earth resources through history:
TRANSCRIPT
EPS 221 L4 Earth Resources through History: Lec 4 Pleistocene to Middle Ages (Craig et al. Ch 3)
Examine Thesis: There is a close relationship between human cultural development and mineral use plus geologic & environmental factors Mineral Determinism: Mining is the cutting edge for economic and cultural development Trade follows the flag, but the flag follows the pick. T. A. Rickard, 1932
The world pattern of wealth reflects the distribution of minerals. H. H. Read, 1952
DEEP TIME: James Hutton, 1788 …no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end. Look @ last 1.5% of Earth History
K-T boundary: 65.5 Ma Age of Reptiles => Age of Mammals Chicxulub impact event, Yucatan Peninsula
James Hutton 1726-1797
National Galleries of Scotland
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USGS
23.0
5 K-T boundary
St. Louis
Ozark strata
St. Francois Mts.
Coals, clay Limestone
Hominids
Oldest rocks Age of Earth
CRATERING
Dominant geomorphic process in Solar System Mostly early process
NASA
NASA
Fireball RadiationAirblast
EarthquakesTsunamis
Burial beneath ejecta
BurningSoot cooling
PyrotoxinsAcid rain
No photosynthesis
Loss of visionCooling
Acid rain
Ozone lossCooling
Cooling
Acid rain
Heavy metal poisoning?
Greenhouse warming?
CHICXULUB IMPACT EVENTEnvironmenatl Perturbations D.A. Kring (GSAT, 2000)
A FIRES
DUST
NOx
SO2
IMMEDIATE MONTHS YEARS DECADES
CHICXULUB IMPACT EVENT Environmental Perturbations @ 65.5 Ma after D.A. Kring (GSAT, 2000)
SHOCK
K-T boundary: Age of Reptiles => Age of Mammals Chicxulub impact event, Yucatan Peninsula Tertiary Period < 65.5 Ma Adaptive radiation of Mammals: to sea, air, plains...... Primitive Mammals: now, most in Australia
Monotremes: egg layers, platypus, echidna Marsupials: pouch Placental mammals 1st primates (rodentlike); carnivores, ungulates,.... Global cooling trend Paleotemperatures: H.C. Urey (1947, 1950) calibration
Urey et al. 1951
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-0.9
-0.5
δ18O T°C
δ13C
Savin & Yeh 1981
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Miocene-Pliocene (23 to 1.8 Ma)
Primates very diversified by this time: Tarsiers, Lemurs, New & Old World Monkeys, Apes... Hominids: Family of Man 32 teeth bipedal locomotion
Ramapithecus Earliest hominid, ~ 14 Ma
Ardipithecus 4.4 Ma (new discovery)
Australopithecus 3.8 Ma to ~ 0.8 Ma e.g. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania , E. Africa, Ethiopia (Lucy @ 3.2 Ma) Pebble tools => first Paleolithic cultures Hunting & Gathering Erect Posture Marked sexual differences: Females 4’ tall, 50 lbs/Males 5’, 100 lbs Organization: Tribal units
Homo habilis - co-existed? Fossil record fragmentary
Dryopithecus Mio-Pliocene Australopithecus
600-700 cm3 3.8 - 0.8 Ma
Romer 1966
Quadraped; ape Biped
Ardipithecus 4.4 Ma
Ardipithecus rarnidus 4.4 Ma 120 lbs 4’ tall
NYT Oct 1 2009
Ardipithecus rarnidus 4.4 Ma 120 lbs 4’ tall
NYT Oct 1 2009
“Lucy” Hadar, Ethiopia ~ 3.18 Ma 3’6” 60 lbs bipedal
Institute of Human Origins, ASU
Australopithecus 3.8 Ma to ~ 0.8 Ma Pebble tools => first Paleolithic cultures Hunting & Gathering Erect Posture Marked sexual dimorphism Organization: Tribal units
Pleistocene 1.8 Ma to 10 ka Quasi-periodic climatic oscillations Advance & retreat of icecaps Homo sp.
Faure 1986
Globigerinoides sacculifera
Pacific, 1°1’ N
Caribbean 14°57’ N
Dryopithecus Mio-Pliocene
Australopithecus 600 - 700 cm3
3.8 - 0.8 Ma
1550 cm3 110 - 28 ka
Homo sapiens sapiens 1500 cm3 70 ka - present
Homo erectus 1050 cm3
Choukoutien / Peking man Homo erectus 890 cm3 Java man
After Romer 1966
1.75 - 0.3 Ma
Homo sapiens nenderthalensis
Pleistocene 1.8 Ma to 10 ka Advance & retreat of icecaps
Homo erectus ~ 1.75 to 0.3 Ma chopping tools, probably fire
Homo sapiens ~ 0.5 Ma on Homo sapiens neanderthalis 110 => 28 ka fire; advanced tools; burials
Homo sapiens sapiens Cro Magnon ~ 70 - 10 ka Replaced Neanderthals (linguistic advantages?)
Portugese child; interbreeding- Prof Trinkaus, WU Magdalenian culture- 28 to 10 ka Cave art- Niaux & Lascaux, France; Altamira, Spain ,etc.
Depicted wooly mammoths, bison, horse,... bows and arrows later on Fe, Mn oxides & charcoal used as pigments; no blues or greens Cold times - Cave association; also low sea level stand
Wisconsin Glaciation- ice to MOR! Land bridges @ Bering strait; Australia ~30ka
Mastodon SHP- mastodon remains + projectile point
Acheulian bifaces >150 to 75 ka Early Man p 116
Late Paleolithic Early Man p. 117
Early Man p. 160
http://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/kimmswick.html
Kimmswick Clovis Point, 4” 11,500 a
Mastodon Bones, Kimmswick, MO
Kimmswick SHP
Vostok data from Petit et al. 1997
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PLEISTOCENE HOLOCENE
PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
δD,
Vost
ok
AGE, ka
LANGUAGE ? FIRE
NEANDERTHAL
CRO MAGNON
CAVE ART LAND BRIDGES
Holocene (10 ka to present) Warmer climatic conditions immediately after Younger Dryas Coincides with development of Neolithic cultures Neolithic
1st agriculture @ 10 ka (= 8000 B.C.)
Organization: First permanent constructed habitations
Salt becomes essential in diets (not needed with meat diet); preservative & antiseptic
Wheel
>9000 B.C. pottery (clays); domestication of sheep, dogs
>9000 B.C. use of native metals, esp. Cu & Au, also some Ag Fe (nuggets, meteorites)
Criss
Monks Mound Cahokia, IL
Cahokia Mounds SP
Criss
Cahokia Mounds SP
Criss
Copper Age (4000 B.C. to 3000 B.C.) (6 to 5 ka)
Beginning defined by first smelting of ores with charcoal (fuel & reductant) to make Cu metal
First phonetic writing ~ 3500 B.C.
Brick making, glazing (clays)
Bitumen
Organization: Kingdoms; First City States
Mesopotamia: Ur, Babylon Also, Nile, Indus & Yellow River Valleys
3500 B.C. NE Israel, Dead Sea Cu & Ivory
National Geographic 4/99
Ziggurat, Ur
http://oi.uchicago.edu/
UR
Bronze Age (3000 B.C. to 1100 B.C.) Beginning defined by first non-accidental bronze alloys => smelting of Sn ores (= 90% Cu & 10% Sn) Glass
Compass (Chinese ~3000 B.C.) Incredible stone working, quarrying Egyptian culture (ca. 2850 B.C. - 715 B.C. Pyramid of Cheops 2800 B.C. 755' length original height est 482' (now 450') (cf. Arch 630’) 2,300,000 stone blocks with avg. weight of 2.5 tons e.g., Early Greeks, Egyptians, Shang Dynasty
USAF
http://www.tutankhamun-exhibition.co.uk/pages/exhibition_content.htm King Tutankhamun 1325 B.C.
Iron Age (1100 B.C. to 410 A.D) Classical Greece: Great Advances in Art, Science, Architecture, Medicine Democracy, Olympic games, then Romans
Early Romans- salt wars with Italians Alchemy Coins: Lydia 640 BC
Electrum; then Au and Ag coins, then bronze coins Smelting of Fe ores- hematite & limonite (high T required) Knowledge of fluxes True brass (Cu + Zn alloy) Rome- giant metropolis @ ~AD 320, with 1 million pop.
Organization: Empires
e.g. Roman Empire (500 B.C. to 410 A.D. = Fall of Rome) had lead pipes, aqueducts, pozzolanic cement (quicklime + volcanic ash)
Electrum; Early 6th Century BC, Lydia (now Turkey) First coins ~ 7th century BC
http://www.cngcoins.com/
Rome 306-337 A.D. Pop ~ 1 M
National Geographic 7/97