ebook introduction gala4.1

GALA REINFORCEMENT 4.1R GVHD: TS.HOÀ HÖÕU CHÆNH

SVTH: NGUYEÃN PHUÙ CÖÔØNG - 12108018 Trang 1



http://www.alashki.com/links.htm



Introduction GaLa Reinforcement ® offers rapid design of reinforced concrete elements (columns, beams) subjected to axial force and axial or bi-axial bending moments. The program calculates the necessary area of reinforcing, checks the R/C cross-section capacity, generates interaction failure surfaces, determines the strains, stresses, curvatures, stiffnesses (creep, non-liner creep) and crack widths for any reinforced concrete cross-section. Elements with complicated shapes can be designed. Both Metric and Imperial units of measurement are supported.

After loading the program the dialog box shown below will appear :

The following types of calculations are possible :

ULS



Design section - The program calculates the necessary area of reinforcing.

Check section - The program checks the R/C cross-section capacity . The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !

Failure surface - The program draws the interaction failure surfaces. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !

SLS The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !

Stress - strain - The program calculates the R/C cross-section strains and stresses corresponding to the applied external loads.

1/r - EI - The program calculates the R/C cross-section curvatures or stiffnesses corresponding to the applied external loads.

1/r - EI chart - The program draws the R/C cross-section curvature or stiffness chart.

Crack widths - The program calculates the R/C cross-section crack widths corresponding to the applied external loads.

Concrete design codes:

The following codes are supported:

· Eurocode 2 · ACI 318-99 · CSA-A23.3-94 · BS 8110· BDS 1988 · DIN 1045

· NZS 3101-95· UBC 97· AASHTO LRFD 1997· BDS HT 1989

Cross Section Type:

You may analyze the following R/C cross sections : rectangular, T section, I section , L section, U section, circular, donut and user defined.

WARNING : All load values must be entered in the format required for the calculation.

WARNING : You start with the assumption that load values defined (axial forces

and moments) are applied to the center of masses of the concrete cross-section.



Reinforcement Type:

· Symmetric: As1 = As2

· Unsymmetric: As1<> As2 , As1+As2=min

· Bar positions: The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration.

Copyright © 2001 by ENGPROJECT ® Dr.Ilia Alashki All Rights Reserved !

Starting program After loading the program the <General> dialog box shown below will appear :

Legend

1. Main Tabs - Switch between main pages: <General> < Configure> <Solve>

2. Cross Section Type.

3. Load Type : axial or bi-axial bending.

4. Reinforcement Type.

5. ULS analysis.



6. SLS analysis.

7. Functional buttons.

8. ReBar Analyzer

9. ReBar Calculator

10.Design code.


Solve page Select the tab < Solve > . The dialog box shown below will appear:

Legend

1. Cross-section scheme.

2. Visual data-control panel.

3. Command buttons.

4. II order bending moments flag.

5. Analysis data dialog box..




Concrete Click on the < Concrete > button on the < > page. Dialog box shown below will appear :

Legend

1. Concrete Stress-Strain Relation (SSR):

· A - Rectangular

· B - Parabolic - Linear EN 1992-1 (3.1.4) July 1999

· C - Hyperbolic EN 1992-1 (3.1.4) July 1999

· D - Confined concrete

· E - Unconfined concrete

· C - BS 8110

· F - Triangular

2. Concrete strength.

3. Partial safety factor.

4. Stress-strain relation chart.

5. Auto adjust SSR ( B and C )

6. Elastic modulus.

7. Age.

8. Concrete strength design values.



SSR References:

D, E - Mander, J.B., Priestley, M. J. N., " Observed Stress-Strain Behavior of Confined Concrete", Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No.8, August 1988, pp.1827-1849

B, C - European Standard EN 1992-1 July 1999 - Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures


Reinforcing steel Click on the < Steel > button on the < Solve > page. Dialog box shown below will appear :

Legend

1. Steel Stress-Strain Relation (SSR)

· A - Standard

· B - Bi - linear ( Cold worked steel rods )

· C - Strain - hardening ( Hot rolled steel )

2. Steel yield stress.

3. Partial safety factor.

4. SSR chart.

5. Elastic modulus.




Design section Select on the < General> page.

The program will calculate the necessary area of reinforcing corresponding to the applied external loads.

After clicking on the < Loads> button from the < Solve > page the dialog box shown below will appear:

Legend

1. Number of load cases.

2. Loads data.

3. On / Off calculation of the II order moments.

4. Design Code for calculation of the II order moments.

5. Method for calculation of the effective length factors: k

6. Geometrical length of the element.

7. Effective lengths of the element: Lk = Lo . k

8. Effective length factors dialog box .


Check section

Select on the < General> page.

The program will check the R/C cross-section for applied external loads. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !




Failure surface Select on the < General> page.

The program will generate the interaction failure surface: <Mx-N> or <My-N> or

<Mx-My>. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !

After clicking on the < Chart data > button from the < Solve > page the dialog box shown below will appear:

If axiial bending (N, Mx) is selected:

Legend

1. Chart region: <Full> or <+M> or <-M>

If bi-axial bending (N, Mx, My) is selected:

Legend

1. Chart type: <Mx-My> or <Mx-N> or <My-N>

2. Chart force.

Results


Stress - strain analysis


The program will calculate the R/C cross-section strains and stresses corresponding to the applied external loads. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user!

Results




1/r - EI Analysis


The program will calculate the R/C cross-section curvature or stiffness corresponding to the applied external loads. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user !

After clicking on the < SLS data> button from the < Solve > page the dialog box shown below will appear :

Legend

1. Number of load cases.

2. Loads data.

3. Loading kind: <Short term> or <Sustained, Repeated>.

4. Type of reinforcing bars : <High bond> or <Plain>.

5. Section property : <Uncracked>, <Closed cracks>, <Cracked>.

6. On / Off Creep

7. On / Off Non-linear creep

8. Type of analysis: <Curvature> or <Stiffness>

9. Creep dialog box .

Results




1/r - EI chart


The program will draw (Mx-Curvature) or (Mx-Stiffness) chart. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user!

After clicking on the < Chart data> button from the < Solve > page the dialog box shown below will appear:

Legend

1. Chart region: <Full> or <+M> or <-M>

2. Type of chart : < Curvature> or < Stiffness>.

3. Present axial force value.

Results


Crack widths Select on the < General> page.

The program will calculate the R/C cross-section crack widths corresponding to the applied external loads. The area of reinforcing is provided by the user!

Results




Results: Design section < Design section > analysis results:

Legend

1. Required reinforcement area, strains and stresses.

2. Section properties.

3. II order bending moments.

4. Required reinforcement area.

5. Strains [o/oo].

6. Stresses.

7. Min concrete strain and depth of the compressive zone.

8. Reinforcement ratio.

9. Required reinforcement ratio.

10. Auto draw section interaction failure surface.

11. Strains chart.

12. Concrete stresses chart.




Results: Check section < Check section> analysis results:

Legend

Np - maximal permissible axial force

Mxp, Myp - maximal permissible bending moments

Ratio - section capacity ratio = ( applied load / maximal permissible load )


Results : Failure surface < Failure surface > analysis results:

Mx - My chart



Legend

1. Camera: < Req.reinf > or < Strains >

2. Dynamic section chart.

3. Chart Toolbars.

4. Coordinates of the cursor.

5. Interaction failure surface.

6. On / Off camera.

7. Stretch chart.

8. Show Check Loads dialog box .

9. Check Loads dialog box .


Results: Stress-strain analysis < Stress-strain > analysis results:

Legend

1. Load Nr.

2. ec- - concrete strain.

3. sigma_c- - concrete stress.

4. es- - minimal steel strain <> for bar Nr.

5. sigma_s- - minimal steel stress.

6. es+ - maximal strain <> for bar Nr.

7. sigma_s+ - maximal steel stress

8. Section chart.




Results: 1/r - EI analysis Curvature analysis ( 1/r ) results:

Legend

1. ec - concrete strain.

2. es - mean steel strain <> for bar Nr.

3. 1/rx , 1/ry - curvature of the cracked section.

Stiffness analysis ( EcI_II) results:

Legend

1. EcIx_red, EcIy_red - stiffness of the uncracked section.

2. EcIx_II, EcIy_II - stiffness of cracked section.

3. x_ratio, y_ratio - stiffness ratio = EcI_II / EcI_red




Results: 1/r - EI chart < 1/r - EI chart> analysis results:

Example: 1/rx - Mx chart ( Curvature chart )

Legend

1. I order curvature.

2. II order curvature.

3. Average cracking load.


5. On / Off camera.



Example: EIx_II - Mx chart ( Stiffness chart )

Legend

1. I order stiffness

2. II order stiffness

3. Average cracking load.


5. On / Off camera.




Results: Crack widths < Crack widths> analysis results:

Legend

1. Load Nr.

2. Bar Nr.

3. es - mean steel strain for the Bar Nr.

4. ec - concrete strain.

5. Srm - average final crack spacing.

6. Wm - average crack width for the bar axis.

7. Wk - design ( max ) crack width for the bar axis.

8. Ws - design ( max ) crack width for the section surface.

9. Section chart - effective tension zone is blue colored.




ReBar Analyzer

Click on to open the ReBar Analyzer :


ReBar Calculator

Click on to open the ReBar Calculator:

Examples:

· 5d10+ 3d14 = 8.55 cm2

· 10cm2 / d20 = 3.18 bars

· 10cm2 + 5 d20 = 25.71cm2

· 11cm2 + 5cm2 = 16.00cm2


ebook introduction gala4.1

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