earth’s seafloors ocean basins and continental margins introductory oceanography ray rector -...
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Earth’s Seafloors Earth’s Seafloors Ocean Basins and Continental MarginsOcean Basins and Continental Margins
Introductory OceanographyIntroductory OceanographyRay Rector - Instructor
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OCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMSOCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMSKey ConceptsKey Concepts
I. Earth’s rocky surface covered by of two types of crustI. Earth’s rocky surface covered by of two types of crust Dense, thin, low-standing oceanic crust Light, thick, high-standing continental crust
II. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regionsII. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regions Shallow continental margins Deep-sea oceanic basins
III. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally differentIII. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally different Composition Structure Age Tectonic origin
IV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic featuresIV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic features Mid-oceanic ridges and Transform fracture systems Abyssal Hills and Plains Oceanic islands, Seamounts, and Guyots Trenches and Island Arcs
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Earth Processes That Create Seafloor FeaturesContinental Margins
1) Features resulting from Continental RiftingContinental Rifting
Continental Shelf and Slope
Deep-Sea Oceanic Basins
1) Features generated by Seafloor SpreadingSeafloor Spreading
Mid-Ocean Ridges and Fracture Systems
Oceanic Islands, Seamounts and Plateaus
2) Features generated by SubductionSubduction
Trenches and Island Arcs
Forearc Islands
3) Features resulting from Sedimentary processesSedimentary processes
Abyssal Plains and Hills
Continental Rises
Submarine Canyons
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Earth’s Solid-Surface TopographyEarth’s Solid-Surface Topography
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Topography of Earth’s Ocean BasinsTopography of Earth’s Ocean Basins
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Topography of Pacific Ocean BasinTopography of Pacific Ocean Basin
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Elevation Relief Profile of Earth SurfaceElevation Relief Profile of Earth Surface1. Sea level1. Sea level
2. 2. Continental shelfContinental shelf
3. Continental slope3. Continental slope
4. The deep ocean floor 4. The deep ocean floor
5. Mean depth of ocean 5. Mean depth of ocean
= 4 km below sea level = 4 km below sea level
6. Mean altitude of land 6. Mean altitude of land
= 1 km above sea level= 1 km above sea level
7. Mt. Everest = 8848m7. Mt. Everest = 8848m
8. Marianas Trench 8. Marianas Trench
= 11022m= 11022m
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Four Principle Methods of Four Principle Methods of Mapping the Ocean BottomMapping the Ocean Bottom
2. Satellite-based Radar2. Satellite-based Radar 1. Ship-based Sonar1. Ship-based Sonar
3. 3. Ship-based Seismic ReflectionShip-based Seismic Reflection4. Submersible Survey4. Submersible Survey
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Means of Mapping Means of Mapping the Ocean Bottomthe Ocean Bottom
SonarSonar
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Means of Mapping the Ocean BottomMeans of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Satellite RadarSatellite Radar
Use of space-based radar to reflect off ocean surface, giving a very precise sea surface profile; sea surface profile anomalies closely mimic the underlying seafloor profile
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Means of Mapping the Ocean BottomMeans of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Seismic ReflectionSeismic Reflection
Use of underwater explosions to penetrate seafloor with seismic waves that reflect back, providing a subsurface image
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Means of Mapping the Ocean BottomMeans of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Deep Sea DrillingDeep Sea Drilling
Use of underwater drilling to penetrate seafloor and recover core samples of seafloor down to depths of over 3000 meters
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Two Primary Types of Earth CrustTwo Primary Types of Earth Crust
Oceanic Continental
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Cross-Section Profile of an Ocean BasinCross-Section Profile of an Ocean Basin
Large-Scale Ocean Bottom FeaturesLarge-Scale Ocean Bottom Features Continental shelf, slope, and rise
Abyssal plains and hills
Mid-ocean ridge and rift valley
Oceanic islands, seamounts, and guyots
Ocean trench
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Cross-Section of the North Cross-Section of the North Atlantic Ocean Basin Atlantic Ocean Basin
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AGE OF EARTH’S OCEAN BASINSAGE OF EARTH’S OCEAN BASINS
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AGE PROFILE OF NORTH AMERICAAGE PROFILE OF NORTH AMERICA
Tectonic Provinces of North America: (Ages are in Billions of Years)
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Continental Margins of the WorldContinental Margins of the World
Submerged continental margins are shown in pale orange color
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Passive MarginsPassive Margins Broad shelves
Subdued coastline
Little to no tectonic activity
No Plate Boundary
Active MarginsActive Margins Narrow shelves
Rugged coastline
Tectonically active
Plate Boundary
Two Types of Continental MarginsTwo Types of Continental Margins PassivePassive = Constructive = Atlantic Type = Constructive = Atlantic Type ActiveActive = Destructive = Pacific Type = Destructive = Pacific Type
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Active versus Passive MarginsActive versus Passive Margins
Excellent Example: South America
Active = West CoastActive = West Coast
Passive = East CoastPassive = East Coast
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Continental Margin FeaturesContinental Margin FeaturesMajor FeaturesMajor Features
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Slope Break
Continental Rise
Submarine Canyons
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Turbidity Turbidity SedimentationSedimentation
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Passive Continental Margin
Example: Eastern Siberia -- Arctic Ocean Basin
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Earth’s Deep-Sea Basin FeaturesEarth’s Deep-Sea Basin Features Mid-Oceanic Ridge and Transform
Fracture Systems
Abyssal Hills and Plains
Seamounts and Guyots
Oceanic Islands and Plateaus
Trenches and Island Arcs
Profile: North Atlantic Ocean Basin
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Mid-Ocean Ridge and Fracture Systems
Mid-ocean ridge systems Mid-ocean ridge systems represent the most extensive chain represent the most extensive chain of active mountains on Earth of active mountains on Earth
Active faulting and volcanismActive faulting and volcanism
Sea bottom is covered by rugged Sea bottom is covered by rugged bedrock of young pillow basaltbedrock of young pillow basalt
Little to no pelagic sediment Little to no pelagic sediment
Site of active hydrothermal ventsSite of active hydrothermal vents
Key PointsKey Points
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Mid-Ocean Ridge and Fracture Systems
Mid-ocean ridge systems Mid-ocean ridge systems represent the most extensive chain represent the most extensive chain of active mountains on Earth of active mountains on Earth
Active faulting and volcanismActive faulting and volcanism
Sea bottom is covered by rugged Sea bottom is covered by rugged bedrock of young pillow basaltbedrock of young pillow basalt
Little to no pelagic sediment Little to no pelagic sediment
Site of active hydrothermal ventsSite of active hydrothermal vents
Key PointsKey Points
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Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Vents
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Abyssal Plains and Hills
Thick pelagic sediment Thick pelagic sediment covers a rugged subsurface covers a rugged subsurface bedrock of basaltbedrock of basalt
Abyssal plains are the Abyssal plains are the flattest, most featureless flattest, most featureless provinces on Earthprovinces on Earth
Abyssal hills are tops of Abyssal hills are tops of seamounts sticking outseamounts sticking out
Abyssal plains and hills Abyssal plains and hills cover the most extensive cover the most extensive tracts of ocean seafloortracts of ocean seafloor
Key PointsKey Points
Subsurface imaging of abyssal plains and hills from seismic reflection Subsurface imaging of abyssal plains and hills from seismic reflection studies and deep sea drillingstudies and deep sea drilling
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Abyssal Plains and Hills Abyssal sediments are Abyssal sediments are predominately clays and oozespredominately clays and oozes
Soft pelagic sediment is Soft pelagic sediment is loaded with benthic organismsloaded with benthic organisms
Benthic organisms crawl Benthic organisms crawl over and and burrow through over and and burrow through the sediment = Bioturbationthe sediment = Bioturbation
Key PointsKey Points
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PLATE TECTONICS and the SEAFLOORPLATE TECTONICS and the SEAFLOOR Seafloor Spreading
Subduction
Transform Faulting
Continental Rifting and Collision
Hot Spots
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Seafloor Ridge and Trench Seafloor Ridge and Trench MapMap
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Earth Processes That Create Seafloor FeaturesContinental Margins
1) Features resulting from Continental RiftingContinental Rifting
Continental Shelf and Slope
Deep-Sea Oceanic Basins
1) Features generated by Seafloor SpreadingSeafloor Spreading
Mid-Ocean Ridges and Fracture Systems
Oceanic Islands, Seamounts and Plateaus
2) Features generated by SubductionSubduction
Trenches and Island Arcs
Forearc Islands
3) Features resulting from Sedimentary processesSedimentary processes
Abyssal Plains and Hills
Continental Rises
Submarine Canyons
![Page 33: Earth’s Seafloors Ocean Basins and Continental Margins Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649ca35503460f94962e0f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
OCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMSOCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMSSummary of ConceptsSummary of Concepts
I. Earth’s rocky surface covered by of two types of crustI. Earth’s rocky surface covered by of two types of crust Dense, thin, low-standing oceanic crust Light, thick, high-standing continental crust
II. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regionsII. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regions Shallow continental margins Deep-sea oceanic basins
III. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally differentIII. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally different Composition Structure Age Tectonic origin
IV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic featuresIV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic features Mid-oceanic ridges and Transform fracture systems Abyssal Hills and Plains Oceanic islands, Seamounts, and Guyots Trenches and Island Arcs
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OCEAN BASINS and SEAFLOORS OCEAN BASINS and SEAFLOORS DiscussionDiscussion