(ece, it, me, chem, bme, ecom e, pce, mm) i year nehru technological university kakinada course...

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

COURSE STURUCTURE - R10

COMMON TO BRANCHES

(ECE, IT, ME, CHEM, BME, ECom E, PCE, MM)

I Year I Semester

P C II Semester P C

1 English – I 3 2 1 English – II 3 2 2 Mathematics - I 3+1 2 2 Mathematics – II 3+1 2

3 Engineering Physics – I 3+1 2 3 Engineering Physics – II 3+1 2

4 Engineering Chemistry I 3 2 4 Engineering Chemistry-- II 3 2 5 C Programming 3 2 5 Engineering Drawing 1+3 2 6 Environmental Studies 3 2 6 Mathematical Methods 3+1 2 7 Engineering Physics &

Engineering Chemistry

Laboratory -I

3 2 7 Engineering Physics &


Laboratory -II

3 2

8 Engineering Workshop

(Carpentry, Fitting, House wiring, )

3 2 8 English - Communication Skills

Lab

3 2

9 C Programming Lab 3 2 9 IT Workshop 3 2 10 English Proficiency Lab 3 2

32 20 31 18

COURSE STURUCTURE - R10

COMMON TO BRANCHES

(CSE, EEE, CE, EIE, AE, BT, AME,)

I Year

I Semester

P C II Semester P C

1 English – I 3 2 1 English – II 3 2

2 Mathematics - I 3+1 2 2 Mathematics – II 3+1 2

3 Engineering Physics – I 3+1 2 3 Engineering Physics – II 3+1 2

4 Engineering Chemistry I 3 2 4 Engineering Chemistry-- II 3 2 5 C Programming 3 2 5 Engineering Drawing 1+3 2

6 Mathematical Methods 3+1 2 6 Environmental Studies 3 2 7 Engineering Physics &


Laboratory -I

3 2 7 Engineering Physics &

Engineering Chemistry Laboratory

-II

3 2

8 Engineering Workshop

(Carpentry, Fitting, House

wiring, )

3 2 8 English - Communication Skills

Lab

3 2

9 C Programming Lab 3 2 9 IT Workshop 3 2

10 English Proficiency Lab 3 2

33

20

30

18


Syllabus effective from 2010-2011

ENGLISH SYLLABUS FOR SEM. 1 & 2 of JNTU-K

Introduction

The major challenge of a language teaching in a technical institution is to prepare the student for employability

through imparting language skills to develop communicative competence. The proficiency in English language

is closely linked to ‘good communication skills’ more so in the recent times when employability is at stake for

want of communication skills on the part of the students. Since skills and personal attributes are revealed

through communication, the responsibility of grooming students in life skills is also emphasized as part of

language teaching and learning.

The core key skills needed are:

Communication

Team Work

Problem Solving

Learning Skills

The personal attributes to be groomed are:

Adaptability

Commitment

Enthusiasm

Stress Management

Integrity

Sense of Humour

Self-Motivation

Reliability

Self-esteem

Personal Presentation

Since the inception of the Board of Studies for English, effort to design a Course Structure that

would cater to the needs of a wide range of learner groups has been made. It was felt by the Board that the

Course Structure has to take into consideration the above criteria and therefore the objectives of the

Language course ought to be much focused.

Objectives

1: To improve the language proficiency of technical under graduates in English with emphasis on LSRW skills.

1.1: To provide learning environment to practice listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills within and

beyond the classroom environment.

1.2: To assist the students to carry on the tasks and activities through guided instructions and materials.

2: To effectively integrate English language learning with employability skills and training.

2.1: To design the main course material and exercises with authentic materials drawn from everyday use to

cater to everyday needs.

The material may be culled from newspaper articles, advertisements, promotional material etc.

2.2: To provide hands-on experience through case-studies, mini-projects, group & individual presentations.

Each chapter will be structured with a short passage or collage of passages for reading. All further exercises and activities will draw upon the broad subject of the passage(s),

and use functional and situational approach

Chapter /

Grammar & vocabulary

Reading & comprehension

Listening & speaking

Core skills and

personal attributes

developed through

the exercises

Objectives achieved

through

the exercises Plan of evaluation

Reading comprehension based

on the passage(s): multiple-

choice questions asking students to derive sense of a

word from the context

provided by a sentence, short questions asking students to

sum up the key points of a

passage, encouraging students

to address not only explicit statement but also implied

meaning.

Dialogues from situations

related to what Writing and

analysis has been encountered in the reading passages.; the

dialogues may now be

Instructions on how to lay out a piece of used in a role-play, and

in groups, writing, and exercises

where students may analyze

them for meaning are asked to generate their own write-and

implications, and ultimately

engage in ups dialogues of their own making.

A three-tier system,

allowing the student to work

through self-assessment, assessment by peers, and

finally, assessment by the

teacher.

Chapter – 1 .Read & Proceed The importance of the language used for

communication:

• Understanding the need for English in

the wider world, and the opportunities

afforded by a strong command of the

language

• Assessing one’s level within the language, and understanding the ways in which grasp

of the language can be bettered

• Understanding the basic structure of the

sentence. English: subject – verb – object -

Functional grammar exercise: Students may discuss in groups or pairs

when, why and where English is used. What,

for example, if they have to face a job

interview? Or make an official presentation

in a State that does not use Telugu? Or even

find their way in an unfamiliar city?

Possible areas of focus and evaluation:

• Making sentences from given keywords

• Correcting the order of words to make

sentences, noting how change in word order

can affect meaning.

Short extracts from:

1.An interview with Arundhati

Roy 2.Jawaharlal Nehru's 'Tryst

with Destiny' speech

3.Albert Einstein's essay 'The World As I See It'

Sentences Understanding and

using the basic structure of the

sentence in English (subject – verb – object); creating

sentences; understanding the

different kinds of sentences (whether a statement, or a

question, or an exclamation, and

so on)

Small

conversations

between : 1.A student and a

hostel warden

2.An interviewer and an

interviewee

3.Two friends together preparing

for an oral

examination at

college

Communication

teamwork, problem

solving, learning skills

Enhanced

learner-

participation, development

of linguistic

proficiency

[Both

Teacher's

Manual and Sample

Test

Questions will be

provided]

Chapter 2. Travel

Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives:

• Understanding the kinds and uses of

nouns

• Understanding the use of pronouns to

replace nouns

• Understanding the ways in which

nouns are qualified through adjectives

• Understanding the kinds of adjectives,

their degrees and their uses

Functional grammar exercise:

Students may be asked, in pairs, to plan

a trip to a place of mutual interest. Each

pair would then be encouraged to

explain how and why they arrived at this

choice. What words are used to identify

– and distinguish – the proposed

destination? What naming words are

used? How those words are then

qualified? How do the nouns (the

naming words) and adjectives (the

qualifiers) help to create a character and

atmosphere for the place or site to be

visited? Is it possible to build

anticipation through such evocation?

Potential areas of focus and

evaluation:

• Changing nouns to the related

adjectives

• Changing adjectives to the related

nouns

• Replacing nouns with pronouns while

retaining the meaning of the sentence

Reading and analysis of short

extracts from two or more of

the following:

1.Vikram Seth, From Heaven

Lake

2.Ruskin Bond, Landor Days

3.Rabindranath Tagore, The

Europe Traveller’s

Diary

4.Pankaj Mishra, Butter

Chicken in Ludhiana

Paragraphs

Understanding the structure of a

paragraph; retaining the thread

of an argument; introducing the

subject of the paragraph in the

initial sentence; developing the

argument in the next few

sentences; drawing to a

conclusion by reinforcing what

has already been stated, but

without introducing any new

ideas towards the end; being

brief and concise, but carrying

all the information that needs to

be conveyed

Snippets of

exchanges

between:

1.A tour guide

and a tourist

2.A local

inhabitant

of a city and a

visitor

3.A photographer

and her friend,

with the

photographer

telling about

the places of

interest she has

been to in her

recent

travels

Communication,

adaptability, sense of

humour, reliability,

Functional

approach to

finding

solutions,

enhanced

learner-

participation,

development

of linguistic

proficiency

[Both

Teacher's

Manual

and

Sample

Test

Questions

will be

provided]

Chapter 3. Gender

Verbs and adverbs:

• Understanding the placement of a verb

within a sentence

• Understanding tenses

• Understanding the use of adverbs to

describe verbs


Students may be asked to consider

recent news headlines for remarkable

stories involving women. How are

either the events or the women

remarkable? What have these women

done, or what do they do? What words

of action are used to talk about the

accomplishments of the women? How

are actions of the past differentiated

from actions of the present and actions

yet to be performed? How (using what

adverbs) are those actions qualified?

Potential areas of focus and

evaluation:

• Changing verbs to the related adverbs

• Changing adverbs to the related verbs

•Using verbs in their correct tenses,

deriving the sense from

the rest of the sentence

Reading and analysis of short

extracts from four

newspaper/journal pieces:

1. The Telegraph report on the

20-year old Burdwan

girl who walked out of her

marriage in revolt of her in-

laws' demands for dowry

2. A perspective on astronaut

Kalpana Chawla's

achievement

3.The inspirational story of a

young woman who survived

child-marriage

4.Sudha Murthy's write on

what it is possible for women

to achieve

Essays and arguments

Understanding that an essay

or argument is a descriptive

or persuasive piece of writing

that needs to be organized as

a succession of paragraphs;

introducing the chief

concerns in the first

paragraph, and providing a

layout of how the argument

is going to be structured;

developing the main thrust of

the argument in the

succeeding paragraphs;

making smooth transitions

between ideas and

paragraphs(using appropriate

connecting words or

phrases); winding to a

conclusion by drawing the

various strings of the

argument together

Short exchanges

between:

1. Two friends,

on an issue of

contemporary

interest

2. A reporter and a

talk-show guest

3. A teacher and a

student in school

Communication,

teamwork,

commitment,

integrity, self-

motivation, self-

esteem

Enhanced

learner-

participation,

development

of linguistic

proficiency,

development

of critical

thinking

[Both

Teacher's

Manual and

Sample Test

Questions

will be

provided]

Chapter 4. Disaster Management Articles and punctuation: • Understanding the uses of ‘a’, ‘an’, and

‘the’

• Understanding the uses of

words/phrases expressing quantity, like ‘some’, ‘a bit of’, ‘more’, etc.

• Understanding and using correct

punctuation to convey meaning


Students may be asked to imagine that in

the aftermath of a natural disaster, they are part of a relief team effort. When

asked to effectively identify the needs of

the situation, how do they plan to go

about providing necessary aid? Is an ambulance to be arranged for? Or a

medical tent set up? Are adequate first-

aid supplies available? Do more rations need to be fetched? Could there be a tie-

up with an overseas relief organization?

Reading and analysis of a short

piece on the tsunami

Official letters and emails

Effectively using the format of official communication:

providing one’s own address

and contact details,

documenting the date and place from which the

communication is sent, the

salutation used for the addressee, the main body of

the letter or email (keeping it

comprehensive but to the point), and signing off

Dialogues between:

1.a social worker and an earthquake

victim

2.two doctors working

in an area afflicted by natural disaster

3.two school students

campaigning to raise relief money

Communication,

teamwork, problem solving,

adaptability,

stress

management, reliability,

integrity

Enhanced

learner-participation,

development

of linguistic

proficiency, functional

approach to

problem solving,

enabling

group work

[Both

Teacher's Manual and

Sample Test

Questions

will be provided]

Chapter 5 –Health Prepositions,

conjunctions and exclamations: • Understanding the use of prepositions –

words that connect verbs with their objects

• Understanding that certain verbs

use certain prepositions • Understanding the uses of common

prepositions: to, for, at, by, of, and so on

• Understanding the uses of conjunctions and exclamations


Students may be asked to propose ways in

which healthier living might be attained – eating better and exercising,

drinking plenty of water, partaking fresh

vegetables from the Market, and so on. Possible exercises

may be framed around:

• Filling in blanks within sentences • Distinguishing between different

meanings possible through the use of

different prepositions with the same verbs

Reading and analysis of three

different kinds of writing, and comparisons between them:

1. A Government of India report on the success of

nationwide campaigns for

polio vaccination

2. A vegetarian's perspective

on what makes for

healthy living

3. An athlete's say on the

benefits of lifelong exercise

Reports

Learning the difference

between an essay, for

example, and a report; learning to identify the key

points of an event or

incident, and documenting them briefly but in a manner

that conveys both the temper

and the unfolding of the

event; understanding what is meant by a 'target

readership', and learning to

tailor the piece to the needs of that readership

Brief exchanges

between:

1. A father and his

son/daughter, as he explains the

importance of

staying fit

2. A friends

discussing the

ideal diet

3. A campus

counsellor and a student

Personal

presentation, stress-

management,

commitment, enthusiasm,,

self-motivation

Development

of linguistic proficiency,

functional

approach to problem

solving

[Both

Teacher's Manual and

Sample Test

Questions will be

provided]

Chapter 6 Sports :

Revision of all elements of grammar

handled thus far, through evocative

descriptions of State or national or

international level sports stories, and

discussion of them.


Students may, in pairs, be asked to

present an account of a memorable

sports meet or game. The use of nouns

pronouns, and adjectives should help to

clarify exactly what event is being

talked about. Judicious use of adjective

will help provide the context: how

important the game or match was, where

it was held, and so on. In a brief account

of the game, verbs and adverbs will be

necessary to report exactly what

happened. If the account has to be

detailed and lively, students will be

obliged to use the correct forms and

tenses. Of course, throughout, not only

will the right inflections and articles be

necessary, so too will the precise use of

prepositions.

Reading and analysis of two

of four short pieces in

depiction of:

1. Opportunities for men and

women in sports

2. A decisive moment in a

game

3. Expectation and failure

4. The attitude of

sportsmanship

Presentations

Learning to identify the key

elements of any issue and

putting them down as

succinct points; structuring

the points so that they may

be elaborated on according to

necessity; understanding the

progression of points so that

no important element is

missed out, but also,

repetitions are avoided

Small conversations

between:

1. A fitness instructor

and a trainee

2. Two friends

discussing a

possible

career in sports

3. Two friends

discussing their

favorite

game

Teamwork,

integrity, self-

motivation, self-

esteem,

commitment

Development

of linguistic

proficiency,

functional

approach to

problem

solving

[Both

Teacher's

Manual and

Sample

Test

Questions

will be

provided]

Test Book: Step by Step : Learning Language and Life Skills by Pearson Longman; Pearson Publishers Lab Manual: Strengthen your Steps (A Multimodal course in communication skills) by Maruthi Publications


MATHEMATICS-I (Common to All Branches)


UNIT – I

Differential equations of first order and first degree – exact, linear and Bernoulli. Applications to Newton’s

Law of cooling, Law of natural growth and decay, orthogonal trajectories.

UNIT – II

Non-homogeneous linear differential equations of second and higher order with constant coefficients with

RHS term of the type e ax

, Sin ax, cos ax, polynomials in x, e ax

V(x), xV(x)

UNIT-III

Generalized Mean Value theorem (without proof) Functions of several variables – Functional dependence-

Jacobian- Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables with constraints and without constraints.

UNIT-IV

Curve tracing – Cartesian - Polar and Parametric curves.

UNIT – V

Applications of Integration to Lengths, Volumes and Surface areas of revolution in Cartesian and Polar

Coordinates.

UNIT – VI

Multiple integrals - double and triple integrals – change of variables – Change of order of Integration.

UNIT – VII

Vector Differentiation: Gradient- Divergence- Curl and their related properties of sums-products- Laplacian

and second order operators.

UNIT-VIII

Vector Integration - Line integral – work done – Potential function – area- surface and volume integrals

Vector integral theorems: Greens, Stokes and Gauss Divergence Theorems (Without proof) and related

problems.

Text Books: ‘A Text Book of Engineering Mathematics – I’ by U. M. Swamy, P. Vijaya Lakshmi,

Dr. M. P.K.Kishore and Dr. K.L. Sai Prasad – Excel Books, New Delhi

References:

1. Engineering Mathematics, Vol- 1, Dr. D. S.C. Prism Publishers

2. Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Ramana , Tata Mc Graw Hill

3. “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Erwin Kreszig, 8 Ed. Wiley Student Edition

***


ENGINEERING PHYSICS -1 (Common to all branches)


UNIT-1

INTERFERENCE: Superposition of waves - Young's double slit experiment - Coherence - Interference in thin films by reflection -Newton's rings.

UNIT-II

DIFFRACTION: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffractions - Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit - Double slit - Diffraction grating - Grating spectrum - Resolving power of a grating - Rayleigh's criterion for resolving power.

UNIT-III

POLARIZATION: Types of Polarization - Double refraction - Nicol prism - Quarter wave plate and Half wave plate..

UNIT-IV

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE: Introduction - Space lattice - Basis - Unit cell - Lattice parameters - Bravais lattices - Crystal systems - Structure and packing fractions of simple cubic, Body centered cubic, Face centered cubic crystals.

UNIT-V

X-RAY DIFFRACTION: Directions and planes in crystals - Miller indices - Separation between successive [h k 1] planes - Diffraction of X - rays by crystal planes - Bragg's law - Laue method -Powder method.

UNIT-VI

LASERS: Introduction - Characteristics of lasers - Spontaneous and Stimulated emission of radiation -Einstein's coefficients - Population inversion - Ruby laser - Helium -Neon laser - Semiconductor laser - Applications of lasers in industry, scientific and medical fields.

UNIT-VII

FIBER OPTICS: Introduction - Principle of optical fiber - Acceptance angle and acceptance cone -Numerical aperture - Types of optical fibers and refractive index profiles - Attenuation in optical fibers -Application of optical fibers.

UNIT-VIII

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING USING ULTRASONICS: Ultrasonic Testing - Basic Principle -Transducer - Couplant and Inspection Standards - Inspection Methods - Pulse Echo Testing Technique -Flaw Detector - Different Types of Scans - Applications.

Text Books :

1.Perspective of Engineering Physics by Dr.M.Sri Rama Rao (Retd Prof. in Physics, Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam), Dr.N.Chaudhary and D.Prasad, Pub: Acme Learning.

Reference books:

1. Engineering Physics by S. Mani Naidu ( Pearson publishers )

2. Engineering Physics by Sanjay D Jain and Girish G Sahasrabudhe(University press)

3. Engineering Physics by alik and A K Singh(Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing company

Limited)

***


ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY – I (Common to all branches)

Syllabus effective from 2010- 2011

CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY –ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

UNIT-I

1. JOULE THOMSON EFFECT

Definitions of Enthalpy, Free Energy, Entropy, Principle and explanation of Joule Thomson Effect,

application to Air Conditioning , Refrigeration (WORKING PRINCIPLE AND FLOW DAIGRAMS)

2. OSMOSIS &REVERSE OSMOSIS

Principles of Osmosis& Reverse Osmosis, application to Desalination process-Types of

Membranes used in desalination process-Limitations

3. LECHATELIERS PRINCIPLE ---

Definition of Chemical Equilibrium, Factors influence the Chemical Equilibrium, Statement and

explanation of Lechateliers principle- Industrial applications for the production of Sulphuric Acid and

Ammonia

4. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT& COMMON ION EFFECT--

Definition of Solubility & Ionic products, Industrial applications

UNIT-II

1.CATALYSIS

Explanation of Catalysis, Criteria of Catalysts, Few Industrial Catalysts

2. COLLOIDS

Explanation of Colloids- Properties of Colloids, Industrial applications of Colloids

3.FERMENTATION

Explanation of Fermentation with examples-Industrial applications

4.VISCOSITY:

Definition of Viscosity -Factors influence the Viscosity- Kinematic Viscosity-Determination of Molecular

Weight of any one compound-Applications to fluids in motion –Type of flow.

UNIT-III

1.FLUORESENCE&PHOSPHORESENCE--- LUMINISCENT COMPOUNDS

Explanation of Fluorescence &Phosphorescence JOB s Diagram, Industrial applications of

Chemiluminiscent compounds

2. PHOTO & LIGHT RESPONSIVE COMPOUNDS—SENSORS,BIOSENSORS

Explanation of Sensors & Biosensors-Principle –Few Applications

3. IONSELECTIVE ELECTRODES –

Principle- Chemistry &working of Electrode-applications to determination of Fluoride,Chloride and

Nitrate

4. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(NMR) : Principle –Few Electronic applications

UNIT-IV

1. SUPERCONDUCTIVTY – Definition-Preparation –Properties –Engineering Applications

2. SEMICONDUCTORS - Definition –Types of semiconductors (Stiochiometric,Non stichometric

,Organic, Controlled Valency Semiconductors, Doping )-applications

3. STORAGE DEVICES - Materials used and working of Floppy ,CD,Pendrive etc.

4. LIQUID CRYSTALS - Definition –Types - applications in LCD and Engineering

Applications

.

UNIT – V

THERMAL ENERGY- introduction to solid fuels – definition – calorific value (LCV, HCV) bomb

calorimeter, pulverized coal – carbonization – analysis of coal (proximate and ultimate analysis) –

working of thermal power station.

UNIT - VI

Chemical sources of energy – single electrode potential – Nernest Equation- reference electrodes –

concentration cells-primary and secondary cells – fuel cells.

UNIT-VII

NUCLEAR ENERGY: Introduction to nuclear fuels – binding energy – nuclear fission and fusion

reactions – nuclear reactions – disposal of nuclear wastes.

UNIT-VIII

SOLAR CELLS- introduction – harnessing solar energy – solar heaters – photo voltaic cells – solar

reflection – green house concepts.

*Teachers Are Requested To Provide Information About National And International Status Of

Conventional And Non Conventional Sources To The Students

Text Book :

A Text Book Of En Gineering Chemistry By N.Krishan Murty Anuradha , Maruthi Publications

***


C- Programming (Common to All Branches)


UNIT I:

INTRODUCTION: Computer systems, Hardware & software concepts.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Algorithm / pseudo code, flowchart, program development steps, Computer

Languages: machine, symbolic, and high-level languages, Creating and running programs: Writing, editing,

compiling, linking, and executing.

BASICS OF C: Structure of a C program, identifiers, basic data types and sizes. Constants, variables,

arithmetic, relational and logical operators, increment and decrement operators, conditional operator,

assignment operators, expressions, type conversions, conditional expressions, precedence and order of

evaluation, Sample programs.

UNIT II:

BIT-WISE OPERATORS: logical, shift, rotation, masks.

SELECTION – MAKING DECISIONS: Two-way selection: if- else, null else, nested if, examples, Multi-way

selection: switch, else-if, examples.

UNIT III:

STRINGS: concepts, c strings.

ITERATIVE: Loops - while, do-while and for statements, break, continue, initialization and updating, event

and counter controlled loops, Looping applications: Summation, powers, smallest and largest.

UNIT IV:

ARRAYS: Arrays - concepts, declaration, definition, accessing elements, storing elements, Strings and string

manipulations, 1-D arrays, 2-D arrays and character arrays, string manipulations, Multidimensional arrays ,

Array applications: Matrix Operations, checking the symmetricity of a Matrix,

UNIT V:

FUNCTIONS-MODULAR PROGRAMMING: Functions, basics, parameter passing, storage classes-

extern, auto, register, static, scope rules, block structure, user defined functions, standard library functions,

recursive functions, Recursive solutions for Fibonacci series, Towers of Hanoi, header files, C pre-processor,

example c programs. Passing 1-D arrays, 2-D arrays to functions.

UNIT VI:

POINTERS: Pointers- concepts, initialization of pointer variables, pointers and function arguments, passing

by address –dangling memory, address arithmetic, Character pointers and functions, pointers to pointers,

pointers and multidimensional arrays, dynamic memory management functions, command line arguments.

UNIT VII:

ENUMERATED, STRUCTURE AND UNION TYPES: Derived types- structures- declaration, definition

and initialization of structures, accessing structures, nested structures, arrays of structures, structures and

functions, pointers to structures, self referential structures, unions, typedef, bit-fields, program applications.

UNIT VIII:

FILE HANDLING: Input and output – concept of a file, text files and binary files, Formatted I/o, file I/o

operations, example programs.

Text Books : ‘ The C – Programming Language’ B.W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, PHI

Reference :

1. C Programming : A Problem - Solving Approach, Forouzan, E. V. Prasad, Giliberg, Cengage, 2010.

2. Programming in C, Stephen G. Kochan, 3/e Pearson, 2007

***


ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (Common to all Branches)

Syllabus effective from 2010 -2011

UNIT - I

Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and Importance – Need for Public

Awareness.

UNIT - II

Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources and associated problems –

Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation, deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining,

dams and other effects on forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and

ground water – Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems - Mineral resources: Use

and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. - Food

resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern

agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. – Energy resources: Growing

energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of alternate energy sources. Case studies.

Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification.

Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.

UNIT - III

Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem. - Producers, consumers and

decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem - Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and

ecological pyramids. - Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following

ecosystem:

a. Forest ecosystem

b. Grassland ecosystem

c. Desert ecosystem

d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

UNIT - IV

Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species andecosystem diversity. - Bio-

geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical,

aesthetic and option values - . Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity

nation - Hot-sports of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife

conflicts. - Endangered and endemic species of India – Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ

conservation of biodiversity.

UNIT - V

Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :

a. Air pollution

b. Water pollution

c. Soil pollution

d. Marine pollution

e. Noise pollution

f. Thermal pollution

g. Nuclear hazards

Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and

industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case studies. - Disaster

management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.

UNIT - VI

Social Issues and the Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable development -Urban problems

related to energy -Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and

rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible

solutions. -Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust.

Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. – Consumerism and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. –Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife

Protection Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation. -Public

awareness.

UNIT - VII

Human Population and the Environment: Population growth, variation among nations. Population

explosion – Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and human health. -Human Rights. -Value Education.

HIV/AIDS. -Women and Child Welfare. -Role of information Technology in Environment and human health.

–Case Studies. Page 37 of 79

UNIT - VIII

Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest grassland/hill/mountain -

Visit to a local polluted site Urban/Rural/industrial/ Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -

Study of simple cosystemspond, river, hill slopes, etc.

Text Books :

1. An Introduction to Environmental Studies by B. Sudhakara Reddy, T. Sivaji Rao,

U. Tataji & K. Purushottam Reddy, Maruti Publications.

Reference :

1. Text Book of Environmental Studies by Deeshita Dave & P. Udaya Bhaskar, Cengage Learning.

2. Environmental Studies by K.V.S.G. Murali Krishna, VGS Publishers, Vijayawada

3. Text Book of Environmental Sciences and Technology by M. Anji Reddy, BS Publications.

***


MATHEMATICAL METHODS (Common to ALL branches)


UNIT – I

Linear systems of equations: Rank-Echelon form, Normal form – Solution of Linear Systems – Direct

Methods- Gauss Elimination - Gauss Jordon and Gauss Seidal Methods.

UNIT – II

Eigen values - Eigen vectors – Properties – Cayley-Hamilton Theorem - Inverse and powers of a matrix by

using Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

UNIT-III

Quadratic forms- Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form – Rank - Positive, negative definite - semi

definite - index – signature.

UNIT – IV

Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations: Introduction – The Bisection Method – The Method of

False Position – The Iteration Method – Newton-Raphson Method.

UNIT-V

Interpolation: Introduction- Errors in Polynomial Interpolation – Finite differences- Forward Differences-

Backward differences –Central differences – Symbolic relations and separation of symbols-Differences of a

polynomial-Newton’s formulae for interpolation – Interpolation with unevenly spaced points - Lagrange’s

Interpolation formula.

UNIT – VI

Numerical Differentiation and Integration – Differentiation using finite differences - Trapezoidal rule –

Simpson’s 1/3 Rule –Simpson’s 3/8 Rule.

UNIT – VII

Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equations: Solution by Taylor’s series-Picard’s Method of

successive Approximations-Euler’s Method-Runge-Kutta Methods –Predictor-Corrector Methods- Milne’s

Method.

UNIT – VIII

Curve fitting: Fitting a straight line –Second degree curve-exponential curve-power curve by method of least

squares.

Text Book : Ravindranath, V. and Vijayalaxmi, A., A Text Book on Mathematical Methods, Himalaya

Publishing House, Bombay.

Reference Books :

1. Rukmangadachari, E. Mathematical Methods, Pearson Education, Delhi.

2. Kreszig, Erwin “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 8 Ed. Wiley Student Edition.

3. Peter O’ Neil, “Engineering Mathematics”, Cengage Learning. Gordon, “Engineering Mathematics”,

Pearson Education

***

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA ENGINEERING PHYSICS &CHEMISTRY LABORATORY-1 (Common to all branches)


PHYSICS-I

A. Mechanics 1. Determine the Rigidity Modulus of the material of the wire using Torsional

Pendulum. 2. Determine the Frequency of vibration in Transverse and Longitudinal Mode using Melde's Apparatus.

3. Verify the Laws Transverse vibrations in stretched strings using Sonometer.

4. Determine the Velocity of Sound by Volume Resonator method.

5. Determine the Acceleration due to Gravity and Radius of Gyration using Compound Pendulum.

B. Optics:

6. Determine the Wavelength of a source by Normal Incidence method using Diffraction Grating.

7. Determine the Radius Curvature of a convex lens by forming Newton's Rings.

8. Determine the Refractive Index of the material of Prism (Minimum Deviation method) using Spectrometer.

9. Determine the Thickness of the Spacer used to form Parallel fringes due to Wedge shaped

film.

10. Determination of Single slit diffraction using Lasers.

Manual/Record Books: 1. Manual cum Record for Engineering Phaysics Lab-1, by Prof.Sri M. Rama Rao, Acme Learning.

2. Lab manual – 1, of Engineering Physics by Dr. Y.Aparna and Dr. K.Venkateswara Rao (VGS Books links,

Vijayawada )

CHEMISTRY LAB - 1

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction to Chemistry Lab (the teachers are expected to teach fundamentals like Primary,

Secondary Standard Solutions , Normality, Molarity, Molality etc and laboratory ware used, error

,accuracy, precision, Theory of indicators, use of volumetric titrations

2. Introduction to Volumetric Analysis:

The Teacher has to perform four types of volumetric titrations and will explain about the

working of Indicators .(The Teacher has to call the students at random to perform the

titrations)

2. ANALYSIS OF WATER

Estimation of :

a.Calcium,Magnesium, ,Iron (111),Zinc (SEPERATELY)

b.TOTAL HARDNESS BY EDTA METHOD

c..TURBIDITY

d.CONDUCTIVITY

e pH

f.TOTAL DISSOLVED SALTS

g.FLORIDES,CHLORIDES AND NITRATES ( USING ION ANALYSER OR BY COLORIMETER)

h. DISSOLVED OXYGEN

i.BACTERIAL COUNT

The student has to get his water sample and the teacher has to explain the analysis and the results are to be

compared with the INDIAN STANDRDS.

All the teachers are requested to give top priority to water analysis as it is very useful for the

students and society.complete water analysis may take couple of hours more but this has a unique

influence on the system.

3.CONSTRUCTION OF GALVANIC CELL

Based on the position of the metals in the electrochemical series a model Electrochemical

Cell is constructed and the values are determined and effect of metal ion concentration,

Temprature etc. on emf are calculated.

Lab Manual :

Engineering chemistry laboratory manual &record By srinivasulu .d parshva publications

***


ENGINEERING WORKSHOP (Common to all Branches)


I B.Tech – I Sem.

Note: At least two exercises to be done from each trade.

Trade:

Carpentry 1. T-Lap Joint

2. Cross Lap Joint

3. Dovetail Joint

4. Mortise and Tennon Joint

Fitting 1. Vee Fit

2. Square Fit

3. Half Round Fit

4. Dovetail Fit

Black Smithy 1. Round rod to Square

2. S-Hook

3. Round Rod to Flat Ring

4. Round Rod to Square headed bolt

House Wiring 1. Parallel / Series Connection of three bulbs

2. Stair Case wiring

3. Florescent Lamp Fitting

4. Measurement of Earth Resistance

Tin Smithy 1. Taper Tray

2. Square Box without lid

3. Open Scoop

4. Funnel

***


C PROGRAMMING LAB (Common to all Branches)


Objectives:

To learn/strengthen a programming language like C, To learn problem solving techniques

Recommended Systems/Software Requirements:

Intel based desktop PC, ANSI C Compiler with Supporting Editors, IDE’s such as Turbo C,

Bloodshed C,

Linux with gcc compiler

Exercise l

Solving problems such as temperature conversion, student grading, income tax calculation, etc., which expose

students to use basic C operators

Exercise 2

2’s complement of a number is obtained by scanning it from right to left and complementing all the bits after

the first appearance of a 1. Thus 2’s complement of 11100 is 00100. Write a C program to find the 2’s

complement of a binary number.

Exercise 3

a) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

b) A Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1.

Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to

generate the first n terms of the sequence.

c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the

user.

d) Write a program which checks a given integer is Fibonacci number or not.

Exercise 4

a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:

Sum=1-x2/2! +x

4/4!-x

6/6!+x

8/8!-x

10/10!

b) Write a C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation.

Exercise 5

a) The total distance travelled by vehicle in‘t’ seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2 where ‘u’ and ‘a’ are

the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration (m/sec2). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular

intervals of time given the values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to

select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of ‘u’ and ‘a’.

b) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user, performs the

operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement)

Exercise 6

a) Simple programming examples to manipulate strings.

b) Verifying a string for its palindrome property

Exercise 7

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i. To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position.

ii. To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.

iii. To replace a character of string either from beginning or ending or at a specified location

Exercise 8

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations using Structure:

i) Reading a complex number ii) Writing a complex number

iii) Addition of two complex numbers iv) Multiplication of two complex numbers

Exercise 9

a) Addition of Two Matrices

b) Calculating transpose of a matrix in-place manner.

c) Matrix multiplication by checking compatibility

Exercise 10

a) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions for the following

i) To find the factorial of a given integer.

ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.

iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem.

Exercise 11

a) Write a C functions to find both the largest and smallest number of an array of integers.

b) Write a C function that uses functions to perform the following:

i) that displays the position/ index in the string S where the string T begins, or –1 if S doesn’t contain

T.

ii) to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

Exercise 12

a) Write a C function to generate Pascal’s triangle.

b) Write a C function to construct a pyramid of numbers.

Exercise 13

Write a C function to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression:

1+x+x2+x

3+………….+x

n

Write a C function to read in two numbers, x and n(no. of terms), and then compute sin(x) and cos(x).

Exercise 14

a. Pointer based function to exchange value of two integers using passing by address.

b. Program which explains the use of dynamic arrays.

c. Program to enlighten dangling memory problem (Creating a 2-D array dynamically using pointer to

pointers approach.

Exercise 15

Examples which explores the use of structures, union and other user defined variables

Exercise 16

a) Write a C program which copies one file to another.

b) Write a C program to reverse the first n characters in a file. (Note: The file name and n are specified on the

command line)

***


MATHEMATICS-II (Common to All branches)


UNIT – I

Laplace transforms of standard functions –Shifting Theorems, Transforms of derivatives and integrals – Unit

step function –Dirac’s delta function.

UNIT – II

Inverse Laplace transforms– Convolution theorem - Application of Laplace transforms to ordinary differential

equations Partial fractions.

UNIT – III

Fourier Series: Determination of Fourier coefficients – Fourier series – even and odd functions – Fourier

series in an arbitrary interval– Half-range sine and cosine series.

UNIT – IV

Fourier integral theorem (only statement) – Fourier sine and cosine integrals - Fourier transform – sine and

cosine transforms – properties – inverse transforms – Finite Fourier transforms.

UNIT – V

Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions –

solutions of first order linear (Lagrange) equation and nonlinear (standard type) equations.

UNIT – VI

Method of Separation of Variables - Applications to wave equation, heat equation and Laplace Equation.

UNIT – VII

Z-transform – properties – Damping rule – Shifting rule – Initial and final value theorems -Inverse z-

transform -Convolution theorem – Solution of difference equation by z-transforms.

UNIT – VIII

Gamma and Beta Functions – Properties – Evaluation of improper integrals.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Swamy,U.M., Vijayalaxmi, P.,Ravikumar, R.V.G., and Phani Krishna Kishore., Mathematics II,

Excel Books, New Delhi.

BOOKS:

1. B.V.Ramana, Engineering Mathematics, Tata Mc Graw Hill.

2. Iyengar,T.K.V, Krishna Gandhi, et.al Engineering Mathematics Vol-II, S.Chand Co. New Delhi.

3. Erwin Kreszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 8 Ed Wiley Student Edition.

***


ENGINEERING PHYSICS - II (Common to all branches)


UNIT-I

QUANTUM MECHANICS & QUANTUM COMPUTING: Introduction - Schrodinger Time Independent and Time Dependent wave equations - Particle in a box - Operator version -Suitability of Quantum system for Information Processing - Classical Bits and Qu-Bits - Bloch's Sphere - Quantum Gates - Multiple Qu-Bits - Advantages of Quantum Computing over classical Computation.

UNIT-II

ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS: Classical free electron theory - Mean free path - Relaxation time and drift velocity - Quantum free electron theory - Fermi - Dirac (analytical) and its dependence on temperature - Fermi energy - Electron scattering and resistance.

UNIT-HI

BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS: Bloch theorem (qualitative) - Kronig - Penney model - Origin of energy band formation in solids - Classification of materials into conductors, semiconductors & insulators -Concept of effective mass of an electron.

UNIT-IV

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES: Permeability - Magnetization - Orgin of magnetic moment - Classification of Magnetic materials - Dia, para and ferro- magnetism -Domain and Weiss field theory - Hysteresis Curve - Soft and Hard magnetic materials.

UNIT-V

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: General properties - Meissner effect - Penetration depth - Type I and type II superconductors - Flux quantization - DC and AC Josephson effect - BCS Theory - Applications of superconductors.

UNIT-VI

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES: Introduction - Dielectric constant - Electronic, ionic and orientational polarizations - Internal fields in solids - Clausius-Mossotti equation - Dielectrics in alternating fields -frequency dependence of the polarizability - Ferro and Piezo electricity.

UNIT-VII

SEMICONDUCTORS: Introduction - Intrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration - Equation for conductivity - Extrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration - Drift and diffusion - Einstein's equation - Hall effect - Direct & indirect band gap semiconductors.

UNIT-VIII

PHYSICS OF NANO MATERIALS: Introduction - Properties and prepation of Nano Materials -Surface occupancy - Reduction of Dimensionality - 4D -Force vector - Quantum wires - Quantum dots and Quantum wells - Density of states and Energy spectrum - Nanotubes - Applications of nanomaterials.

Text book: Perspective of Engineering Physics - II by M Sri Ramarao, Nityananda Choudary, Daruka Prasad, ACME

Learning.

Refernce books: 1. Solid State Physics – by A J Dekker , Mcmilan India Ltd.

2. A Text Book of Engineering Physics , by Bhattacharya & Bhaskara , Oxford

University Press

3. Engineering Physics by K Shiva Kumar, Prism Books Pvt. Ltd

***


ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY – II (Common to all branches)


UNIT-I

POLYMERS: Introduction - Types of polymers – Classification - Methods of polymerisation – Stereo

specific polymers - Ziegler Natta catalysis - Properties of polymers –Conducting Polymers- Engineering

applications – Biodegradable polymers - Individual polymers(Preparation ,Properities,Uses of Poly Styrene,

PVC, PTFE, Bakelite’s, Cellulose derivatives, Poly Carbonates)

UNIT-II

PLASTICS – Types –Compounding of plastics- Moulding(Four types)- Fiber reinforced , Glass fibre

reinforced plastics –Bullet Proof Plastics– Properties of plastics – Engineering applications

UNIT-III

RUBBERS & ELASTOMERS: Introduction – Preparation – Vulcanization – Properties - Engineering

applications.

Buna-S,Buna-N, - Poly Urethane - Engineering applications of Elastomers

UNIT-IV

NANO MATERIALS

Introduction to Nano materials-preparation of few Nano materials(Carbon Nano Tubes,Fullerenes etc)-

Properities of Nano materials- Engineering applications.

UNIT-V

BUILDING MATERIALS(CEMENT,REFRACTORIES,CRAMICS):

CEMENT

Introduction, Manufacturing of Portland Cement(Dry &We Process )-Chemistry of Setting and Hardening of

Cement-Effect of Carbon dioxide,Sulphur Dioxide ,Chloride on Cement concrete.

REFRACTORIES

Introduction-Classification –Properties-Applications

CERAMICS

Introduction-Classification – Glazed &Unglazed Ceramics -Properties-Engineering Applications.

UNIT-VI

FUEL TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to Liquid Fuels-Classification of Crude Oil-Fractional Distillation-Cracking (Thermal

&Catalytic), Polymerization-Refining &Reforming –Working of Internal Combustion Engine, Heated

Chambers-Knocking –AntiKnocking Agents-Octane &Cetane Number.

LUBRICANTS

Definition and Explanation of Lubrication-Mechanism of Lubrication –Types of Lubricants-Properties of

Lubricants-Engineering applications

UNIT-VII

CORROSION – Mechanism- Factors influence the rate of corrosion - Types of Corrosion -Protection methods

(Anodic & Cathodic protection ), - Metallic Coatings - Paints, Varnishes, Enamels , Special paints.

UNIT-VIII

GREEN CHEMISTRY

Introduction-Concepts- Engineering Applications

Text Book : A Text book of engineering chemistry by Srinivasulu D. Parshva publications

***


ENGINEERING DRAWING (Common to all Branches) Syllabus effective from 2010- 2011

I B.Tech – II Semester

Unit-I

Polygons-Construction of Regular Polygons using given length of a side; Ellipse- Arcs of Circles and Oblong

Methods; Scales-Vernier and Diagonal Scales.

Unit-II

Introduction to Orthographic Projections; Projections of Points; Projections of Straight Lines parallel to both

planes; Projections of Straight Lines-Parallel to one and inclined to other plane.

Unit-III

Projections of Straight Lines inclined to both planes, determination of true lengths, angle of inclinations and

traces.

Unit-IV

Projections of Planes; Regular Planes Perpendicular / Parallel to one Reference

Plane and inclined to other Reference Plane; inclined to both the Reference Planes.

Unit-V

Projections of Solids-Prisms and Cylinders with the axis inclined to one Plane.

Unit-VI

Projections of Solids- Pyramids and Cones with the axis inclined to one plane.

Unit-VII

Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic Views.

Unit-VIII

Conversion of Orthographic Views to Isometric Projections and Views.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Engineering Drawing by N.D. Bhat, Chariot Publications

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Engineering Drawing by M.B. Shah and B.C. Rana, Pearson Publishers

2. Engineering Drawing by Dhananjay A. Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers

3. Engineering Graphics for Degree by K.C. John, PHI Publishers

***


ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (Common to all Branches)


UNIT - I

Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and Importance – Need for Public Awareness.

UNIT - II

Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources and associated problems – Forest

resources – Use and over – exploitation, deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining, dams and other

effects on forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and ground water – Floods,

drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems - Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental

effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. - Food resources: World food problems, changes caused

by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case

studies. – Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of alternate

energy sources. Case studies. Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil

erosion and desertification. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for

sustainable lifestyles.

UNIT - III

Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem. - Producers, consumers and

decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem - Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and ecological

pyramids. - Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem:

a. Forest ecosystem

b. Grassland ecosystem

c. Desert ecosystem

d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

UNIT - IV

Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species andecosystem diversity. - Bio-

geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic

and option values - . Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity nation - Hot-sports of

biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts. - Endangered and

endemic species of India – Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

UNIT - V

Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :

a. Air pollution

b. Water pollution

c. Soil pollution

d. Marine pollution

e. Noise pollution

f. Thermal pollution

g. Nuclear hazards

Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and

industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case studies. - Disaster management:

floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.

UNIT - VI

Social Issues and the Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable development -Urban problems related to

energy -Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and rehabilitation of people;

its problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions. -Climate change, global

warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust. Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. –

Consumerism and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. –

Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife Protection Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in

enforcement of environmental legislation. -Public awareness.

UNIT - VII

Human Population and the Environment: Population growth, variation among nations. Population explosion –

Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and human health. -Human Rights. -Value Education. HIV/AIDS. -Women

and Child Welfare. -Role of information Technology in Environment and human health. –Case Studies. Page 37 of 79

UNIT - VIII

Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest grassland/hill/mountain -Visit to a

local polluted site Urban/Rural/industrial/ Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -Study of simple

cosystemspond, river, hill slopes, etc.

Text Books :

1. An Introduction to Environmental Studies by B. Sudhakara Reddy, T. Sivaji Rao,

U. Tataji & K. Purushottam Reddy, Maruti Publications.

Reference :

1. Text Book of Environmental Studies by Deeshita Dave & P. Udaya Bhaskar, Cengage Learning.

2. Environmental Studies by K.V.S.G. Murali Krishna, VGS Publishers, Vijayawada

3. Text Book of Environmental Sciences and Technology by M. Anji Reddy, BS Publications.

***


MATHEMATICAL METHODS (Common to ALL branches)


UNIT – I

Linear systems of equations: Rank-Echelon form, Normal form – Solution of Linear Systems – Direct Methods- Gauss

Elimination - Gauss Jordon and Gauss Seidal Methods.

UNIT – II

Eigen values - Eigen vectors – Properties – Cayley-Hamilton Theorem - Inverse and powers of a matrix by using

Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

UNIT-III

Quadratic forms- Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form – Rank - Positive, negative definite - semi definite -

index – signature.

UNIT – IV

Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations: Introduction – The Bisection Method – The Method of False

Position – The Iteration Method – Newton-Raphson Method.

UNIT-V

Interpolation: Introduction- Errors in Polynomial Interpolation – Finite differences- Forward Differences- Backward

differences –Central differences – Symbolic relations and separation of symbols-Differences of a polynomial-Newton’s

formulae for interpolation – Interpolation with unevenly spaced points - Lagrange’s Interpolation formula.

UNIT – VI

Numerical Differentiation and Integration – Differentiation using finite differences - Trapezoidal rule – Simpson’s 1/3

Rule –Simpson’s 3/8 Rule.

UNIT – VII

Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equations: Solution by Taylor’s series-Picard’s Method of successive

Approximations-Euler’s Method-Runge-Kutta Methods –Predictor-Corrector Methods- Milne’s Method.

UNIT – VIII

Curve fitting: Fitting a straight line –Second degree curve-exponential curve-power curve by method of least squares.

Text Book : Ravindranath, V. and Vijayalaxmi, A., A Text Book on Mathematical Methods, Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay.

Reference Books :

1. Rukmangadachari, E. Mathematical Methods, Pearson Education, Delhi.

2. Kreszig, Erwin “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 8 Ed. Wiley Student Edition.

3. Peter O’ Neil, “Engineering Mathematics”, Cengage Learning. Gordon, “Engineering Mathematics”, Pearson

Education

***


ENGINEERING PHYSICS&CHEMISTRY LABORATORY- II

PHYSICS:

Electro-Magnetism and Electronics:

1.Determine the Planck's constant using Photo-Ceil. 2.Study the variation of Magnetic Field along the axis of a solenoid coil using Stewart - Gee's apparatus.

3.Draw the Frequency Response curves of L-C-R Series and Parallel Circuits. 4.Determine the Time Constant for a C-R Circuit. 5.Determine the Band Gap of a Semi conductor using a p-n junction diode.

6.Study of Characteristic curves (l/V) of a Zener diode to determine its Breakdown voltage. 7.Determine the Hall Coefficient of a Semiconductor.

8.Draw the characteristic curves and determine the Thermoelectric coefficient of a Thermistor 9.Study the Seebeck and Peltier - Thermoelectric Effects and to determine Coefficients and Thermo Electric Effect using Thermocouple.

10.Draw the Characteristic curves of a p-i-n and Avalanche Photo Diodes. 11.Determination of Numerical Aperture and Bending losses of an Optical Fiber.

Manual Cum Record Books :

1. Manual cum Record for Engineering Phaysics Lab- II, by Prof.Sri M. Rama Rao, Acme Learning.. .

2. Lab manual - II, of Engineering Physics by Dr. Y.Aparna and Dr. K.Venkateswara Rao (VGS Books links, Vijayawada )

CHEMISTRY LAB – II

1.PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL.

INTRODUCTION TO BIO FUELS

The teacher has to perform the transesterfication reaction of FATTY ACID and the Biodiesel thus produced can be

used for analysis.( Please give priority to production of Biodiesel from waste cooking oil)

2. Estimation of properties of oil:

a. Acid Number

b. Viscosity

c. Saponification value

d. Aniline point

e. Flash and Fire points

f. Pour and Cloud point

3.. PREPARATION OF PHENOL –FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

4. SOIL ANALYSIS:

pH, Determination of Zinc, Iron, Copper.

5.FOOD ANALYSIS:

Determination Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids, pH,etc.

All the teachers are requested to focus on bio fuels ,soil analysis and food analysis as these are the need of 21 st

century and these experiments are so desigened to encourage students to carry out lab to land process.

Lab Manual : Engineering chemistry laboratory manual &record By Srinivasulu . D. Parshva publications

***


IT WORKSHOP (Common to all Branches) Syllabus effective from 2010- 2011

Syllabus Preparation under progress

***

2010-11


Kakinada 533 003

II B.TECH. (ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS – 2010-11 BATCH

II Year

I SEMESTER P C II SEMESTER P C

S.No. Subject P C S.No. Subject P C

1 Managerial Economics and

Financial Analysis 4+1* 4 1 Electronic Circuit Analysis 4+1* 4

2 Electronic Devices and Circuits 4+1* 4 2 Control Systems 4+1* 4

3 Probability Theory & Stochastic

Processes 4+1* 4 3 Pulse & Digital Circuits 4+1* 4

4 Network Analysis 4+1* 4 4 Switching Theory & Logic Design 4+1* 4

5 Signals & Systems 4+1* 4 5 EM Waves and Transmission Lines 4+1* 4

6 Electrical Technology 4+1* 4 6 Analog Communications 4+1* 4

7 EDC Lab 3 2 7 Electronic Circuits & P D C Lab 3 2

8 Networks &Electrical

Technology Lab 3 2 8 Analog Communications Lab 3 2

9 English Communication Practice 2 1 9 English Communication Practice 2 1

Total Credits 29 Total Credits 29

* Tutorial

2010-11

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA

B.TECH. (ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)

II B.Tech. I Sem.

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Common to all Branches (w.e.f.2010 batch)

Unit I

Introduction to Managerial Economics:

Introduction to Managerial Economics & Demand Analysis: Definition of Managerial

Economics, Characteristics and Scope – Managerial Economics and its relation with other

subjects- Basic economic tools in Managerial Economics

Demand Analysis: Meaning- Demand distinctions- Demand determinants- Law of Demand and

its exceptions.

Unit-II

Elasticity of Demand & Demand Forecasting: Definition -Types of Elasticity of demand -

Measurement of price elasticity of demand: Total outlay method, Point method and Arc method-

Significance of Elasticity of Demand.

Demand Forecasting: Meaning - Factors governing demand forecasting - Methods of demand

forecasting (survey of buyers’ Intentions, Delphi method, Collective opinion, Analysis of Time

series and Trend projections, Economic Indicators, Controlled experiments and Judgmental

approach) - Forecasting demand for new products- Criteria of a good forecasting method.

Unit-III

Theory of Production and Cost Analysis: Production Function- Isoquants and Isocosts,

MRTS, Law of variable proportions- Law of returns to scale- Least Cost Combination of

Inputs, Cobb-Douglas Production function - Economies of Scale.

Cost Analysis: Cost concepts, Opportunity cost, Fixed Vs Variable costs, Explicit costs Vs.

Implicit costs, Out of pocket costs vs. Imputed costs.-Determination of Break-Even Point

(simple problems) - Managerial Significance and limitations of BEP.

UNIT-IV

Introduction to Markets, Managerial Theories of the Firm & Pricing Policies: Market

structures: Types of competition, Features of Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic

Competition. Price-Output Determination under Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic

Competition and Oligopoly Managerial theories of the firm - Marris and Williamson’s models.

Pricing Policies: Methods of Pricing-Marginal Cost Pricing, Limit Pricing, Market Skimming

Pricing, Penetration Pricing, Bundling Pricing, and Peak Load Pricing. Internet Pricing Models:

Flat rate pricing, Usage sensitive pricing, Transaction based pricing, Priority pricing, charging on

the basis of social cost, Precedence model, Smart market mechanism model.

Unit V

Types of Industrial Organization & Introduction to business cycles: Characteristic features

of Industrial organization, Features and evaluation of Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint

Stock Company, State/Public Enterprises and their types.

Introduction to business cycles: Meaning-Phases of business cycles- Features of business

cycles.

Unit VI

Introduction to Financial Accounting: Introduction to Double-entry system, Journal, Ledger,

Trial Balance- Final Accounts (with simple adjustments)- Limitations of Financial Statements.

Unit VII

Interpretation and analysis of Financial Statement: Ratio Analysis – Liquidity ratios,

Profitability ratios and solvency ratios – Preparation of changes in working capital statement and

fund flow statement.

Unit VIII

Capital and Capital Budgeting: Meaning of capital budgeting, Need for capital budgeting –

Capital budgeting decisions (Examples of capital budgeting) - Methods of Capital Budgeting:

Payback Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), IRR and Net Present Value Method

(simple problems)

Text Books:

1. J.V.Prabhakar Rao: Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis, Maruthi

Publications, 2011

2. N. Appa Rao. & P. Vijaya Kumar: ‘Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis’,

Cengage Publications, New Delhi, 2011

References:

1. A R Aryasri - Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis, TMH 2011

2. Suma damodaran- Managerial Economics, Oxford 2011

3. S.A. Siddiqui & A.S. Siddiqui, Mangerial Economice and Financial Analysis, New Age

International Publishers, 2011.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Unit-I

Electron Ballistics and Applications: Force on Charged Particles in Electric field, Constant

Electric Field, Potential, Relationship between Field Intensity and Potential, Two Dimensional

Motion, Electrostatic Deflection in Cathode ray Tube, CRO, Force in Magnetic Field, Motion in

Magnetic Field, Magnetic Deflection in CRT, Magnetic Focusing, Parallel Electric and Magnetic

fields and Perpendicular Electric and Magnetic Fields.

Unit- II

Review of Semi Conductor Physics : Insulators, Semi conductors, and Metals classification

using Energy Band Diagrams, Mobility and Conductivity, Electrons and holes in Intrinsic Semi

conductors, Extrinsic Semi Conductor, (P and N Type semiconductor) Hall effect, Generation

and Recombination of Charges, Diffusion, Continuity Equation, Injected Minority Carriers, Law

of Junction, Fermi Dirac Function, Fermi level in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor

Unit- III

Junction Diode Characteristics : Open circuited P N Junction, Forward and Reverse Bias,

Current components in PN Diode, Diode Equation,Volt-Amper Characteristic, Temperature

Dependence on V – I characteristic, Step Graded Junction, Diffusion Capacitance and Diode

Resistance (Static and Dynamic), Energy Band Diagram of PN Diode,

Special Diodes: Avalanche and Zener Break Down, Zener Characterisitics, Tunnel Diode,

Characteristics with the help of Energy Band Diagrams, Varactor Diode, LED, PIN Diode,

Photo Diode

Unit IV

Rectifiers and Filters: Half wave rectifier, ripple factor, full wave rectifier(with and without

transformer), Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor filter, L-

section filter, - section filter, Multiple L- section and Multiple section filter, and comparison

of various filter circuits in terms of ripple factors, Simple circuit of a regulator using zener

diode, Series and Shunt voltage regulators

Unit- V

Transistors :

Junction transistor, Transistor current components, Transistor as an amplifier, Characteristics of

Transistor in Common Base and Common Emitter Configurations, Analytical expressions for

Transistor Characteristics, Punch Through/ Reach Through, Photo Transistor, Typical transistor

junction voltage values.

Unit VI

Field Effect Transistors:

JFET characteristics (Qualitative and Quantitative discussion), Small signal model of JFET,

MOSFET characteristics (Enhancement and depletion mode), Symbols of MOSFET,

Introduction to SCR and UJT and their characteristics,

UNIT-VII

Transistor Biasing and Thermal Stabilization : Transistor Biasing and Thermal Stabilization:

Operating point, Basic Stability, Collector to Base Bias, Self Bias Amplifiers, Stabilization

against variations in VBE,, and β for the self bias circuit, Stabilization factors, (S, S', S

'’), Bias

Compensation, Thermistor and Sensitor compensation, Compensation against variation in VBE,

Ico,, Thermal runaway, Thermal stability

UNIT- VIII

Small signal low frequency Transistor models: Two port devices and the Hybrid model,

Transistor Hybrid model, Determination of h-parameters from characteristics, Measurement of h-

parameters, Conversion formulas for the parameters of three transistor configurations, Analysis

of a Transistor Amplifier circuit using h- parameters, Comparison of Transistor Amplifier

configurations

Text Books

1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – J. Millman, C.C. Halkias, Tata Mc-Graw Hill

Reference

1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – K Satya Prasad, VGS Book Links

2. Integrated Electronics – Jacob Millman, Chritos C. Halkies,, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2009

3. Electronic Devices and Circuits – Salivahanan, Kumar, Vallavaraj, TATA McGraw Hill,

Second Edition

4. Electronic Devices and Circuits – R.L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice

Hall,9thEdition,2006

5. Electronic Devices and Circuits -BV Rao, KBR Murty, K Raja Rajeswari, PCR Pantulu,

Pearson, 2nd

edition

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

PROBABILITY THEORY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

UNIT I

PROBABILITY: Probability introduced through Sets and Relative Frequency: Experiments and

Sample Spaces, Discrete and Continuous Sample Spaces, Events, Probability Definitions and

Axioms, Mathematical Model of Experiments, Probability as a Relative Frequency, Joint

Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability, Bayes’ Theorem, Independent Events:

UNIT II

THE RANDOM VARIABLE : Definition of a Random Variable, Conditions for a Function to

be a Random Variable, Discrete and Continuous, Mixed Random Variable, Distribution and

Density functions, Properties, Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh,

Conditional Distribution, Conditional Density, Properties.

UNIT III

OPERATION ON ONE RANDOM VARIABLE – EXPECTATIONS : Introduction,

Expected Value of a Random Variable, Function of a Random Variable, Moments about the

Origin, Central Moments, Variance and Skew, Chebychev’s Inequality, Characteristic Function,

Moment Generating Function, Transformations of a Random Variable: Monotonic

Transformations for a Continuous Random Variable, Nonmonotonic Transformations of

Continuous Random Variable

UNIT IV

MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES : Vector Random Variables, Joint Distribution

Function, Properties of Joint Distribution, Marginal Distribution Functions, Conditional

Distribution and Density –Statistical Independence, Sum of Two Random Variables, Sum of

Several Random Variables, Central Limit Theorem, Unequal Distribution, Equal Distributions.

UNIT V

OPERATIONS ON MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES : Expected Value of a Function of

Random Variables: Joint Moments about the Origin, Joint Central Moments, Joint Characteristic

Functions, Jointly Gaussian Random Variables: Two Random Variables case, N Random

Variable case, Properties, Transformations of Multiple Random Variables, Linear

Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables.

UNIT VI

RANDOM PROCESSES – TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS : The Random Process

Concept, Classification of Processes, Deterministic and Nondeterministic Processes, Distribution

and Density Functions, concept of Stationarity and Statistical Independence. First-Order

Stationary Processes, Second- Order and Wide-Sense Stationarity, (N-Order) and Strict-Sense

Stationarity, Time Averages and Ergodicity, Mean-Ergodic Processes, Autocorrelation Function

and Its Properties, Cross-Correlation Function and Its Properties, Covariance Functions,

Gaussian Random Processes, Poisson Random Process.

UNIT VII

RANDOM PROCESSES – SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS: The Power Spectrum:

Properties, Relationship between Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation Function, The Cross-

Power Density Spectrum, Properties, Relationship between Cross-Power Spectrum and Cross-

Correlation Function.

UNIT VIII

LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS : Random Signal Response of Linear

Systems: System Response – Convolution, Mean and Mean-squared Value of System Response,

autocorrelation Function of Response, Cross-Correlation Functions of Input and Output, Spectral

Characteristics of System Response: Power Density Spectrum of Response, Cross-Power

Density Spectrums of Input and Output, Band pass, Band-Limited and Narrowband Processes,

Properties, Modeling of Noise Sources: Resistive (Thermal) Noise Source, Arbitrary Noise

Sources, Effective Noise Temperature, Average Noise Figures, Average Noise Figure of

cascaded networks.

TEXT BOOKS :

1. Probability, Random Variables & Random Signal Principles - Peyton Z. Peebles, TMH, 4th

Edition, 2001.

2. Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes – Athanasios Papoulis and S.

Unnikrishna Pillai, PHI, 4th Edition, 2002.

REFERENCES :

1. .Probability Theory and Stochastic Process – B Prabhakara Rao , Oxford University Press.

2. Probability and Random Processes with Application to Signal Processing – Henry Stark and

John W. Woods, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition.

3. Probability Methods of Signal and System Analysis. George R. Cooper, Clave D. MC

Gillem, Oxford, 3rd Edition, 1999.

4.Statistical Theory of Communication - S.P. Eugene Xavier, New Age Publications, 2003.

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

NETWORK ANALYSIS

UNIT – I

Introduction to Electrical Circuits : Network elements classification, Electric charge and

current, Electric energy and potential, Resistance parameter – series and parallel combination,

Inductance parameter – series and parallel combination, Capacitance parameter – series and

parallel combination. Energy sources: Ideal, Non-ideal, Independent and dependent sources,

Source transformation, Kirchoff’s laws, Mesh analysis and Nodal analysis problem solving with

resistances only including dependent sources also. (Text Books: 1,2,3, Reference Books: 3)

UNIT – II

A.C Fundamentals and Network Topology: Definitions of terms associated with periodic

functions: Time period, Angular velocity and frequency, RMS value, Average value, Form factor

and peak factor- problem solving, Phase angle, Phasor representation, Addition and subtraction

of phasors, mathematical representation of sinusoidal quantities, explanation with relevant

theory, problem solving. Principal of Duality with examples.

Network Topology: Definitions of branch, node, tree, planar, non-planar graph, incidence

matrix, basic tie set schedule, basic cut set schedule. (Text Books: 2,3, Reference Books: 3)

UNIT – III

Steady State Analysis of A.C Circuits : Response to sinusoidal excitation - pure resistance,

pure inductance, pure capacitance, impedance concept, phase angle, series R-L, R-C, R-L-C

circuits problem solving. Complex impedance and phasor notation for R-L, R-C, R-L-C problem

solving using mesh and nodal analysis, Star-Delta conversion, problem solving. (Text Books:

1,2, Reference Books: 3)

UNIT – IV

Coupled Circuits : Coupled Circuits: Self inductance, Mutual inductance, Coefficient of

coupling, analysis of coupled circuits, Natural current, Dot rule of coupled circuits, Conductively

coupled equivalent circuits- problem solving.

Resonance: Introduction, Definition of Q, Series resonance, Bandwidth of series resonance,

Parallel resonance, Condition for maximum impedance, current in anti resonance, Bandwidth of

parallel resonance, general case- resistance present in both branches, anti resonance at all

frequencies. (Text Books:2,3, Reference Books: 3)

UNIT – V

Network Theorems: Thevinin’s, Norton’s, Milliman’s, Reciprocity, Compensation,

Substitution, Superposition, Max Power Transfer, Tellegens- problem solving using dependent

sources also. (Text Books: 1,2,3, Reference Books: 2)

UNIT – VI

Two-port networks : Relationship of two port networks, Z-parameters, Y-parameters,

Transmission line parameters, h-parameters, Inverse h-parameters, Inverse Transmission line

parameters, Relationship between parameter sets, Parallel connection of two port networks,

Cascading of two port networks, series connection of two port networks, problem solving

including dependent sources also. (Text Books: 1,2, Reference Books: 1,3)

UNIT – VII

Transients : First order differential equations, Definition of time constants, R-L circuit, R-C

circuit with DC excitation, Evaluating initial conditions procedure, second order differential

equations, homogeneous, non-homogenous, problem solving using R-L-C elements with DC

excitation and AC excitation, Response as related to s-plane rotation of roots. Solutions using

Laplace transform method. (Text Books: 1,2,3, Reference Books: 1,3)

UNIT – VIII

Filters : L.P.F, H.P.F, B.P.F, Band Elimination, All pass prototype filters design, M-derived

filters of L.P. and H.P. filters only, Composite design of L.P. and H.P filters. (Text Books: 2,

Reference Books:1, 2,3)

TEXT BOOKS :

1. Network Analysis – ME Van Valkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2000.

2.Network Analysis by K.Satya Prasad and S Sivanagaraju, Cengage Learning

3. Electric Circuit Analysis by Hayt and Kimmarle, TMH

REFERENCES :

1. Network lines and Fields by John. D. Ryder 2nd

edition, Asia publishing house.

2. Basic Circuit Analysis by DR Cunninghan, Jaico Publishers.

3. Network Analysis and Filter Design by Chadha, Umesh Publications.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

UNIT I

SIGNAL ANALYSIS : Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space, Signal

approximation using orthogonal functions, Mean square error, Closed or complete set of

orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in complex functions, Exponential and sinusoidal signals,

Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step function, Signum function.

UNIT II

FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS : Representation of

Fourier series, Continuous time periodic signals, properties of Fourier series, Dirichlet’s

conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential Fourier series, Complex Fourier

spectrum

UNIT III

FOURIER TRANSFORMS : Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier

transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of periodic

signals, properties of Fourier transforms, Fourier transforms involving impulse function and

Signum function. Introduction to Hilbert Transform.

UNIT IV

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS : Linear system, impulse

response, Response of a linear system, Linear time invariant (LTI) system, Linear time variant

(LTV) system, Transfer function of a LTI system. Filter characteristics of linear systems.

Distortion less transmission through a system, Signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, Ideal LPF,

HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality and Poly-Wiener criterion for physical realization,

relationship between bandwidth and rise time.

UNIT V

CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS : Concept of convolution in time

domain and frequency domain, Graphical representation of convolution, Convolution property of

Fourier transforms. Cross correlation and auto correlation of functions, properties of correlation

function, Energy density spectrum, Parseval’s theorem, Power density spectrum, Relation

between auto correlation function and energy/power spectral density function. Relation between

convolution and correlation, Detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation,

Extraction of signal from noise by filtering.

UNIT VI

SAMPLING : Sampling theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals,

impulse sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples,

effect of under sampling – Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass sampling.

UNIT VII

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS :Review of Laplace transforms, Partial fraction expansion, Inverse

Laplace transform, Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace transforms, constraints

on ROC for various classes of signals, Properties of L.T’s, Relation between L.T’s, and F.T. of a

signal. Laplace transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis.

UNIT VIII

Z–TRANSFORMS : Fundamental difference between continuous and discrete time signals,

discrete time signal representation using complex exponential and sinusoidal components,

Periodicity of discrete time using complex exponential signal, Concept of Z- Transform of a

discrete sequence. Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z transforms. Region of

convergence in Z-Transform, constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, Inverse Z-

transform, properties of Z-transforms.

TEXT BOOKS :

1. Signals, Systems & Communications - B.P. Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.

2. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, PHI, 2nd Edn.

REFERENCES :

1. Signals & Systems - Simon Haykin and Van Veen,Wiley, 2nd Edition.

2. Signals & Systems- Narayan Iyer and K Satya Prasad , Cenage Pub.

3. Fundamentals of Signals and Systems- Michel J. Robert, MGH International Edition, 2008.

4. Signals and Systems – A Rama Krishna Rao, Tata McGrawHill

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

DC MACHINES : Principle of operation of DC Machines- EMF equation – Types of generators

– Magnetization and load characteristics of DC generators

UNIT II

D.C. MOTORS : DC Motors – Types of DC Motors – Characteristics of DC motors – 3-point

starters for DC shunt motor – Losses and efficiency – Swinburne’s test – Speed control of DC

shunt motor – Flux and Armature voltage control methods.

UNIT III

TRANSFORMERS : Principle of operation of single phase transformer – types –

Constructional features – Phasor diagram on No Load and Load – Equivalent circuit

UNIT IV

PERFORMANCE OF TRANSFORMERS : Losses and Efficiency of transformer and

Regulation – OC and SC tests – Predetermination of efficiency and regulation (Simple

Problems).

UNIT V

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR : Principle of operation of three-phase induction

motors –Slip ring and Squirrel cage motors – Slip-Torque characteristics – Efficiency calculation

– Starting methods.

UNIT VI

ALTERNATORS : Alternators – Constructional features – Principle of operation – Types -

EMF Equation – Distribution and Coil span factors – Predetermination of regulation by

Synchronous Impedance Method – OC and SC tests.

UNIT VII

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS : Principle of operation - Shaded pole motors –

Capacitor motors, AC servomotor, AC tachometers, Synchros, Stepper Motors – Characteristics.

UNIT VIII

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS : Basic Principles of indicating instruments – Moving Coil

and Moving iron Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters)

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Basic Electrical Engineering by Nagsarkar,Sukhija, Oxford Publications,2nd

edition

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.Basic Electrical Engineering by M.S.Naidu and S.Kamakshiah,TMH Publications

2.Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering by Rajendra Prasad, PHI Publications,2nd

edition

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS LAB

PART A : (Only for viva voce Examination)

ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP PRACTICE ( in 6 lab sessions) :

1. Identification, Specifications, Testing of R, L, C Components (Colour Codes), Potentiometers,

Switches (SPDT, DPDT, and DIP), Coils, Gang Condensers, Relays, Bread Boards.

2. Identification, Specifications and Testing of Active Devices, Diodes, BJTs, Lowpower JFETs,

MOSFETs, Power Transistors, LEDs, LCDs, Optoelectronic Devices, SCR, UJT, DIACs,

TRIACs, Linear and Digital ICs.

3. Soldering practice – Simple Circuits using active and passive components.

4. Single layer and Multi layer PCBs (Identification and Utility).

5. Study and operation of

• Multimeters (Analog and Digital)

• Function Generator

• Regulated Power Supplies

1. Study and Operation of CRO.

PART B : (For Laboratory examination – Minimum of 10 experiments)

1. Frequency measurment using Lissajous Figures

2. PN Junction diode characteristics A. Forward bias B. Reverse bias.( cut-in voltage &

Resistance calculations)

3. Zener diode characteristics and Zener as a regulator

4. Transistor CB characteristics (Input and Output) & h Parameter calculations

5. Transistor CE characteristics (Input and Output) & h Parameter calculations

6. Rectifier without filters (Full wave & Half wave)

7. Rectifier with filters (Full wave & Half wave)

8. FET characteristics

9. SCR Charecteristics

10. UJT Charectristics

11. CE Amplifier

12. CC Amplifier (Emitter Follower).

PART C:

Equipment required for Laboratories:

1. Regulated Power supplies (RPS) - 0-30v

2. CROs - 0-20M Hz.

3. Function Generators - 0-1 M Hz.

4. Multimeters

5. Decade Resitance Boxes/Rheostats

6. Decade Capacitance Boxes

7. Micro Ammeters (Analog or Digital) - 0-20 µA, 0-50µA, 0-100µA, 0-

200µA

8. Voltmeters (Analog or Digital) - 0-50V, 0-100V, 0-250V

9. Electronic Components - Resistors, Capacitors, BJTs, LCDs,

SCRs, UJTs, FETs, LEDs,

MOSFETs,diodes,transistors

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. I Sem.

NETWORKS & ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB

PART – A

1. Serial and Parallel Resonance – Timing, Resonant frequency, Bandwidth and Q-factor

determination for RLC network.

2. Time response of first order RC/RL network for periodic non-sinusoidal inputs – time constant

and steady state error determination.

3. Two port network parameters – Z-Y Parameters, chain matrix and analytical verification.

4. Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems.

5. Verification of maximum power transfer theorem. Verification on DC, verification on AC

with Resistive and Reactive loads.

6. Experimental determination of Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits and verification by

direct test.

7 Constant K - LP, HP, BP Filters

8. m derived filters

9. Composite Filters

PART – B

1. Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt generator. Determination of critical field

resistance.

2. Swinburne’s Test on DC shunt machine (Predetermination of efficiency of a given DC Shunt

machine working as motor and generator).

3. Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of performance characteristics.

4. OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer (Predetermination of efficiency and regulation at

given power factors and determination of equivalent circuit).

5. Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance characteristics).

6. Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method

2010-11



II Year –I Sem. (Common to All Branches)

ENGLISH COMMUNICATION PRACTICE

LLIIFFEE,, LLAANNGGUUAAGGEE AANNDD CCUULLTTUURREE EEXXPPLLOORRAATTIIOONNSS--II

Purpose of the Course: English for Semesters 3 is designed to provide the learners an

opportunity to enhance their language skills through a reading of literary texts which will also

help them relate themselves to different cultures vis-à-vis their own. Independent reading is also

expected to increase spontaneity in expression among the learners.

Objectives: The Course aims at exposing the learners to nuances in culture, inculcating the habit

of independent reading which provides the learners an opportunity to develop critical thinking

and analytical skills that can be applied to any subject.

Content of the course: The literary pieces are carefully chosen from across cultures as samples

of contemporary life and issues of global interest. This is meant to encourage students to relate

language to personality development. In all, five stories have been selected for English

Communication Practice.

Topics: Culture and traditions, philosophy, familial relationships, ethics, inter-personal

relationships, ability to face disaster and poverty, tolerance.

Time frame/Hours of instruction: 2hrs per week (for pre-reading and post reading tasks of the

lessons). Total number of hours per semester - 32.

Time Allocation: Reading of the text should be done at home. The class hours are meant for

discussion, analysis and related activities. Project should be completed in consultation with the

teacher.

Evaluation: The learner will be assessed on a continuous basis by way of projects and work-

sheets given at the end of each story.

Stories selected for English Communication Practice

Life, Language and Culture:

1. The Cop and the Anthem by O. Henry

2. The Festival of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka

(based on the Travelogues of FA Hien Compiled by Ashok JainAssisted by Dhurjjati Sarma)

3.The Hawk and the Tree by Mohammad Azam Rahnaward Zaryab

4. To Be or Not To Be by Zaheda Hina

5. Bade Bhai Saab(My Elder Brother) by Munshi Premchand

Recommended Book: Life, Language and Culture Explorations-I, Cengage Learning India Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.



II B.Tech. II Sem.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Unit I

Single stage Amplifiers : Simplified Common Emitter hybrid model, simplfied calculations for

the common collector configuration and common base amplifier, Common emitter amplifier with

emitter resistance, Emitter follower, Miller’s Theorem and dual of Millers theorem,

FET small signal model, Low frequency common source and common drain amplifiers, FET as

Voltage Variable Resistor, Biasing the FET

UNIT- II

Feedback Amplifiers : Classification of Amplifiers, Feedback concept, Transfer Gain with

feedback, General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input

and output Resistances, Method of Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers, Voltage series, voltage

shunt, current series, and current shunt feedback amplifiers with discrete components and their

analysis

UNIT-III

Oscillators : Condition for oscillations. RC-phase shift oscillators with Transistor and FET with

necessary derivation for frequency of oscillation, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, Wein bridge

oscillator, Crystal oscillators, Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators, Negative

Resistance in Oscillator

Unit IV

Multistage Amplifier : Cascading Transistor Amplifiers, Choice of Transistor configuration in

Cascade amplifier, High input Resistance Transistor Circuits – Darlington pair, Cascode

amplifier, Frequency response and analysis of RC Coupling, Direct coupling and Transformer

coupling, Difference amplifier Two Stage RC Coupled JFET amplifiers (in Common Source

(CS) configuration).

Unit V

High Frequency Transistor and FET Circuits : Transistor at High Frequencies, Hybrid- π

Common Emitter transistor model, Hybrid π conductances, Hybrid π capacitances, Validity of

hybrid π model, Variation of Hybrid Parameters, CE short circuit gain, Current gain with

resistive load, Single stage CE transistor amplifier response, Gain Bandwidth product, Emitter

follower at High frequencies.

FET: Common Source amplifier at Higher Frequencies, and Common Drain Amplifier at High

frequencies

Unit VI

Power Amplifiers: Class A large signal Amplifiers, Second harmonic Distortions, Higher order

harmonic Distortion, Transformer Coupled Audio power amplifier, Efficiency, Push-pull

amplifiers, Class B Amplifiers, Class AB operation, Efficiency of Class B Amplifier,

Complementary Symmetry push pull amplifier, Class D amplifier, Class S amplifier, MOSFET

power amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sink

Unit VII

Tuned Amplifiers : Introduction, Q-Factor, Small Signal Tuned Amplifier – Capacitance single

tuned amplifier, Double Tuned Amplifiers, Effect of Cascading Single tuned amplifiers on Band

width, Effect of Cascading Double tuned amplifiers on Band width, Staggered tuned amplifiers,

Stability of tuned amplifiers

Unit VIII

Voltage Regulators : Voltage regulation – Line Regulation, Load Regulation, Types of

Regulators, Series voltage regulator , shunt regulators, Overload Voltage protection.

Text Books :

1. Integrated Electronics – J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, 1972.

2. Electronic Devices and Circuits - Salivahanan, N.Suressh Kumar, A. Vallavaraj, TATA

McGraw Hill, Second Edition

References :

1. Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits – Robert T. Paynter, Pearson Education, 7th

Edition

2. Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory – Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky,

Pearson/Prentice Hall, 9th Edition, 2006.

3. Micro Electronic Circuits – Sedra A.S. and K.C. Smith, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.

4. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design – Donald A. Neaman, Mc Graw Hill.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

CONTROL SYSTEMS

Objective :

In this course it is aimed to introduce to the students the principles and applications of control

systems in every day life. The basic concepts of block diagram reduction, time domain analysis

solutions to time invariant systems and also deals with the different aspects of stability analysis

of systems in frequency domain and time domain.

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION

Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems and their differences-

Different examples of control systems- Classification of control systems, Feed-Back

Characteristics, Effects of feedback.

Mathematical models – Differential equations, Impulse Response and transfer functions -

Translational and Rotational mechanical systems

UNIT II TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION

Transfer Function of DC Servo motor - AC Servo motor- Synchro transmitter and Receiver,

Block diagram representation of systems considering electrical systems as examples -Block

diagram algebra – Representation by Signal flow graph - Reduction using mason’s gain formula.

UNIT-III TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Standard test signals - Time response of first order systems – Characteristic Equation of

Feedback control systems, Transient response of second order systems - Time domain

specifications – Steady state response - Steady state errors and error constants – Effects of

proportional derivative, proportional integral systems.

UNIT – IV

STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN : The concept of stability – Routh’s stability

criterion – qualitative stability and conditional stability – limitations of Routh’s stability

Root Locus Technique: The root locus concept - construction of root loci-effects of adding

poles and zeros to G(s)H(s) on the root loci.

UNIT – V

FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS : Introduction, Frequency domain specifications-

Bode diagrams-Determination of Frequency domain specifications and transfer function from the

Bode Diagram-Phase margin and Gain margin-Stability Analysis from Bode Plots.

UNIT – VI

STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN : Polar Plots, Nyquist Plots Stability

Analysis.

UNIT – VII

CLASSICAL CONTROL DESIGN TECHNIQUES : Compensation techniques – Lag, Lead,

Lead-Lag Controllers design in frequency Domain, PID Controllers.

UNIT – VIII

State Space Analysis of Continuous Systems Concepts of state, state variables and state model,

derivation of state models from block diagrams, Diagonalization- Solving the Time invariant

state Equations- State Transition Matrix and it’s Properties – Concepts of Controllability and

Observability

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Automatic Control Systems 8th edition– by B. C. Kuo 2003– John wiley and son’s.,

2. Control Systems Engineering – by I. J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, New Age International (P)

Limited,Pub. 2nd

edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Modern Control Engineering – by Katsuhiko Ogata – Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 3rd

edition, 1998.

2. Control Systems by N.K.Sinha, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, 3rd

Edition, 1998.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Unit I

Linear wave shaping : High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step,

pulse, square and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator, double

differentiation, attenuators, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input, Ringing

circuit.

UNIT II

Non – Linear Wave Shaping : Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent

levels, Transfer characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of

voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping circuits using diode with different inputs,

Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits, effect of diode characteristics on clamping

voltage, Transfer characteristics of clampers.

Unit III

Switching Characteristics of Devices: Diode and Transistor as switches, Break down voltage

consideration of transistor, saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with

temperature, Design of transistor switch, transistor-switching times.

Digital Logic gate circuits: Realization of Logic Gates using DTL, TTL,ECL and CMOS

logic circuits ,Comparison of logic families

Unit IV

Multivibrators: Analysis & Design of Bistable Multivibrators : Fixed bias& self biased

transistor binary, Commutating capacitors, Triggering in binary, Schmitt trigger

circuit,Applications

UNIT V

Multivibrators(Cotnd.): Analysis & design of Monostable Multivibrator: Collector-coupled

and Emitter-coupled Monostable multivibrators, Triggering in monostable multi;

Analysis & design of Astable multivibrator (Collector coupled and Emitter-coupled) using

transistors.

UNIT VI

Time Base Generators

General features of a time base signal, methods of generating time base waveform, Miller and

Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles, Transistor miller time base generator,

Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base generators.

Unit VII

Synchronization and Frequency Division : Principles of Synchronization, Frequency division

in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits, Phase delay&phase

jitters;Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency

division with a sweep circuit.

Unit VIII

Blocking oscillators & Sampling Gates:

Blocking oscillators: Monostable blocking oscillators (Basetiming& Emitter timing): Astable

blocking oscillators (Diode-Controlled & RC controlled), Applications

Sampling gates; Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional

sampling gates, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Four-diode sampling gates; Applications

of sampling gates.

Text Books :

1 . J. Millman and H. Taub, “Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms”, McGraw-Hill, 1991.

2. A. Anand Kumar, “Pulse and Digital Circuits”, PHI, 2005.Second Edition

References :

1. Venkat Rao. K. Ramasudha K, Manmadha Rao G, “Pulse and Digital Circuits,” Pearson

Education, 2010

2.David J.Comer,”Digital Logic State Machine Design’, Oxford University Press,2008,Third

Edition

3 MS Prakash Rao – “ Pulse and Digital Circuits “ Tata McGrawHill

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

SWITCHING THEORY AND LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT I: Review of Number systems:

Representation of numbers of different radix, conversion of numbers from one radix to another

radix, r-1’s complement and r’s complement of unsigned numbers subtraction, problem solving.

Signed binary numbers, different forms, problem solving for subtraction. 4-bit codes: BCD,

EXCESS 3, alphanumeric codes,9’s complement, 2421, etc.. (Text Books: 2,, Reference Books:

1,2,4)

UNIT II

Logic operation, error detection and correction codes: Basic logic operations NOT,

OR,AND,Boolean theorems, Complement and dual of logical expressions, NAND and NOR

Gates, EX-OR, EX-NOR Gates, standard SOP and POS, Minimisation of logic functions using

theorems, Generation of self dual functions. Gray code, error detection and error correction

codes, parity checking even parity, odd parity, Hamming code, multi leveled AND-NOR

Realisations. Two level NAND-NAND and NOR-NOR realizations. Degenerative forms and

multi level realizations. (Text Books: 1,2, Reference Books: 12,4)

UNIT III

Minimisation of switching functions: Minimisation of switching functions using K-Map up to

6-variables, Tabular minimization, minimal SOP and POS Realisation. Problem solving using K-

map such as code converters binary multiplier etc.,(Text Books: 1,2 , Reference Books: 2,4)

UNIT IV

Combinational logic circuits-I: Design of Half adder, full adder, half subtractor, full subtractor,

applications of full adders, 4-bit binary adder, 4-bit binary subtractor, adder-subtractor circuit,

BCD adder circuit Excess3 adder circuit, look-a-head adder circuit. (Text Books: 2, , Reference

Books: 1,2,3)

UNIT V

Combinational logic circuits-II: Design of decoder, Demultiplexer, higher order

demultiplexing, encoder, multiplexer, higher order multiplexer, realization of Boolean functions

using decoders and multiplexers, priority encoder, different code converter using full adders.

(Text Books: 1,2, Reference Books: 1,2,3)

UNIT VI

Combinational logic circuits-III: PROM,PLA,PAL, realization of switching functions using

PROM,PLA and PAL; comparison of PROM,PLA,and PAL, Programming tables of

PROM,PLA and PAL. (Text Books: 1,2, Reference Books: 1,2,4)

UNIT VII

Sequential circuits I: Classification of sequential circuits (synchronous and asynchronous):

basic flip-flops, truth tables and excitation tables (nand RS latch, nor RS latch, RS flip-flop. JK

flip-flop, T flip-flop, D flip-flop with reset and clear terminals).Conversion of flip-flop to flip-

flop. Design of ripple counters, design of synchronous counters, Johnson counters, ring counters.

Design of registers, Buffer register, control buffer register, shift register, bi-directional shift

register, universal shift register. (Text Books: 1,2, Reference Books: 1,2,3)

UNIT VIII

Sequential circuits II: Finite state machine, capabilities and limitations, analysis of clocked

sequential circuits, design procedures, reduction of state tables and state assignment. Realization

of circuits using various flip-flops. Meelay to Moore conversion and vice-versa. (Text Books: 1

Reference Books: 1,2,4)

TEXTBOOKS:

1. Switching theory and logic design by Hill and Peterson Mc-Graw Hill MH edition

2. Modern Digital Electronics by RP Jain, TMH.

Reference Books:

1. Switching Theory and Logic Design by A. Ananda Kumar

2. Digital design by Mano 2nd

edition PHI.

3. Micro electronics by Millman MH edition.

4. Fundamentals of Logic Design by Charles H.Roth Jr, Jaico Publishers.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

EM WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Review of Coordinate Systems, Vector Calculus :

UNIT I

ELECTROSTATICS: Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Intensity – Fields due to Different

Charge Distributions, Electric Flux Density, Gauss Law and Applications, Electric Potential,

Relations Between E and V, Maxwell’s Two Equations for Electrostatic Fields, Energy Density,

Related Problems. Convection and Conduction Currents, Dielectric Constant, Isotropic and

Homogeneous Dielectrics, Continuity Equation, Relaxation Time, Poisson’s and Laplace’s

Equations; Capacitance – Parallel Plate, Coaxial, Spherical Capacitors, Related Problems.

UNIT II

Magneto Statics : Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law and Applications, Magnetic Flux

Density, Maxwell’s Two Equations for Magnetostatic Fields, Magnetic Scalar and Vector

Potentials, Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s Force Law, Inductances and Magnetic

Energy. Related Problems.

UNIT III

Maxwell’s Equations (Time Varying Fields): Faraday’s Law and Transformer emf,

Inconsistency of Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current Density, Maxwell’s Equations in

Different Final Forms and Word Statements. Conditions at a Boundary Surface : Dielectric-

Dielectric and Dielectric-Conductor Interfaces. Related Problems .

UNIT IV

EM Wave Characteristics - I: Wave Equations for Conducting and Perfect Dielectric Media,

Uniform Plane Waves – Definition, All Relations Between E & H. Sinusoidal Variations. Wave

Propagation in Lossless and Conducting Media. Conductors & Dielectrics – Characterization,

Wave Propagation in Good Conductors and Good Dielectrics. Polarization. Related Problems.

UNIT V

EM Wave Characteristics – II: Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves – Normal and

Oblique Incidences, for both Perfect Conductor and Perfect Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Critical

Angle and Total Internal Reflection, Surface Impedance. Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem

– Applications, Power Loss in a Plane Conductor. Related Problems.

UNIT V

Guided Waves : Parallel Plane Waveguides: Introduction, TE, TM, TEM Modes - Concepts and

Analysis, Cut-off Frequencies, Velocities, Wavelengths, Wave Impedances. Attenuations Factor

– Expression for TEM Case. Related Problems.

UNIT VII

Transmission Lines - I : Types, Parameters, Transmission Line Equations, Primary &

Secondary Constants, Expressions for Characteristic Impedance, Propagation Constant, Phase

and Group Velocities, Infinite Line Concepts, Losslessness/Low Loss Characterization,

Distortion – Condition for Distortionlessness and Minimum Attenuation, Loading - Types of

Loading. Related Problems.

UNIT VIII

Transmission Lines – II : Input Impedance Relations, SC and OC Lines, Reflection Coefficient,

VSWR. UHF Lines as Circuit Elements; λ/4, λ /2, λ/8 Lines – Impedance Transformations.

Smith Chart – Configuration and Applications, Single and Double Stub Matching. Related

Problems.

TEXT BOOKS :

1. Elements of Electromagnetic – Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Oxford Univ. Press, 3rd ed., 2001.

2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, 2nd

Edition, 2000.

REFERENCES :

1. Electromagnetic Fields and Wave Theory –GSN Raju, Pearson Education 2006

2. Engineering Electromagnetics – Nathan Ida, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2nd ed.,

2005.

3. Engineering Electromagnetics – William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, TMH, 7th ed., 2006.

4. Transmission Lines and Networks – Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan (Tech. India

Publications), New Delhi, 2001.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION : Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation, Frequency

Division Multiplexing , Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time domain and frequency domain

description, single tone modulation, power relations in AM waves, Generation of AM waves,

square law Modulator, Switching modulator, Detection of AM Waves; Square law detector,

Envelope detector.

UNIT II

DSB MODULATION : Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, time domain and

frequency domain description, Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators, Ring

Modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves, COSTAS Loop.

UNIT III

SSB MODULATION : Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method for

generation of AM SSB Modulated Wave, Time domain description, Phase discrimination

method for generating AM SSB Modulated waves. Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side

band modulation: Frequency description, Generation of VSB Modulated wave, Time domain

description, Envelope detection of a VSB Wave pulse Carrier, Comparison of AM Techniques,

Applications of different AM Systems.

UNIT IV

ANGLE MODULATION : Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency

modulation, Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM,

Constant Average Power, Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave - Generation of FM Waves,

Direct FM, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector,

Phase locked loop, Comparison of FM & AM.

UNIT V

NOISE : Noise in Analog communication System, Noise in DSB& SSB System, Noise in AM

System, Noise in Angle Modulation System, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System, Pre-

emphasis & de-emphasis

UNIT VI

TRANSMITTERS : Radio Transmitter - Classification of Transmitter, AM Transmitter, Effect

of feedback on performance of AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter – Variable reactance type and

phase modulated FM Transmitter, frequency stability in FM Transmitter.

UNIT VII

RECEIVERS : Radio Receiver - Receiver Types - Tuned radio frequency receiver,

Superhetrodyne receiver, RF section and Characteristics - Frequency changing and tracking,

Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Comparison with AM Receiver, Amplitude

limiting.

UNIT VIII

PULSE MODULATION : Time Division Multiplexing,, Types of Pulse modulation, PAM

(Single polarity, double polarity) PWM: Generation & demodulation of PWM, PPM, Generation

and demodulation of PPM, TDM Vs FDM

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Principles of Communication Systems – H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH, 2007

3rd

Edition.

2. Communication Systems – B.P. Lathi, BS Publication, 2006.

REFERENCES:

1. Principles of Communication Systems - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2nd

Ed.,.

2. Electronics & Communication System – George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH 2004.

3. Communication Systems– R.P. Singh, SP Sapre, Second Edition TMH, 2007.

4. Fundamentals of Communication Systems - John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi PEA, 2006.

***

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS & P D C LAB

List of Experiments ( Twelve experiments to be done) :

I) Design and Simulation in Simulation Laboratory using Multisim OR Pspice OR

Equivalent Simulation Software. & Veryfing the result by Hardware (Any Six):

1. Common Emitter and Common collector amplifier-Freq. response,Impedances measurement

2. Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

3. Current shunt and Voltage shunt Feedback Amplifier- Freq. response,Impedances

measurement( with and without feedback)

4. Wien Bridge Oscillator using Transistors- Design for different frequencies

5. RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Transistors - Design for different frequencies

6. Class A Power Amplifier (with and without transformer load )

7. Class B Power Amplifier

8. Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier

9. Series Voltage Regulator

10. Shunt Voltage Regulator

II) Pulse and Digital Circuits ( Any Six)- By designing the Circuit

1. Linear wave shaping ( Diff. Time Constants, Differentiator, Integrator)

2. Non Linear wave shaping – Clippers.,Clampers

3. Logic gates with discrete components ( Diodes, Transistors)

4. Bistable Multivibrator

5. Astable Multivibrator. ( Voltage- Frequency convertor)

6. Monostable Multivibrator.

7. Schmitt Trigger.

8. UJT Relaxation Oscillator.

9. Bootstrap sweep circuit.

10. Sampling Gates

Equipments required for Laborataries:

i. For software simultation of Electronic circuits

i) Computer Systems with latest specifications

ii) Connected in Lan (Optional)

iii) Operating system (Windows XP)

iv) Simulations software (Multisim/TINAPRO) Package

Equipment:

1. RPS - 0 – 30 V

2. CRO - 0 – 20 M Hz.

3. Function Generators - 0 – 1 M Hz

4. Components

5. Multimeters

2010-11



II B.Tech. II Sem.

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB

List of Experiments ( Twelve experiments to be done) - ( a. Hardware, b.MATLAB Simulink,

c. MATLAB Communication tool box)

A. Amplitude Modulation - Mod. & Demod.

B. AM - DSB SC - Mod. & Demod.

C. Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using Spectrum Analyser

D. Diode Detector

E. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

F. Frequency Modulation - Mod. & Demod.

G. AGC Circuits

H. Sampling Theorem

I. Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Mod. & Demod.

J. PWM , PPM - Mod. & Demod.

K. PLL

Equipments & Software required:

Software :

i.) Computer Systems with latest specifications

ii) Connected in Lan (Optional)

iii) Operating system (Windows XP)

iv) Simulations software (Simulink & MATLAB)

Equipment:

1. RPS - 0 – 30 V

2. CRO - 0 – 20 M Hz.

3. Function Generators - 0 – 1 M Hz

4. Components

5. Multimeters

6. Spectrum Analyser

***

UandIStar

w.e.f. 2010-2011 academic year

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA KAKINADA-533003, Andhra Pradesh (India)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COURSE STRUCTURE

I YEAR I SEMISTER

S. No. Subject T P Credits

1 English – I 3 - 2

2 Mathematics - I 3 - 2

3 Engineering Physics – I 3 - 2

4 Engineering Chemistry I 3 - 2

5 C Programming 3 - 2

6 Environmental Studies 3 - 2

7 Engineering Physics & Engineering Chemistry Laboratory -I - 3 2

8 Engineering Workshop (Carpentry, Fitting, House wiring, ) - 3 2

9 C Programming Lab - 3 2

10 English Proficiency Lab - 3 2

Total 20

I YEAR II SEMISTER


1 English – II 3 - 2

2 Mathematics – II 3 - 2

3 Engineering Physics – II 3 - 2

4 Engineering Chemistry-- II 3 - 2

5 Engineering Drawing 3 - 2

6 Mathematical Methods 3 - 2

7 Engineering Physics & Engineering Chemistry Laboratory -II - 3 2

8 English - Communication Skills Lab - 3 2

9 IT Workshop - 3 2

Total 18

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COURSE STRUCTURE

II YEAR I SEMISTER


1 Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis 4 - 4

2 Electronic Devices and Circuits 4 - 4

3 Probability Theory & Stochastic Processes 4 - 4

4 Network Analysis 4 - 4

5 Signals & Systems 4 - 4

6 Electrical Technology 4 - 4

7 EDC Lab - 3 2

8 Networks &Electrical Technology Lab - 3 2

9 English Communication Practice - 2 1

10 Professional Ethics & Morals-I 2 - -

Total 29

II YEAR II SEMISTER


1 Electronic Circuit Analysis 4 - 4

2 Control Systems 4 - 4

3 Pulse & Digital Circuits 4 - 4

4 Switching Theory & Logic Design 4 - 4

5 EM Waves and Transmission Lines 4 - 4

6 Analog Communications 4 - 4

7 Electronic Circuits & P D C Lab - 3 2

8 Analog Communications Lab - 3 2

9 English Communication Practice - 2 1

10 Professional Ethics & Morals-II 2 - -

Total 29

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COURSE STRUCTURE

III YEAR I SEMISTER


1 Linear IC Applications 4 - 4

2 Computer Architecture & Organization 4 - 4

3 Digital IC Applications 4 - 4

4 Digital Communications 4 - 4

5 Antennas and Wave Propagation 4 - 4

6 Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation 4 - 4

7 Digital Communications Lab - 3 2

8 IC Applications Lab - 3 2

9 I P R & Patents - I 2 - -

Total 28

III YEAR II SEMISTER


1 Computer Networks 4 - 4

2 Digital Signal Processing 4 - 4

3 VLSI Design 4 - 4

4 Microwave Engineering 4 - 4

5 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 4 - 4

6 Management Science 4 - 4

7 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab - 3 2

8 Electronic Computer Aided Design Lab - 3 2

9 I P R & Patents - II 2 - -

Total 28

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COURSE STRUCTURE

IV YEAR I SEMISTER


1 Optical Communication 4 - 4

2 Embedded Systems 4 - 4

3 Digital Image Processing 4 - 4

4 Radar Systems 4 - 4

5 Open Elective 4 - 4

6

Elective – I 1. Telecommunication Switching Systems 2. Analog IC Design 3. Object Oriented Programming

4 - 4

7 Digital Signal Processing Lab - 3 2

8 Microwave and Optical Communications Lab - 3 2

Total 28

IV YEAR II SEMISTER


1 Cellular and Mobile Communications 4 - 4

2

Elective – II 1. Network Security & Cryptography 2. Satellite Communications 3. Digital Control Systems

4 - 4

3

Elective – III 1. Operating Systems 2. Structured Digital Design 3. Wireless Sensor Networks

4 - 4

4

Elective – IV 1. Analytical Instrumentation 2. Real Time Operating Systems 3. TV Engineering

4 - 4

5 PROJECT 12

Total 28

Open Electives: 1. Bio Medical Engineering 2. Image Processing 3. Signals & Communication Systems

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UandIStar


III Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering – I Sem.

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS

UNIT I INTEGRATED CIRCUITS : Differential Amplifier- DC and AC analysis of Dual input Balanced output Configuration, Properties of other differential amplifier configuration (Dual Input Unbalanced Output, Single Ended Input – Balanced/ Unbalanced Output), DC Coupling and Cascade Differential Amplifier Stages, Level translator. UNIT II Characteristics of OP-Amps, Integrated circuits-Types, Classification, Package Types and temperature ranges, Power supplies, Op-amp Block Diagram, ideal and practical Op-amp specifications, DC and AC characteristics, 741 op-amp & its features, FET input. Op-Amps, Op-Amp parameters & Measurement, Input & Out put Off set voltages & currents, slew rates, CMRR, PSRR, drift, Frequency Compensation technique. UNIT III LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS : Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier, Integrator and differentiator, Difference amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier, AC amplifier, V to I, I to V converters, Buffers. UNIT IV NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS: Non- Linear function generation, Comparators, Multivibrators, Triangular and Square wave generators, Log and Anti log amplifiers, Precision rectifiers. UNIT V ACTIVE FILTERS: Introduction, Butter worth filters – 1st order, 2nd order LPF, HPF filters. Band pass, Band reject and All pass filters. UNIT VI TIMERS & PHASE LOCKED LOOPS: Introduction to 555 timer, functional diagram, Monostable and Astable operations and applications, Schmitt Trigger. PLL - introduction, block schematic, principles and description of individual blocks, 565 PLL, Applications of PLL – frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, FM & FSK demodulators. Applications of VCO (566). UNIT VII D to A & A to D CONVERTERS : Introduction, basic DAC techniques, weighted resistor DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, inverted R-2R DAC, and IC 1408 DAC, Different types of ADCs - parallel comparator type ADC, counter type ADC, successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC. DAC and ADC Specifications, Specifications AD 574 (12 bit ADC). UNIT VIII ANALOG MULTIPLIERS AND MODULATORS : Four Quadrant multiplier, balanced modulator,IC1496,Applications of analog switches and Multiplexers, Sample & Hold amplifiers. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd

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Edition,2003. 2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987. REFERENCES : 1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,

McGraw Hill, 1988. 2. OP AMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits concepts and Applications, James M Fiore,

Cenage Learning India Ltd. 3. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition. 4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ.Ltd./ Elsevier,

1971. 5. Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs – David A Bell, Oxford Uni. Press, 3rd Edition 6. Linear Integrated Circuits – S Salivahana, VSK Bhaskaran TMH, 2008. ***

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORGANAGATION Unit 1: Computer System: Computer components, computer function, interconnection structures, Bus interconnection, arithmetic and logic unit, integer representation, integer arithmetic, fixed point representation, floating point representation. Unit 2: Central Processing Unit: Instruction Sets: Characteristics and addressing modes – Machine instruction characteristics, Types of operands and operators, addressing modes, instruction formats, Assembly language Process Structure and Functions – Process organization, register organization, instruction cycle, instruction pipelining. Unit 3: Control Unit and Micro Programmed Control: Micro operations, control of the processor, hardwired implementation, micro programmed control, micro instruction sequencing, micro instruction execution, Unit 4: Computer Arithmetic: Addition and subtraction, multiplication algorithms, division algorithms, floating point arithmetic operations, decimal arithmetic unit, decimal arithmetic operations. Unit 5: The Memory System: Memory Hierarchy, main memory, auxiliary memory, associative memory, cache memory and Cache organisation, virtual memory, memory management hardware. Unit 6: Input Output Organization: Peripheral devices, input-output interface, asynchronous data transfer modes of transfer, priority interrupt, direct memory access, input-output processor (IOP), serial communication. Unit 7: Parallel Organization: Parallel Processing – use of multiprocessors, symmetric multi processors, cache coherence and MESI protocol, multi-threading and chip multiprocessors, non-uniform memory access computers, vector computations. Unit 8: Multiprocessors – Characteristics of multiprocessors, interconnection structures, inter processor arbitration, inter process arbitration, interprocessor communication and synchronization.

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Text Books: 1. Computer System Architecure, 3/e, M. Morris Mano, Pearson. 2. Computer Organization and Architecure, 8/e, William Stallings, Pearson. References: 1. Computer Organization, 5/e, Hamachar, Vranesic, TMH. 2. Computer Organization and Architecture, V. Rajaraman, T. Radhakrishnan, PHI

Learning. 2. Computer Organization and Design, Pal Choudary, PHI. ***

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DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS UNIT I CMOS LOGIC: Introduction to logic families, CMOS logic, CMOS steady state electrical behaviour, CMOS dynamic electrical behaviour, CMOS logic families. UNIT II BIPOLAR LOGIC AND INTERFACING: Diode Logic, Bipolar logic, Transistor logic, TTL families, CMOS/TTL interfacing, low voltage CMOS logic and interfacing, Emitter coupled logic, Comparison of logic families, Familiarity with standard 74XX and CMOS 40XX series-ICs – Specifications. UNIT III COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN-I: Introduction, Design and Analysis procedures, Decoders, encoders, three state devices, multiplexers and demultiplexers, Code Converters, EX-OR gates and parity circuits, comparators, adders & sub tractors, Design considerations of the above combinational logic circuits with relevant Digital ICs. UNIT IV COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN-II: Ripple Adder, Look Ahead Carry Generator, Binary Parallel Adder, n-Bit Parallel Subtractor, Binary Adder-Subtractor, ALUs, Combinational multipliers, Barrel Shifter, Simple Floating-Point Encoder, Cascading Comparators, Dual Priority Encoder, Design considerations of the above combinational logic circuits with relevant Digital ICs. UNIT V SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN-I: Introduction, The Basic Bistable Element, Latches, and flip-flops, Flip-Flop Conversions, SSI Latches and Flip-Flops, Counters, Design of Counters using Digital ICs, Counter applications, Synchronous design methodology, Impediments to synchronous design, Design considerations of the above sequential logic circuits with relevant Digital ICs. UNIT VI SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN-II: MSI Registers, Shift Registers, Modes of Operation of Shift Registers, Universal Shift Registers, MSI Shift Registers, Ring Counter, Johnson Counter, Basic sequential logic Design steps, Design of Modulus N Synchronous Counters, Design considerations of the above sequential logic circuits with relevant Digital ICs. UNIT VII PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (PLDs): Introduction, Programmable Read Only Memory, Programmable Logic Array, Programmable Array Logic Devices, Comparison between PROM, PLA and PAL. Design considerations of PLDs with relevant Digital ICs. UNIT-VIII MEMORIES: ROM: Internal structure, 2D-Decoding, Commercial ROM types, timing and applications,. Static RAM: Internal structure, SRAM timing, standard SRAMS, synchronous SRAMS, Dynamic RAM: Internal structure, timing, synchronous DRAMs, Familiarity with Component Data Sheets-Cypress CY6116, CY7C1006, Specifications.

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TEXT BOOKS: 1. Digital Design Principles & Practices By John F. Wakerly, PHI Publications,Third

Edition., 2005. 2. Digital IC Applications By Atul P.Godse and Deepali A.Godse, Technical Publications,

Pune, 2005. REFERENCES : 1. Digital Integrated Circuits-A Design Perspective By Jan M.Rabaey, Anantha

Chandrakasan, Borivoje Nikolic, Pearson Education, 2005. 2. Introduction to Logic Design – Alan B. Marcovitz,TMH, 2nd Edition,2005. 3. Digital Logic and Computer Design By Mano, Pearson Education. ***

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS UNIT I PULSE DIGITAL MODULATION : Elements of digital communication systems, advantages of digital communication systems, Elements of PCM: Sampling, Quantization & Coding, Quantization error, Compading in PCM systems. Differential PCM systems (DPCM). UNIT II DELTA MODULATION : Delta modulation, its draw backs, adaptive delta modulation, comparison of PCM and DM systems, noise in PCM and DM systems. UNIT III DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES : Introduction, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, DEPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, ASK, FSK, similarity of BFSK and BPSK. UNIT IV DATA TRANSMISSION : Base band signal receiver, probability of error, the optimum filter, matched filter, probability of error using matched filter, coherent reception, non-coherent detection of FSK, calculation of error probability of ASK, BPSK, BFSK,QPSK. UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY : Discrete messages, concept of amount of information and its properties. Average information, Entropy and its properties. Information rate, Mutual information and its properties, UNIT VI SOURCE CODING : Introductions, Advantages, Shannon’s theorem, Shanon-Fano coding, Huffman coding, efficiency calculations, channel capacity of discrete and analog Channels, capacity of a Gaussian channel, bandwidth –S/N trade off. UNIT VII LINEAR BLOCK CODES : Introduction, Matrix description of Linear Block codes, Error detection and error correction capabilities of Linear block codes, Hamming codes, Binary cyclic codes, Algebraic structure, encoding, syndrome calculation, BCH Codes. UNIT VIII CONVOLUTION CODES : Introduction, encoding of convolution codes, time domain approach, transform domain approach. Graphical approach: state, tree and trellis diagram decoding using Viterbi algorithm. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Digital communications - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2005 2. Principles of Communication Systems – H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003 REFERENCES : 1. Digital and Analog Communication Systems - Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley, 2005. 2. Digital Communications – John Proakis, TMH, 1983. Communication Systems Analog &

Digital – Singh & Sapre, TMH, 2004.

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3. Modern Analog and Digital Communication – B.P.Lathi, Oxford reprint, 3rd edition, 2004.

***



ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

UNIT I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS : Introduction, Radiation Mechanism – single wire, 2 wire, dipoles, Current Distribution on a thin wire antenna . Antenna Parameters] - Radiation Patterns, Patterns in Principal Planes, Main Lobe and Side Lobes, Beamwidths, Beam Area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivty, Gain and Resolution, Antenna Apertures, Aperture Efficiency, Effective Hight. Related Problems. UNIT II Thin Linear Wire Antennas: Retarded Potentials, Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarterwave Monopole and Halfwave Dipole – Current Distributions, Evaluation of Field Components, Power Radiated, Radiation Resistance, Beamwidths, Directivity, Effective Area and Effective Hight. Natural current distributions, fields and patterns of Thin Linear Center-fed Antennas of different lengths, Radiation Resistance at a point which is not current maximum. Antenna Theorems – Applicability and Proofs for equivalence of directional characteristics, Loop Antennas: Small Loops - Field Components, Comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole, Concept of short magnetic dipole, D and Rr relations for small loops. UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS : 2 element arrays – different cases, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, N element Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside, Endfire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their characteristics and comparison; Concept of Scanning Arrays. Directivity Relations (no derivations). Related Problems. Binomial Arrays, Effects of Uniform and Non uniform Amplitude Distributions, Design Relations. UNIT IV NON-RESONANT RADIATORS : Introduction, Travelling wave radiators – basic concepts, Longwire antennas – field strength calculations and patterns, V-antennas, Rhombic Antennas and Design Relations, Broadband Antennas: Helical Antennas – Significance, Geometry, basic properties; Design considerations for monofilar helical antennas in Axial Mode and Normal Modes (Qualitative Treatment). UNIT V VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - I : Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi - Uda Arrays, Folded Dipoles & their characteristics. Reflector Antennas : Flat Sheet and Corner Reflectors. Paraboloidal Reflectors – Geometry, characteristics,types of feeds, F/D Ratio, Spill Over, Back Lobes, Aperture Blocking, Off-set Feeds, Cassegrainian Feeds]. UNIT VI VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II : Horn Antennas – Types, Optimum Horns, Design Characteristics of Pyramidal Horns; Lens Antennas – Geometry, Features, Dielectric Lenses and Zoning, Applications. Antenna Measurements – Patterns Required, Set Up, Distance Criterion, Directivity and Gain Measurements (Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods). UNIT VII

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WAVE PROPAGATION - I: Concepts of Propagation – frequency ranges and types of propagations. Ground Wave Propagation–Characteristics, Parameters, Wave Tilt, Flat and Spherical Earth Considerations. Sky Wave Propagation – Formation of Ionospheric Layers and their Characteristics, Mechanism of Reflection and Refraction, Critical Frequency, MUF & Skip Distance – Calculations for flat and spherical earth cases, Optimum Frequency, LUHF, Virtual Height, Ionospheric Abnormalities, Ionospheric Absorption. UNIT VIII WAVE PROPAGATION – II: Fundamental Equation for Free-Space Propagation, Basic Transmission Loss Calculations. Space Wave Propagation – Mechanism, LOS and Radio Horizon. Tropospheric Wave Propagation – Radius of Curvature of path, Effective Earth’s Radius, Effect of Earth’s Curvature, Field Strength Calculations, M-curves and Duct Propagation, Tropospheric Scattering. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Antennas for All Applications – John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, TMHl, 3rd Edn.,

2003. 2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI,

2nd ed., 2000. REFERENCES : 1. Antenna Theory - C.A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2001. 2. Antennas and Wave Propagation – K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Tech India

Publications, New Delhi, 2001. 3. Transmission and Propagation – E.V.D. Glazier and H.R.L. Lamont, The Services Text

Book of Radio, vol. 5, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi. 4. Electronic and Radio Engineering – F.E. Terman, McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1955. 5. Antennas – John D. Kraus, McGraw-Hill, SECOND EDITION, 1988. ***

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ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT I Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltimeters- Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, Multimeter for Voltage, Current and resistance measurements. UNIT II Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square wave signal generators, Function Generators, Square pulse, Random noise, sweep, Arbitrary waveform. UNIT III Wave Analyzers, Haromonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers, Digital Fourier Analyzers. UNIT IV Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, sweep, trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered sweep CRO, Dual beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude and frequency. UNIT V Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital readout oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of frequency measurement, standard specifications of CRO, probes for CRO- Active & Passive, attenuator type, Frequency counter, Time and Period measurement. UNIT VI AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwell’s bridge, Anderson bridge. Measurement of capacitance - Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. Wien Bridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter. UNIT VII Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance, inductance; Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers, Resistance Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors. UNIT VIII Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture, speed, proximity and displacement. Data acquisition systems. TEXTBOOKS : 1. Electronic instrumentation, second edition - H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004. 2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques – A.D. Helfrick and

W.D. Cooper, PHI,5th Edition, 2002.

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REFERENCES : 1. Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003. 2. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte,

Pearson Education, 2nd Ed., 2004. ***

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB 1. Time division multiplexing. 2. Pulse code modulation. 3. Differential pulse code modulation. 4. Delta modulation. 5. Frequency shift keying. 6. Phase shift keying . 7. Differential phase shift keying. 8. Companding 9. Source Encoder and Decoder 10. Linear Block Code-Encoder and Decoder 11. Binary Cyclic Code - Encoder and Decoder 12. Convolution Code - Encoder and Decoder Equipment required for Laboratories: 1. RPS - 0 – 30 V 2. CRO - 0 – 20 M Hz. 3. Function Generators - 0 – 1 M Hz 4. RF Generators - 0 – 1000 M Hz./0 – 100 M Hz. 5. Multimeters 6. Lab Experimental kits for Digital Communication 7. Components 8. Radio Receiver/TV Receiver Demo kits or Trainees. ***

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IC APPLICATIONS LAB

Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted : 1. Study of OP AMPs – IC 741, IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 – functioning, parameters

and Specifications. 2. OP AMP Applications – Adder, Subtractor, Comparator Circuits. 3. Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC 741. 4. Active Filter Applications – LPF, HPF (first order) 5. Active Filter Applications – BPF, Band Reject (Wideband) and Notch Filters. 6. IC 741 Oscillator Circuits – Phase Shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators. 7. Function Generator using OP AMPs. 8. IC 555 Timer – Monostable Operation Circuit. 9. IC 555 Timer – Astable Operation Circuit. 10. Schmitt Trigger Circuits – using IC 741 and IC 555. 11. IC 565 – PLL Applications. 12. IC 566 – VCO Applications. 13. Voltage Regulator using IC 723. 14. Three Terminal Voltage Regulators – 7805, 7809, 7912. 15. 4 bit DAC using OP AMP. Equipment required for Laboratories: 1. RPS 2. CRO 3. Function Generator 4. Multi Meters 5. IC Trainer Kits (Optional) 6. Bread Boards 7. Components:- IC741, IC555, IC565, IC1496, IC723, 7805, 7809, 7912 and other

essential components. 8. Analog IC Tester

***

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IPR & PATENTS – I

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND PATENTS – II

Unit 1 Intellectual Property Law Basics – Types of Intellectual Property – Agencies responsible for Intellectual Property Regristration - Cyber crime and E-commerce – International Aspects of Computer and Online Crime

Unit 2 Introduction to Patent Law – Rights and Limitations – Rights under Patent Law –

Patent requirements - Ownership - Transfer - Patents Application Process – Patent Infringement - Patent Litigation - International Patent Law – Double Patenting – Patent Searching – Patent Law Treaty - New developments in Patent Law - Invention Developers and Promoters Unit 3 Introduction to Transactional Law: Creating Wealth and Managing Risk – The

Employment Relationship in the Internet and Tech Sector – Contact for the Internet and Tech Sector - Business Assets in Information Age – Symbol and Trademark – Trolls and Landmines and other Metaphors

Unit 4 Regulatory , Compliance and Liability Issues – State Privacy Law - Date Security –

Privacy issues - Controlling Over use or Misuse of 1 Intellectual Property Rights Books: 1. Deborah E.Bouchoux: “Intellectual Property”. Cengage learning , New Delhi 2. Kompal Bansal & Parishit Bansal “Fundamentals of IPR for Engineers”, BS Publications

(Press) 3. Cyber Law. Texts & Cases, South-Western’s Special Topics Collections 4. Prabhuddha Ganguli: ‘ Intellectual Property Rights” Tata Mc-Graw –Hill, New Delhi 5. Richard Stim: “Intellectual Property”, Cengage Learning, New Delhi. 6. R.Radha Krishnan, S.Balasubramanian: “Intellectual Property Rights”, Excel Books. New

Delhi 7. M.Ashok Kumar and Mohd.Iqbal Ali: “Intellectual Property Right” Serials Pub.

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w.e.f.2010-2011 academic year


KAKINADA-533003, Andhra Pradesh (India)


COURSE STRUCTURE

IV YEAR I SEMESTER


1 Optical Communication 4 - 4

2 Embedded Systems 4 - 4

3 Digital Image Processing 4 - 4

4 Radar Systems 4 - 4

5 Open Elective 4 - 4

6

Elective – I

Telecommunication Switching Systems Analog IC Design Object Oriented Programming

4 - 4

7 Digital Signal Processing Lab - 3 2

8 Microwave and Optical Communications Lab - 3 2

Total 28


JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA IV Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering – I Sem.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS UNIT I Overview of optical fiber communication - Historical development, The general system, advantages of optical fiber communications. Optical fiber wave guides- Introduction, Ray theory transmission, Total Internal Reflection, Acceptance angle, Numerical Aperture, Skew rays. Cylindrical fibers- Modes, Vnumber, Mode coupling, Step Index fibers, Graded Index fibers. UNIT II Single mode fibers- Cut off wavelength, Mode Field Diameter, Effective Refractive Index. [2]. Fiber materials Glass, Halide, Active glass, Chalgenide glass, Plastic optical fibers. Signal distortion in optical fibers- Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering and Bending losses, Core and Cladding losses. UNIT III Information capacity determination, Group delay, Types of Dispersion - Material dispersion, Wave-guide dispersion, Polarization mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion. Pulse broadening. Optical fiber Connectors- Connector types, Single mode fiber connectors, Connector return loss. UNIT IV Fiber Splicing- Splicing techniques, Splicing single mode fibers. Fiber alignment and joint loss- Multimode fiber joints, single mode fiber joints,. Optical sources- LEDs, Structures, Materials, Quantum efficiency, Power, Modulation, Power bandwidth product. Injection Laser Diodes- Modes, Threshold conditions, External quantum efficiency,Laser diode rate equations,Resonant frequencies. Reliability of LED&ILD. UNIT V Source to fiber power launching - Output patterns, Power coupling, Power launching, Equilibrium Numerical Aperture, Laser diode to fiber coupling. UNIT VI Optical detectors- Physical principles of PIN and APD, Detector response time, Temperature effect on Avalanche gain, Comparision of Photodetectors. Optical receiver operation- Fundamental receiver operation, Digital signal transmission, error sources, Receiver configuration, Digital receiver performance, Probability of error, Quantum limit, Analog receivers.


UNIT VII Optical system design — Considerations, Component choice, Multiplexing. Point-to- point links, System considerations, Link power budget with examples. Overall fiber dispersion in Multi mode and Single mode fibers, Rise time budget with examples. UNTI VIII Transmission distance, Line coding in Optical links, WDM, Necessity , Principles, Types of WDM, Measurement of Attenuation and Dispersion, Eye pattern. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Optical Fiber Communications – Gerd Keiser, Mc Graw-Hill International edition,

3rd Edition, 2000. 2. Optical Fiber Communications – John M. Senior, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2002. RERFERENCES : 1. Fiber Optic Communications – D.K. Mynbaev , S.C. Gupta and Lowell L.

Scheiner, Pearson Education, 2005. 2. Text Book on Optical Fibre Communication and its Applications – S.C.Gupta, PHI, 2005. 3. Fiber Optic Communication Systems – Govind P. Agarwal , John Wiley, 3rd Ediition, 2004. 4. Fiber Optic Communications – Joseph C. Palais, 4th Edition, Pearson Education, 2004. ***



EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT- I INTRODUCTION: Embedded System-Definition, Embedded system versus General computing systems, History of Embedded systems, Classification of Embedded systems, Major application areas of embedded systems, purpose of embedded systems, The typical embedded system-Core of the embedded system, Memory, Sensors and Actuators, Communication Interface, Embedded firmware, other system components, PCB and passive components. UNIT-II EMBEDDED SYSTEMS-CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES: Characteristics of an embedded system, Quality attributes of embedded systems, Application-specific embedded system-Washing Machine, Domain-Specific examples of Embedded system-Automotive. UNIT-III EMBEDDED HARDWARE DESIGN: Analog and digital electronic components, I/O types and examples, Serial communication devices, Parallel device ports, Wireless devices, Timer and counting devices, Watchdog timer, Real time clock, VLSI and Integrated circuit design, EDA Tools, OrCAD EDA tool, The PCB Layout design. UNIT-IV EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DESIGN: Embedded Firmware design approaches, Embedded Firmware development languages, ISR concept, Interrupt sources, Interrupt servicing mechanism, Multiple interrupts, DMA, Device driver programming, Concepts of C versus Embedded C and Compiler versus Cross-compiler. UNIT-V REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system basics, Types of operating systems, Tasks, Process and Threads, Multiprocessing and Multitasking, Task Scheduling, Threads, Processes and Scheduling, Task communication, Task synchronisation, Device Drivers, How to choose an RTOS. UNIT-VI HARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN: Fundamental Issues in Hardware Software Co-Design, Computational models in embedded design, Hardware software Trade-offs, Integration of Hardware and Firmware, ICE, issues in embedded system design.


UNIT-VII EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: The integrated development environment, Types of files generated on cross-compilation, Deassembler/Decompiler, Simulators, Emulators and Debugging, Target hardware debugging, Boundary Scan, Embedded Software development process and tools. UNIT-VIII EMBEDDED SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING: The main software utility tool, CAD and the hardware, Translation tools-Pre-processors, Interpreters, Compilers and Linkers, Debugging tools, Quality assurance and testing of the design, Testing on host machine, Simulators, Laboratory Tools. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems By Shibu.K.V-Tata McGraw Hill Education

Private Limited,2009 2. Embedded Systems Architecture By Tammy Noergaard, Elsevier Publications, 2005 . REFERENCES: 1. Embedded Systems, Raj Kamal-Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited,

Second Edition, 2008 2. Embedding system building blocks By Labrosse, CMP publishers. 3. Embedded System Design, Frank Vahid, Tony Givargis, John Wiley Publications.

***



DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Unit: 1 Introduction Origins of Digital Image Processing, Uses Digital Image Processing, Fundamental steps in Digital Image Processing, Components of an Image Processing System, Digital Image Fundamentals Elements of Visual Perception, Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum, Imaging Sensing and Acquisition, Image Sampling and Quantization, Some Basic Relationships between Pixels, An Introduction to the Mathematical Tools used in Digital Image Processing Image Transforms: Need for Image Transforms, Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing, Introduction to Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform and its algorithm, Properties of Fourier transform – Sampling Theorem, Parseval’s Theorem, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Sine Transform, Walsh Transform, Hadamard Transform, Haar Transform, Slant Transform, SVD and KL Transforms or Hotelling Transform Unit: 2 Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering Background, Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions, Histogram Processing, Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering, Smoothing Spatial Filters, Sharpening Spatial Filters, Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods, using Fuzzy Techniques for Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering Unit: 3 Filtering in the Frequency Domain Preliminary Concepts, Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions, The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of one Variable, Extension to Functions of Two Variables, Some Properties of the 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform, The Basic of Filtering in the Frequency Domain, Image Smoothing using Frequency Domain Filters, Selective Filtering, Implementation Unit: 4 Image Restoration and Reconstruction A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process, Noise Models, Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only- Spatial Filtering, Periodic Noise Reduction by Frequency Domain Filtering, Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations, Estimation the Degradation Function, Inverse Filtering, Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering, Constrained Least Squares Filtering, Geometric Mean Filter, Image Reconstruction from Projections


Unit: 5 Color Image Processing Color Fundamentals, Color Models, Pseudocolor Image Processing, Basic of Full-Color Image Processing, Color Transformations, Smoothing and Sharpening, Image Segmentation Based on Color, Noise in Color Images, Color Image Compression Unit: 6 Wavelets and Multi-resolution Processing Image Pyramids, Subband Coding & Haar Transform, Multiresolution Expansions, Wavelet Transforms in One Dimension, The Fast Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Transforms in Two Dimensions, Wavelet packets Image Compression Fundamentals, Various Compression methods – Coding Techniques, Digital Image watermarking Unit: 7 Morphological Image Processing Preliminaries, Erosion and Dilation, Opening and Closing, The Hit-or-Miss Transformation, Some Basic Morphological Algorithms, Grey- Scale Morphology Unit: 8 Image segmentation Fundamentals, Point, Line, and Edge Detection, Thresholding, Region-Based Segmentation, Segmentation Using Morphological Watersheds, The use of Motion in Segmentation Text Books: 1. Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing” Pearson

Education, 2011 2. S.Sridhar, “Digital Image Processing” Oxford Publishers, 2011 Reference Books: 1) S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan, T. Veerakumar, “Digital Image Processing” Mc

Graw Hill Publishers, 2009 2) B.Chanda and D.Dutta Majumder, “Digital Image Processing and Analysis”

Prentice Hall of India, 2011/2012(Print) 3) Anil K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing,” Prentice Hall of India,

2012 4) Milan Sonka, Hlavac & Boyle “Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision,”

Cengage Learning Publishers, 2010(Reprinted) ***



IV Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering – I Sem.

RADAR SYSTEMS

UNIT I Introduction Nature of Radar, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms, Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications. Related Problems. UNIT II Radar Equation : Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise and SNR, Integration of Radar Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets (simple targets - sphere, cone-sphere), Transmitter Power, PRF and Range Ambiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment). Related Problems. UNIT III CW and Frequency Modulated Radar : Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements, Applications of CW radar.FM-CW Radar, Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets), FM-CW altimeter, Measurement Errors, Multiple Frequency CW Radar. UNIT IV MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar : Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics, Blind Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance. Non-coherent MTI, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar. UNIT V Tracking Radar : Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse. Target Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy. Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns. Comparison of Trackers. UNIT VI Radar Antennas - Antenna Parameters, Reflector Antennas, Lens Antennas, Cosecant-Squared Antenna Pattern, Radomes, Electronically Steered Phased Array Antennas, Phase Shifters , Frequency –scan Arrays, , Radiators for Phased Arrays, Architectures for Phased Arrays.


UNIT VII Detection of Radar Signals in Noise : Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver – Response Characteristics and Derivation, Correlation detection, Detection criteria, Detector Characteristics, Automatic Detection, Constant False Alarm Rate Receiver . UNIT VIII Radar Receivers – Noise Figure and Noise Temperature. Displays – types. Duplexers – Branch type and Balanced type, Circulators as Duplexers. Introduction to Phased Array Antennas – Basic Concepts, Radiation Pattern, Beam Steering and Beam Width changes, Series versus Parallel Feeds, Applications, Advantages and Limitations. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, SECOND EDITION, McGraw-

Hill, 1981. REFERENCES : 1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, THIRD EDITION, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 2001. 2. Radar : Principles , Technologies, Applications – Byron Edde, Pearson Education

***



TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE – I)

UNIT I TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS : Introduction, Elements of switching systems, switching network configuration, principles of cross bar switching. UNIT II Electronic space division switching, Time division switching, Combination switching. UNIT III TELEPHONE NETWORKS: Subscriber loop systems, switching hierarchy and routing, transmission plan, numbering plan, charging plans. UNIT IV SIGNALING TECHNIQUES: In channel signaling, common channel signaling. Network traffic load and parameters, grade of service and blocking probability. UNIT V DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: Introduction, network architecture, layered network architecture, protocols, data communications hardware, data communication circuits. UNIT VI Public switched data networks, connection oriented & connection less service, Circuit Switching, packet switching and virtual circuit switching concepts, OSI reference model, LAN, WAN, MAN & Internet. Repeaters, Bridges, Routers and gate ways. UNIT VII INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) : Introduction, motivation, ISDN architecture, ISDN interfaces, functional grouping, reference points, protocol architecture, signaling, numbering, addressing, BISDN. UNIT VIII DSL Technology: ADSL, Cable Modem, Traditional Cable Networks, HFC Networks, Sharing, CM & CMTS and DOCSIS. SONET: Devices, Frame, Frame Transmission, Synchronous Transport Signals, STS I, Virtual Tributaries and Higher rate of service.


TEXT BOOKS : 1. Tele communication switching system and networks - Thyagarajan Viswanath,

PHI, 2000. 2. Advanced electronic communications systems - Wayne Tomasi, PHI, 2004. REFERENCES : 1. Digital telephony - J. Bellamy, John Wiley, 2nd edition, 2001. 2. Data Communications & Networks - Achyut. S.Godbole, TMH, 2004. 3. Principles of Communication Systems – H. Taub & D. Schilling , TMH, 2nd

Edition, 2003. 4. Data Communication & Networking - B.A. Forouzan, TMH, 3rd Edition, 2004. 5. Telecommunication switching, Traffic and Networks - J E Flood, Pearson

Education, 2002. ***



ANALOG IC DESIGN (Elective-I)

UNIT I: BASIC MOS DEVICES MOS structure, I/V characteristics, MOS device models, second order effect, Advanced MOS Modeling, Spice modeling parameters. UNIT II: INTEGRATED DEVICES AND CURRENT MIRRORS Single Stage Amplifiers: Basic concepts, common source stages, Source follower, Common gate stage, Cascade stage, Differential amplifiers: single ended differential amplifier, basic differential pair, common mode response, differential pair with MOS loads, Current Mirrors: basic current mirrors, cascade and active current mirrors, bipolar current mirrors and gain stages, advanced current mirrors, Op-amp: Folded cascade, fully differential, current mirror, current feedback. UNIT III: DESIGN OF OP-AMP AND ITS FREQUENCY RESPONSE Operational Amplifiers: one stage and two stage op-amps, gain boosting, comparison, common mode feedback, input range limitation, slew-rate, power supply rejection, noise in op-amp. Frequency Response: Miller effect, common source stage, source followers, common gate stage, cascade stage, differential pair. UNIT IV: NOISE AND FEEDBACK ANALYSIS OF OP-AMPS Statistical characteristics of noise, types of noise, representation of noise in circuits, noise in single stage and differential pairs, noise bandwidth, time and frequency domain analysis of noise models. Feedback: Properties of feedback circuits, types of amplifiers, feedback topologies, effect of loading, effect of feedback on noise. UNIT V: STABILITY AND FREQUENCY COMPENSATION OF OPAMP Compensation: Two-stage CMOS op-amp, Feedback and op-amp compensation, General considerations of stability, Multipole systems, Phase margin, Frequency compensation, Slewing in two-stage op-amps, Other compensation techniques. UNIT VI: SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUITS Basic building blocks, basic operation and analysis, sampling switches, Filters: First order, Bi-quad, charge injection, switched capacitor, amplifiers , gain circuits, integrators, common mode feedback circuits, other circuits.


UNIT VII: SAMPLE & HOLD AND COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Performance and basics of sample and hold circuit, examples of CMOS, Bi-Polar, BiCMOS sample and hold Circuits, Band gap voltage reference: basics circuit for band gap reference , trans-linear gain Cell , trans-linear multiplier using op-amp as comparator, charge injection error, latched comparator, examples of CMOS, BiCMOS, Bi-Polar comparators. UNIT VIII: OSCILLATORS AND DATA CONVERTERS Ring oscillator, LC Oscillator, voltage controlled oscillator, Ideal D/A & A/D converters , Quantization Noise ,Performance Limitation, Nyquist Rate, A/D Converters : Integrating , Successive Approximation ,Cyclic A/D , Two step A/D , Interpolating A/D, Folding And Pipe-Lined , Time Interleaved Converters. TEXT BOOKS: 1. D.A John & Ken Martin: “Analog Integrated Circuit Design”. John Wiley

Publications, 1997. 2. Behzad Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits”, Tata-McGraw Hill

Publications, 2002. REFERENCES: 1. Philip E. Allen & Douglas R. Holberg, “CMOS Analog Circuit Design”, Oxford

University Press, 2002 ***



OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (ELECTIVE – I)

UNIT I : Object oriented thinking :- Need for oop paradigm, A way of viewing world – Agents, responsibility, messages, methods, classes and instances, class hierarchies (Inheritance), method binding, overriding and exceptions, summary of oop concepts, coping with complexity, abstraction mechanisms. UNIT II : Java Basics History of Java, Java buzzwords, datatypes, variables, scope and life time of variables, arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, type conversion and costing, simple java program, classes and objects – concepts of classes, objects, constructors, methods, access control, this keyword, garbage collection, overloading methods and constructors, parameter passing, recursion, string handling. UNIT III : Inheritance – Hierarchical abstractions, Base class object, subclass, subtype, substitutability, forms of inheritance- specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance. Member access rules, super uses, using final with inheritance, polymorphism- method overriding, abstract classes. UNIT IV : Packages and Interfaces : Defining, Creating and Accessing a Package, Understanding CLASSPATH, importing packages, differences between classes and interfaces, defining an interface, implementing interface, applying interfaces, variables in interface and extending interfaces.Exploring packages – Java.io, java.util. UNIT V : Exception handling and multithreading - Concepts of exception handling, benefits of exception handling, Termination or resumptive models, exception hierarchy, usage of try, catch, throw, throws and finally, built in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes. Differences between multi threading and multitasking, thread life cycle, creating threads, synchronizing threads, daemon threads, thread groups. UNITVI : Event Handling : Events, Event sources, Event classes, Event Listeners, Delegation event model, handling mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, inner classes.The


AWT class hierarchy, user interface components- labels, button, canvas, scrollbars, text components, check box, check box groups, choices, lists panels – scrollpane, dialogs, menubar, graphics, layout manager – layout manager types – boarder, grid, flow, card and grib bag. UNIT VII : Applets – Concepts of Applets, differences between applets and applications, life cycle of an applet, types of applets, creating applets, passing parameters to applets. Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components, containers, exploring swing- JApplet, JFrame and JComponent, Icons and Labels, text fields, buttons – The JButton class, Check boxes, Radio buttons, Combo boxes, Tabbed Panes, Scroll Panes, Trees, and Tables. UNIT VIII : Networking – Basics of network programming, addresses, ports, sockets, simple client server program, multiple clients, Java .net package ,Packages – java.util, TEXT BOOKS : 1. Java; the complete reference, 7th edition, Herbert schildt, TMH. 2. Understanding OOP with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson education. REFERENCES : 1. An Introduction to programming and OO design using Java, J.Nino and F.A.

Hosch, John Wiley & sons. 2. An Introduction to OOP, second edition, T. Budd, Pearson education. 3. Introduction to Java programming 6th edition, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson

education. 4. An introduction to Java programming and object oriented application

development, R.A. Johnson- Thomson. 5. Core Java 2, Vol 1, Fundamentals, Cay.S.Horstmann and Gary Cornell, seventh

Edition, Pearson Education. 6. Core Java 2, Vol 2, Advanced Features, Cay.S.Horstmann and GaryCornell,

Seventh Edition, Pearson Education 7. Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, University

Press. ***



DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: 1. To study the architecture of DSP chips – TMS 320C 5X/6X Instructions. 2. To verify linear convolution. 3. To verify the circular convolution. 4. To design FIR filter (LP/HP) using windowing technique

a) Using rectangular window b) Using triangular window c) Using Kaiser window

5. To Implement IIR filter (LP/HP) on DSP Processors 6. N-point FFT algorithm. 7. MATLAB program to generate sum of sinusoidal signals. 8. MATLAB program to find frequency response of analog LP/HP filters. 9. To compute power density spectrum of a sequence. 10. To find the FFT of given 1-D signal and plot.



MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted: Part – A ( Any 7 Experiments) :

1. Reflex Klystron Characteristics. 2. Gunn Diode Characteristics. 3. Attenuation Measurement. 4. Directional Coupler Characteristics. 5. VSWR Measurement. 6. Impedance and Frequency Measurement. 7. Waveguide parameters measurement. 8. Scattering parameters of Circulator. 9. Scattering parameters of Magic Tee.

Part – B ( Any 5 Experiments ) :

10. Characterization of LED. 11. Characterization of Laser Diode. 12. Intensity modulation of Laser output through an optical fiber. 13. Measurement of Data rate for Digital Optical link. 14. Measurement of NA. 15. Measurement of losses for Analog Optical link.

Equipment required for Laboratories:

1. Regulated Klystron Power Supply 2. VSWR Meter - 3. Micro Ammeter - 0 – 500 μA 4. Multi meter 5. CRO 6. GUNN Power Supply, Pin Modulator 7. Reflex Klystron 8. Crystal Diodes 9. Micro wave components (Attenuation) 10. Frequency Meter 11. Slotted line carriage 12. Probe detector 13. wave guide shorts 14. Pyramidal Horn Antennas 15. Directional Coupler 16. E, H, Magic Tees 17. Circulators, Isolator


18. Matched Loads 19. Fiber Optic Analog Trainer based LED 20. Fiber Optic Analog Trainer based laser 21. Fiber Optic Digital Trainer 22. Fiber cables - (Plastic, Glass)



BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING ( OPEN ELECTIVE)

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION: Age of Biomedical Engineering, Development of Biomedical Instrumentation, Man Instrumentation System, Components of the Man-Instrument System, Physiological System of the Body, Problems Encountered in Measuring a Living System, Sources of Bioelectric Potentials, Muscle, Bioelectric Potentials, Sources of Bioelectric Potentials, Resting and Action Potentials, Propagation of Action Potential, Bioelectric Potentials-ECG, EEG and EMG, Envoked Responses. 2. ELECTRODES AND TRANSDUCERS: Introduction, Electrode Theory, Biopotential Electrodes, Examples of Electrodes, Basic Transducer Principles, Biochemical Transducers, The Transducer and Transduction Principles, Active Transducers, Passive Transducers, Transducers for Biomedical Applications, Pulse Sensors, Respiration Sensor, Transducers with Digital Output. 3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND MEASUREMENTS: The Heart and Cardiovascular System, Electro Cardiography, Blood Pressure Measurement, Measurement of Blood Flow and Cardiac Output, Measurement of Heart Sound, Plethysmography. 4. MEASUREMENTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: The Physiology of The Respiratory System, Tests and Instrumentation for The Mechanics of Breathing, Respiratory Therapy Equipment. 5. PATIENT CARE AND MONITORING: Elements of Intensive-Care Monitoring, Patient Monitoring Displays, Diagnosis, Calibration and Repair ability of Patient-Monitoring Equipment, Other Instrumentation for Monitoring Patients, Organization of the Hospital for Patient-Care Monitoring, Pacemakers, Defibrillators, Radio Frequency Applications of Therapeutic use. 6. THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES: Audiometers and Hearing Aids, Myoelectric Arm, Laparoscope, Ophthalmology Instruments, Anatomy of Vision, Electrophysiological Tests, Ophthalmoscope, Tonometer for Eye Pressure Measurement, Diathermy, Clinical Laboratory Instruments, Biomaterials, Stimulators. 7. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND BIO-TELEMETRY: Principles of Ultrasonic Measurement, Ultrasonic Imaging, Ultrasonic Applications of Therapeutic Uses,


Ultrasonic Diagnosis, X-Ray and Radio-Isotope Instrumentations, CAT Scan, Emission Computerized Tomography, MRI, Introduction to Biotelemetry, Physiological Parameters Adaptable to Biotelemetry, The Components of Biotelemetry System, Implantable Units, Telemetry for ECG Measurements during Exercise, Telemetry for Emergency Patient Monitoring 8. MONITORS, RECORDERS AND SHOCK HAZARDS: Biopotential Amplifiers, Monitors, Recorders, Shock Hazards and Prevention, Physiological Effects and Electrical Current, Shock Hazards from Electrical Equipment, Methods of Accident Prevention, Isolated Power Distribution System. TEXT BOOKS: 1. “Bio-Medical Electronics and Instrumentation”, Onkar N. Pandey, Rakesh Kumar,

Katson Books. 2. “Bio-Medical Instrumentation”, Cromewell , Wiebell, Pfeiffer REFERENCES: 1. “Introduction to Bio-Medical Equipment Technology”, 4th Edition, Joseph J. Carr,

John M. Brown, Pearson Publications. 2. “Hand Book of Bio-Medical Instrumentation”, Khandapur. McGrawHill

***



IMAGE PROCESSING ( OPEN ELECTIVE)

Unit: 1 Introduction to Image Processing: Overview of Image Processing, Nature of Image Processing, Image Processing Computer Graphics, Signal Processing, Machine Vision, video Processing, Optics, Statistics, Digital Image Representation, Types of Images, Digital Image Processing Operations, Fundamental steps in Image Processing, Image Processing Applications Digital Imaging System Digital Imaging System: Physical Aspects of Imaging Acquisition, Biological Aspects of Image Acquisition, Properties of Human Visual System, Review of Digital Camera, Sampling and Quantization, Image Quality – Optical Resolution, Image Display Device and Device Resolution, Digital Halftone Process – Random Dithering, Ordered Dithering, Non-Periodic Dithering, Image Storage and File Formats – Need for File Format Types of File Formats – GIF, JPEG, PNG, DICOM, SVG Structure of TIFF File Format Unit: 2 Digital Image Processing Operations: Basic Relationship and Distance Metrics, Classification of Image Processing Operations, Arithmetic and Logical Operations, Geometric Operations, Image Interpolation Techniques, Set Operations, Statistical Operations, Convolution and Correlation Operations, Data Structures and Image Processing Applications Development – Relational Structures, Hierarchical Data Structures, Pyramids, Quadtrees, Application Development Unit: 3 Digital Image Transforms: Need for Image Transforms, Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing, Introduction to Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform and its algorithm, Properties of Fourier transform – Sampling Theorem, Parseval’s Theorem, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Sine Transform, Walsh Transform, Hadamard Transform, Haar Transform, Slant Transform, SVD and KL Transforms or Hotelling Transform


Unit: 4 Image Enhancement: Image Quality and Need for Image Enhancement, Image Quality Metrics, Image Enhancement Point Operations Linear and Non-linear Functions, Piecewise Linear Functions, Histogram-based Techniques, Spatial Filtering Concepts, Image Smoothing Spatial Filters and its design, Image Sharpening Spatial Filters Frequency Domain Filtering Unit: 5 Image Restoration: Image Degradation (Restoration) Model, Categories of Image Degradations, Noise Modeling, Blur and Distortions, Image Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only, Mean Filters, Order-statistics Filters, Image Restoration Techniques, Constrained and Unconstrained Methods Geometrical Transforms for Image Restoration Unit: 6 Image Compression: Image Compression Model, Compression Algorithm and its types – Entropy Coding, Predictive Coding, Transform Coding, Layered Coding, Types of Redundancy – Coding Redundancy, Inter-pixel Redundancy, Psychovisual Redundancy, Chromatic Redundancy, Lossless Compression Algorithms, Run-length Coding, Huffman Coding , Shannon–Fano Coding, Bit-plane Coding, Arithmetic Coding, Lossless Predictive Coding, Lossy Compression Algorithms, Block Transform Coding, Image and Video Compression standards, JPEG, Video Compression – MPEG Unit: 7 Image Segmentation: Introduction – Classification of Image Segmentation Algorithms, Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Detection – Staged in Edge Detection – Types of Edge Detectors, First-order Edge Detection Operators – Second-order Derivative Filters, Edge Operator Performance Edge Linking Algorithms, Principle of Thresholding - Effect of Noise over Threshold Process and Peakiness Test - Parametric Methods, Non-parametric Methods, Principle of Region- growing –Dynamic Segmentation approaches Validation of Segmentation Algorithms Unit: 8 Colour Image Processing: Introduction – Colour Fundamentals, Devices for Colour Imaging, Colour Image Storage and Processing – Colour Models – RGB Colour Model, HIS Colour Model, HSV Colour Model, HLS Colour Model, TV Colour Model–YUV Model, YIQ Model, Y Cb Cr Colour Model, Printing Colour Models- CMK and CMYK Models, Colour Quantization – Popularity Algorithm, Median-cut Algorithm, Octree-based Algorithm, Pseudo Colour Image Processing


Full Colour Processing – Colour Transformation – Image Filters for Colour Images – Noise in Colour Images, Colour Image Segmentation– Thresholding, K-means Clustering Technique, RGB Colour Space Segmentation, Colour Features Text Books: 1) S.Sridhar, “Digital Image Processing” Oxford Publishers, 2011 2) S.Jayaraman, S.Esakkirajan, T.Veerakumar, “Digital Image Processing” Mc

Graw Hill Publishers, 2009 Reference Books: 1. Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing” Pearson

Education, 2011 2. B.Chanda and D.Dutta Majumder, “Digital Image Processing and Analysis”

Prentice Hall of India, 2011/2012(Print) 3. Anil K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing,” Prentice Hall of India,

2012 4. Milan Sonka, Hlavac & Boyle “Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision,”

Cengage Learning Publishers, 2010(Reprinted)

***



PRINCIPLES OF SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATIONS (OPEN ELECTIVE)

Unit – I Signal Analysis: Introduction, Fourier Series - Trigonometric Fourier Series, Complex Exponential Fourier Series; Complex Fourier Spectrum – Time Domain and Frequency Domain Representation of a Signal; Fourier Transform - Analysis of a Non Periodic Function over entire interval; Fourier Transform Involving Impulse Function; Properties of Fourier Transform and Significance- Convolution Integral, Fourier Transform of Periodic Functions. Unit – II Linear Systems: Introduction; System Function – Representation of a function f(t) and its response r(t), Definition of System Function; Distortionless Transmission – Band width of a system, Rise Time and System Band Width; Energy Signals and Power Signals, Energy and Power Spectral Densities; Correlation – Cross and Auto Correlation and their properties. Unit – III Amplitude Modulation: Introduction to Communication System, Need for Modulation, Types of Amplitude Modulations, AM-SC- DSB-SC & SSB-SC, AM- DSB, SSB & VSB, Power and BW requirements, Generation of AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC; Demodulation of AM-: Diode detectors. Unit – IV Angle Modulation: Frequency & Phase Modulations, Advantages of FM over AM, Bandwidth consideration, Narrow band and Wide band FM, Comparison of FM & PM, FM Modulators – Direct Method and Indirect or Armstrong method of generations; FM Demodulators- Slope Detection, Balanced Slope, Foster Seeley and Ratio Detectors. Unit – V Pulse Modulations: Sampling Theorem – Nyquist Interval, Aliasing, Signal recovery from its sampled version; Flat Top and Natural Sampling, PAM- PAM Modulation and Demodulation, PWM and PPM, Time Division Multiplexing, Frequency Division Multiplexing and Comparison between TDM and FDM.


Unit – VI Pulse Code Modulations: Digital Representation of Analog Signal- Quantization of Signals, Quantization Error, Pulse Code Modulation- PCM System, Line Codes and their properties, Delta Modulation, Adaptive DM and comparisons. Unit – VII Digital Modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK and DPSK, QPSK demodulation, Coherent and Non-coherent Reception, Comparison of Binary and Quaternary Modulation Schemes, M-ary modulation techniques. Unit – VIII Advanced Communication Systems: Telephone Switching, Computer Communication, Optical Communications, Mobile Telephone Communication – The Cellular Concept, Satellite Communications, RADAR Systems. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Communication Systems Analog and Digital – R.P. Singh and SD Sapre, TMH,

2nd Edition, 2008 2. Principles of Communication Systems- H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems – B.P. Lathi, Oxford 3rd Edition 2. Communication Systems – Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 3rd Edition 3. Digital and Analog Communication Systems – K Sam Shanmugam, WSE, 2006 4. Electronic & Communication Systems – Kennedy and Davis, TMH, 4th Edition, 2004.

***


1

ACADEMIC REGULATIONS

COURSE STRUCTURE

AND

DETAILED SYLLABUS

FOR

B.TECH. FOUR YEAR DEGREE COURSE

(Applicable for batches admitted from 2010-2011)


KAKINADA - 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING


2


KAKINADA-533003, Andhra Pradesh (India)


COURSE STRUCTURE

IV YEAR II SEMESTER


1 Cellular and Mobile Communications 4 - 4

2

Elective – II

Network Security & Cryptography Satellite Communications Digital Control Systems

4 - 4

3

Elective – III

Operating Systems Structured Digital Design Wireless Sensor Networks

4 - 4

4

Elective – IV

Analytical Instrumentation Real Time Operating Systems TV Engineering

4 - 4

5 PROJECT 12

Total 28


3

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA IV Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering – II Sem.

CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS : Introduction to Cellular Mobile System, Performance criteria, uniqueness of mobile radio environment, operation of cellular systems, Hexagonal shaped cells, Analog and Digital Cellular systems. UNIT II ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN : General description of the problem, concept of frequency channels, Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor, desired C/I from a normal case in a omni directional Antenna system, Cell splitting, consideration of the components of Cellular system. UNIT III INTERFERENCE : Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, real time Co-Channel interference, Co-Channel measurement, design of Antenna system, Antenna parameters and their effects, diversity receiver, non-cochannel interference-different types. UNIT IV CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC : Signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain, effect of human made structures, phase difference between direct and reflected paths, constant standard deviation, straight line path loss slope, general formula for mobile propagation over water and flat open area, near and long distance propagation antenna height gain, form of a point to point model. UNIT V CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS : Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis, omni directional antennas, directional antennas for interference reduction, space diversity antennas, umbrella pattern antennas, minimum separation of cell site antennas, high gain antennas. UNIT VI FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT : Numbering and grouping, setup access and paging channels channel assignments to cell sites and mobile units, channel sharing and borrowing, sectorization, overlaid cells, non fixed channel assignment. UNIT VII Handoff, dropped calls and cell splitting, types of handoff, handoff invitation, delaying handoff, forced handoff, mobile assigned handoff. Intersystem handoff, cell splitting, micro cells, vehicle locating methods, dropped call rates and their evaluation.


4

UNIT VIII DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS : GSM architecture, GSM channels, multiplex access scheme , TDMA, CDMA. TEXTBOOKS : 1. Mobile Cellular Telecommunications – W.C.Y. Lee, Tata McGraw Hill, 2rd Edn., 2006. 2. Principles of Mobile Communications – Gordon L. Stuber, Springer International 2nd Edition,

2007. REFERENCES : 1. Wireless Communications - Theodore. S. Rapport, Pearson education, 2nd Edn., 2002. 2. Wireless and Mobile Communications – Lee McGraw Hills, 3rd Edition, 2006. 3. Wireless Communication and Networking – Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhqung, PHI, 2005. 4. Wireless Communication Technology – R. Blake, Thompson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2004.

***


5


NETWORK SECURITY & CRYPTOGRAPHY (ELECTIVE – II)

UNIT-I: Introduction: Security Attacks, Security Services, Security Mechanisms, and a Model for Network Security, Non-Cryptographic Protocol Vulnerabilities - DoS, DDoS, Session Hijacking and Spoofing, Software Vulnerabilities - Phishing, Buffer Overflow, Format String Attacks, SQL Injection, Basics of Cryptography - Symmetric Cipher Model, Substitution Techniques, Transportation Techniques, Other Cipher Properties - Confusion, Diffusion, Block and Stream Ciphers. UNIT-II: Secret Key Cryptography: Data Encryption Standard(DES), Strength of DES, Block Cipher Design Principles and Modes of Operations, Triple DES, International Data Encryption algorithm, Blowfish, CAST-128, AES UNIT-III Number Theory: Prime and Relatively Prime Numbers, Modular Arithmetic, Fermat’s and Euler’s Theorems, the Chinese Remainder Theorem, Discrete Logarithms. UNIT-IV Public Key Cryptography: Principles of Public Key Cryptosystems, RSA Algorithm, Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Introduction to Elliptic Curve Cryptography. UNIT-V: Cryptographic Hash Functions: Applications of Cryptographic Hash Functions, Secure Hash Algorithm, Message Authentication Codes - Message Authentication Requirements and Functions, HMAC, Digital signatures, Digital Signature Schemes, Authentication Protocols, Digital Signature Standards. UNIT-VI: Authentication Applications: Kerberos, Key Management and Distribution, X.509 Directory Authentication service, Public Key Infrastructure, Electronic Mail Security: Pretty Good Privacy, S/MIME. UNIT-VII: IP Security: Overview, Architecture, Authentication Header, Encapsulating Security Payload, Combining security Associations, Internet Key Exchange, Web Security: Web Security Considerations, Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security, Electronic Payment. UNIT-VIII: System Security: Intruders, Intrusion Detection, Password Management, Malicious Software - Types, Viruses, Virus Countermeasures, Worms, Firewalls - Characteristics, Types of Firewalls, Placement of Firewalls, Firewall Configuration, Trusted systems. Text Books: 1. Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 5th Edition, William Stallings,

Pearson Education, 2011. 2. Network Security and Cryptography, Bernard Menezes, Cengage Learning, 2011.


6

3. Cryptography and Network, 2nd Edition, Behrouz A. Fourouzan and Debdeep Mukhopadhyay, McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Reference Books: 1. Fundamentals of Network Security by Eric Maiwald (Dreamtech press) 2. Principles of Information Security, Whitman, Thomson. 3. Introduction to Cryptography, Buchmann, Springer. 4. Applied Cryptography, 2nd Edition, Bruce Schneier, Johnwiley & Sons. ***


7


SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (ELECTIVE – II)

UNIT I INTRODUCTION [2] : Origin of Satellite Communications, Historical Back-ground, Basic Concepts of Satellite Communications, Frequency allocations for Satellite Services, Applications, Future Trends of Satellite Communications. UNIT II ORBITAL MECHANICS AND LAUNCHERS[1] : Orbital Mechanics, Look Angle determination, Orbital perturbations, Orbit determination, launches and launch vehicles, Orbital effects in communication systems performance. UNIT III SATELLITE SUBSYSTEMS[1] : Attitude and orbit control system, telemetry, tracking, Command and monitoring, power systems, communication subsystems, Satellite antenna Equipment reliability and Space qualification. UNIT IV SATELLITE LINK DESIGN[1] : Basic transmission theory, system noise temperature and G/T ratio, Design of down links, up link design, Design of satellite links for specified C/N, System design example. UNIT V MULTIPLE ACCESS[1][2] : Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Intermodulation, Calculation of C/N. Time division Multiple Access (TDMA) Frame structure, Examples. Satellite Switched TDMA Onboard processing, DAMA, Code Division Multiple access (CDMA),Spread spectrum transmission and reception. UNIT VI EARTH STATION TECHNOLOGY[3] : Introduction, Transmitters, Receivers, Antennas, Tracking systems, Terrestrial interface, Primary power test methods. UNIT VII LOW EARTH ORBIT AND GEO-STATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEMS[1] : Orbit consideration, coverage and frequency considerations, Delay & Throughput considerations, System considerations, Operational NGSO constellation Designs


8

UNIT VIII SATELLITE NAVIGATION & THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM [1] : Radio and Satellite Navigation, GPS Position Location principles, GPS Receivers and codes, Satellite signal acquisition, GPS Navigation Message, GPS signal levels, GPS receiver operation, GPS C/A code accuracy, Differential GPS. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Satellite Communications – Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, WSE, Wiley

Publications, 2nd Edition, 2003. 2. Satellite Communications Engineering – Wilbur L. Pritchard, Robert A Nelson and Henri

G.Suyderhoud, 2nd Edition, Pearson Publications, 2003. REFERENCES : 1. Satellite Communications : Design Principles – M. Richharia, BS Publications, 2nd Edition,

2003. 2. Satellite Communication - D.C Agarwal, Khanna Publications, 5th Ed. 3. Fundamentals of Satellite Communications – K.N. Raja Rao, PHI, 2004 4. Satellite Communications – Dennis Roddy, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 1996. ***


9


DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE - II)

UNIT – I SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION Introduction, Examples of Data control systems – Digital to Analog conversion and Analog to Digital conversion, sample and hold operations. UNIT-II THE Z – TRANSFORMS Introduction, Linear difference equations, pulse response, Z – transforms, Theorems of Z – Transforms, the inverse Z – transforms, Modified Z- Transforms UNIT-III Z-PLANE ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM Z-Transform method for solving difference equations; Pulse transforms function, block diagram analysis of sampled – data systems, mapping between s-plane and z-plane. UNIT – IV STATE SPACE ANALYSIS State Space Representation of discrete time systems, Pulse Transfer Function Matrix solving discrete time state space equations, State transition matrix and it’s Properties, Methods for Computation of State Transition Matrix, Discretization of continuous time state – space equations. UNIT – V CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY Concepts of Controllability and Observability, Tests for controllability and Observability. Duality between Controllability and Observability, Controllability and Observability conditions for Pulse Transfer Function. UNIT – VI STABILITY ANALYSIS Mapping between the S-Plane and the Z-Plane – Primary strips and Complementary Strips – Constant frequency loci, Constant damping ratio loci, Stability Analysis of closed loop systems in the Z-Plane. Jury stablility test – Stability Analysis by use of the Bilinear Transformation and Routh Stability criterion. UNIT – VII DESIGN OF DISCRETE TIME CONTROL SYSTEM BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS Transient and steady – State response Analysis – Design based on the frequency response method – Bilinear Transformation and Design procedure in the w-plane, Lead, Lag and Lead-Lag compensators and digital PID controllers. UNIT – VIII STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS AND OBSERVERS Design of state feedback controller through pole placement – Necessary and sufficient conditions, Ackerman’s formula.State Observers – Full order and Reduced order observers.


10

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Discrete-Time Control systems - K. Ogata, Pearson Education/PHI, 2nd Edition 2. Digital Control and State Variable Methods by M.Gopal, TMH REFERENCES: 1. Digital Control Systems, Kuo, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2003. 2. Digital Control Engineering, M.Gopal ***


11


OPERATING SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE - III)

UNIT I Computer System and Operating System Overview; Overview of Computer System hardware – Instruction execution – I/O function – Interrupts – Memory hierarchy – I.O Communication techniques. Operating System Objectives and functions – Evaluation of operating System – Example Systems. UNIT II Process Description – Process Control-process states – Process and Threads - Examples of Process description and Control. UNIT III Concurrency : Principles of Concurrency – Mutual Exclusion – Software and hardware approaches – semaphores – Monitors – Message Passing – Readers Writers Problem. UNIT IV Principles of deadlock – deadlock prevention, detection and avoidance dining philosophers problem – example Systems. UNIT V Memory Management: Memory Management requirements – loading programmes in to main memory – virtual memory – hardware and Control structures – OS Software – Examples of Memory Management. UNIT VI Uniprocessor Scheduling: Types of Scheduling – Scheduling algorithms – I/O management and Disc Scheduling – I/o devices – organization – of I/O function – OS design issues – I/O buffering – Disk I/O – disk scheduling Policies – examples System. UNIT VII File Management and Security: Overview of file management – file organization and access – File Directories – File sharing – record blocking – secondary Storage Management – example system.


12

UNIT VIII Security : Security threats – Protection – intruders – Viruses – trusted System. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Operating Systems’ – Internal and Design Principles, Fifth Edition–2005, Pearson

education./PHI 2. Operating System Principles- Abraham Silberchatz, Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne,7th Edition

John Wiley REFERENCES : 1. Operating Systems A design approach- Crowley,TMH. 2. Modern Operating Systems, Andrew S Tanenbaum. 2nd Edition, PHI/PEARSON.

***


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STRUCTURED DIGITAL DESIGN (Elective-III)

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO HDL Design Concepts: The Design process, Design of Digital Hardware, Introduction to Logic Circuits, Introduction to CAD Tools, Introduction to VHDL, Introduction to Digital Design Methodology, Design methodology, Introduction to Verilog. UNIT-II: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN USING VHDL Introduction, designing with VHDL, design entry methods, logic synthesis , entities , architecture , packages and configurations, types of models: dataflow , behavioral , structural, signals vs. variables, generics, data types, concurrent vs. sequential statements , loops and program controls. UNIT-III: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN USING VHDL Combinational circuits building blocks: Multiplexers, Decoders , Encoders , Code converters , Arithmetic comparison circuits , VHDL for combinational circuits , Adders-Half Adder, Full Adder, Ripple-Carry Adder, Carry Look-Ahead Adder, Subtraction, Multiplication. UNIT-IV: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN USING VHDL Flip-flops, registers & counters, synchronous sequential circuits: Basic design steps, Mealy State model, Design of FSM using CAD tools, Serial Adder Example, State Minimization, Design of Counter using sequential Circuit approach. UNIT-V: DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN USING VERILOG Verilog Data types and Operators, Binary data manipulation, Combinational and Sequential logic design, Structural Models of Combinational Logic, Logic Simulation, Design Verification and Test Methodology, Propagation Delay, Truth Table models of combinational and sequential logic using Verilog, Verilog for combinational circuits. UNIT-VI: DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN EXAMPLES USING VERILOG Behavioral modeling , Data types, Boolean-Equation-Based behavioral models of combinational logics , Propagation delay and continuous assignments , latches and level-sensitive circuits in Verilog, Cyclic behavioral models of flip-flops and latches and Edge detection, comparison of styles for behavioral model; Behavioral model, Multiplexers, Encoders and Decoders, Counters, Shift Registers, Register files, Dataflow models of a linear feedback shift register, Machines with multi cycle operations, ASM and ASMD charts for behavioral modeling, Design examples, Keypad scanner and encoder.


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UNIT-VII: SYNTHESIS OF DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN Introduction to Synthesis, Synthesis of combinational logic, Synthesis of sequential logic with latches and flip-flops, Synthesis of Explicit and Implicit State Machines, Registers and counters. UNIT-VIII: TESTING OF DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS AND CAD TOOLS Testing of logic circuits, fault model, complexity of a test set, path-sensitization, circuits with tree structure, random tests , testing of sequential circuits, built in self test, printed circuit boards, computer aided design tools, synthesis, physical design. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Stephen Brown & Zvonko Vranesic, ”Fundamentals of Digital logic design with VHDL”, Tata

McGraw Hill,2nd edition. 2. Michael D. Ciletti, “Advanced digital design with the Verilog HDL”, Eastern economy edition,

PHI. REFERENCES: 1. Ian Grout, “Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs”, Elsevier Publications. 2. Stephen Brown & Zvonko Vranesic, ”Fundamentals of Digital logic with Verilog design”,

Tata McGraw Hill,2nd edition. 3. Bhaskar, ”VHDL Primer”,3rd Edition, PHI Publications.

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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (ELECTIVE - III)

UNIT I OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: Key definitions of sensor networks, Advantages of sensor Networks, Unique constraints an challenges, Driving Applications, Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. UNIT II ARCHITECTURES: Single-Node Architecture - Hardware Components, Energy Consumption of Sensor Nodes, Operating Systems and Execution Environments, Network Architecture -Sensor Network Scenarios, Optimization Goals and Figures of Merit, Gateway Concepts. UNIT III NETWORKING Technologies: Physical Layer and Transceiver Design Considerations, Personal area networks (PANs), hidden node and exposed node problem, Topologies of PANs, MANETs,WANETs. UNIT-IV MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues in Designing a MAC protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Design goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classifications of MAC Protocols, Contention - Based Protocols, Contention - Based Protocols with reservation Mechanisms, Contention – Based MAC Protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms, MAC Protocols that use Directional Antennas, Other MAC Protocols. UNIT-V ROUTING PROTOCOLS: Introduction, Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classification of Routing Protocols, Table –Driven Routing Protocols, On – Demand Routing Protocols, Hybrid Routing Protocols, Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechanisms, Hierarchical Routing Protocols, Power – Aware Routing Protocols, Proactive Routing UNIT-VI TRANSPORT LAYER AND SECURITY PROTOCOLS: Introduction, Issues in Designing a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classification of Transport Layer Solutions, TCP Over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Other Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,


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UNIT VII INFRASTRUCTURE ESTABLISHMENT: Topology Control, Clustering, Time Synchronization, Localization and Positioning, Sensor Tasking and Control. SECURITY IN WSNs: Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Network Security Requirements, Issues and Challenges in Security Provisioning, Network Security Attacks, Key Management, Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. UNIT-VIII SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORMS AND TOOLS: Sensor Node Hardware – Berkeley Motes, Programming Challenges, Node-level software platforms, Node-level Simulators, State-centric programming. APPLICATIONS of WSN: S Ultra wide band radio communication, Wireless fidelity systems. Future directions, Home automation, smart metering Applications TEXT BOOKS: 1. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols - C. Siva Ram Murthy and

B.S.Manoj, 2004, PHI 2. Wireless Ad- hoc and Sensor Networks: Protocols, Performance and Control – Jagannathan

Sarangapani, CRC Press 3. Holger Karl & Andreas Willig, “Protocols And Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks",

John Wiley, 2005. REFERENCES: 1. . Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, & Taieb Znati, “Wireless Sensor Networks- Technology,

Protocols, and Applications”, John Wiley, 2007. 2. Feng Zhao & Leonidas J. Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks- An Information Processing

Approach", Elsevier, 2007. 3. Ad- Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols & Systems, C.K. Toh ,1 ed. Pearson

Education. 4. Wireless Sensor Networks - C. S. Raghavendra, Krishna M. Sivalingam, 2004, Springer 5. Wireless Sensor Networks – S Anandamurugan , Lakshmi Publications ***


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ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION (ELECTIVE - IV)

UNIT – I: pH AND CONDUCTIVITY & DISSOLVED COMPONENT ANALYSER Conductivity meters – pH meters – Dissolved oxygen, hydrogen analyzers – Sodium analyzer – Silica analyzer and sampling systems. UNIT – II: GAS ANALYSERS Thermal conductivity types – CO monitor – NOX analyzer – H2S analyzer system and sampling – Industrial analyzer circuits, Theory and problems on Beer – Lamberts Law. UNIT – III: CHROMATOGRAPHY - I Gas chromatography – Liquid chromatography – their principles and applications – UNIT – IV: CHROMATOGRAPHY – II oxygen analyzer – paramagnetic type – detectors and sampling systems. UNIT – V: SPECTROPHOTOMETERS - I UV, VIS Spectrophotometers – Single beam and double beam instruments – Instrumentation associated with the above Spectrophotometers – Sources and detectors – Sources and detectors for IR Spectrophotometers. UNIT – VI: SPECTROPHOTOMETERS - II FT IR Spectrometer – Flame emission and atomic absorption Spectrophotometer – Atomic emission Spectrophotometer - sources for Flame Photometers and online calorific value measurements. UNIT – VII: PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Instrumentation associated with NMR Spectrophotometer – Introduction to mass spectrophotometers , Principle and brief discussion on ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE (ESR.) UNIT – VIII: APPLICATIONS Nuclear radiation detectors – Ionization chamber – GM Counter – Proportional Counter – Solid state detectors. TEXT BOOK: 1. Handbook of Analytical Instruments – by Khandpur. TMH REFERENCES: 1. Instrumental Methods of Analysis – by Willard H.H., Merrit L.L., Dean J.A.. and Seattle F.L.,

CBS Publishing and Distributors, 6/e, 1995. 2. Instrument Technology – by Jones B.E., Butterworth Scientific Publ., London, 1987.


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3. Mechanical and Industrial Measurements – by Jain R.K., Khanna Publishing, New Delhi, 2/e, 1992.

4. Principles of Instrumental Analysis – by Skoog D.A. and West D.M., Holt Sounder Publication, Philadelphia, 1985.

5. Instrumental Analysis – by Mann C.K., Vickerks T.J. & Gullick W.H., Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1974.

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REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS (Elective-IV)

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM OS Services, Process Management, Timer Functions, Event Functions, Memory Management, Device, File and IO Systems Management, Interrupt Routines in RTOS Environment and Handling of Interrupt Source Calls, Real-Time Operating Systems, Basic Design Using an RTOS, RTOS Task Scheduling Models, Interrupt Latency and Response of the Tasks as Performance Metrics, OS Security Issues. UNIT-II: REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM PROGRAMMING-I Basic Functions and Types of RTOS for Embedded Systems, RTOS mCOS-II, RTOS Vx Works, Programming concepts of above RTOS with relevant Examples. UNIT-III: REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM PROGRAMMING-II Programming concepts of RTOS Windows CE, RTOS OSEK, RTOS Linux 2.6.x and RTOS RT Linux. UNIT-IV: DESIGN EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES OF PROGRAM MODELING WITH RTOS-I Case study of embedded system design and coding for an Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine (ACVM) Using Mucos RTOS, case study of digital camera hardware and software architecture, case study of coding for sending application layer byte streams on a TCP/IP Network Using RTOS Vx Works. UNIT-V: DESIGN EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES OF PROGRAM MODELING WITH RTOS-II Case Study of Communication, Orchestra, Robots, Embedded System in Automobile, Case Study of Embedded System for an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) System in Car, Case Study of Embedded System for a Smart Card, Case Study of Embedded System of Mobile Phone Software for Key Inputs. UNIT-VI: TARGET IMAGE CREATION Off-The-Shelf Operating Systems, Operating System Software, Target Image Creation for Window XP Embedded, Porting RTOS on a Micro Controller based Development Board. UNIT-VII: PROGRAMMING IN LINUX Overview and programming concepts of Unix/Linux Programming, Shell Programming, System Programming.


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UNIT-VIII: PROGRAMMING IN RTLINUX Overview of RT Linux, Core RT Linux API, Program to display a message periodically, semaphore management, Mutex, Management, Case Study of Appliance Control by RT Linux System. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Dr. K.V.K.K. Prasad: “Embedded/Real-Time Systems” Dream Tech Publications, Black pad

book. 2. Rajkamal: “Embedded Systems-Architecture, Programming and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill

Publications, Second Edition, 2008. REFERENCES: 1. Labrosse, “Embedding system building blocks “, CMP publishers. 2. Rob Williams,” Real time Systems Development”, Butterworth Heinemann Publications.

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TELEVISION ENGINEERING (ELECTIVE – IV)

UNIT I INTRODUCTION : TV transmitter and receivers, synchronization. Television Pictures: Geometric form and aspect ratio, image continuity, interlaced scanning, picture resolution, Composite video signal: Horizontal and vertical sync, scanning sequence. Colour signal generation and Encoding: Perception of brightness and colours, additive colour mixing, video signals for colours, luminance signal, colour difference signals, encoding of colour difference signals, formation of chrominance signals, PAL encoder. UNIT II TV SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND PROPAGATION : Picture signal transmission, positive and negative modulation, VSB transmission, sound signal transmission, standard channel BW, TV transmitter, TV signal propagation, interference, TV broadcast channels, TV transmission Antennas. UNIT III TV CAMERAS : Camera tube types, Vidicon, Silicon Diode Array Vidicon, Monochrome TV camera, color camera. CCD Image Sensors. UNIT IV PICTURE TUBES : Monochromatic Picture tube, Electrostatic focussing, Beam deflection, picture tube characteristics and specifications, colour picture tubes. TV Standards: American 525 line B&W TV system, NTSC colour system, 625-line monochrome system,b PAL colour system, TV standards. UNIT V MONOCHROME TV RECEIVER : RF tuner, IF subsystem, video amplifier, sound section, sync separation and processing, deflection circuits, scanning circuits. PAL-D Colour Receiver: Electron tuners, IF subsystem, Y-signal channel, Chroma decoder, Separation of U & V Colour Phasors, synchronous demodulators, Subcarrier generation, raster circuits. UNIT VI VISION IF SUBSYSTEM : AGC, noise cancellation, video and intercarrier sound signal detection, vision IF subsystem of Black and White receivers, Colour receiver IF subsystem. Receiver sound system: FM detection, FM Sound detectors, typical applications. TV Receiver Tuners: Tuner operation, VHF and UHF tuners, digital tuning techniques, remote control of receiver functions.


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UNIT VII COLOUR SIGNAL DECODING : PAL – D decoder, chroma signal amplifiers, separation of U and V signals, Color burst separation, Burst phase discriminator, ACC amplifier, Reference oscillator, Indent and colour killer circuits, RO phase shift and 180o PAL–SWITCH circuitry, U & V demodulators, Colour signal mixing. UNIT VIII SYNC SEPARATION, AFC AND DEFLECTION OSCILLATORS : Synchronous separation, k noise in sync pulses, separation of frame and line sync pulses. AFC, single ended AFC circuit. Deflection Oscillators, deflection drive Ics. Receiver Antennas. DIGITAL TV Digital Satellite TV, Direct to Home Satellite TV, Digital TV Receiver, Digital Terrestrial TV. TEST BOOKS : 1. Modern Television Practice – Principles, Technology and Service – R.R. Gulati, New Age

International Publication, 2002. 2. Television and Video Engineering - A.M. Dhake, 2nd Edition 3. Monochrome and Colour TV – R.R. Gulati, New Age International Publication, 2002. REFERENCES : 1. Colour Television Theory and Practice – S.P. Bali, TMH, 1994. 2. Basic Television and Video Systems – B. Grob and C.E. Herndon, McGraw Hill, 1999.

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(ece, it, me, chem, bme, ecom e, pce, mm) i year nehru technological university kakinada course...

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