early english renaissance
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ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
English renaissance architecture may be divided as
follows
Early renaissance Elizabethan [1558-1603]
Jacobean [1603-25]
Late renaissance Stuart [1625-1702]
Georgian [1702-1803]
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Elizabethan Architecture [1558-1603]
The reign of Elizabeth witnessed the establishment of theRenaissance style in England.
Elizabethan architecture, which followed the Tudor, was a
transitional style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail.
Elizabethan architecture was secular rather than
ecclesiastical in its nature, and was the outcome of the needs
of powerful statesmen, successful merchants, and theenriched gentry required mansions suitable to their new
position, and they were built in England, mainly in the country.
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These great houses throughout the English country-side
displayed many new combinations of features.
Externally towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, and
chimney-stacks produced an effective skyline, and walls
were enlivened by oriel and bay-windows with mullions
and transoms.
Internally the same style, applied to fittings, furniture, and
decoration, made for repose, dignity, and uniformity.
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Elizabethan mansions
were set in a framework
of formal gardens in
which forecourts,
terraces, lakes, fountains,and yew hedges of
topiary work all combined
to make of the house andits surroundings one
complete and harmonious
scheme.
Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, England completed in 1588 for Sir Francis
Willoughby by the Elizabethan
architect, Robert Smythson.
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Hardwick hall (1590-1597)-The numerous and large mullioned windows
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Jacobean Architecture [1603-25]
The architecture of the reign of James I inherited
Elizabethan traditions.
As Roman literature and models became better known,
a subtle change crept in, and the sober regularity of
Classic columns and entablatures gradually supplanted
the irregularity of Elizabethan architecture.
The main lines of the design were much the same in
both periods.
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Buildings still continued
to be for domestic rather
than for religious use,
with considerable
latitude in detail and
ornament, not only for
buildings, but also forfittings and furniture.
A manor house
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As in the Elizabethan period, it is in the screens,
pulpits, and monuments, which were freely added to
Mediaeval churches, that Jacobean art found its
outlet in ecclesiastical architecture, and much of the
human interest of English Gothic churches is due to
the historical continuity supplied by these Jacobean
monuments.
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Notable architects of this period are
Robert Adams (1540 - 1595)
William Arnold (1595 - 1637)
Simon Basil (1590 - 1615)
Robert Lyminge (1607 - 1628)
Robert Smythson (1535 - 1614)
John Thorpe
Burghley house,
completed in 1587.
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Elizabethan Architecture [1558-1603]
Monuments, Tombs, and Fittings
The Early Renaissance was heralded by a number of
smaller monuments and fittings erected in existing
churches, as in other countries.
The Tomb of Henry VII (1512-18), in Westminster Abbey,
by Torrigiano, is an early and exquisite example ofRenaissance art.
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Elizabethan Mansions
The best-known Elizabethan mansions are
Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire (1559)
Charlecote, Warwickshire (1558)
Loseley Park, Surrey (1562)
Longleat House, Wilts (1567—80)
Kirby Hall, Northants (A.D. 1570), by John Thorpe
Penshurst Place, Kent(1570—85)
Eurghley House, Northants (1577—87);
Montacute House, Somerset (1580—1601)
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Wollaton Hall, Notts (1580—88), by John Thorpe and
Robert Smithson
Longford Castle, Wilts (1591), by John Thorpe
Haddon Hall, Derbyshire (long gallery) (1567—84)
Westwood House, Worcester (1590)
Bramhall Hall, Cheshire (1590—1600)
Hinchingbrooke Hall (1602)Sizergh Castle, Westmorland (1558—75) and
Lower Walterstone, Dorset (1586).
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ENGLISH RENAISSANCEThese mansions show a general similarity in their
arrangement with those of the Jacobean period.
The smaller houses had a central hall flanked at one end by
kitchen and offices, and at the other by withdrawing- and
living-rooms ; while the larger type was quadrangular with
similar accommodation, but with additional rooms grouped
round the court, and with a gatehouse in the centre of the
entrance side.
Elizabethan and Jacobean architects adhered to the Tudor
plan for smaller houses, but they evolved the E-shaped plan
from the quadrangular plan by omitting one side, thus
admitting sunlight and allowing free circulation of air
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The gatehouse often became a detached building.
Certain features, such as the great hall, grand staircase,and long gallery, are common to the typical houses
mentioned above, many of which were framed in extensive
formal gardens.
The Great Hall
Retained its central position, connecting the various parts of
the mansion.
The walls were cased internally in oak panelling to a height
of 8 or 10 ft., surmounted by ancestral portraits, armour, and
trophies.
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The fireplace, with its huge
dog-grate, was an elaborate
feature flanked by columns.
The hall was covered either
by an open timber roof or
with elaborately moulded
plaster panels.
Fireplace at Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire
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The bay window in the hall,
Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire,
Oriel window
Interior paneling of Hatfield house
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The Grand Staircase
It is a prominent feature
with carved newels and
pierced balustrades,
usually adjacent to the
hall, forms a spacious
and dignified approach to
the rooms above.
Grand Staircase of Blicking hall
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ENGLISH RENAISSANCEThe Long Gallery
It is perhaps the
most striking feature
of an Elizabethan
mansion, with
ornamental chimney-
pieces, panelled or
tapestried walls,
large mullionedwindows, and
modelled plaster
ceiling.
Plan of Hardwick hall showing the long gallery
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The Withdrawing-
room
It is often
elaborately
finished with
carved chimney-
pieces and
panelled walls.
Lyme park, Cheshire-showing an extremely ornate Elizabethan
withdrawing room with oak panelling.The fireplace is of stone. The
plaster ceiling and frieze are of a very intricate strap work design.
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ENGLISH RENAISSANCEBedrooms were multiplied and private chapel was
frequently incorporated in the building
Elizabethan Colleges
These were built in the Elizabethan style, which retained
many Gothic features ; while additions were also made to
Mediaeval colleges. Thus revival of learning andRenaissance in architecture went hand in hand in our old
universities.
Elizabethan Schools
The reign of Elizabeth saw the beginning of many schools,
such as Repton (1557), Merchant Taylors (1561), Highgate
(1565), Rugby (1567), Harrow (1571), and Uppingham
(1584).
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Elizabethan town houses
Many interesting houses were built, not only in London, but
also in country towns.
York, Chester, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Coventry, Canterbury,
Exeter, Truro, and many another town bear testimony to the
artistic design and craftsman-ship of the houses of this
period.
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Hatfield House
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Hatfield House, Herts (1607-11),stands pre-eminent
amongst the many noble piles of this period in displaying the
special characteristics and elaboration of treatment
considered suitable for the country mansion of a nobleman.
The house is E-shaped in plan, with central hall and
projecting symmetrical wings, and is set off by formal
gardens.
The entrance front, 225 ft. long, is of daringly plain brickwork
with stone mullioned windows, relieved by a projecting
central entrance.
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while the bay-windows of the wings are taken up as
small lateral towers, and the building is finished by a
flat roof and balustrade and dominated by a central
clock-turret.
The south front is much more ornate in treatment, with
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders superimposed to
form a centre-piece flanked by an arcaded ground
storey with mullioned windows and pierced parapet.
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The two-storeyed hall , with its large mullioned windows,
minstrels' gallery, and modelled plaster ceiling, is a fullydeveloped Renaissance edition of the traditional Mediaeval
hall ; while the long gallery, chapel, grand staircase, and
suites of private rooms all contribute to the completeness ofthis Jacobean house.
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Blickling Hall (National Trust,1616-1627)
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Jacobean colleges
This period saw a number of additions to colleges both at
Oxford and Cambridge. The Bodleian Library, Oxford
(1613 –18) is an example for this type.
Jacobean manor houses
Mediaeval manor houses supplied a good ground-work
for Jacobean architects to elaborate with Renaissanceadditions and fittings,.
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Jacobean market halls
Many market halls, as at Chipping Campden, show howthe Jacobean style was applied to buildings for all
purposes in this period.
Jacobean hospitals and almshousesThe need for hospitals and almshouses, which had
already been recognized in the Mediaeval period,
became greater after the Dissolution of the Monasteries,
and many hospitals were erected in this period.