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Dynamics of productive spaces in

globalization – The United States

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Introduction

What are Productive Spaces?

Spaces which generate economic growth, such as: Hubs of the Transportation

Industry Technology clusters Areas of Agricultural production

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Preview

• Chicago – a multimodal platform and world hub

• Silicon Valley – an innovation cluster

• Oregon and Iowa – spaces of agricultural production in globalization

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Key Questions• What is the importance and the global

role of Chicago’s transportation hub?• In what ways are innovative clusters a

fundamental factor of being competitive?• How has NAFTA affected U.S. agricultural

exports?• What new challenges does the

agricultural industry face with globalized trading partners?

• What are the dynamics of productive spaces?

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Why are Transportation Hubs “enablers” of Globalization?

• U.S. Airline industry deregulated in 1974 • major impact on the structure of the air transport

network• The hub-and-spoke system,

• most efficient method of production for the airlines,

• tends to create and reinforce inequalities between places.

• Example: difference between those cities that serve as the hub for a particular airline generally have better if more expensive service than cities that are at the ends of spokes.

• Conclusion: Transportation Hubs are responsible for many of

the processes that are associated with globalization

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“It is well acknowledged that globalization has been supported by

improvements in transport technology and massive

investments intransport infrastructures. The

result has been a space/time collapse of

global proportions, which has shrunk the transactional space and enabled

extended exploitation of the comparative advantages of space

in terms of:•resources, •capital and

•labor”

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Video : Logistics Clusters 0'08 – 1'12

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Chicago, Illinois

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Chicago basic facts• 3rd largest city in the U.S. after New York and

Los Angeles• Chicago, located centrally between the coasts,

has the best location on the railroad network, so it became the largest city in the Midwest.

• Chicago, a major Great Lakes port, is the commercial, financial, industrial, and cultural hub of the Midwest.

• The bustling city, the most populous in Illinois with a population of about 3 million, is known for its architecture.

• A Global City, ranked 12th globally in 2012

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Chicago Fun Facts• The name Chicago comes from the native

American word for “stinky onion” named after the wild onions that grow along Lake Michigan

• Chicago's nickname, the Windy City, may have been coined by politicians from Springfield, Illinois, when describing Chicago's politicians as "windbags" due to their long-winded speeches.

• The legendary Route 66’s starting point is at Buckingham Fountain in downtown Chicago and stretches to Los Angeles, California.

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A Little Background• Chicago’s History

“Rough-and-tumble-business Chicago after the Great Fire was a regional capital, and in many ways, because of its innovations in industrial method and in architecture, because of its mixture of brutal wickedness and revolutionary newness, the blood of the Yards, the showpiece gems of the Lakefront, the seething of its immigrant slums, because of its violence, corruption, and creative energy, it was also a world city.”

• Video: Chicago’s History Episode 2 10’16

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Geography set Chicago at the crossroads of the

nation and its resources

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Location, Location, Location

Why is Chicago’s location especially relevant to its role as a hub for movement across the nation?

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• O'Hare Airport

– country's second-busiest airport

– Base of United Airlines

– handles more than 61.5 million passengers from January to November 2013

– serves as a way station for the world's economic ebb and flow

• Midway Airport

Chicago: The Transportation Hub of the U.S.

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Highways

– Has more highways entering its region than any U.S. city

– Principal national interstate highways pass through Chicago and radiate outward from the city

Source: Global Cities Initiative and U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Navigation Data Center

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Other Modes of Transportation

• Rail Freight– Intermodal transportation– moves more rail freight than any other

American city– Eastern railroads terminate in Chicago

and rail lines west, north and south start in Chicago

• Port– Largest inland general cargo port in

America

Source: Global Cities Initiative and U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Navigation Data Center

Arrival and Departure of

Trains on Railway lines

Loading and Unloading of trucks with easy access to highways

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Illinois International Port district• Sits in the center of the Mid West

industrial base and the agricultural heart of America

• Seaway and Great Lakes meet the Illinois and inland waterway system at Chicago

• Beginning and end of barge traffic between the Seaway, inland points, Gulf of Mexico through Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and the Arkansas Rivers

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21How can you explain the trend of diminishing tonnage going through the Great Lake ports?

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Case Study: O’Hare Airport

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Terminal 1, O’Hare Airport

Lightway connecting terminals

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More Recent Events

After 9/11, reduction in air traffic

Studies done on O’Hare indicating the necessity for modernization

Plans for a new runway, $8 million new investment, ten year project

Outcome for first stages of plan - reduction in flight delays (many due to weather conditions)

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Negative aspects: Noise Pollutionresidents complain of increased noise pollution

Video: Parkridge O’Hare noise problems ABC 2009

Video: Balancing Modernization with Communities 4’42

Case Study: O’Hare Airport

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Surrounded in Orange line, proposed sound barrierPurple line affected by noise pollution of new runway

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Chicago: a global city

See worksheet.

Where does Chicago rank highest as a global city?

Where does it rank lowest?

Video: Chicago’s Global Cities International 5’

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University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago, private research university

founded in 1890

One of the world's premier academic and research institutions

The university enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the College and about 15,000 students overall.

The University of Chicago consistently ranks as one of the world’s top ten universities and has more Nobel Laureates in economics than any other university in the world.

Their faculty count amongst the world’s leading researchers in a broad range of disciplines and are committed to fostering that tradition of excellence in their graduate and undergraduate students

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Northwestern University

One of the largest university endowments in the United States, valued at $7.9 billion in 2013.

One of only 62 institutions elected to the Association of American Universities (1917)

Northwestern was awarded more than $500 million in research grants in 2010–2011, placing it in the first tier of the major research universities in the United States

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Art Institute of Chicago 1893• known for its collection of impressionist,

post-impressionist, and American art.

• Holds many masterworks, such as

• Self-Portrait (Vincent Van Gogh),

• Nighthawks (Edward Hopper),

• Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Georges-Pierre Seurat) and

• The Old Guitarist (Pablo Picasso).

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Tribune Tower• The Neo-Gothic Tribune Tower is

home to the Chicago Tribune. The tower was designed by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, who won the Tribune's international design competition in 1922. A vast collection of stones from sites around the world are set in the limestone foundation of the building's tower.

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Picasso Sculpture

• Located in the Daley Plaza, the sculpture was a gift from Pablo Picasso to Chicago. The untitled work by Picasso was dedicated in 1967; it is 58 feet tall and weighs 162 tons. Because the piece is untitled, many have speculated about what the sculpture actually depicts.

• Pablo Picasso never visited Chicago.

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Field Museum of Natural History• First named the Columbian Museum of

Chicago, changed to the Field Museum of Natural History in 1905 in honor of Marshall Field, the first major benefactor of the museum

• originally opened in 1893 and was moved to the Museum Campus in 1921.

• The museum houses extensive collections of anthropological and biological exhibits.

• home to “Sue," the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus Rex fossil skeleton, and the remains of the Lions of Tsavo.

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333 Wacker Drive• Designed by architects Kohn Pedersen

Fox, the unusually shaped 333 Wacker Drive was constructed from 1979 to 1983. The rear half of the building follows the guidelines of the city grid, while the other half features a curved façade that follows the bend of the Chicago River.

• The green-glass curtain reflects its surroundings and creates a spectacular visual experience.

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Harold Washington Library Center

• Taking up an entire city block, the Harold Washington Library Center was recognized as the world's largest public library by the Guinness Book of World Records.

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Wrigley Field• built in 1914

• became the official home of the Chicago Cubs in 1916

• went through several name changes finally named after gum magnate and then-owner of the Cubs, William Wrigley Jr., in 1926.

• the second oldest active baseball stadium in the country today