ease guidelines june2014 spanish

8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 116

1 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014

copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed

Directrices de EASE (Asociacioacuten

Europea de Editores Cientiacuteficos)

para los autores y traductores deartiacuteculos cientiacuteficos publicados

en ingleacutes

Para hacer que la comunicacioacuten cientiacutefica internacionalsea maacutes eficiente los artiacuteculos de los trabajos deinvestigacioacuten y demaacutes publicaciones cientiacuteficas debenser COMPLETAS CONCISAS y CLARAS como se

explica a continuacioacuten Estas directrices no sonuniversales sino generalizadas y tienen el propoacutesito deayudar a autores traductores y editores Es necesariousar el sentido comuacuten al aplicar estas reglas ya que noes posible lograr la perfeccioacuten

Antes de comenzar

bull Planifique y conduzca el estudio detenidamente(por ejemplo Hengl et al 2011) No empiecehaciendo un borrador completo del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten sin asegurarse primero de que sushallazgos sean lo suficientemente completos y firmes(OacuteConnor 1991) como para poder llegar aconclusiones fidedignas

bull Antes de comenzar a escribir preferentemente elijala publicacioacuten Aseguacuterese de que los lectores de esapublicacioacuten concuerden con los destinatarios a losque usted se dirige (Chipperfield et al 2010)Obtenga una copia de las instrucciones para autoresde la publicacioacuten y planifique el artiacuteculo de modoque se adapte al formato indicado por la publicacioacutenen relacioacuten a su extensioacuten nuacutemero de figuraspermitidas etc

Los manuscritos deben ser COMPLETOS es decir nodebe faltar ninguacuten dato necesario Recuerde que esmaacutes faacutecil interpretar la informacioacuten que aparecedonde los lectores esperan encontrarla (Gopen ampSwan 1990) Por ejemplo se deberiacutea incluir lasiguiente informacioacuten en artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenexperimental

bull Tiacutetulo debe ser inequiacutevoco comprensible paraespecialistas en otros campos y debe reflejar elcontenido del artiacuteculo Debe ser especiacutefico no debeser geneacuterico ni impreciso (OacuteConnor 1991) Si fuerapertinente mencione en el tiacutetulo cuaacutendo se realizoacute elestudio y la ubicacioacuten el nombre cientiacuteficointernacional del organismo estudiado o el disentildeo

experimental (es decir estudio de casos o ensayoaleatorio controlado) No es necesario que lainformacioacuten proporcionada en el tiacutetulo se repita en elresumen (ya que siempre se publican conjuntamente)

aunque sea inevitable que traten los mismos temasbull Lista de autores es decir todas las personas que

participaron considerablemente en la planificacioacutendel estudio recoleccioacuten de datos o interpretacioacuten deresultados y que escribieron o hicieron un anaacutelisiscriacutetico del manuscrito al revisarlo y aprobaron laversioacuten final y acuerdan ser responsables de todos losaspectos del trabajo (ICMJE 2013) Se deberiacutea listarprimero a los autores que hayan contribuiacutedo enmayor medida Los nombres de los autores debencomplementarse con sus afiliaciones (durante elestudio) y la direccioacuten actual del autor para recibir

la correspondencia Se debe proporcionar la direccioacutende correo electroacutenico de todos los autores para quesea faacutecil contactarlos

bull Resumen explique en breve porqueacute realizoacute elestudio (ANTECEDENTES) cuaacuteles preguntas quisoresponder (OBJETIVOS) coacutemo llevoacute a cabo elestudio (MEacuteTODOS) queacute descubrioacute(RESULTADOS datos muy importantes relaciones)y la interpretacioacuten y consecuencias de sus hallazgos(CONCLUSIONES) El resumen debe reflejar elcontenido del artiacuteculo ya que para la mayoriacutea de loslectores seraacute la principal fuente de informacioacutenacerca del estudio Se deben usar palabras claves enel resumen para que quienes puedan estarinteresados en los resultados encuentren maacutesfaacutecilmente su artiacuteculo en internet (muchas bases dedatos incluyen solo tiacutetulos y resuacutemenes) En uninforme de investigacioacuten el resumen debe serinformativo e incluir los resultados reales Elresumen debe ser indicativo es decir un listado detemas principales sin proporcionar resultados (CSE2014) soacutelo en las revisiones los meta-anaacutelisis yotros artiacuteculos de amplio alcance No haga referencia

a tablas o figuras en el resumen ya que losresuacutemenes tambieacuten se publican por separadoTampoco se permite que mencione la bibliografiacutea amenos que sea extremadamente necesario (pero en





ese caso deberaacute proporcionar la siguienteinformacioacuten detallada entre pareacutentesis autor tiacutetuloantildeo etc) Aseguacuterese de que toda la informacioacutenproporcionada en el resumen tambieacuten aparezca en elcuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (Ver Appendix

Abstracts) bull Lista de palabras claves adicionales (cuando los

editores lo exijan) incluya todos los teacuterminoscientiacuteficos pertinentes que no se encuentren en eltiacutetulo o en el resumen Las palabras claves deben serespeciacuteficas Agregue teacuterminos maacutes geneacutericos si suestudio tiene trascendencia interdisciplinaria(OacuteConnor 1991) En textos meacutedicos utilice elvocabulario que aparece en el MeSH Browser

bull Lista de abreviaturas (cuando los editores loexijan) defina todas las abreviaturas utilizadas en elartiacuteculo excepto aquellas que son obvias paraquienes no son especialistas

bull Introduccioacuten explique por queacute fue necesario llevar

a cabo el estudio y los objetivos de la investigacioacuten ola(s) pregunta(s) que quiso responder Comience concuestiones maacutes generales y gradualmente vayaenfocaacutendose en la(s) pregunta(s) de su trabajo deinvestigacioacuten

bull Meacutetodos describa con detalle coacutemo se realizoacute elestudio (por ejemplo aacuterea del estudio recoleccioacutende datos criterios origen del material analizadotamantildeo de la muestra nuacutemero de medidas tomadasedad y sexo de los participantes equipamientoanaacutelisis de datos pruebas estadiacutesticas y software

utilizado) Todos los factores que pudieroninfluenciar los resultados deben considerarse Lasfuentes de materiales experimentales obtenidos debiobancos deberiacutean mencionarse con nombrescompletos e identificadores si estuviesendisponibles (Bravo et al 2013) Si va a citar unmeacutetodo descrito en una publicacioacuten inaccesible oque no esteacute en ingleacutes expliacutequelo en detalle en sumanuscrito Aseguacuterese de cumplir con los estaacutendareseacuteticos (por ejemplo WMA 2013) con respecto a losderechos de pacientes las pruebas con animales y laproteccioacuten del medio ambiente etc

bull Resultados presente los nuevos resultados de suestudio (por lo general no se deben incluir en estaseccioacuten lo datos ya publicados) Se deben mencionartodas las tablas y figuras en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y enumerar en el orden en que aparecen enel texto Verifique que el anaacutelisis estadiacutestico seaapropiado (por ejemplo Lang 2004) No invente odistorsione ninguacuten dato y no excluya datosimportantes asiacute mismo no manipule las imaacutegenespara causarle una falsa impresioacuten a los lectores Lamanipulacioacuten de datos de esa clase se puedeconsiderar fraude cientiacutefico (ver COPE flowcharts)

bull Discusioacuten responda a las preguntas del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten (formuladas al final de la introduccioacuten)y compare los nuevos resultados con los datos yapublicados tan objetivamente como le sea posible

Analice sus limitaciones y destaque sus hallazgosprincipales Se deben considerar todos lo hallazgosque se opongan a su punto de vista Para respaldar supostura utilice solamente pruebasmetodoloacutegicamente soacutelidas (ORI 2009) Al final de ladiscusioacuten o en una seccioacuten separada enfatice lasconclusiones maacutes significantes y la importancia

praacutectica de su estudiobull Agradecimientos mencione a todas las personas que

contribuyeron considerablemente en el estudio peroque no se pueden considerar como coautores ytambieacuten haga mencioacuten de todas las fuentes de ayudaeconoacutemica Se recomienda que lo haga de lasiguiente manera ldquoThis work was supported by theMedical Research Council [grant number xxxx]rdquo Sino ha recibido ayuda econoacutemica especiacutefica emplee lasiguiente oracioacuten ldquoThis research received no specificgrant from any funding agency in the publiccommercial or not-for-profit sectorsrdquo (RIN 2008) Si

fuera pertinente revele a los editores otros conflictosde intereacutes por ejemplo relaciones personales ofinancieras con el fabricante o con una organizacioacuteninteresada en el manuscrito presentado (Goozner etal 2009) Si va a reproducir material publicadopreviamente (por ejemplo figuras) solicite elpermiso de los autores con derecho de autor parahacerlo y mencioacutenelos en las notas al pie o en losreconocimientos En caso de haber recibido la ayudade un experto en idiomas (pe corrector o traductor)un profesional de la estadiacutestica personal de toma dedatos etc deberiacutea mencionarse su contribucioacuten enlos agradecimientos en aras de una mayortransparencia (ICMJE 2013 Graf et al 2009) Sedebe aclarar que ellos no son responsables de laversioacuten final del artiacuteculo Debe asegurarse de recibirel consentimiento de todas las personas que seannombradas en dicha seccioacuten (Ver Appendix Ethics)

bull Referencias aseguacuterese de haber especificado lasfuentes de toda la informacioacuten extraiacuteda de otraspublicaciones En el listado del material dereferencia incluya todos los datos necesarios paraque se pueda encontrar en bibliotecas o en Internet

En el caso de las publicaciones que no esteacuten eningleacutes proporcione el tiacutetulo original (contranscripcioacuten seguacuten las reglas del ingleacutes si fueranecesario) seguido en lo posible de la traduccioacuten alingleacutes entre corchetes (CSE 2014) Evite la cita dereferencias irrelevantes coactivas e inaccesibles Endonde corresponda cite los artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenprimarios en vez de las resentildeas (DORA 2013) Noincluya datos no publicados en el listado del materialde referencia si los menciona describa la fuente deorigen en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo y obtengael permiso del que ha generado los datos para poder

citarlosbull Una estructura de artiacuteculos diferente quizaacutes sea maacutes

apropiada para publicaciones teoacutericas artiacuteculos derevisioacuten estudios de casos diferente de los artiacuteculos





sea maacutes apropiada etc (por ejemplo Gasparyan etal 2011)

bull Algunas publicaciones incluyen tambieacuten uncompendio o un resumen maacutes extenso en otroidioma Eso resulta muy uacutetil en varios campos deinvestigacioacuten

bull Recuerde cumplir con las instrucciones para

autores de la publicacioacuten con respecto a la extensioacutendel resumen el estilo de presentacioacuten de referenciasetc

Escriba en FORMA CONCISA para ahorrarles tiempoa los lectores y evaluadores

bull No incluya informacioacuten que no sea pertinente alas preguntas de su trabajo de investigacioacutenespecificadas en la introduccioacuten

bull No copie partes de sus publicaciones previas y nopresente el mismo manuscrito a maacutes de unapublicacioacuten a la vez Sino puede considerarse

responsable de publicacioacuten redundante (vea COPEflowcharts) Este principio no se aplica a laspublicaciones preliminares tales como resuacutemenes deactas de congresos (OacuteConnor 1991 veacutease tambieacutenBioMed Central policy) Por otra parte laspublicaciones secundarias se aceptan si vandirigidas a un grupo de lectores totalmente diferente(por ejemplo en otro idioma o para especialistas y elpuacuteblico en general) y si primero fueron aprobadaspor los editores de ambas publicaciones (ICMJE2013) Se debe incluir una nota al pie de la paacuteginadel tiacutetulo segunda publicacioacuten en la que se hagareferencia a la primera publicacioacuten

bull La informacioacuten que se proporcione en una de lassecciones preferentemente no debe repetirse en lasdemaacutes secciones Las excepciones obvias incluyen elresumen las notas al pie de las figuras y el paacuterrafode conclusioacuten

bull Tenga en cuenta si son necesarias todas las tablas yfiguras Los datos que se presentan en las tablas nodeben repetirse en las figuras (o viceversa) Loslistados extensos de datos no deben repetirse en eltexto

bull Las notas al pie de las tablas y figuras deben serinformativas pero no muy extensas Si sepresentan datos similares en varias tablas o figurasentonces el formato de las notas de pie tambieacuten debeser similar

bull Preferentemente elimine las oraciones que sonobvias (por ejemplo ldquoLos bosques son ecosistemasmuy importantesrdquo) o demaacutes fragmentos redundantes(por ejemplo ldquoSe sabe querdquo)

bull Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico extenso se repitefrecuentemente defina la abreviatura cuandoaparezca por primera vez en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y luego apliacutequela de forma consistente

bull Si fuera necesario exprese sus dudas pero evite lasoraciones evasivas en exceso (por ejemplo escribaldquoare potentialrdquo en vez de ldquomay possibly be

potentialrdquo) Sin embargo evite generalizar susconclusiones excesivamente

bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario utilicenumerales para todos los nuacutemeros es decirtambieacuten para los nuacutemeros enteros de un soacutelo diacutegitosalvo el cero uno (sin unidades) y en otros casosdonde existan posibilidades de interpretaciones

equivocadas como ser al inicio de una oracioacuten oantes de la abreviaturas que contengan nuacutemeros (CSE2014)

Escriba en forma CLARA para facilitar lacomprensioacuten aseguacuterese de que el texto sea legible

Contenido cientiacutefico

bull Distinga con claridad sus datos originales e ideas de los de otras personas y de los que incluyoacute enpublicaciones previas proporcione citas siempre ycuando sean pertinentes Preferentemente haga un

resumen o una paraacutefrasis del texto proveniente deotras fuentes Lo mismo se aplica para lastraducciones Cuando cite el texto en forma literal (por ejemplo una oracioacuten completa o un extracto detexto maacutes extenso) utilice las comillas (por ejemploORI 2009 Kerans amp de Jager 2010) Si no podriacuteacometer plagio (vea COPE flowcharts) al copiar aotros o a su propias publicaciones

bull Aseguacuterese de usar la apropiada terminologiacuteacientiacutefica en ingleacutes preferentemente en base a textosescritos por hablantes de ingleacutes nativos Lastraducciones literales son generalmente erroacuteneas (por

ejemplo en el caso de los teacuterminos conocidos comoldquofalse friendsrdquo o el de palabras inexistentesinventadas por traductores) Si tiene dudas verifiquecuaacutel es la definicioacuten en un diccionario en ingleacutes yaque muchas palabras se utilizan incorrectamente Porejemplo ldquotrimesterrdquo para referirse a la prentildeiez deanimales ver Baranyiovaacute 1998) Tambieacuten puedehacer una buacutesqueda de palabras o frases enWikipedia por ejemplo luego compare los resultadosen su idioma nativo y en ingleacutes y vea si elsignificado de los supuestos equivalentes esverdaderamente el mismo Sin embargo Wikipedia

no siempre es una fuente de informacioacuten fiablebull Si se utiliza una palabra en la mayoriacutea de las

traducciones y soacutelo pocas veces en paiacuteses de hablainglesa considere reemplazarla por un teacutermino eningleacutes comuacutenmente conocido con un significadoparecido (por ejemplo plant community en vez de phytocoenosis) Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico no tieneequivalente en ingleacutes entonces defiacutenalo con precisioacuteny sugiera una traduccioacuten al ingleacutes que sea aceptable

bull Defina todos los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos ambiguos ypoco comunes cuando los use por primera vez

Puede hacer un listado de sus sinoacutenimos si loshubiera (para facilitar la buacutesqueda) peroposteriormente emplee soacutelo uno de los teacuterminos enforma consistente (para evitar confusiones) En todos





los casos en que organizaciones cientiacuteficas hayanestablecido nomenclaturas formales esas seraacuten laspreferidas en las comunicaciones cientiacuteficas (porejemplo EASE 2013)

bull Evite las oraciones poco claras que implican queel lector tenga que adivinar lo que usted quiere decir (Ver Appendix Ambiguity)

bull Cuando escriba sobre porcentajes ponga en claro loque considera como 100 Cuando escriba sobrecorrelaciones relaciones etc ponga en claro cuaacutelesson los valores que estaacute comparando entre siacute

bull Generalmente se prefiere el uso del SistemaInternacional de medidas (SI) y de gradoscentiacutegrados

bull A diferencia de otros idiomas en ingleacutes se usa punto para separar decimales (en vez de coma) Ennuacutemeros con maacutes de 4 diacutegitos a la derecha oizquierda del punto decimal utilice medios espacios(thin spaces) (en vez de comas) entre grupos de 3diacutegitos a cualquiera de los lados del punto decimal(EASE 2013)

bull Para indicar siglos meses etc no utilice nuacutemerosromanos ya que son poco comunes en ingleacutesDebido a las diferentes formas en que se escriben lasfechas en ingleacutes americano y britaacutenico (ver abajo)preferentemente indique los meses con palabrascompletas o con las primeras 3 letras de la palabra(CSE 2014)

bull Si se tradujeran nombres geograacuteficos pococonocidos tambieacuten deberaacute mencionarse el nombre

original si fuera posible por ejemplo ldquoin theKampinos Forest (Puszcza Kampinoska)rdquo Algo deinformacioacuten adicional sobre la ubicacioacuten el climaetc tambieacuten puede ser uacutetil para los lectores

bull Recuerde que el texto seraacute leiacutedo principalmentepor extranjeros que quizaacutes no tengan conocimientode condiciones especiales clasificaciones oconceptos ampliamente conocidos en su paiacutes por lotanto puede que sea necesario agregar algunasexplicaciones (Ufnalska 2008) Por ejemplo lapopular hierba Erigeron annuus se conoce comoStenactis annua en algunos paiacuteses por lo tanto en los

textos en ingleacutes se deberaacute usar el nombre aprobadointernacionalmente mientras que se pueden agregarsinoacutenimos entre pareacutentesis

Estructura del texto

bull Las oraciones en general no deben ser muy largasy la estructura debe ser relativamente sencillacon el sujeto cerca del verbo (Gopen amp Swan 1990)Por ejemplo evite los sustantivos abstractos yescriba ldquoX was measuredrdquo en vez deldquoMeasurements of X were carried outrdquo (Ver

Appendix Simplicity) Evite usar excesivamente

construcciones en voz pasiva (por ejemplo Norris2011) Cuando traduzca modifique la estructura dela oracioacuten si fuera necesario para transmitir el

mensaje con maacutes precisioacuten o maacutes claridad(Burrough-Boenisch 2013)

bull El texto debe estar organizado loacutegica ycoherentemente y por lo tanto debe ser faacutecil deleer (Ver Appendix Cohesion)

bull Es preferible que inicie cada paacuterrafo con una oracioacutensobre el tema y lo desarrolle completamente en las

oraciones siguientesbull A diferencia de otros idiomas se permiten las

construcciones paralelas en ingleacutes ya que facilitan elentendimiento Por ejemplo al comparar datossimilares puede escribir ldquoIt was high in A mediumin B and low in Crdquo rather than ldquoIt was high in Amedium for B and low in the case of Crdquo

bull Haga que las figuras y tablas sean de faacutecilcomprensioacuten sin necesidad de referirse al cuerpoprincipal del artiacuteculo Omita datos que no seaninformativos (por ejemplo elimine una columna sicontiene los mismos valores en todas las filas ndash encambio puede mencionarlo en una nota al pie depaacutegina) Utilice abreviaturas soacutelo cuando seanecesario por razones de consistencia o cuando nohubiera suficiente espacio para incluir palabrascompletas En las notas al pie de las figuras o notas alpie en general defina todas las abreviaturas ysiacutembolos que no sean obvios (por ejemplo las barrasde error pueden denotar desviacioacuten estaacutendar errorestaacutendar o intervalo de confianza) Recuerde utilizarel punto decimal (en vez de coma) y rotule los ejesy unidades cuando sea necesario

bull

Considere utilizar cuadros de texto cuando presenteuna pequentildea serie de datos (Kozak 2009) (Ver

Appendix Text-tables)bull En listados largos (de abreviaturas etc) separe

preferentemente cada tema con punto y coma () yaque es la opcioacuten intermedia entre comas y puntosfinales

El idoma importa

bull Cuando los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos no sean necesariosutilice preferentemente palabras conocidascomuacutenmente Sin embargo evite las expresiones

idiomaacuteticas o coloquiales asiacute como las frasesverbales (por ejemplo find out pay off ) quegeneralmente son difiacuteciles de entender para hablantesde ingleacutes no nativos (Geercken 2006)

bull Defina las abreviaturas cuando aparezcan porprimera vez en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (si nofueran claras para los lectores) No utilicedemasiadas abreviaturas diferentes ya que el textoseriacutea difiacutecil de entender No abrevie teacuterminos que seusen soacutelo pocas veces en su manuscrito Evite lasabreviaturas en el resumen

bull En general utilice el ldquopasadordquo cuando describacoacutemo realizoacute el estudio y lo que descubrioacute o lo quehicieron otros investigadores Preferentemente use elldquopresenterdquo en oraciones generales e interpretacioacutende datos (por ejemplo la significacioacuten estadiacutestica las





conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)

bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin

this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo

bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan

informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)

bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver

Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten

Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)

bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix

Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la

misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el

texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos

TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)

reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)

HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De

Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard

Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan

Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from

httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect

European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf

Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook

BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication

Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to

write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication

Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani

F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science

Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf

Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science

editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml

Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp

Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344

[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors

and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml

Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific

paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK

Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal

pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013

Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE

Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors

[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science

editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml

[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame

EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011

Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology



EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146

copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed

International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww

easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd

Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the

multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom

httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51

Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser

WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest

disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-

1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom

journal122637800abstract

Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing

i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer

must understand what the reader needs American Scientist

78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton

upennedu~bujascihtml

Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM

Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical

Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice

or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww

bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330

Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd

ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press

Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-

37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles

may_2010_362pd

Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or

authors rom research design to publication Wageningen

Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013

[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors

2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals

Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml

Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos

desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease

orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd

Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool

or communicating inormation European Science Editing

35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites

deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd

Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can

find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical

Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj

hr200445415311405htm

Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and

humanities Sarajevo Avicenna

[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available

rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml

Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki

University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii

kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd

Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science

Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk

sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd

OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London

Chapman amp Hall

[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-

plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to

ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation

productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt

edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm

[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement

o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww

rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance

acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles

Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact

actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o

axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http

wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd

Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New

York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed

Cheshire C Graphics Press

Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations

and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-


august_2008343pd

[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki

ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human

subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http

wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3

bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will

understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results

bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-

based research articles

bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles

Written by Eric Lichtfouse

ericlichtfousedijoninrafr

For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors

(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)

Practical tips for junior researchers





Appendix Abstracts

Key elements of abstracts

Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study

o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract

Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question

Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science

Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables

Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo

Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research

Here is a fictitious example

Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia

Abstract

983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early

983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155

In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas

Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the

ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared

Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)

______________________________

1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and

Discussion





Empty words and sentences

Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean

Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that

convey specific meaning

Examples

It is important that patients take their medicine

bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation

Te patient was treated or XXX

bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done

One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure

Te patient reacted well to the medicine

bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted

Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low

bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060

Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples

It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip

bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip

We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX

bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX

More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context

bull

quality bull goodbad

bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort

bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)

bull As soon as possiblehellip

Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity





Cohesion ndash the glue

Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work

Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home

o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques

Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence

2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph

3 Link each section to the previous section

4 Link the end to the beginning

Linking techniques

Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques

bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured

bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity

immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus

Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction

In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have

In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between

Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion





EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold

Original or acceptable secondary publication

No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited

An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English

No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere

In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations

Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)

All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed

No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted

Ethical experimentation and interpretation

Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)

Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee

Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip

I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we

discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly

None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers

Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS

Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes

anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety

Acknowledgements

All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated

All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements

All people named in the Acknowledgements have

agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS

Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS

Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS

Conflict of interest

All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3

Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska

sylwiaufnalskagmailcom

2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd

Appendix Ethics

Publication ethics checklist for authors





Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek

Singular Plural Examples

-a -ae

rarely -ata

alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae

stoma ndash stomata

-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)

apex ndash apices (or apexes)

-ies -ies species series facies

-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses

-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)

matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)

-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena

criterion ndash criteria

-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria

-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era

locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)

sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera

Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries

In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)

It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves

lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary



Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity

Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)

Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)

accounted or by the act that because

as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching

substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)

at the present moment now

bright yellow in colour bright yellow

conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much

despite the act that although

due to the act that because

or the reason that because

i conditions are such that i

in a considerable number o cases ofen

in view o the act that because

it is o interest to note that empty

it may however be noted that but

large numbers o many

lazy in character lazy

methodology methods

owing to the act that because

oval in shape oval

prior to beore

taken into consideration considered

terminate end

the test in question this test

there can be little doubt that this is this is probably

to an extent equal to that o X as much as X

utilize use

whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)





Examples of differences between British and American spelling

British English American English

-ae-

eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-

eg etiology eces hematology

-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise

-se in nouns and verbseg deense license

(but practice as both noun and verb)

-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize

-izeeg organize

-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization

-izationeg organization

-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor

(but ulfil skilul )

-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor

(but ulfill skillul )

-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen

-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen

-ogue

eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue

eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue

-our eg colour behaviour avour

-or eg color behavior avor

-re

eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)

-er

eg center fiber meter liter

-yseeg analyse dialyse

-yzeeg analyze dialyze

aluminium aluminum or aluminium

gr ey gr ay

mould mold

programme (general) or program (computer) program

sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur

One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry

Appendix Spelling

For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly

differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar

punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document







Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements

such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples

Original sentence

Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C

Modified

Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03

Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)

ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo

Appendix Text-tables

Modified

Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)

lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)

Some rules for arranging text-tables

1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents

and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct

alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow

Written by Marcin Kozak

nyggusgmailcom

(for more information see Kozak 2009)

Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets





About EASE

Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines

Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association

EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO

EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking

Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various

countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences

Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE

Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate

use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo

In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make

international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time

EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document

is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages

Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding

at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike

Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts

In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less

experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)

For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite




copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed

Skills-Communication-Fellowship

EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards

2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada

(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting

with CBE and AESE)

1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with

CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland

1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France

Our Members

EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff

indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel

Major Conferences

EASE membership offers the following benets

bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources

bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to

ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website

bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc





ese caso deberaacute proporcionar la siguienteinformacioacuten detallada entre pareacutentesis autor tiacutetuloantildeo etc) Aseguacuterese de que toda la informacioacutenproporcionada en el resumen tambieacuten aparezca en elcuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (Ver Appendix

Abstracts) bull Lista de palabras claves adicionales (cuando los

editores lo exijan) incluya todos los teacuterminoscientiacuteficos pertinentes que no se encuentren en eltiacutetulo o en el resumen Las palabras claves deben serespeciacuteficas Agregue teacuterminos maacutes geneacutericos si suestudio tiene trascendencia interdisciplinaria(OacuteConnor 1991) En textos meacutedicos utilice elvocabulario que aparece en el MeSH Browser

bull Lista de abreviaturas (cuando los editores loexijan) defina todas las abreviaturas utilizadas en elartiacuteculo excepto aquellas que son obvias paraquienes no son especialistas

bull Introduccioacuten explique por queacute fue necesario llevar

a cabo el estudio y los objetivos de la investigacioacuten ola(s) pregunta(s) que quiso responder Comience concuestiones maacutes generales y gradualmente vayaenfocaacutendose en la(s) pregunta(s) de su trabajo deinvestigacioacuten

bull Meacutetodos describa con detalle coacutemo se realizoacute elestudio (por ejemplo aacuterea del estudio recoleccioacutende datos criterios origen del material analizadotamantildeo de la muestra nuacutemero de medidas tomadasedad y sexo de los participantes equipamientoanaacutelisis de datos pruebas estadiacutesticas y software

utilizado) Todos los factores que pudieroninfluenciar los resultados deben considerarse Lasfuentes de materiales experimentales obtenidos debiobancos deberiacutean mencionarse con nombrescompletos e identificadores si estuviesendisponibles (Bravo et al 2013) Si va a citar unmeacutetodo descrito en una publicacioacuten inaccesible oque no esteacute en ingleacutes expliacutequelo en detalle en sumanuscrito Aseguacuterese de cumplir con los estaacutendareseacuteticos (por ejemplo WMA 2013) con respecto a losderechos de pacientes las pruebas con animales y laproteccioacuten del medio ambiente etc

bull Resultados presente los nuevos resultados de suestudio (por lo general no se deben incluir en estaseccioacuten lo datos ya publicados) Se deben mencionartodas las tablas y figuras en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y enumerar en el orden en que aparecen enel texto Verifique que el anaacutelisis estadiacutestico seaapropiado (por ejemplo Lang 2004) No invente odistorsione ninguacuten dato y no excluya datosimportantes asiacute mismo no manipule las imaacutegenespara causarle una falsa impresioacuten a los lectores Lamanipulacioacuten de datos de esa clase se puedeconsiderar fraude cientiacutefico (ver COPE flowcharts)

bull Discusioacuten responda a las preguntas del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten (formuladas al final de la introduccioacuten)y compare los nuevos resultados con los datos yapublicados tan objetivamente como le sea posible

Analice sus limitaciones y destaque sus hallazgosprincipales Se deben considerar todos lo hallazgosque se opongan a su punto de vista Para respaldar supostura utilice solamente pruebasmetodoloacutegicamente soacutelidas (ORI 2009) Al final de ladiscusioacuten o en una seccioacuten separada enfatice lasconclusiones maacutes significantes y la importancia

praacutectica de su estudiobull Agradecimientos mencione a todas las personas que

contribuyeron considerablemente en el estudio peroque no se pueden considerar como coautores ytambieacuten haga mencioacuten de todas las fuentes de ayudaeconoacutemica Se recomienda que lo haga de lasiguiente manera ldquoThis work was supported by theMedical Research Council [grant number xxxx]rdquo Sino ha recibido ayuda econoacutemica especiacutefica emplee lasiguiente oracioacuten ldquoThis research received no specificgrant from any funding agency in the publiccommercial or not-for-profit sectorsrdquo (RIN 2008) Si

fuera pertinente revele a los editores otros conflictosde intereacutes por ejemplo relaciones personales ofinancieras con el fabricante o con una organizacioacuteninteresada en el manuscrito presentado (Goozner etal 2009) Si va a reproducir material publicadopreviamente (por ejemplo figuras) solicite elpermiso de los autores con derecho de autor parahacerlo y mencioacutenelos en las notas al pie o en losreconocimientos En caso de haber recibido la ayudade un experto en idiomas (pe corrector o traductor)un profesional de la estadiacutestica personal de toma dedatos etc deberiacutea mencionarse su contribucioacuten enlos agradecimientos en aras de una mayortransparencia (ICMJE 2013 Graf et al 2009) Sedebe aclarar que ellos no son responsables de laversioacuten final del artiacuteculo Debe asegurarse de recibirel consentimiento de todas las personas que seannombradas en dicha seccioacuten (Ver Appendix Ethics)

bull Referencias aseguacuterese de haber especificado lasfuentes de toda la informacioacuten extraiacuteda de otraspublicaciones En el listado del material dereferencia incluya todos los datos necesarios paraque se pueda encontrar en bibliotecas o en Internet

En el caso de las publicaciones que no esteacuten eningleacutes proporcione el tiacutetulo original (contranscripcioacuten seguacuten las reglas del ingleacutes si fueranecesario) seguido en lo posible de la traduccioacuten alingleacutes entre corchetes (CSE 2014) Evite la cita dereferencias irrelevantes coactivas e inaccesibles Endonde corresponda cite los artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenprimarios en vez de las resentildeas (DORA 2013) Noincluya datos no publicados en el listado del materialde referencia si los menciona describa la fuente deorigen en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo y obtengael permiso del que ha generado los datos para poder

citarlosbull Una estructura de artiacuteculos diferente quizaacutes sea maacutes

apropiada para publicaciones teoacutericas artiacuteculos derevisioacuten estudios de casos diferente de los artiacuteculos
























































bull




El idoma importa


















































































may_2010_362pd

















hr200445415311405htm












Chapman amp Hall




















august_2008343pd



















Appendix Abstracts











Abstract






Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl


______________________________


Discussion









Examples
















bull


bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort



Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity













Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences





























































bull




El idoma importa


















































































may_2010_362pd

















hr200445415311405htm












Chapman amp Hall




















august_2008343pd



















Appendix Abstracts











Abstract






Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl


______________________________


Discussion









Examples
















bull


bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort



Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity













Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences



















































































may_2010_362pd

















hr200445415311405htm












Chapman amp Hall




















august_2008343pd



















Appendix Abstracts











Abstract






Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl


______________________________


Discussion









Examples
















bull


bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort



Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity













Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences










Appendix Abstracts











Abstract






Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl


______________________________


Discussion









Examples
















bull


bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort



Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity













Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences














Examples
















bull


bull highlow

bull largesmall

bull longshort



Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Ambiguity













Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences


















Linking techniques








Written by Ed Hull

edhullhomenl

Appendix Cohesion


























Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences































Acknowledgements
















Appendix Ethics








-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences












-a -ae

rarely -ata


stoma ndash stomata










-us

-i

rarely -uses

or -era


sinus ndash sinuses

genus ndash genera







Appendix Plurals





Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences










Appendix Simplicity



















methodology methods


oval in shape oval

prior to beore


terminate end




utilize use








-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences












-ae-







-izeeg organize




(but ulfil skilul )





-ogue





-re


-er





gr ey gr ay

mould mold




Appendix Spelling












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences












Original sentence


Modified





Modified








nyggusgmailcom







About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences










About EASE




























with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences














with CBE and AESE)




Our Members



Major Conferences






ease guidelines june2014 spanish

Documents