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1940’s
John Von Neumann proposes reconfigurable computing by storing
programs in memory
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1940’s – 1950’s
First electronic computersVacuum tubes &
mechanical relays: UNIVAC, ENIAC
30 tons150 Kwatts80 bytes of
memory
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1940’s – 1950’s
ILLIACMetze et. al. play Illinois fight song on accumulator bit – first computer music
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1948
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley file patent on
invention of the transistor
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1958
Jack Kilby introduces concept of the “Integrated Circuit”
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1960’s
Computers begin to usetransistors and integrated circuits
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1965
Gordon Moore observes that every chip produced contains roughly twice the capacity of its predecessor and that new generations of chips were being
released every 18-24 months
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Late 1960’s
IBM MainframesPowerful, centralized CPU’s with terminalsAge of the “big iron”
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1970’s
DEC PDP-11sLow-cost Mini-computersAge of the “Vaxen”
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1974
Microprocessors Intel introduces the 8080 (a “toy”)Bill Gates is a sophomore at Harvard
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1974
Altair 88008080 CPUAffordable ($379 kit)No screen (LEDs on
front panel)No storage4KB memory
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1974
Bill Gates and Paul Allenstart writing BASIC
Your instructor was born.
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1977
Radio Shack TRS-80
Apple II
Commodore-64
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1980
IBM meets with Bill Gates to license BASIC and MSDOS (QDOS)
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1981
IBM Personal Computer16-bit microprocessor: 4.77 MHz 8088ROM BASICCassette interface360KB floppy drive (optional)DOS 1.0~$5000
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1982
Illiac-IV decommissioned
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1983
Low cost computing10 MB hard disk costs just $3000640 KB of memory costs $1000
Compaq introduces“Portable Computing”
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1984
Macintosh: GUI based on work at Xerox
IBM introduces PC-AT: 80286-based system
Record year for IBM
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1985
First 32-bit 80x86 CPU’s Intel introduces the 80386Addresses up to 4 GB of memory
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1986
First 32-bit 80x86 SystemsCompaq introduces first
80386-based system
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1989
Intel introduces 80486,includes math co-processor or
floating-point unit (FPU)
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1992
AMD/Cyrix 486 (Compatible CPU’s)
Intel introduces Pentium (64-bit memory bus)
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1995
AMD/Cyrix introduces 5x86
1 GB hard drive costs $300 (1000 times cheaper/MB than in 1983!)
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1996
Use of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) core to execute 80x86 instructions AMD K5 (RISC Ops = ROPS) Intel Pentium Pro
Superscalar Execution AMD K5/K6 Cyrix M1 (6x86) Intel Pentium Pro
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1996
Powerful entry-level systems100 MIP CPU’s32MB DRAM12x CDROM’s
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1997
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), Multimedia Extensions / Matrix Math Extensions (MMX)AMD, K6 Intel Pentium IICyrix/IBM M2 (6x86 MX)
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1997
Low-cost computing233 MHz CPU w/MMX: $30064MB RAM: $300 (300 times cheaper/MB
than in 1983!)
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1998
Low-power portable computing
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) for floating point ops (AMD K6-2)
Integrated CPU/Video/Audio (Cyrix/NSM MediaGX)
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1998
Low-cost computing300 MHz MMX CPU + 3D: $12564 MB SDRAM: $7510 GB hard disk: $200
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1999
More floating point parallelism (Pentium III Katmai)Faster bus architectures (on-chip full speed caches)Explicit instruction-level floating-point parallelism (Itanium)Ubiquitous computing)Active networks
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2000
1 GHz processors from AMD and Intel
Judge rules to breakup Microsoft
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Rapid ChangesMoore’s Law
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Moore’s Law
Estimates that the number of transistors per chip doubles every 18 months
Exponential growth!
Has been true for 20 years!
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Moore’s Law
2^(20 years / 1.5 years / double) = 2^13.3 = 10,000 x performance!
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Moore’s Law
“If we had similar progress in automotive technology, today you could buy a Lexus for about $2. It would travel at the speed of sound, and get about 600 miles on a thimble of gas.”
- Randall Tobias: Former Vice Chairman of AT&T
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Material Reviewfrom previous classes
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Prerequisite Knowledge
ECE290 is the official prerequisite
Number systems
Base conversions
Signed and unsigned numbers
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Number Systems I
Base 10 representation (decimal) (0..9): d[n]*10^n + d[n-1]*10^(n-1) + ... +
d[2]*10^2 + d[1]*10^1 + d[0]*10^0 Eg: 3045
= 3*10^3 + 4*10^1 + 5*10^0 = 3000 + 40 + 5 = 3045
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Number Systems II
Base 2 representation (binary) (0..1): d[n]*2^n + d[n-1]*2^(n-1) + ... + d[2]*^2 +
d[1]*2^1 + d[0]*2^0 Eg: 101101
= 1*2^5 + 1*2^3 + 1*2^2 + 1*2^0 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1= 45
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Number Systems III
Base 16 representation (hex) (0..9,A..F): d[n]*16^n + d[n-1]*16^(n-1) + ... +
d[2]*16^2 + d[1]*16^1 + d[0]*16^0 3AF
= 3*16^2 + 10*16^1 + 15*16^0 = 3*256 + 10*16 + 15= 943
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Number Systems IV
Pop quiz: Question 1
What is the decimal representation of the hexadecimal number C0FFEE?
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Number Systems V
Addition OperationCompute sum of digits, modulo basePropagate carries to next digitMust use like bases when performing
arithmetic
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Number Systems VI
Pop quiz: Question 2
Add 128 and 58. The resultshould be in base 8
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Base Conversion I
Division/Remainder method: Long division by largest power of base
Example: Convert 45 to binary 45 divides by 32 (2^5) once, leaves 13 13 divides by 8 (2^3) once, leaves 5 5 divides by 4 (2^2) once, leaves 1 1 divides by 1 (2^0) once, leaves nothing [done] Thus: 45 (base 10) == 101101 (base 2)
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Base Conversion II
Pop quiz: Question 3
Convert the decimal 112 into Base 3
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Signed Numbers I
We need a way to represent negative numbers
Simple idea: use the first bit as a sign bit!s = 0: positive (+)S = 1: negative (-)
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Signed Numbers II
Problem: There are TWO zeros1…0 and 0…0
Difficult to process negative numbers (special case)
There is a better way to handle negative numbers!
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Signed Numbers IIITwo’s complement
Numeric Formula: -d[n]*2^n + d[n-1]*2^(n-1) + ... + d[2]*2^2 + d[1]*2^1 + d[0]*2^0
Notice the negative sign in front of d[n]
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Signed Numbers IV
To subtract A-B, perform A+(-B).
Now the addition operator works for negative numbers
Notice: First bit still represents the sign of the numbers = 0: positive (+)s = 1: negative (-)
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Signed Numbers V
Three methods to compute a negative number (n) (choose one method) Inverting bits then add 1Take largest number (all ones), subtract n,
add 1Scan n from right to left. copy zeros, copy
1st one, invert rest
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Signed Numbers VI
Examples (8-bit): -1 = 1111,1111 -2 = 1111,1110 -128 = 1000,0000 +1 = 0000,0001 +127 = 0111,1111 +128 = Invalid
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Signed Numbers VII
Examples: (16-bit) -1 = 1111,1111,1111,1111 -2 = 1111,1111,1111,1110 -32,768 = 1000,0000,0000,0000
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Signed Numbers VIII
ObservationsWhen you move a piece of data to a larger
register (increasing the number of bits), just extend the Nth bit to the left.
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Signed Numbers IX
Pop quiz: Question 4
Calculate the 2’s compliment binary representation of –56.
Use the minimum number of bits to represent this number.
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For Next Time…
Read Hyde (online):Sections 1.0-1.3, 1.7
Read Brey:Chapter 1, Browse Chapter 2
Read Lab Manual: Table of Contents, Sections 1, 2-1, and 2-2
Start HW0 (Due Thursday)
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Next Lecture
80x86 Organization and Architecture, memory, segmentation, registers, C/assembler similarities.