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Frank Bunn, Symantec CorporationSNIA European Board of Directors
Klassifizierung von Informationen als Grundlage für ILM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Agenda
ILM Overview ILM Overview Data ClassificationData Classification
What and why?What and why?Data ClassificationData Classification
TypesTypesPros and ConsPros and Cons
ILM Roadmap and futuresILM Roadmap and futuresSummarySummary
ILM Overview
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Definition of ILM
The policies, processes, practices, services and tools used to align the business value of information with the most appropriate and cost-effective infrastructure from the time information is created through its final disposition. Information is aligned with business requirements through management policies and service levels associated with applications, metadata and data.
ILM is a standards-based, business-driven management practice
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Implementing ILM
Data Discovery
Business Group I.T.Classify Data
Setup Standard PoliciesDefine SLOs for Classes
1 2 3
Report, Monitor, Analyze
Standardize Practices
Tier Storage
Performance, Availability, Protection, Recovery, ArchiveCompliance, Retention/Deletion, Confidentiality, Distribution
ILM is a standards-based, business-driven management practice
Information LifecycleInformation Management
Information Assurance
Information LifecycleInformation Management
Information Assurance
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Value Proposition for ILM
1 2 3 4 5
$10.00
$X
Today = > $20 per GB
Implementation Phase
Without ILM
REDUCE THE TCO of Storage
With ILM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Global Digital Information Growth
Source: The Expanding Digital Universe, March 2007, IDC, Merrill Lynch 2007-08 storage forecast & views from CIOs, Enterprise Strategy Groups 2006 Digital Archive study
200640.25 M TB10,000 T files
2010296.4 M TB
60,000 T files
80% is unstructured
60,000 T Files
Storage TCOExternal disk storage purchase projected to grow at 52% annuallyCapacity is #1 storage issued driven by email, unstructured dataSignificant transition to disk-based archival storage Digital archive capacity will increase nearly tenfold between 2005 and 2010
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Knowledge Management
Improved productivityThe average knowledge worker spends six hours per week searching for information
50% of all searches fail to locate desired information 15% of the average knowledge worker’s time is spent recreating existing information
Need Better organization of information Accurate searchConsistent management of informationShortened “time-to-information”
Source: IDC
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
ILM Principles
Information is data with contextInformation is data with contextInformation runs the businessInformation runs the businessInformation is your competitive advantageInformation is your competitive advantage
The business unit understands informationThe business unit understands informationAnd its value And its value –– or cost if it is missingor cost if it is missing
The infrastructure will become a utilityThe infrastructure will become a utilitySo ultimately, itSo ultimately, it’’s all about the datas all about the data
ILM enables growth of resources & processesILM enables growth of resources & processesAutomation of processes & infrastructureAutomation of processes & infrastructureBusiness drivenBusiness driven
Data Classification
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Pre-Data Classification:Many infrastructure silos
Business
Expensive to manage, inefficient, unsustainableExpensive to manage, inefficient, unsustainable
Applications
LOB
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Why Classify Data
Align data requirements and storage servicesAlign data requirements and storage services
Data Classification enablesData Classification enablesMore efficient storage utilizationMore efficient storage utilizationConsolidated Operational Recovery practicesConsolidated Operational Recovery practicesConsolidated Disaster Recovery practicesConsolidated Disaster Recovery practicesArchiving to meet compliance & other needsArchiving to meet compliance & other needs
Build a business caseBuild a business caseImproved alignment of IT with business prioritiesImproved alignment of IT with business prioritiesReduced hardware costsReduced hardware costsImproved utilization & managementImproved utilization & managementReduced footprint Reduced footprint Improved environmental resource utilizationImproved environmental resource utilization
Practiced by many IT thought leaders todayPracticed by many IT thought leaders todayIn various phases of definition & implementationIn various phases of definition & implementationCornerstone for ILMCornerstone for ILM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Tier 1 Tier 2 Compliance Tape vault
Characteristics Hi-performance, hi-availability
Medium performance, high storage density
Write-once, Secure, Immutable
Low performance, removable
Usage Production data Reference data Compliance data
Offsite DR
Relative Cost (CAPEX/OPEX*)
10 2 3 1
%age capacity 20% 35% 30% 15%
Weighted cost 3.75 (62.5% reduction vs. all Tier 1)
The business case looks simple...
* CAPEX/OPEX = Capital & Operational ExpenditureCAPEX/OPEX = Capital & Operational Expenditure
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Tiers of Networked Storage
Few will implement all or even most levels; most will pick & choFew will implement all or even most levels; most will pick & choose.ose.““LevelLevel”” indicates characteristics, not strict place or value in hierarcindicates characteristics, not strict place or value in hierarchy.hy.Innovations will drive characteristics, value, & relative positiInnovations will drive characteristics, value, & relative position changes.on changes.
FC • For continuous access• Highest reliability & performance
SAS • For continuous access• Highest reliability & excellent performance
SATA • Highest capacity with good online access
MAID • Highest levels of capacity; slightly delayed access• Low footprint & power consumption
CAS • Specialized storage for online access • Regulatory control, single-instance & reference data emphasis
Tape • May be near-line (in library) or offline (shelf or vault) = access delays• “Unlimited capacity” & off-site custody/safety possible• Data not in format or available for failover.
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
What it might look like...
Tier-1 Tier-2
Compliance Archive
Tape Archive
ApplicationServers
FC/iSCSI SANFC/iSCSI SAN
NAS
LAN
So that was easy!So that was easy!
But what about...But what about...•• What data/application for which What data/application for which
tier?tier?•• When and under what conditions When and under what conditions
to move/copy data from tier to to move/copy data from tier to tier?tier?
•• How should data be moved, How should data be moved, block, file...?block, file...?
•• What to keep on the compliance What to keep on the compliance archive?archive?
•• ......ThatThat’’s why we need Data s why we need Data ClassificationClassification
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Classification is Difficult
Stakeholders are numerousHuge amounts of Information – do we need to classify it all?
Determining what should be retained and what should be thrown awayScope
Information is hard to find – how much risk are you willing to bear?Lack of buy-in from business and senior executives
But compliance is pushing execs to classify
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
Getting Started –Information Stakeholders
Line of BizApplication
Sponsor
BusinessProcessAnalyst
RecordsManager
LegalCounsel
DBA
I.T. Architect
Security Officer
Information Management
Executive Committee
InformationManagement
Architect
I.T. Admin
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
What is Data Classification?
Organization of data and information into groups for management purposes.
Allows IT to create multiple service level offeringsAllows LOB to select services based on value of dataMay use software to enable some of the process
Represent corporate requirements:Security officer: Secret, confidential, proprietary, …Records Manager: retention time, …Compliance officer (HIPAA, SOX, …): authorization, retention, …
Represent LOB requirements:Application performance, availability, recoverability, …Staff response time, asset reporting, …
IT Organization needs data classification:Method to rationalize requirements into service level offerings
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Sample Class Models
Security Classes: CLASS-1 Public Information, CLASS-2 Internal Information, CLASS-3 Confidential Information, CLASS-4 Secret Information, CLASS-5 Hazardous Information Source: U.S. Gov, ISO 17799
DATA CLASSIFICATION MODELClass 1 –Not Important to operations Class 2 – Important for ProductivityClass 3 – Business Important informationClass 4 – Business Vital informationClass 5 – Mission Critical information
DMF Work in Progress
Source: IBM Mainframe – circa 1990
Tier Description
Tier 1 – Mission Critical
Tier 2 – Business Critical
Tier 3 – Business Important
Tier 4 – Productivity Important
Tier 5 – Non-Critical
Processor Model
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
With Data Classification:Standard Configurations
Business Applications
LOB
SLA 1 SLA 2 SLA 3 SLA 4
Simplified Management, more efficient, scalableSimplified Management, more efficient, scalable
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
To Achieve Alignment, I.T. Classifies Its Resources Into A Service Catalog
Mission Critical Business Critical Business Important Development
Requirement SLA 1 SLA 2 SLA 3 SLA 4
Availability 99.99% 99.9% 99% 97%
Threshold based Automated provisioning
Up to 20% of current fileSystem allocation within 1business Day
Up to 20% of current filesystem allocation within 2business days
Up to 10% or current filesystem allocation within 4business days
Up to 20%of file systemallocation within 1 businessweek scratch basedallocation
RTO 15 minutes 1 hour 8 hours 24 hours
RPO 1 hour 12 hours 48 hours 96 hours
Restore Requests 100 requests/ week 100 requests / week 50 requests / week 50 requests / week
Backup success rates 97% 95% 90% 90%
Archive Policy No access in 90 days No access in 30 days No access in 90 days No access in 180 days
Archive access time Seconds Seconds Up to 4 Hours 24-48 hours
Forecasting Monthly Quarterly Yearly Yearly
Incident classification andnotification
Sev. 1 < 15 minutesSev. 2 < 30 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev .4 < 1 day
Asset reporting tosupport chargeback Weekly Bi-weekly Monthly Monthly
Compliance HIPPA SEC 17a4 Sarbanes-Oxley None
Compliance categories
Cost $$$$ $$$ $$ $
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
The Classification Process: Types of Classification
Application-basedMetadata (and extended metadata)Content
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Application Classification
Focused on Business Applications
Drivers for Application ClassificationDisaster recovery and business continuityServer consolidationApplication performance
Application Classification is fairly “simple”
Establishes a ranking of applicationsAll information associated with the application is treated the sameWorks best when applications are segmented by server
Application Classification is often “good enough”
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Metadata-based Classification
METADATA classification is largely based on file attributes and access patterns
What is file named?What is the file type?Who owns the data?Where is it located?When was it created?
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Metadata-based Classification
File-level metadata offers limited input, therefore limited recognition
Still useful but class of solutions limitedGenerally useful in optimizing HSM or archiving strategiesTends not to meet complex ILM needs (security, retention, etc.)
Combined with valid ownership data (not “System”), can yield incremental ILM value
Ex: Legal dept {Joe, Mary, Betty, Tom, and Matt }Rule: all legal files stored in host_legal, retain = 5 yrs
Pros & ConsFast, lightweight, not invasiveDoesn’t address changing business value over time
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Beyond Metadata – Extended Metadata
The BasicsNameSizeDate
OwnerCreation Date
Modification Date
OwnershipCreatorLast Updated ByDepartmentDivisionApplicationProject IDetc.
IdentificationFile FormatVersionRelated TransactionRelated Content ObjectsParent ObjectChild ObjectsBar Code Tracking IDRadio Frequency IDetc.
Access ControlSecurity ClearanceAccess Control ListBrowse PrivilegesRead PrivilegesWrite PrivilegesSharing Policyetc.
ComplianceRetention PolicyExpunge DateIndustry Regulation FlagCorp Governance FlagAttorney-Client Priv Flagetc.
Process ControlApproval StatusLifecycle PhaseWorkflow RoutingSend To RulesNext Approveretc.
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Content Classification
• Classification based on CONTENT makes use of indexes, lexicons and taxonomies
• What keywords?• How is this data related to
other data?• How should data be
retained/disposed of for compliance or otherwise used by the business?
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Some Relevant Terms
DataData is what I.T. manages: files, volumes, bits and bytes
InformationInformation is data with contextData Lifecycle supports the Information Lifecycle
RecordRecorded information, regardless of medium or characteristics, made or received by an organization that is evidence of its operations, and has value requiring its retention for a specific period of time (ARMA)
TaxonomyA hierarchical structure used for categorizing a body of information or knowledge, allowing an understanding of how that body of knowledge can be broken down into parts, and how its various parts relate to each other. Taxonomies are used to organize information in systems, therefore helping users to find it.
Related terms: ontology, categories, evidence structuresLexicon
the vocabulary of a language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a subject
Example: A dictionary of over 200,000 medical, pharmaceutical, biomedical & healthcare acronyms and abbreviations is a medical lexiconRelated terms: thesaurus, vocabulary
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
When Does Content Classification Make Sense?
Automated Classification speeds time-to-information effectivenessAutomated Content Classification make sense
When multiple classification options results in confusionWhen there is an overwhelming volume of items to classifyWhen some documents require time-consuming review by subject matter expertsWhen there are a large number of non-business documentsWhen you don’t want to have idiosyncratic results
“The highest quality and accuracy occurs when records management is as non-intrusive as possible to the desktop end users and does not interfere with the normal work routines of professional staff in the enterprise”**
** Timothy J. Sprehe and Charles R. McClure, “Lifting the Burden.”Information Management Journal, Vol.39 Issue 4 (Jul/Aug 2005), 475
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Content Classification Algorithms
All content-based classification is based on “natural language”Content classification algorithms
Keywords Term frequencyPattern matchingLatent semantic analysis (synonymy and polysemy)Neural NetworksBayesianRules-based
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Example of Content Classification (Rules-based)
Objective: Find and classify all documents at a mortgage company into category “New Homes Built in Fresno”
Classification Rules Document has “Fresno” in title (metadata) Document refers to homeowner/builder “Perry” or “Trendmaker” (keyword)Document includes “Fresno” in the text (keyword)Document uses abbreviations or “regular expressions” (entity extraction)
– “4 bdrm”, “5/2.5/3”Comprehensive rule: if “Fresno” is true, “Perry Homes” is true, the document contains a numeric string such that 2003<x<2007 and/or uses the above regular expressions, then classify as a new home being built by Perry Homes in Fresno
Secondary objective: Relate and groups plot plan, land survey, deed based this classification of documents
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Building Taxonomies
Taxonomies A Taxonomy is a classification scheme that makes it easy for user to find information based on familiar hierarchiesIndustry specific lexicons and taxonomies are available
Taxonomies should maintain policies and rules as industry and business environment changes
Taxonomies should leverage exiting thesauri and glossaries
Phylem
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Classification: What is “Good Enough”?
Challenges of classification – various typesSome human intervention always required to review results of classification
Automated tools improve efficiency Documents with little text – how are these classified?
Power point slides, email, etc. Varying document typesMetadata classification might be better in this case
Lack of consistency in naming , structure, formatMetadata classification may be best
Factors affecting accuracyDocument consistency / naming consistencyThe strength of the taxonomy (content)Applicability of classification algorithms to specific content
What is a reasonable cost per document?What is the cost of a document that is incorrectly classified?
Does cost outweigh the value to the organization?
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Additional Definitions
Indexing = the act of preparing documents to be searched later;
specifically, where in the document does a word/ phrase/ string occur
Search = the act of looking for something in documents
Clustering = the act of grouping related documents and using these groups to generate dynamic categories;
statistical/ semantic analysis to generate vector; documents are grouped along similar vectors
Classification = the act of organizing/sorting/storing documents into pre-defined categories;
includes concept recognition, pattern matching, entity extraction, thesaurus, misspelling, related terms, broad/ narrow terms, etc.
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Indexing versus Content Classification
Index…When keyword searches only are sufficientWhen looking to find information quickly within a particular file or document
AspectsSearch may return too many matchesCan be security hole if indexed by “system”Proprietary formatting issues
Not all formats can be indexedProvides objective analysis of textual information found
Nothing about misspellings, query expansion, thesauri, etc.
ILM Roadmap
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
ILM Roadmap
Standardize Data & Storage ServicesPhase 2• Classify data against SLOs• Tier storage & data services
into consistent configurations in support of SLOs
ILM Solution StacksPhase 3 • Operate to ILM practices per SLAs
Automated ILM IslandsPhase 4 • Automate with ILM Management tools
Enterprise ILMPhase 5 • Heterogeneous interoperability • Standard practices across multiple sites
Time
Consolidate Data Services, Implement Network StoragePhase 1 • Foundation
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
SMI:Technology Road Map
BluefinContribution to
SNIA
Initial Release:Initial Release:
SMISMI--SpecificationSpecificationV1.0V1.0
Broadened Coverage:Broadened Coverage:
Moving up Moving up ““The StackThe Stack””
SMISMI--SpecificationSpecificationV1.1V1.1
20032002 2004 2005 2006
SMISMI--SpecificationSpecificationV1.2V1.2
Deeper Functionality:Deeper Functionality: SMISMI--SSV2.+V2.+
ICTP TestsICTP Tests
CIM Storage ProfilesCIM Storage ProfilesSLP DiscoverySLP Discovery
‘‘RecipesRecipes’’ for for InteroperableInteroperableoperationsoperations
SMISMI--S Test SpecificationS Test Specification
SMISMI--Lab validationLab validation
Arrays, Switches, Libraries, HostsArrays, Switches, Libraries, Hosts
NAS NAS
Storage SecurityStorage Security
iSCSIiSCSI
CascadingCascadingOwnershipOwnership
Management Management Services Services
PolicyPolicy
Health/FaultHealth/FaultManagementManagement
PolicyPolicyImprovements Improvements
Object BasedObject BasedStorage Storage
PerformancePerformance
LockingLocking
DatabasesDatabases
ApplicationsApplications
QoS QoS
SingleSingleSignSign--on on
ILMILM
CIM 2.8
CIM 2.9
CIM 2.x
CIM 2.7
CIMCIM--SoapSoap
CIM 3.x
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
XAM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
XAM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
XAM
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Networking
Summary
Classification - Immediate BenefitsBetter understanding of your informationBetter deployment and alignment of your I.T. resources (storage/server consolidation, “smart” purchases, etc.)Better compliance readiness and eDiscovery
Classification - Longer term benefitsService Level Management improves I.T. service deliveryInformation management automationCost reduction
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
To Achieve Alignment, I.T. Classifies Its Resources Into A Service Catalog
Mission Critical Business Critical Business Important Development
Requirement SLA 1 SLA 2 SLA 3 SLA 4
Availability 99.99% 99.9% 99% 97%
Threshold based Automated provisioning
Up to 20% of current fileSystem allocation within 1business Day
Up to 20% of current filesystem allocation within 2business days
Up to 10% or current filesystem allocation within 4business days
Up to 20%of file systemallocation within 1 businessweek scratch basedallocation
RTO 15 minutes 1 hour 8 hours 24 hours
RPO 1 hour 12 hours 48 hours 96 hours
Restore Requests 100 requests/ week 100 requests / week 50 requests / week 50 requests / week
Backup success rates 97% 95% 90% 90%
Archive Policy No access in 90 days No access in 30 days No access in 90 days No access in 180 days
Archive access time Seconds Seconds Up to 4 Hours 24-48 hours
Forecasting Monthly Quarterly Yearly Yearly
Incident classification andnotification
Sev. 1 < 15 minutesSev. 2 < 30 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev. 4 < 1 day
Sev. 1 < 25 minutesSev. 2 < 40 minutesSev. 3 < 1 daySev .4 < 1 day
Asset reporting tosupport chargeback Weekly Bi-weekly Monthly Monthly
Compliance HIPPA SEC 17a4 Sarbanes-Oxley None
Compliance categories
Cost $$$$ $$$ $$ $
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Storage Network Industry Association
SNIA is the trade group for storage networks“ensuring that storage networks become complete and trusted solutions across the IT community”http://www.snia.org
SNIA’s “Dictionary of Storage Networking Terminology” online resourcehttp://www.snia.org/dictionary
SNIA’s Data Management Forum, and its ILM Initiative, is an excellent information resource for data and information lifecycle management
http://www.snia.org/dmf
Information Classification: The Cornerstone to Information Management © 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Q&A / Feedback
Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to SNIA: [email protected]