oceanography final exam review: the answers oceanography 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Oceanography Final Exam Review:The Answers
Oceanography 2014
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1. Chronometer
• Accurate maritime clock• Invented by John Harrison 1735
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2. What contributions did the Chinese make to sailing?
MOST IMPORTANT = compass
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3. Latitude and Longitude in the N Hemisphere
Calculated by…
• Latitude: measuring the angle between the horizon and the north star
• Longitude: knowing the difference between local time and Greenwich mean-time
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4. Describe the purpose of the Challenger Expedition.
It was the first expedition devoted entirely to marine science
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5. Define the 4 major categories of oceanography.
Physical: Study of Waves, Currents, and Tides
Geological: Study of Ocean Rocks, Sediment, & Volcanic Activity
Chemical: Study of Water Chemistry
Biological: Study of Ocean Life / Marine Biology
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6. Who was the father of physical oceanography?
Matthew Maury
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7. Life Style Groups
PLANKTONMicroscopic floating organisms, some photosynthesize and some eat other organisms
BENTHOSOrganisms that live on the ocean bottom, some can move and some are stationary
NEKTONOrganisms that can swim, includes many vertebrate animals and some invertebrates like squid
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8. Light in the Ocean
PHOTIC
APHOTIC
ABYSSAL
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9. What is taxonomy?
Grouping organisms together and determining their relationships
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10. What are some ways taxonomy is useful?
• identifies the relationship between organisms
• requires that key characteristics be defined for each organism
• helps to avoid confusion
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11. Who created the current classification system?
Carolus Linneaus
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12-13. What groups are in this system? How can you remember them in order from largest to smallest?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
D –earK –ingP –hillipC –ameO –verF –orG –reatS -paghetti
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14. Examples of scientific names.
Genus species
Homo sapien (HUMANS)Felis catus (DOMESTIC CAT)Canis familiaris (DOMESTIC DOG)Ursus americanus (BLACK BEAR)
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15-19. Characteristics of the Kingdoms
• Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic)– Dog
• Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic)– Daisy
• Archaea (unicellular, autotrophic)– Extremophiles
• Eubacteria (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– E. Coli
• Protista (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– Algae, Kelp
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20. Dichotomous KeyPurpose: Helps with identifying organisms based on appearance
Answers:1. Peacock Flounder2. Spotted Goat Fish3. Glassy Sweeper4. Squirrel Fish5. Spotted Eagle Ray6. Band-tail Puffer7. Spotted Moray Eel8. Glass-Eye Snapper9. Trumpet Fish
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21. Phylogeny
Different from taxonomy because it groups organisms based on similar characteristics instead of ancestral relationships
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22. What is it called when an organism is able to produce light?
Bioluminescence
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23. Phytoplankton
Plankton that generate energy throughphotosynthesis
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24. Echolocation
It is a series of high-pitched clicks and whistles used by whales and dolphins for communication
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25. What is a cephalopod?
Squid and Octopi
Means: “head” – “foot”
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26. Sea Sponge
• Benthic Marine Invertebrate
• Called “filter of the sea” because it is porous and feeds via filter-feeding
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27. Bivalvia
• Clams and Oysters
• Marine Invertebrates with 2-half shells
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28. Crustacea
• Crabs and Lobsters
• Hard Exoskeleton, segmented bodies
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29. Echinodermata• Marine invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins
• Have radial symmetry (same no matter which way you cut it)
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30-36. Sharks30. Chordata ; Nekton
31. Cartilaginous
32. Large, fatty organ used to help sharks float
33. Hunting sharks eat dolphin, seal, and squid ; peaceful sharks eat plankton/algae
34. Valuable for soup in some Asian countries
35. Sharks are slow-growing to maturity and have few offspring
36. Sharks have skeletons of cartilage instead of bone, they give birth to live offspring instead of lay eggs, dermal denticles instead of scales, and fatty liver instead of swim bladder
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37. Freshwater and Saltwater
• 3% Fresh• 97% Salt
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38. H2O Molecule
+ +
-
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39. What is a polar molecule?
Molecules with a positive end and a negative ends
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40. What type of bonds hold water molecules together?
Covalent
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41. What are the 5 Key Properties of Water?
1. Cohesion/Adhesion (water sticks to itself, and other objects)
2. Surface Tension (insect can walk on water)
3. Viscosity (water resists motion)
4. Liquid Water (exists as liquid not gas at room temp)
5. Ice Floats (solid is less dense than liquid)
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42. What factors will affect the way sound moves through seawater?
• Temperature• Salinity• Pressure
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43. SalinityThe measurement of dissolved solids in seawater
Measured in PPT (parts per thousand)
Average salinity of ocean = 35
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44. Where does the salt in the ocean originate from?
Salt is washed into the ocean from sources on the land
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45-47. pH
45. Acids and Bases, Concentration of ions in a liquid
46. Neutral = 7 (pure water)
47. Optimal for living things = 6-8
Basic
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48. Density
D = M/Vthe measure of how compact a substance is per unit area
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49. Why is water considered the universal solvent?
Because of its ability to dissolve most substances
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50. Why is the Earth “unevenly heated” by the Sun?
Due to its…• rotation• tilt• imperfect shape
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51. What are convection currents?
Air currents that cause polar air to sink and equatorial air to rise
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52. Winds blow from regions of _________ pressure to regions of __________ pressure.
From regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
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53. What is the Coriolis Effect and why is it important?
Phenomenon caused by the rotation of Earth that leads to:Northern Hemisphere: ClockwiseSouthern Hemisphere: Counter-clockwise
Effects the paths in which winds/currents move
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54. Earth’s Atmosphere
About 70-78% Nitrogen
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55. Role of Trade Winds and Surface Currents on Exploration
• Created “paths” for sailing ships, expeditions followed the winds/currents
• Gyres provided “round trip” transport
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56. World Gyres
GYRE: intersection of ocean currents that creates a circular pattern of water flow
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57. What causes surface currents to form?
Wind
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58. Thermohaline Circulation
• Caused by differences in density related to salinity and temperature
• Creates deep ocean currents