early world religions
DESCRIPTION
EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS. Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity. Essential Understanding. How did the development of religious traditions provide a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS
HinduismBuddhismConfucianismLegalismDaoismJudaismChristianity
Essential Understanding
• How did the development of religious traditions provide a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by?
• How and why did belief systems and cultural traditions spread to new areas?
• How did the development of religious traditions affect social classes, gender roles, and artistic expression?
Religions of
South Asia
Religion in the Subcontinent
Hinduism
What is Hinduism? • One of the oldest religions
– About 1500 B.C.E. – Began in India
• Gave birth to Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
• Tolerance and diversity– "Truth is one, paths are many“– “There is only one God, but endless are
his aspects and endless are his names”– “We are not human beings having
spiritual experiences;We are spiritual beings having a human experience!”
What do Hindus believe?• Hinduism has no formal theology that
defines God• It is henotheistic (acknowledging many
but worshiping only one)• Brahman—One impersonal Ultimate
Reality– Manifest as many personal deities
• Atman—The soul, Brahma trapped in matter
• Samsara—Reincarnation – atman is continually born into this world lifetime after lifetime
• Karma—Spiritual impurity due to actions keeps us bound to this world (good and bad)
• Moksha—Ultimate goal of life – to release Atman and reunite with the divine, becoming as one with Brahman
• Vedas—Truth: myths, rituals, chants
Major gods of the Hindu Pantheon
Brahma, the creator god
Vishnu, the preserver god
Shiva, god of constructive destruction(the transformer)
What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism?• Yoga—seeking union with the divine:• Guru—a spiritual teacher, especially
helpful for Jnana and Raja yoga• Bhakti Yoga—worship, seeking union
with the divine through loving devotion to manifest deities
• In the home (household shrines)• In the temples (priests officiate)
How does Hinduism direct
life in this world?• Respect for all life – vegetarian• Human life as supreme:
– Four “stations” of life (Caste) - priests & teachers, nobles & warriors, merchant class, servant class
– Four stages of life – student, householder, retired, wandering philosopher
– Four duties of life – pleasure, success, social responsibilities, religious responsibilities (moksha)
Buddhism
The essence of Buddhism
The “middle way of wisdom and compassion.”
The 3 jewels of Buddhism:
Buddha, the teacher. Dharma, the
teachings. Sangha, the
community.
Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Born as prince in NE India
(Nepal) At 29 rejected luxurious
life to seek enlightenmentand source of suffering
Lived a strict, ascetic life for 6 yrs
Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation and found nirvana
Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35
What is the fundamental cause
of all suffering?
Desire! Therefore, extinguish the
self, don’t obsess about oneself.
Four Noble Truths1. There is suffering in the world.
To live is to suffer.2. The cause of suffering is self-
centered desire and attachments.
3. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments.
4. To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path.
Eightfold Path
Nirvana The union with the ultimate spiritual reality.
Escape from the cycle of
rebirth.
Buddha – 19c
Thailand
Buddha –
2c Pakistan
Mandala: Wheel of Life Motifs
Types of Buddhism Therevada
BuddhismThe oldest school of Buddhism.Found in southern Asia.Focus on wisdom and meditation.Goal: is to become a “Buddha,” or
“Enlightened One.”
Mahayana Buddhism
Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).Buddhism “for the masses.”Goal: Not just individual escape from the
wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those enlightened few.
Types of Buddhism Zen Buddhism
Seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation, arriving at emptiness
Use of meditation mastersBeauty, art, and aesthetics, such as gardens &
calligraphy
Tibetan BuddhismDeveloped in Tibet in the 7c CE.A mix of Theravada and MahayanaInclude Lamas, like the Dalai Lama
Growth of Buddhism
Both
ReincarnationCyclical view of history
Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu
moksha, Buddhist nirvana)
Caste systemAnimal sacrifice
The Middle Way (Eightfold Path)Four Noble Truths
Hinduismonly
Buddhismonly
Confucianism
* 551 – 479 B.C.E.* Born in the
feudal state of Liu
* Became a teacher and editor of books
Li --> Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding force of an enduring stable society)
Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity
Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy Do not do unto others what you
would not want others to do unto you.
Yi --> Righteousness Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your
elders!)
1. Ruler
Subject
2. Father
Son
3. Husband
Wife
4. Older Brother
YoungerBrother
5. Older Friend
YoungerFriend
* Status* Age*
Gender
* The single most important Confucian work.* Knowing what he knows and knowing what he
doesn’t know, is characteristics of the person who knows.
* Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake.
* The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others.
* To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.
* The emperor is the example of proper behavior --> “big daddy”
* Social relationships are based on “rites” or “rituals”
* Even religious rituals are important for SOCIAL, not religious reasons
INDIA 1. Brahmin
CHINA 1. Scholar-
Gentry 2. Kshatriyas
2. Peasants 3. Vaishyas
4. Shudras 3. Artisans 4.
Merchants Untouchab
les Domestic
Slaves
Legalism
* 280? - 233 B.C.E.* Late Warring
States period* Legalism became
political philosophy of Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty
1. Human nature is naturally selfish.
2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.
3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality.
4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand.
5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.
One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority rather than exercise individual freedom.
Daoism
*604 B.C.E. - ?* His name means “Old Master”
* Was he Confucius’ teacher?
1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life.
2. A believer’s goal is to become one with Dao; one with nature.
3. Wu wei --> “Let nature take its course.” --> “The art of doing nothing.” --> “Go with the flow!”
4. Man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.
1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning.
2. Relying on the senses and instincts.
3. Discovering the nature and “rhythm” of the universe.
4. Ignoring political and social laws.
To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:
* Masculine
* Active* Light* Warmth* Strong* Heaven;
Sun
* Feminine
* Passive*
Darkness
* Cold* Weak* Earth;
Moon
How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity??
Confucianism --> Moral order in society
Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order
Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less government to avoid uniformity and conformity
Judaism
JudaismMonotheistic, believing in one true God
Omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent Unity and singularity of God as He is revealed though Torah
Sh’ma–cornerstone of all Jewish belief.Deuteronomy 6:4 – “Hear, O Israel: The Lord
our God, the Lord is one.”Israelites believed they were God’s “chosen people.” They believed that God would lead them to “promised land.”
5
JudaismBorn in grace, live in grace, and die in grace
Sin is not a fact of birth, it is a matter of choiceOlam Ha-Ba: “The World to Come”
Messiah will reign Jewish temple will be rebuilt Nation of Israel will be fully restored World order of justice and compassion.
Teachings on Law and Morality
Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached code of ethics, or moral standards of behaviorTorah—laws that addressed all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal mattersTen Commandments
5
Significant Jewish “Holy” Days
Shabbat – Sabbath–day of rest Friday sundown through Saturday sundownProhibited: work, travel, commerce
Yom Kippur –"Day of Atonement" Atone for sins of past year – sins between man and
GodOn Yom Kippur, judgments of God are entered into
“the books” and then sealed Rosh Hashanah –New Year, plan better life and begin introspection
Passover –commemorate Israelites’ escape from EgyptPersonal journey from slavery to freedom
Christianity
EARLY CHRISTIANITY• Roots
– Judaism– Teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and
apostles• Earliest converts were Jews who did not
think they were breaking away from Hebrew Law– Early Christians wished to be considered
Jews • Jewish religion officially recognized by Roman
government and its adherents had certain privileges
BELIEFS• Based on belief that Jesus is the
Christ/Messiah, the son of God– One of Trinity
• God the Father, Son, Holy Spirit– Teachings
• In Gospels • 12 disciples
– Death at 33• By believing in Jesus, his followers will
go to Heaven at their death• Bible is Word of God• Holy days—Christmas & Easter
EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS
HinduismBuddhismConfucianismLegalismDaoismJudaismChristianity(Islam will be in the next unit)