earth materials vi the rock cycle: clastic sedimentary rocks professor peter doyle...
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EARTH MATERIALS VIEARTH MATERIALS VI
The Rock Cycle: The Rock Cycle: Clastic Sedimentary RocksClastic Sedimentary Rocks
Professor Peter [email protected]
THE ROCK CYCLE
Relative proportions of rock groupsRelative proportions of rock groups
Sedimentary rocks: larger proportion of land surface
The greater proportion created by weathering, erosion & deposition
These are known as clastic sediments
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS• Clastic sedimentsClastic sediments from weathering & erosion
of pre- existing rocks• Weathering can be physical (freeze-thaw) or
chemical• Erosion & subsequent transportation by
water, wind and ice before deposition• Biogenic and chemical sedimentsBiogenic and chemical sediments form as
biochemical or inorganic chemical precipitates • E.g. shelly fragments in limestones; evaporites
Sediments to sedimentary rocks
Weathering structures seen in ancient terranes
Transport shown by sedimentary structures
Lithification due to:1. Compaction
(squeezing out water)2. Diagenesis
(precipitation of cements)
Mineralogy of sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentsClastic sediments • siliciclasticssiliciclastics – quartz, feldspars, clay
minerals, rock fragments • calciclasticscalciclastics – calcite, dolomiteCarbonate (biogenic) sedimentsCarbonate (biogenic) sediments• aragonite, calcite • chalcedony silica (flint) occurs as subsiduary Evaporite (chemical) sedimentsEvaporite (chemical) sediments• halite, gypsum and anhydrite • Dolomite, also as dolomitisation of calcite
Classification of clastic sediments: The Classification of clastic sediments: The Wentworth ScaleWentworth Scale
Grain SizeGrain Size Sediment GradeSediment Grade Rock Rock
>256 mm Boulder Conglomerate 256 – 64mm Cobble (rounded clasts) 64 – 2mm Pebble Breccia (angular clasts)
2 – 0.063mm Sand Sandstone0.063 – 0.002mm Silt Siltstone< 0.063mm Mud Mudstone / Shale< 0.002mm Clay Claystone
Conglomerates & BrecciasConglomerates & Breccias• ConglomeratesConglomerates - mainly rounded clasts
– Ortho conglomeratesOrtho conglomerates - clast supported– Para conglomeratesPara conglomerates - matrix supported
• BrecciasBreccias - mainly angular clasts • Clast typeClast type defines rock type:
– MonomictMonomict - clasts of mainly one composition– PolymictPolymict - clasts of various compositions – DiamictDiamict - clasts poorly sorted of various types
• Matrix (sediment between major clasts)– sand and mud grade sediments
• Cement binds clasts/matrix (Crystalline, diagenetic, typically calcite, silica
Grains floating in matrix Grains touching
Finer grains between major clasts
Crystalline cement
Quartz clast
Calcite
cem
ent
Orthoconglomerate
Monomict breccia
Diamict conglomerate
SANDSTONES
• CLASTSCLASTS have modal grain size in the sand grade ( 2mm – 0.063mm)– Coarse sand 2- 0.5mm, – medium 0.5-0.25m – fine 0.25 - 0.063mm
• SiliciclasticSiliciclastic sandssands have clasts composed usually of quartz, feldspar, fine grained rock fragments or lithics
• Mud gradeMud grade matrixmatrix may be present • Crystalline diagenetic cements, Crystalline diagenetic cements, e.g. quartz,
calcite, clay minerals
MaturityMaturity• Maturity Maturity is a function of sediment transport• Textural maturityTextural maturity refers to:
– The degree of roundness of the grains– The amount of sorting of the grain sizes
• Texturally matureTexturally mature sandstones have well-rounded and well-sorted grains, immatureimmature if not
• Mineralogical maturityMineralogical maturity refers to the percentage of refers to the percentage of quartz grainsquartz grains– Feldspars break down with transport– Quartz grains more resistant
• Mineralogically matureMineralogically mature sandstones have mostly quartz grains
• ArkoseArkose is mineralogically immaturemineralogically immature
RoundnessRoundness
Increasing Roundness=increasing maturityIncreasing Roundness=increasing maturity
Dry aeolian (airborne) grainsWell-rounded & heavily abraded
Well sorted Poorly sorted
SortingSorting
Increasing sorting=increasing maturityIncreasing sorting=increasing maturity
Transport structuresTransport structures
Cross-bedding
Ripples
MineralogyMineralogy
Increasing quartz=increasing maturityIncreasing quartz=increasing maturity
Classifying sandstones: mineralogyClassifying sandstones: mineralogy
>95% Quartz =Quartz areniteQuartz arenite
QuartzQuartz
FeldsparFeldspar
Rock Rock fragments fragments (lithics)(lithics)
<95% Quartz - divided on amount of feldspar or lithics
ArkoseArkose
QuartzQuartz
FeldsparFeldspar LithicsLithics
>25% Feldspar = arkosic composition
>25% Feldspar = mineralogically immature
PETTIJOHN CLASSIFICATIONPETTIJOHN CLASSIFICATION
Based on percentage of Based on percentage of matrixmatrix
• Matrix poor (<15%)Matrix poor (<15%) - arenitesarenites• Matrix richMatrix rich (>15%)(>15%) – wackeswackes
• WackesWackes or (greywackes) or (greywackes)• Tend to be dark in colour• Are poorly sorted
Light coloured Light colouredLight coloured
Dark coloured Dark coloured
Examples in hand specimenExamples in hand specimen
Quartz sandstone (arenite)
Red sandstoneCross-bedded sandstone
Polished sandstone
Lithic sandstone
Fine grained siliciclastic rocks• Modal grain size <0.063mm• Grouped as Mudrocks Mudrocks (>50% siliclastic (>50% siliclastic
grains, <0.063mm) grains, <0.063mm) • Typical mineralogy
– Clay minerals (sheet silicates),Clay minerals (sheet silicates),– quartz & feldsparquartz & feldspar
• MUDROCKS MUDROCKS may split may split (fissile) (fissile) or notor not (massive)(massive)
• Siltstones Siltstones non-fissile, coarser grade, mica non-fissile, coarser grade, mica flakes commonflakes common
• MudstonesMudstones - massive, mud-grade• ShalesShales - Fissile (splitting), mud-grade
Siliciclastic rocksIncreasing mud-grade grains
Shale