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North American Carsharing: 2012-2013 Outlook

Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envt’l Engineering

Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center University of California, Berkeley

2013 CarSharing Association ConferenceSeptember 16-17, 2013

Overview• Evolution• Worldwide and North American data/understanding• Trends & developments• One-way carsharing• Personal vehicle sharing• Autonomous vehicles• New TSRC carsharing research• Key questions & upcoming summit

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Carsharing Phases in North America

1990

1994 to mid-2002mid-2002 to

late-2007 late-2007 to present

2006 2008 2010 2012

South America 110 1,500Australia 1,130 5,210 12,750 25,500Asia 15,700 12,546 81,817 160,500Europe 212,124 334,168 552,868 691,943North America 117,656 318,838 516,100 908,584Worldwide 346,610 670,762 1,163,645 1,788,027

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000

Cars

harin

g M

embe

rsWorldwide & Regional Membership (2006-2012)

Worldwide Carsharing Then and Now

Worldwide Carsharing Then and Now

13 6065 255 440 1,080608 8104,315

6,1557,49110,833

16,779

20,464

3,337

7,50510,420

15,795

11,501

19,403

31,967

43,554

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2006 2008 2010 2012

Vehi

cles

Worldwide & Regional Fleets (2006-2012)South America Australia Asia Europe North America Worldwide

2012 Worldwide Census

Members Vehicles RatioAsia 160,500 6,155 26.1Australia 25,500 1,080 23.6Europe 691,943 20,464 33.8North America 908,584 15,795 57.5South America 1,500 60 25.0Worldwide 1,788,027 43,554 41.1

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (JAN)

Mexico 620Canada 3,909 7,007 10,001 11,932 15,663 26,878 39,664 53,916 67,526 78,856 101,502 141,351United States 12,098 25,640 52,347 61,658 102,993 184,292 279,234 323,681 448,574 560,572 806,332 891,593North America 16,007 32,647 62,348 73,590 118,656 211,170 318,898 377,597 516,100 639,428 907,834 1,033,5

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

MEM

BERS

North American Member GrowthMexico Canada United States North America

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Jan)

Mexico 40Canada 231 397 521 599 779 1,388 1,667 2,046 2,285 2,605 3,143 3,432United States 455 696 907 1,192 2,561 5,104 5,840 7,722 8,120 10,019 12,634 12,131North America 686 1,093 1,428 1,791 3,340 6,492 7,507 9,768 10,405 12,624 15,777 15,603

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

VEHI

CLES

North American Vehicle GrowthMexico Canada United States North America

North American Carsharing Statistics

• 46 North American operators

as of January 2013

U.S.25

Canada20

Mexico1

North American Carsharing Statistics

• Over 1 million members (excludes PVS/p2p members)– Almost 900,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)– Over 140,000 in Canada (up 53% from Jan 2012)– 620 in Mexico

as of January 2013

U.S.891,593

Canada141,351

Mexico620

North American Carsharing Statistics

• Over 15,000 vehicles (excludes PVS/p2p vehicles)– Over 12,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)– Almost 3,500 in Canada (up 36% from Jan 2012)– 40 in Mexico

as of January 2013

U.S.12,131

Canada3,432

Mexico40

North American Carsharing Statistics

• Member-vehicle ratio– 73:1 in the U.S. (up 0.4% from Jan 2012)– 41:1 in Canada (up 13% from Jan 2012)– 16:1 in Mexico– 66:1 overall (up 0.8% from Jan 2012)

• Non-profit vs. for-profit operations– Majority of operators are non-profit– U.S.: 48% of operators for-profit, 96% of membership, 93% of vehicles– Canada: 40% of operators for-profit, 92% of membership, 89% of

vehicles

as of January 2013

Trends & Developments

• Continued membership growth in carsharing

• Mergers and acquisitions

• Ongoing growth/expansion of multi-national operators, traditional car rental providers, automaker sponsored programs into carsharing

• Notable developments in shared-use mobility space (e.g., “classic” innovations, P2P, one-way, dynamic ridesharing & transportation networking companies)

• Confusion about definitions, as well as data attributions

2008 N. American Carsharing Survey

• Survey implemented from Sept. to Nov. 2008

• ~9,500 completed surveys; analysis based on 6,281 hhds

• Completion rate ~80%• Online survey challenging

• Took between 10 to 15 minutes for most respondents to complete

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

Participating Organizations

American

- City Carshare

- CityWheels

- Community Car

- Community Carshare of Bellingham

- Igo

- PhillyCarShare

- Zipcar

Canadian

- Autoshare

- Communauto

- Co-operative Auto Network

- VrtuCar

- Zipcar

N.A. Vehicle Holdings: Key Findings

• Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including postponed purchase

• 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to carsharing

• Most shift due to 1 car households becoming carless

• Second largest shift, 2 car households become 1 car households

• 25% sell a vehicle• 25% postpone vehicle purchase

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

CO2 & Carsharing: Key FindingsNet effect: observed reduction in CO2 emissions

• .75 mt/respondent U.S.• .22 mt/respondent CA• Average .58 mt/respondent (27%

observed and 43% full impact)

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

GHG Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America

transweb.sjsu.edu/project/0911.html

Acquisitions in 2013• Jan 2013: Avis Budget Group acquired Zipcar

• Avis-Europe first large-scale rental company to launch carsharing: CARvenience, UK, 2001

• Later eclipsed by other rental companies until Zipcaracquisition

• May 2013: Enterprise Holdings acquired IGO CarSharing• Enterprise previously acquired PhillyCarShare in 2011, Mint

Cars On-Demand in 2012• May 2013: PVS operator RelayRides acquired Wheelz• Rental car companies now comprise majority of

carsharing membership and vehicle fleet• 79% of membership; 63% of vehicle fleet• 2012: only 17% of membership and 13% of fleet• Due to acquisition of Zipcar by Avis in 2013

Mergers & Acquisitions

2001: Flexcar

acquires CarSharing

Portland

2007: Zipcar and

Flexcarmerge

2011: Enterprise acquires

Philly CarShare

2012: Enterprise acquires

Mint Cars On-

Demand

Jan 2013: Avis

acquires Zipcar

May 2013: Enterprise acquires

IGO CarSharing

Comparison withRental Car Companies

Company U.S. Cars in Service(2012)

2012 Revenue Est. (in millions of USD)

Enterprise Holdings 941,064 $11,500

Hertz 366,000 $4,600

Avis Budget Group 300,000 $4,510

Dollar Thrifty AG 122,000 $1,563

Zipcar 8,800 $205Source: Auto Rental News

• Zipcar vs. 4 largest rental car companies:– 0.5% of top 4 rental car fleets – less than 3% of Avis’s 2012 fleet size

Impacts of Carsharing on Rental Car Industry

• Continued blurring between clear definitions and business models of “carsharing” and “car rental”

• Implementation of pre-qualified car rental users and virtual storefronts for unattended and increased access• Enhances customer experience and flexibility, increases

profit margin• Uniform age for insurance of carsharing and rental cars

• Possible reduction of minimum age, with add’l insurance costs through monthly fee or higher rate

• Experimentation in insurance models• Pay-as-you-drive (usage-based) insurance

Impact of Carsharing on Rental Car Industry (cont’d)

• New cars factory-equipped with carsharingtelematics• BMW/DriveNow, Daimler/car2go, GM OnStar/

RelayRides• Telematics across rental car/carsharing fleets

• Flexibility to move vehicles with changing demand• Connected and autonomous vehicle technology

• Improved vehicle operations, ecodriving, ecorouting

• Self-parking, self-recharging

Industry Innovations• Apr 2013: Communauto offers members GHG

emission offsets– Partnered with Planetair and CO2 Environnement

• Jan 2013: City CarShare expands wheelchair accessible carsharing

• Nov 2011: IGO CarSharing installs 18 solar-powered charging stations

• Point-to-point carsharing, free-floating carsharing• Allows member to return vehicle to a different

location from where they started (within operating area)

• Advanced technology used to facilitate one-way trips and fleet balancing

One-Way Carsharing

• June 2012: BMW launched DriveNow in San Francisco

• Sept 2012: Communautobegan one-way operations in Paris

• 2012-2013: Daimler AG expands across Western Europe and North America

Recent Developments in One-Way

One-Way Key Statistics• Operations in 9 countries

– Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, UK, U.S.

• 5 companies in 11 U.S. cities, 4 Canadian cities, 1 Mexican city– Austin, Denver, Hoboken, Miami, Minneapolis, New

York, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington D.C.– Calgary, Montréal (pilot), Toronto, Vancouver– Mexico City

• Bolloré Group (Autolib’) to launch in Indianapolis in 2014• One-way represents 12% of North American carsharing

membership and 18% of fleet (as of Jan 2013)

One-Way EV Carsharing Study• Document economic, travel, and environmental impacts of

electric vehicle (EV) carsharing fleet; pricing impacts on operational efficiency in San Diego (2-year study)

• Interview and survey car2go users on travel patterns, modal shifts, vehicle ownership, perceptions of one-way EV carsharing, demographics

• Partners (FHWA funding):– Daimler car2go– San Diego Association of Governments– City of San Diego– Caltrans– UC Berkeley TSRC

• Possible addition of other partners/cities

• Personal vehicle sharing (PVS) models first seen in North America in 2001, eGOCarShare, RentMyCar

• May 2013: RelayRides acquired Wheelz

• North American PVS Operators (as of Sept. 2013):• 10 operating (9 fully-active, 1 in pilot phase)• 3 planned• 7 defunct

• 38 worldwide• 33 fully-active• 5 in pilot phase

Short-term access to privately-owned vehicles

Personal Vehicle Sharing

• Individuals sub-lease or subscribe to vehicle owned by a third party

Fractional Ownership

• Individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but also includes private autos, throughout a network of locations

Hybrid P2P-Traditional Carsharing Model

• Employs privately-owned vehicles made temporarily available for shared use by individual or members of P2P company

P2P Carsharing

• Enables direct exchanges between individuals via Internet

P2P Marketplace

4 Types of Personal Vehicle Sharing

• Gain early understanding of the emerging industry• Evaluate impacts to user travel patterns• Highlight opportunities for policy adjustments• Interviews with 5 North American P2P

operators, government agencies, insurance experts, and other stakeholders

• Online survey of PVS members• University of California Transportation Center funding source• Study wrap-up and report: January 2014

PVS Study

Autonomous Vehicles

• Autonomous vehicles represent a transformative technology in the transportation industry

• Carsharing/Autonomous Vehicle Synergies• Platform for introducing autonomous vehicle technologies, building

consumer demand/appeal/confidence (e.g., BMW’s DriveNowelectric vehicles)

• Autonomous vehicle sharing potentially new model for some carsharing companies (e.g., taxi-like services)

• P2P autonomous vehicle sharing potentially lowers ownership costs of expensive, technologically-advanced vehicles

GoGet - Australia

• Testing a base Yaris with sensors (3 radar, camera)• Collecting data to model “real” human behavior and usage

scenarios (trip data)• Research partner: University of New South Wales• Understand possible usage patterns and demand in the

longer term and how to best optimize the vehicle in carsharing

• Start with partially autonomous vehicle (human in control)• Goal: First fleet buyer in Australia of fully autonomous

vehicles (5 years)

• 3-year electric vehicle (EV) carsharing pilot program launched 9/11/13

• Open to employees and residents of Hacienda Business Park, Pleasanton, CA

• 30 Scion iQ EVs, range of 40 miles

• 15 locations with charging stations, 2 EVs at each location

• Partners: City CarShare, Toyota, UC Berkeley TSRC

Electric Bikesharing & Carsharing• 4-year pilot to launch in Berkeley and

San Francisco, CA in Spring 2014• Growing to 90 e-bikes at 25+ locations• 22 e-bikes with bike trailer or cargo

bike• Evaluate e-bike sharing cost

effectiveness and impacts on travel patterns and emission reductions

• FHWA grant funding• Partners: City CarShare, UC Berkeley

TSRC, SFMTA, Caltrans

Risk & Insurance Analysis• Classic carsharing reduces overall driving • Study examines implications of multiple users of a single

vehicle on insurance, risk, and actuarial analysis• Understanding risk key to facilitating fair and reasonable

policies, as well as growing shared-use mobility services• Establish and host a database of vehicle use and accidents of

shared-use systems • Data on vehicle activity, vehicle accidents, and accident costs

experienced by shared-use systems (e.g., crashes/mile & vehicle)

• Goal: new insurance products and lower premiums

Key Questions to Consider• As carsharing matures, how will it scale into less dense

areas?• What role will entrants and business models play in its

expansion (e.g., non-profit vs. profit)?• How will carsharing be branded to be successful? In which

markets will it be successful?• What social and environmental impacts can be expected?• How should public policy play a role in its expansion?• What innovative insurance models could be developed to

support shared use?• What type of service integration would best support

shared vehicles the sharing economy?

• October 10-11, 2013 in San Francisco• Panel discussions and presentations by the world’s experts

on carsharing, one-way carsharing, p2p carsharing, and other aspects of the sharing economy

• Dialogue among mobility providers, policymakers, governmental agencies, non-profits, affiliated industries, technologists, academics, media, and stakeholders

• More information at www.sharedusesummit.org• Please join us!• Contact me for a registration discount

Acknowledgements• North American carsharing

organizations• Adam Cohen, Dr. Elliot

Martin, Nelson Chan, TSRC, UC Berkeley

• Dave Brook, Consultant • Ryan Johnson, Enterprise

CarShare

www.tsrc.berkeley.edu