earthquake ppt

43
Earthquake Earthquake Case study: Bhuj Case study: Bhuj Earthquake 26 Earthquake 26 th th January January 2001 2001

Upload: puneet-sidhu

Post on 14-Dec-2014

13.567 views

Category:

Education


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter. On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Earthquake ppt

EarthquakeEarthquakeCase study: Bhuj Earthquake Case study: Bhuj Earthquake

2626thth January 2001 January 2001

Page 2: Earthquake ppt

DisasterDisaster

By Turner 1976By Turner 1976

Disaster as an event concentrated in time and space Disaster as an event concentrated in time and space which threatens the society or a relatively self-which threatens the society or a relatively self-sufficient, sub-division of a society; with major sufficient, sub-division of a society; with major

unwanted consequences as a result of pre-cautions unwanted consequences as a result of pre-cautions which are otherwise considered or unwantedwhich are otherwise considered or unwanted

Page 3: Earthquake ppt

Classification of Classification of DisasterDisaster

Natural disastersNatural disasters

Human made disastersHuman made disasters

Human induced disastersHuman induced disasters

Page 4: Earthquake ppt

Earthquake?Earthquake?

Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter. origin or epicenter.

For instance, if you throw stone in a pond of still water, For instance, if you throw stone in a pond of still water, series of concentric waves are produced on the surface of series of concentric waves are produced on the surface of water, these waves spread out in all directions from the water, these waves spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the water similarly, any point where the stone strikes the water similarly, any sudden disturbances in the earth’s crust may produce sudden disturbances in the earth’s crust may produce vibrations in the crust which travel in all directions from vibrations in the crust which travel in all directions from point of disturbances.point of disturbances. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing widespread which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.destruction and loss to human life.

Earthquake risk Earthquake risk Seismic risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability x locationSeismic risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability x location

Page 5: Earthquake ppt

Causes of EarthquakeCauses of Earthquake

Earthquakes are caused by sudden release Earthquakes are caused by sudden release of energy in rocks. Plates in the form of of energy in rocks. Plates in the form of

rocks are moving very slowly and rocks are moving very slowly and earthquake occur when moving plates earthquake occur when moving plates

grind and scrape against each other. The grind and scrape against each other. The point at which an earthquake originates is point at which an earthquake originates is the the focus or hypocenterfocus or hypocenter and the point on and the point on the earth’s surface; directly above this is the earth’s surface; directly above this is

epicenter.epicenter. The study of earthquake is The study of earthquake is called called seismology.seismology.

Page 6: Earthquake ppt

Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates

There are There are 7 large and 12 small7 large and 12 small such plates which are in such plates which are in continuous motion. continuous motion. These plates move along three distinctive types of These plates move along three distinctive types of boundaries, that is :boundaries, that is :

convergent boundariesconvergent boundaries : where plates push each : where plates push each other and one plate slides down the other oneother and one plate slides down the other onedivergent boundariesdivergent boundaries: where plates pull away : where plates pull away from each otherfrom each other

transformed boundariestransformed boundaries : where plates slide past : where plates slide past each other.each other.

Earthquake occur due to several causes such as volcanic Earthquake occur due to several causes such as volcanic eruption, etc. but the plate tectonic theory is the most eruption, etc. but the plate tectonic theory is the most convincing and widely acceptedconvincing and widely accepted

Page 7: Earthquake ppt
Page 8: Earthquake ppt
Page 9: Earthquake ppt

Strength of earthquakeStrength of earthquake

The intensity and strength of an earthquake is The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on Richter scale, the scale invented by measured on Richter scale, the scale invented by

Charles Richter California, USA in 1935, which Charles Richter California, USA in 1935, which categories earthquake on the basis of energy categories earthquake on the basis of energy

released.released.

Page 10: Earthquake ppt

The amount of energy released during The amount of energy released during different categories of Richter scale different categories of Richter scale

earthquake as follows:earthquake as follows:Intensity of earthquake Intensity of earthquake (Richter scale (Richter scale

Energy release (amount of Energy release (amount of TNT)TNT)

1.01.0 170 grams 170 grams

2.02.0 6 kilograms 6 kilograms

3.03.0 179 kilograms 179 kilograms

4.04.0 5 metric tons 5 metric tons

5.05.0 179 metric tons 179 metric tons

6.06.0 5643 metric tons 5643 metric tons

7.07.0 1,79,100 metric tons 1,79,100 metric tons

7.57.5 One megatonOne megaton

8.08.0 5,64,300 metric tons5,64,300 metric tons

Page 11: Earthquake ppt

Depending upon the frequency and intensity of the Depending upon the frequency and intensity of the earthquakes, the whole country can be divided into earthquakes, the whole country can be divided into

three broad seismological zonesthree broad seismological zones

Himalayan zoneHimalayan zoneThe area s most prone to earthquake in India is The area s most prone to earthquake in India is

the Fold Mountains ranges of the Himalayan the Fold Mountains ranges of the Himalayan zone. The states of Jammu and Kashmir, zone. The states of Jammu and Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, the Bihar- Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, the Bihar- Nepal border and north eastern states.Nepal border and north eastern states.

The earthquakes in these zones are primarily due The earthquakes in these zones are primarily due to plate tectonics. The region along the to plate tectonics. The region along the

Himalayas where two plates meet is highly Himalayas where two plates meet is highly earthquake prone and hence known as the zone earthquake prone and hence known as the zone

of maximum intensityof maximum intensity

Page 12: Earthquake ppt

The indo-gangetic zoneThe indo-gangetic zone

To the south of the Himalayan zone and running To the south of the Himalayan zone and running parallel it is the indo-gangetic zone. Most of the parallel it is the indo-gangetic zone. Most of the earthquakes striking this zone are of moderate earthquakes striking this zone are of moderate

intensity of 6 to 6.5 on Richter scale. Therefore this intensity of 6 to 6.5 on Richter scale. Therefore this zone is called the zone of comparative intensity. zone is called the zone of comparative intensity. The earthquakes along the foothill are of medium The earthquakes along the foothill are of medium to high intensity. However, the earthquakes of this to high intensity. However, the earthquakes of this

zone are more harmful due to high density of zone are more harmful due to high density of

population in this areapopulation in this area..

Page 13: Earthquake ppt

The peninsular zoneThe peninsular zone

The peninsular India has presumably remained a The peninsular India has presumably remained a stable landmass and only few earthquakes have stable landmass and only few earthquakes have been experienced in this region. This region is, been experienced in this region. This region is,

therefore, called the zone of minimum intensity. But therefore, called the zone of minimum intensity. But the sever earthquakes of Konya (1967), Latur the sever earthquakes of Konya (1967), Latur

(1993) and Jabalpur (1997) have raised doubts (1993) and Jabalpur (1997) have raised doubts about the seismic stability of this landmassabout the seismic stability of this landmass..

Page 14: Earthquake ppt
Page 15: Earthquake ppt

Date Date PlacePlace mm Scale Scale Set.2 , 1993Set.2 , 1993 Latur Latur

(maharashtr(maharashtra)a)

6.36.3 Large areas of Maharashtra Large areas of Maharashtra rocked. 10,000 people lost livesrocked. 10,000 people lost lives

May 22, 1997 May 22, 1997 Jabalpur Jabalpur (Maharashtr(Maharashtra) a)

6.06.0 40 person killed and over 100 40 person killed and over 100 injured injured

March 29, March 29, 1999 1999

NandprayagNandprayag 6.8 6.8 widespread destruction in widespread destruction in chamoli , rudraprayag and other chamoli , rudraprayag and other areas. Massive loss of human areas. Massive loss of human life life

Jan. 26 2001 Jan. 26 2001 Bhuj (gujrat) Bhuj (gujrat) 7.8 7.8 Tremors left by India and its Tremors left by India and its neighboring countries. Over 1 neighboring countries. Over 1 lakh people killed. Huge loss to lakh people killed. Huge loss to property and infrastructure property and infrastructure

Oct. 8, 2005 Oct. 8, 2005 MuzzaffarabMuzzaffarabad in ad in Pakistan Pakistan occupied occupied Kashmir Kashmir

7.47.4 Heavy damage to life and Heavy damage to life and property.property.

Death toll about one lakh in Death toll about one lakh in Pakistan and nearly 2000 in Pakistan and nearly 2000 in India India

Page 16: Earthquake ppt

Picture of search and rescue phase of Latur earthquake 1993

Page 17: Earthquake ppt

Helpless man being trapped under debris

Page 18: Earthquake ppt

Post – disaster picture from Kashmir earthquake 2005

Page 19: Earthquake ppt

Hazardous Effects of Hazardous Effects of EarthquakeEarthquake

- Loss of life and property- Loss of life and property- Damage to infrastructure- Damage to infrastructure- Topographical changes- Topographical changes- Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, - Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways,

highways, airports, marine.highways, airports, marine.- Chances of fire short-circuit.- Chances of fire short-circuit.- Chances of Floods – Dams and Embankments can - Chances of Floods – Dams and Embankments can

develop cracks develop cracks - Chances of outburst of epidemic - Chances of outburst of epidemic - Water pipes, sewers are disrupted- Water pipes, sewers are disrupted- Communications such as telephone wires are - Communications such as telephone wires are

damaged.damaged.- Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade - Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade

and transport are severely affected.and transport are severely affected.

Page 20: Earthquake ppt

Earthquake PredictionEarthquake Prediction

- Unusual animal behavior- Unusual animal behavior

- Changes in water level- Changes in water level

- Temperature change- Temperature change

- Large scale fluctuations of oil flow from oil - Large scale fluctuations of oil flow from oil wellswells

- Foreshocks or minor shocks before major - Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquakeearthquake

- Changes in seismic wave velocity.- Changes in seismic wave velocity.

Page 21: Earthquake ppt

Earthquake safety rulesEarthquake safety rules

If you are in a houseIf you are in a house don’t use lift for getting down from buildingdon’t use lift for getting down from building be prepared to move with your familybe prepared to move with your family

If you are in shop, school, office or theaterIf you are in shop, school, office or theater Don’t run for an exit. Stampede could prove fatalDon’t run for an exit. Stampede could prove fatal take cover under a desk/tabletake cover under a desk/table move to corner or side wallsmove to corner or side walls move away from window glassmove away from window glass Do not go near electric points and cable. Keep away from Do not go near electric points and cable. Keep away from

weak portion of the building and false ceilingweak portion of the building and false ceiling

Page 22: Earthquake ppt

If you are in high rise buildingIf you are in high rise building

- take protection under a desk/table- take protection under a desk/table- don’t rush for exits- don’t rush for exits- stay in the building until the shaking stops- stay in the building until the shaking stops- don’t use elevator- don’t use elevator If you are outsideIf you are outside- avoid high buildings, walls, power lines and other objects - avoid high buildings, walls, power lines and other objects that could fall and create blockthat could fall and create block- don’t run through streets- don’t run through streets- If possible, move on to an open area away from hazard - If possible, move on to an open area away from hazard including trees.including trees.

If you are in vehicleIf you are in vehicle- stop in a safe and open place- stop in a safe and open place- remain inside vehicle- remain inside vehicle- close windows, doors and vents- close windows, doors and vents

Page 23: Earthquake ppt

After an EarthquakeAfter an Earthquake Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey

instructionsinstructions Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge

wave may sweep inwave may sweep in Expect aftershocksExpect aftershocks Turn off the water, gas and electricityTurn off the water, gas and electricity Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighterDo not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short

circuitcircuit Use a torchUse a torch If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigadeIf there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade Immediately clean up any inflammable products that may Immediately clean up any inflammable products that may

spilledspilled

Page 24: Earthquake ppt

Contd.Contd.

If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team. Do not rush and try not to worsen the situation.team. Do not rush and try not to worsen the situation.

Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not come in contact with any metal objectnot come in contact with any metal object

Do not drink water from open containers without having Do not drink water from open containers without having examined it.examined it.

Eat something. You will better and more capable of helping Eat something. You will better and more capable of helping otherother

Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go near damage structuresnear damage structures

Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening. Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening. Keep the streets clear so rescue vehicles can access the Keep the streets clear so rescue vehicles can access the roads easily.roads easily.

Page 25: Earthquake ppt

Case study: Bhuj Earthquake Case study: Bhuj Earthquake 2626thth January 2001 January 2001

Page 26: Earthquake ppt

Introduction to GujaratIntroduction to Gujarat

Gujarat, state, in western India, bordered on the northeast Gujarat, state, in western India, bordered on the northeast by Rajasthan state, on the east by Madhya Pradesh state, on by Rajasthan state, on the east by Madhya Pradesh state, on the southeast by Maharashtra state, on the south and the southeast by Maharashtra state, on the south and southwest by the Arabian Sea, and on the northwest by southwest by the Arabian Sea, and on the northwest by PakistanPakistanThe state covers an area of The state covers an area of 196,024 sq km196,024 sq km (The capital is (The capital is Gandhinagar, on the outskirts of Ahmadabad, the former Gandhinagar, on the outskirts of Ahmadabad, the former capital and largest city in the state.capital and largest city in the state.The known history of Gujarat dates from about 250 BC. The known history of Gujarat dates from about 250 BC. During the 4th and 5th centuries AD, it formed a part of the During the 4th and 5th centuries AD, it formed a part of the Gupta empire; it derived its name from the Gurjaras, who Gupta empire; it derived its name from the Gurjaras, who ruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuriesruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuries

Page 27: Earthquake ppt
Page 28: Earthquake ppt

Date:  Date: 

Origin line:  Origin line: 

Epicenter:    Epicenter:   

Magnitude:   Magnitude:   

Focal DepthFocal Depth:  : 

26 January 2001 26 January 2001

08 hrs.46 min. 42.9 08 hrs.46 min. 42.9 sec. IST sec. IST

Latitude 23.40° N Latitude 23.40° N Longitude 70.28° E Longitude 70.28° E

7.7 7.7

25 kms. 25 kms.

Page 29: Earthquake ppt

On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 5252ndnd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in  Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat. the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.

The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the north, Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the south.north, Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the south.

    

Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of Bhuj, Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other areas were the worst affected and many other areas of Gujarat including its state headquarters Ahmedabad, of Gujarat including its state headquarters Ahmedabad, were badly affectedwere badly affected

Bhuj Earthquake 26Bhuj Earthquake 26thth January. 2001January. 2001

Page 30: Earthquake ppt

contdcontd

The earthquake devastated the Bhuj and nearby regions The earthquake devastated the Bhuj and nearby regions of Gujarat causing extensive loss of life and property. of Gujarat causing extensive loss of life and property.

Page 31: Earthquake ppt

Damage assessmentDamage assessment There were more than 20,000 deaths and 167,000 people There were more than 20,000 deaths and 167,000 people

injured injured Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21

districts were affecteddistricts were affected Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children

aged 14 and under were affected. aged 14 and under were affected. Around 600,000 people were left homeless. Around 600,000 people were left homeless. In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city

lost their lives; the main hospital was crushed and close to lost their lives; the main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the buildings was destroyed. 90% of the buildings was destroyed.

There was significant damage to infrastructure with There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such as hospitals, schools, electric power and facilities such as hospitals, schools, electric power and water systems, bridges and roads damaged or destroyed.water systems, bridges and roads damaged or destroyed.

Page 32: Earthquake ppt

40 to 50 high-rise buildings crumbled.

Page 33: Earthquake ppt

A homeless family waits for a ride amid ruined houses and a funeral pyre in the village near Bhuj.

Page 34: Earthquake ppt

5 year old girl recovers at a hospital in Bhuj on Monday after Friday's massive earthquake

Page 35: Earthquake ppt

Resource Details

RailwaysDamage to track between Viramgam to Gandhidam; Gandhidham to Bhuj; Viramgam to Okha; and

Palanpur to Gandhidam. Heavy damage to various station buildings, station cabins, bridges, residential quarters and signalling systems. Rail links as far as Bhuj have been restored.

Roads 650 kilometres of national highways damaged, 100 kilometres severely. National highways are now traffic-worthy.

Bridges Many minor and major bridges damaged including the Syurajbari bridge at Bachau. Most main road bridges have been repaired and are capable of accepting limited weight traffic.

PortsBerths 1-5 at Kandla Port suffered major structural damage.

Telecommunications

147 exchanges, 82,000 lines and optical fibre systems damaged. All exchanges and at least 40,000 lines have been restored.

Power 45 sub-stations and power supply to 50% of feeders in Kutch damaged. Power supply to nine towns & 925 villages affected. All substations and 225 feeders have been restored and there is now power to all villages in Kutch.

Water Water supply to 18 towns and 1340 villages damaged or destroyed. Piped water restored to 9 towns and 480 villages. Tube wells are gradually being restored.

Fuel Jamnager refinery shutdown 26 January by power failure. Crude oil and product pipelines were shut down for checking. Crude oil pipeline for one day, product pipelines for nine days. Availability of product not affected as alternative arrangements have been made.

Schools Kutch District had 1359 primary schools with 5168 schoolrooms. Of these, 992 schools and 4179 classrooms were destroyed. There were 38 secondary schools of which six were destroyed, 14 suffered heavy damage and 12 were partially damaged. Of 128 non-government schools, nine were destroyed, 11 suffered heavy damage and 99 were partially damaged.

Page 36: Earthquake ppt

Local responseLocal response

The response within India was immediate. The The response within India was immediate. The national and state governments quickly provided national and state governments quickly provided assistance in many forms including cash, medical assistance in many forms including cash, medical supplies, communications teams, shelters, food, supplies, communications teams, shelters, food, clothing, transport and relief workers.clothing, transport and relief workers.

There were more than 185 non-government There were more than 185 non-government organizations (NGOs), mostly Indian charities, organizations (NGOs), mostly Indian charities,

which undertook earthquake-related activitieswhich undertook earthquake-related activities

Page 37: Earthquake ppt

International responseInternational response

Search and Rescue teams soon arrived from Search and Rescue teams soon arrived from Switzerland, United Kingdom, Russia and Switzerland, United Kingdom, Russia and Turkey to find and rescue survivors buried Turkey to find and rescue survivors buried under debris. under debris. Relief teams and supplies soon followed Relief teams and supplies soon followed from 38 countries as well as United Nations from 38 countries as well as United Nations agencies and many international NGOs such agencies and many international NGOs such as the Red Cross.as the Red Cross.

Page 38: Earthquake ppt

The short term rescue and relief operation The short term rescue and relief operation were being undertaken, medium term and were being undertaken, medium term and long term recovery aspects were analyzed. long term recovery aspects were analyzed. Rehabilitation schemes Government of Rehabilitation schemes Government of Gujarat tired to, known as packages, were Gujarat tired to, known as packages, were formulated.formulated.

The world bank and Asian development The world bank and Asian development bank sanction loans in less than three bank sanction loans in less than three months after the earthquake.months after the earthquake.

ReliefRelief

Page 39: Earthquake ppt

contdcontdSeveral state governments came forward to Several state governments came forward to participate in, the reconstruction work in different participate in, the reconstruction work in different villages.villages.

The UN system, multilateral and bilateral agencies, The UN system, multilateral and bilateral agencies, NGOs and the corporate sector participated in the NGOs and the corporate sector participated in the relief and reconstruction work.relief and reconstruction work.Government of Gujarat provided assistance in the Government of Gujarat provided assistance in the form of materials and cash to about 218,000 form of materials and cash to about 218,000 families.families.NGOs supplemented the efforts by providing shelterNGOs supplemented the efforts by providing shelter

to about 7000 familiesto about 7000 families. .

Page 40: Earthquake ppt

ReconstructionReconstruction

A public private partnership program was started to help A public private partnership program was started to help in reconstruction, which was undertaken by GSDMA. A in reconstruction, which was undertaken by GSDMA. A

number of NGOs like FICCI-CARE venture, manav sadhana, number of NGOs like FICCI-CARE venture, manav sadhana, rashtriya swabhiman, jai prakash industries, etc. came rashtriya swabhiman, jai prakash industries, etc. came

forward to help. About 65 NGOs were active in kutch alone forward to help. About 65 NGOs were active in kutch alone who adopted 211 villages and constructed 32,297 houses who adopted 211 villages and constructed 32,297 houses

at the cost of Rs. 185.80 crores.at the cost of Rs. 185.80 crores.

Gujarat earthquake emergency reconstruction project Gujarat earthquake emergency reconstruction project (GEERP) was started by GSDMA, with financial help from (GEERP) was started by GSDMA, with financial help from world bank, Asian development bank, govt of India and world bank, Asian development bank, govt of India and

other donor agencies. other donor agencies.

Page 41: Earthquake ppt

contdcontd

Architects, engineers and masons were Architects, engineers and masons were trained in construction of disaster resistant trained in construction of disaster resistant

houseshouses. The technical support was made available . The technical support was made available to the owners who were provided loan to to the owners who were provided loan to reconstruct the houses. The houses were reconstruct the houses. The houses were

registered in the joint names of husband and registered in the joint names of husband and wife. More than 2 lac houses have been wife. More than 2 lac houses have been

constructed under this program; all houses constructed under this program; all houses being multi hazard resistant.being multi hazard resistant.

Page 42: Earthquake ppt

SourcesSources ReliefWeb, OCHA ReliefWeb, OCHA http://www.reliefweb.int Control Room, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat).Control Room, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat). http://gujaratearthquake.homestead.com/ All you wanted to know about disaster by B.K Khanna All you wanted to know about disaster by B.K Khanna India a comprehensive geography by D.R. KhullarIndia a comprehensive geography by D.R. Khullar U.S. geological surveyU.S. geological survey www.nidm.net India meteorological departmentIndia meteorological department

Geological survey of IndiaGeological survey of India

H.N Srivastava; earthquakes: forecasting and mitigation (2004)H.N Srivastava; earthquakes: forecasting and mitigation (2004)

Manual on natural disaster management in India (2001)Manual on natural disaster management in India (2001)

Page 43: Earthquake ppt

Thank you!!!Thank you!!!