ece design project chapter 1 - introduction

8/6/2019 ECE Design Project Chapter 1 - Introduction

1/64

ECE Design Project

Chapter 1 - Introduction

by: Engr. Ricrey E. Marquez, CpE, MSCS

Lecturer


2/64

How towrite a/an:

Introduction

Backgroundofthe Study Company Profile

Statement ofthe Problem

Significance ofthe Study

Objective ofthe Study

Research Methodology Research Design

Sources ofData

Research Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

ReviewofLiterature

Definition ofTerms

Todays Agenda


3/64

Writing a Design Project IntroductionChapter 1

-Introduction

Introduction should describe your project which: Provides the reader with the basis behind the work, with the intention of

defending it.

Takes place the work into a theoretical context.

Enables the reader to understand and appreciate the objectives.

There are several parts to the introduction:

Background or historical development; Relation ofresearch to the background;

Important ofresearch;

Exact plan to do research.

Introduction should not exceed two pages


4/64

Abstract is the only text in a research paper to bewritten without using paragraphs in order to separate

major points.

Approaches vary widely, however for in design project

the following approach can produce an effectiveintroduction:

Describe the importance (significance) ofthe study;

Defend the model;

Provide a underlying principle;

Briefly describe the research study.

Approach of an Effective IntroductionChapter 1 - Introduction


5/64

Describe the importance (significance) of

the study

Why was this significance doing in the firstplace?

Provide a b road context

Literature review should provide you with an

adequate background ofyour chosen topic

Approach for an Effective IntroductionChapter 1 - Introduction


6/64

Defend the model

Why did you use this particular system ormodels?

State the advantages

You might comment on its suitability from a

theoretical point ofview as well as indicate practicalreasons for using it.



7/64

Provide a rationale

State your specific hypothesis(es) orobjective(s)

Describe the reasoning that led you to selectthe topic.



8/64

Briefly describe your research

Describe the experimental design

Describe how it accomplished the statedobjectives.

Should be written for a general readership



9/64

Background ofthe study in a research paper goes is a partof introductory chapter.

write about the background of the research (or topic) that helps

you to explain why the research was either essential or

accepted.

may contain the general description, and may include thebroaderdescription ofthe topic.

discuss the current setup/process ofthe selected client

discuss the some of the problems encountered with presentsetup/process which headed you to formulate your statement of

the problem

Formulation of Backgroundof the Study

Chapter 1 Introduction (Backgroundofthe Study)


10/64

In writing your company profile, you shouldinclude the following:

Briefhistory ofthe client

Location

Number ofmanpower

Nature ofthe company

Avoidofwriting long company profile.

Dont write anything that is against the company.

Formulation of Company Profile

Chapter 1 Introduction (Backgroundofthe Study)


11/64

Statement of the problem is a more specific description ofthe problem described in the introduction.

Problem description should include the scope of the problem andany outside elements that would affect the outcome of the

problem.

It contains the general problem as well as specific problems.

Clear and precise statement of the problem to be addressed and

the need for solution.

Use the statement of the problem to show that theproposed project is definitely needed.

Writing Statement of the Problem

Chapter 1 Introduction (Statement ofthe Problem)


12/64

The following criteria should be considered in formulating the

problem statement as suggested by Edralin (2000):

Research problem is written in question form;

Research problem identifies a specific area;

Topic is phrased in workable andmanageable term;

Scope is limited to realistic parameters that are neither too narrow nor

too broad; Words used are balanced, objective, and not emotion-laden;

Phrases or wordings are measureable and can be empirically proven;

Research problem identifies the data and techniques needed to answerthe questions; and

Research problem is stated clearly in acceptable in grammatical terms.

Criteria ofFormulating a Problem

StatementChapter 1 Introduction (Statement ofthe Problem)


13/64

Does your problem statement:

Demonstrate a exact understanding ofthe problemyou are trying to solve?

Clearly deliver the focus ofyour project early in thebackgroundofthe study?

Indicate the relationshipofyour project to a larger setofproblems and justify why your particular focus hasbeen selected?

Demonstrate that your problem is feasible to solve?

Make others want to read it further?

Five Key Questions toAnswer Your Problem

StatementChapter 1 Introduction (Statement ofthe Problem)


14/64

Should discuss the importance of the

proposed research and its relevance.

An explanation of who will benefit from

the study and how they will benefit.

Researchers should present why his/herstudy is value his/her time, effort, and

expenses.

Stating the Significance of the StudyChapter 1 Introduction (Scope and Limitation ofthe Study)


15/64

According to Edralin (2000), study-derived benefits that may

contribute to all or any ofthe following:

Individuals Level Researchers

Students

Employees

Organization Level

Schools

Industries

Associations

Others Communities

Government

Consumers

Stating the Significance of the StudyChapter 1 Introduction (Scope and Limitation ofthe Study)


16/64

The statement of the problem should be followed by theobjectives ofthe study.

General objectives. Provide a short statement of thedevelopment goal being pursued by the research.

Specific objectives. These are operational in nature.

Objectives are written to clearly indicate the specificfocus and purpose ofthe research study

These are clear statements that describe intendedoutcomes (output).

Strengthen goals and translate them into action.

Formulation of Objectives of the Study

Chapter 1 Introduction (Objective ofthe Study)


17/64

A goodobjective emphasizes what will be

done, whereas a methodwill explain whyor how it will be done.

Keep your objectives: Specific - indicate precisely what you intend to

change/do through your project

Logical how each objective contributes

systematically to achieving your overall goal

Formulation of Objective of the Study



18/64

S Specific are the objectives stated clearly and specifically, are theyeasily understood as to what is intended, and indicate what is to beachieved through the research study

M Measurable ensuring that the objectives can measure what hasbeen intended through the research study. Can the statedobjectives measure what the RESEARCHER claim?

A Achievable are the objectives realistic and can they be achieved?

Can they actually achieve what it was originally intended?

A Accountable who is responsible to ensure that the objective isput into action and what specifically is being put into action?

C Compatible are the objectives in line with the purpose and focus

ofthe research study?

SMAAC Model ofWriting Objective of the Study



19/64

Project objectives must be stated in a declarative

form. Specific variables to be investigated must be

written clearly.

Concepts to be studied must be measurable.

The scope ofthe study must be attainable.

Each statement is related to the main problem.

Criteria ofFormulating the Objective of the Study



20/64

It gives the reader an insight on the methods and

procedures ofthe research.

It usually begins with a few short paragraphs that restatethe purpose (objective) and the question (problem) ofthe research.

This part of the research process particularly tells whatthe researchers/thesis-writers did and how did they do

it. Explanation ofhow data was collected/generated

explanation of how data was analyzed explanation of

methodological problems and their solutions or effects

Research MethodologyChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


21/64

Research Design provides the glue that holds

the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show

how all of the major parts of the research project --

the samples or groups, measures, treatments orprograms, and methods of assignment -- work

together to try to address the central researchquestions.

Contains description of details such methods to beemployed in collecting and analyzing data.

Research DesignChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


22/64

According to Lapis (2001), Research Design appearsto be the overall plan, structure and strategy ofhowthe research problem should be answered

PLANPLAN

Over-all scheme tobe followed inconducting theresearch

STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

More specificoutline of how thevariables areoperated

STRATEGYSTRATEGY

Description of details such asmethods to be

employed incollecting andanalyzing data

Parts of Research DesignChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


23/64

There are three research methods usually used indesign project:

Descriptive Research. (describe, analyze, explain,define, and illustrate the existing condition)

Case Study Research. Emphasize detailedcontextual analysis ofa limited number ofevents or

conditions and their relationships.

Experimental Research (determine the effects,

examine the differences, compare the results andanalyze the influence)

Types of Research DesignChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


24/64

Sample Size

Chapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)

How to get the sample:

Where: n = sample

N = population

e = margin oferror (0.01, 0.05, or 0.10)

n = N

(1 + Ne2)


25/64

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random. Selecting a sample size from auniverse such that each member has an equal chanceofbeing included

Stratified. Selecting samples in such a way that thespecific subgroups or strata will have sufficientnumber ofrepresentatives

Sampling Design



26/64

Example (Stratified Random Sampling)

RespondentsSub Population

Size (Ni)

Percentage

DistributionSample Size

(ni)

Students 150 75% 99

Instructors 30 15% 20

Administrators 20 10% 13

Total N=200 100% n=132

For n1: f1 = N1/N = 150/200 = 0.75, n1 = f1 * n = 0.75 *132 = 99

For n2: f2 = N2/N = 30/200 = 0.15, n2 = f2 * n = 0.15 * 132 = 20

For n3: f3 = N3/N = 20/200 = 0.10, n3 = f3 * n = 0.10 * 132 = 13

Sampling Design



27/64

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Accidental. Information are collectedfrom respondentswho by chance are met by the researcher in the process ofdata gathering

Purposive. Judgmental sampling using standard criteria

Convenience. Allows the researcher to gather data fromthe respondents who are conveniently available toprovidethe necessary information

Sampling Design



28/64

Primary and secondary materials are those

information serving as proof/evidence ofthe study.

Data are either quantitative or qualitative, andwritten or unwritten

It should be noted that the best sources ofmaterials anddata are those falling under thecategory ofprimary source.

Sources of DataChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


29/64

First hand information

Usually the best and the purest Less chance ofbeing contaminated

Experimentation/Observations

Interviews

Questionnaires Surveys

Interviewing is the most widely used techniquein requirements engineering.

Sources of Data Primary DataChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


30/64

Second hand information

Information supplied by the person who is not a directobserver or participant ofthe event/condition

Data published or compiled by an individual ororganization taken from primary source

Books

Journals

Magazines

Previous theses/design projects

Related written articles from various research institutions,

libraries, and the Internet

Sources of Data Secondary DataChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


31/64

These are materials and techniques that will appropriatelymeasures the variable ofthe study

There are three research instruments that can be used indesign project such as:

Survey questionnaire (series of written questions prepared andcalculated to solicit answers which will give the researchers the

needed information about the problem/topic) Interview schedule (structured set of questions which are

usually asked orally and recorded in writing by the interviewer)

Interview guide (questions are directly asked by the researcher)

Research InstrumentsChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


32/64

Common data collection methods Elauria

(2000)

Observation/Experimental method

Surveym

ethod

Program andprototyping simulation method

Data Gathering ProceduresChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


33/64

What is Related Literature?Related Literature

Provide among other things an

opportunity for researchers to articulatewhat drew them to a project in the first

place. Works you consulted in order to

understand and investigate your

research problem; Not just a descriptive list of the material

available, or a set of summaries.


34/64

Account of what has been published on atopic by accredited scholars and researchers;

Allow you to:

explore, justify,

question, and

critique

research methodologies solution techniques

problem-solving procedures

overall conclusions

What is Review of Literature?Review of Related Literature


35/64

Although you need tosummarize relevant research, it

is also vital that you evaluatethis work, show therelationships between different

work, and show how it relatesto your work.

Is a Review of Literature is a

Summary?Review of Related Literature

Language Center, Asian Institute of Technology


36/64

After you have read a few articles,

patterns will begin to emerge, with

general and specific topics.

You may have planned for some of

these topics, but others may appearas you read.

Organization of the Literature

ReviewReview of Related Literature


37/64

Organization of the Lit ReviewReview of Related Literature


38/64

Organizing the Literature Search:

The Tree Diagram

Review of Related Literature

Topic

subtopic

subtopic

subtopic

subtopic

subtopic

subtopic


39/64

To identify gaps in the literature;

To avoid reinventing the wheel;

To carry on from where others have already

reached;

To identify other people working the samefields;

To increase your breadth of knowledge ofyour subject area;

To identify influential works in your area;

Why Do We Write Related of Literature?Review of Related Literature


40/64

To provide the intellectual context for your ownwork, enabling you to position your projectrelative to other work;

To identify opposing views;

To put your work into perspective; To demonstrate that you can access previous

work in an area;

To identify information and ideas that may be

relevant to your project; and To identify methods that could be relevant to

your project.

Why Do We Write Related of Literature?Review of Related Literature


41/64

Accepted facts in the area

Popular opinion

Main variables

Relationship between concepts and variables

Shortcomings in the existing findings

Limitations in the methods used in the existingfindings

Relevance of your research

Suggestions for further research in the area.

What Should Be the Content of theRelated of Literature?Review of Related Literature


42/64

Literature review does not simply:

show that nothing has been written on the topic;

show your awareness of the big names in the field;

provide a summary of all the literature on thetopic;

introduce the reader to a pre-given field of

research;

occur at the beginning of the research process; occur once all relevant material has been searched

and copied.

Common Misconceptions in Writing aRelated of LiteratureReview of Related Literature


43/64

Clarify

Roughly how many sources should you include?

What types of sources (books, journal articles, websites)?

Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources

by discussing a common theme or issue? Should you evaluate your sources?

Should you provide subheadings and other backgroundinformation, such as definitions and/or a history

Consider whether your sources are current

Some disciplines require that you use information that is ascurrent as possible.

What Should You Do Before Writing theLiterature of Review?Review of Related Literature


44/64

Find models

Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest or inthe discipline and read them to get a sense of the types ofthemes you might want to look for in your own research or

ways to organize your final review.

Narrow your topic

Narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the numberof sources you need to read in order to get a good survey ofthe material.

What Should You Do Before Writing theLiterature of Review?Review of Related Literature


45/64

Remember the purpose

Show why your research needs to becarried out,

Show how you came to choose certainmethodologies or theories to work with

Show how your work adds to the research

already carried out, etc.

How Can I Write a Good LiteratureReview?Review of Related Literature


46/64

Read with a purpose

Summarize the your work you read but you mustalso decide which ideas or information are

important to your research and which are lessimportant and can be covered briefly or left out ofyour review.

Look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories,arguments etc. that underlie the work

Look for similarities and differences with closelyrelated work.



47/64

Write with a purpose

Evaluate and show relationships between the workalready done and between this work and your own.

Carefully plan how you are going to organize yourwork.



48/64

Plan your writing

Ignore the Language

Write and rewrite

Find Readers

Keep writing

Basics of Good WritingReview of Related Literature


49/64

Identify

Record

Ensure Relevance Retrieve

Review

Write

Steps in Developing a Review of

LiteratureReview of Related Literature


50/64

Start by compiling a list of references;

Keeping your topic and questions in mind thenspeak with your adviser and other staff and

students working in a similar area and ask themwhat they consider to be key readings relating

to your topic.

Make an appointment with the liaison librarian

and speak with them about the best retrievalsystems and databases relating to your topic.


Literature - IdentifyReview of Related Literature


51/64

Use the librarys search strategies on-linetutorial to focus on the appropriate keywordsand data sources.

Work through the key catalogues, databases,indexes, bibliographies and web-sites forrelevant resources.

Check the references used in the articles youread.

Locate and use research


Literature - IdentifyReview of Related Literature


52/64

Make a record of any literature that relates toyour topic.

Write a couple of sentences that will help usremember what the article is about.

Reading log is great tool that has been foundto be useful in this section.


Literature - RecordReview of Related Literature


53/64

Identify and make a note of why it has a high,medium or low priority

Develop the habit of screening the literature

for relevance before downloading it Focus on the literature that have identified as

being the most important, the keytheories/research in your area, the mostrecent developments, and the most accessible


Literature - Ensure RelevanceReview of Related Literature

i l i i f


54/64

Make hard copies of the most important

literature and work through this first. Most of the literature requires will be

available through the other Universitylibraries.


Literature - RetrieveReview of Related Literature

i l i i f


55/64

Make up your own or use the reading logwhich allows you to record different kinds ofinformation:

bibliographic details,

description,

relationship to other readings

critical analysis, and

questions that it raises in terms of your ownresearch.


Literature - ReviewReview of Related Literature

S i l i i f


56/64

The literature review has its own internalstructure.

Introductory paragraph

Discusses the literature in a logical and coherentway; and

Concludes with a paragraph that relates theliterature to the research project.

Remember to take by academic conventions.


Literature - WriteReview of Related Literature


57/64

journal articles

books

conference proceedings

government and corporate reports newspapers

theses and dissertations

Internet (electronic journals)

CD-ROM magazines

Sources of Related LiteratureReview of Related Literature


58/64

Using someone else's words, ideas or informationwithout referencing them - in other words, presentingthem as your own.

Any work that is not referenced is assumed to be yours, so

ensure that this is true. Serious academic offence and can result in penalties,

including dismissal from the Institute.

Use quotations and paraphrases with proper

referencing. When you are reading, keep careful notes of your sources, including

all the bibliographic information that you need to write a full reference forthe sources.

What is Plagiarism?Review of Related Literature


59/64

Also called citing or documenting yoursources means systematically showing whatinformation or ideas you are quoting or

paraphrasing, and where they come from.

Referencing systems vary between differentfields of study and between different journals

or publishers within a field of study

What is Referencing?Review of Related Literature


60/64

All work done by other researchers, and thatyou want to refer to in your own writing.

Other writers' words

What Must I Reference?Review of Related Literature


61/64

General knowledge

Information that is common knowledge in

your field, and

Ideas that are definitely your own, and

findings or insights from your own research.

What Do I Not Need to Reference?Review of Related Literature


62/64

These identifies and defines relevant terms significant tothe study for further understanding and interpretation.

Major terms or variables in the study can be defined intwo ways

Conceptual definition (explaining the concepts or variables

based on available dictionaries, books, or manuals of thediscipline)

Operational definition (functional definition of the conceptwhich involves the transformation of the abstract meaning of theterm into observable and measureable data levels or components

in the context of investigation, Edralin (2000))

Avoid multiple definitions ofterm

Definition ofTermsChapter 1 Introduction (Research Methodology)


63/64

QUESTIONS?

CHAPTER I - Introduction


64/64

Thank You for

Listening andGood Luck!

ece design project chapter 1 - introduction

Documents