ECE I

Objective 4.03

Interpret Theories of

Child Development

6 Major Theories of Child Dev. Psychosocial Theory of Human Dev.

Erik Erikson

Theory of Cognitive Dev. Jean Piaget

Theory of Behaviorism B. F. Skinner and others

Theories con’t… Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner

Motivation Theory Abraham Maslow

Erik Erikson-Human Dev. Life is a series of

stages Each individual must

pass through each stage

Way in which a person handlers each of these stages affects the person’s identity and self-concept

Psychosocial Stages Newborn

Trust Vs. Mistrust

Toddler Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt

Preschool Child Initiative Vs. Guilt

Psychosocial Stages con’t… School-age child

Industry Vs. Inferiority

Adolescent Identity Vs. Role Confusion

Young adult Intimacy Vs. Isolation

Psychosocial Stages con’t… Adult

Generativity Vs. Stagnation

Elder Integrity Vs. Despair

Jean Piaget-Cognitive Dev. Behavior of children and the dev. of their

thinking can only be explained by the interaction of:

Nature intrinsic dev.

Nurture extrinsic environmental factors

Children pass through specific stages as they develop their Cognitive Dev. Skills: Sensorimotor

Birth-2 years Infants develop their intellect

Preoperational 2-6 years

Children begin to think symbolically and imaginatively

Piaget’s Cognitive Dev. Skills con’t…

Concrete Operational 6-12 years

Children learn to think logically

Formal operational 12 yrs-adulthood

Adults develop critical thinking skills

B.F. Skinner & others-Behaviorism Based on Locke’s tabula rasa (“clean

slate”) idea Skinner theorized that a child is an “empty

organism” An empty vessel

waiting to be filled through learning experiences

Skinner-Behaviorism con’t… Any behavior can be changed through the

use of positive and negative reinforcement.

Behaviorism is based on cause-and-effect relationships.

Major elements of behaviorism include: Positive and negative reinforcement Use of stimulus and response Modeling Conditioning

Sociocultural TheoryLev Vygotsky The cultures in which children are raised

and the ways in which they interact with people influence their intellectual development.

Lev Vygotsky-Sociocultural Theory

Cultural environments Children learn values Beliefs Skills Traditions

eventually pass on to their own children

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory con’t…. Through cooperative play, children learn to

behave according to the rules of their cultures.

Learning is an active process. Learning is constructed.

Vygotsky’s Elements of Sociocultural Theory:

Zone of proximal development

Scaffolding

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner

Intelligence is viewed as the ability to solve problems and create products in a specific situation.

Many kinds of intelligences exist. IQ tests

Focus on 1 & 2 of these intelligences

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence's Intelligences may be exceptionally well-

developed in individuals either by:

Well-developed parts of the brain

Or Cultural conditions

The 8 intelligences that are widely recognized are:

1. Linguistic

2. Logical-mathematical

3. Spatial

4. Bodily – kinesthetic

5. Intrapersonal

6. Interpersonal

7. Musical

8. Naturalistic

Copy website

http://www2.bgfl.org/bgfl2/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/ict/multiple_int/index.htm

Motivation TheoryAbraham Maslow

People are motivated by a set of basic human needs that may be organized in the form of a hierarchy, or pyramid, with the most critical needs at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Maslow’s Motivational Theory He say’s….

Once our most critical needscritical needs—physical, are met, individuals can focus on achieving higher and loftier needs such as love, respect, and self-actualization.

Maslow’s Basic NeedsBeginning with the most critical