dr mariana bara kira mantsu
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Transmission of Arm â n /Macedonarm â n language and culture in the multilingual educational context within the Balkan States. Dr Mariana Bara Kira Mantsu. Armân Language. - Definition of a Mother Tongue - MARIANA BARA , PhD Hyperion University, Bucharest. Our language - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Dr.Mariana Bara / Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Transmission of Armâân/Macedonarmâân
language and culture inthe multilingual
educational contextwithin the Balkan States
Dr Mariana BaraKira Mantsu
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
ArmânArmân Language Language
- Definition of a Mother Tongue -
MARIANA BARAMARIANA BARA, PhD, PhDHyperion University, BucharestHyperion University, Bucharest
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Our languageOur language
Our language Our language
is understood by some people, is understood by some people,
the dead people, the dead people, by by God, the God, the Virgin Virgin
and by the angels perhaps. and by the angels perhaps.
In 168 before Christ In 168 before Christ
Paulus Emilius Paulus Emilius took took over Perseus, over Perseus,
Latin words Latin words
took otook over the Hellenic-ver the Hellenic-Macedonian words. Macedonian words.
In our language In our language
Hellas, the Macedonian passion Hellas, the Macedonian passion
and the glory of Rome and the glory of Rome
finished in ashes, finished in ashes,
nostalgia remained… nostalgia remained… [...][...]
Our poets Our poets sent messengers for engagement sent messengers for engagement
to other languages, to other languages, our language avoided by the our language avoided by the
messengersmessengersPenelope without Odysseus. Penelope without Odysseus.
Our language, Our language, tomb where I go down, tomb where I go down,
icon in which I ressuscite. icon in which I ressuscite.
by Yioryi Vranaby Yioryi Vrana
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
The Romanisation The Romanisation in the South-East of in the South-East of
EuropeEurope Roman province Roman province Macedonia (from Macedonia (from 168 BC), official 168 BC), official language LATIN language LATIN
official language official language GREEK from the GREEK from the 66th th centurycenturyArea of maximum Area of maximum Romansation: VIA Romansation: VIA EGNATIA EGNATIA
Roman province Roman province Dacia – 106 ACDacia – 106 AC, , conquered with the conquered with the contribution of the contribution of the legions from legions from Macedonia Macedonia
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
SSubstratubstrate Languagese Languages ARAR: : MMacedonacedonianian , ,
ThThracraciiaann, , IIlllyrianlyrian, , Ancient GreekAncient Greek (T.Papahagi, Th.Capidan, (T.Papahagi, Th.Capidan, C.Poghirc etc.) C.Poghirc etc.)
ILR, II:ILR, II: a a ThThracracian ian linguistic linguistic
areaarea ( (from northern from northern GreGreeecece to the western to the western slopes of slopes of BalBalkkanan mountainsmountains););
anan I Illlyrian lyrian areaarea ( (NNororthth--East of the East of the AdriaticAdriatic S Seeaa););
aa DDaco-aco-MMoesianoesian area area (Dac(Daciaia, , the two the two MoesiMoesiaeae andand, po, possiblyssibly, Dardania)., Dardania).
RORO: : DacoDaco--MoesianMoesian ((Al.Rosetti, Al.Rosetti, Cicerone Poghirc, Cicerone Poghirc, H. MihH. Mihăescu, ăescu, La romanitLa romanitéé dans le dans le
sud-est de l’Europesud-est de l’Europe)) ““In Antiquity there In Antiquity there
was nowas no linguistic linguistic unitunityy in the North in the North of the Balkans, nor of the Balkans, nor a too great a too great similarity between similarity between the languages of the languages of this areathis area” (C.Poghirc, ” (C.Poghirc, in ILR, I, p.313)in ILR, I, p.313)
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Language Birth AreasLanguage Birth Areas
AR: Macedonia, Epir, TAR: Macedonia, Epir, Thhesesssalalyy (Th.Capidan, T.Papahagi, Matilda Caragiu (Th.Capidan, T.Papahagi, Matilda Caragiu
Marioţeanu, C.Poghirc, Neagu Djuvara)Marioţeanu, C.Poghirc, Neagu Djuvara)
RORO: Dacia, Moesia : Dacia, Moesia Inferior, Moesia Inferior, Moesia SuperiorSuperior
(Ov.Densusianu, Sextil (Ov.Densusianu, Sextil Puşcariu, Al.Rosetti) Puşcariu, Al.Rosetti)
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Latin-based Languages Latin-based Languages in South-Eastern Europein South-Eastern Europe
Latin
Armân Dacoromanian or Romanian
Megleno-romanianIstro-romanian
Local variants: bănăţean,
crişean, maramureşean, moldovenesc,
muntenesc
Local variants: fărshirot,
yrămustean, moscopolean, pindean:
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Contact languagesContact languages- in chronological order -- in chronological order -
AR:AR: Ancient GeekAncient Geek (“ (“ancient ancient
bilingbilingualismualism”, Tache ”, Tache Papahagi, DDA)Papahagi, DDA)
Old SlavicOld Slavic Modern GreekModern Greek AAlbanlbanianian TTururkishkish ( (almost through almost through
Greek )Greek ) BBulgarulgariiaann ( (since since 1919thth
centurycentury)) IItalian (talian (almost through almost through
Greek)Greek)
RO:RO: Old Slavic (“Slavic-Old Slavic (“Slavic-
Romanian blingualism”Romanian blingualism”, , Al.Rosetti, ILRAl.Rosetti, ILR))
Hungarian Hungarian ((since since 1010thth centurycentury))
BBulgarulgariiaann, , UkUkrainrainianian, , PPololishish
TurkishTurkish Modern Greek Modern Greek ((since since
1818thth
centurycentury)) FFrrenchench ( (since since 1919thth
centurycentury) etc.) etc.
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Romance Comparison Romance Comparison - for the Basic Vocabulary- for the Basic Vocabulary VR VR - -
VRS = 2611 wordsVRS = 2611 words VRF = 2610VRF = 2610 VRI = 2599VRI = 2599 VRR = 2581VRR = 2581 VRC = 2381VRC = 2381 VRP = 2312VRP = 2312 VRA = 2294VRA = 2294 VRO = 2271 VRO = 2271 VRSd = 1682 VRSd = 1682 VRRet = 1012 (only VRRet = 1012 (only LatinLatin))
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
Etymological compositionEtymological compositionof of VRVR
LeveLevell
EtymologyEtymology VRAVRA VRRVRR
II LALATINTIN 38%38% 30,29%30,29%
IIII Internal Internal derivatesderivates
14,50%14,50% 24,68%24,68%
IIIIII SuperstraSuperstratete
GR: 18%GR: 18% SL: 9,02%SL: 9,02%
IVIV SuperstraSuperstratete
TC: 9,50%TC: 9,50% FR: 7,47%FR: 7,47%
...... ...... ......Multiple Multiple EtymologyEtymology
4%4% 17,70%17,70%
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
ArmânArmân Language LanguageTODAYTODAY
Mother tongue of approx. 1,5 mill. people Mother tongue of approx. 1,5 mill. people Still spokenStill spoken Regional languageRegional language Common basic vocabulary sharedCommon basic vocabulary shared Literature (authors, publishing houses, Literature (authors, publishing houses,
festivals)festivals) Variety of languages: journalism, Variety of languages: journalism,
religioreligiouuss texts texts, , ONG documentsONG documents, , advertisingadvertising, internet etc.), internet etc.)
Adapting new terminologiesAdapting new terminologies
Mariana Bara, London, April 2009
THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR YOUR FOR YOUR
ATTENTIONATTENTION!!
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Transmission Transmission of Armân/Macedonarmân of Armân/Macedonarmân
language and culture language and culture in the multilingual educational in the multilingual educational
context within the Balkan context within the Balkan StatesStates
KIRA MANTSUKIRA MANTSUWriterWriter
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâân n peoplepeople
roots originate fromroots originate from Ancient Macedonia Ancient Macedonia live nowadayslive nowadays : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece,
FYROM (R. of Macedonia), Romania, SerbiaFYROM (R. of Macedonia), Romania, Serbia 1913, Macedonia was divided up among 1913, Macedonia was divided up among
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria - disastrous effect on Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria - disastrous effect on traditional Armtraditional Armâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân life stylen life style
ArmArmâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân people is a special n people is a special „European“ problem in the field of minority „European“ problem in the field of minority issues in the Balkanissues in the Balkan
The only The only autochthon in Balkan in Balkan which never established their own national state
The only people in Balkan without a “kin-The only people in Balkan without a “kin-state”state”
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
EtnonymsEtnonyms ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâânn – own name – own name Known also as : Known also as : Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-
Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Rrmeri, etc.Rrmeri, etc.
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâân : n : Bilingualism / Bilingualism /
MultilingualismMultilingualism bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-
LatinLatin – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) bilingualism Greek-Latinbilingualism Greek-Latin (Byzantium) (Byzantium) biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-
AlbanianAlbanian biligualism Armân-Slavicbiligualism Armân-Slavic (beginning with 6th (beginning with 6th
C.)C.) modern multilingualism : modern multilingualism : 1. Arm1. Armâân – 2. official n – 2. official
language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern language (English, French, German, etc.)language (English, French, German, etc.)
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Documents on historical & Documents on historical & educational bilingualismeducational bilingualism
Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Th.A.KavalliotiTh.A.Kavallioti - Protopiria, Vienna, - Protopiria, Vienna, 17701770 – – Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Vlach-Albanian)Vlach-Albanian)
Daniil MoscopoleanuDaniil Moscopoleanu -- Lexicon Lexicon Tetraylosson, Tetraylosson, 1794, 1794, Venice – Dictionary of Venice – Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)
Mihail G.BoiagiMihail G.Boiagi -- Yramatiki Yramatiki Makedonovlahiki, Vienna Makedonovlahiki, Vienna 18131813,, the first the first academic grammar of Armân language academic grammar of Armân language (Armân-Greek-German)(Armân-Greek-German)
Rich classical & modern literatureRich classical & modern literature – 1850 – 1850 until nowadaysuntil nowadays
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of Disadvantages of MultilingualismMultilingualism
Advantages :Advantages :1.1. Communication & Communication &
cultural exchanges cultural exchanges between different between different ethnies ethnies
2.2. Social cohesion and Social cohesion and guarantee for guarantee for political stabilitypolitical stability
3.3. Access to education, Access to education, social, polical & social, polical & economical lifeeconomical life
DisadvantagesDisadvantages : :1.1. Cultural assimilation Cultural assimilation
by the dominant by the dominant culture of majorityculture of majority
2.2. Unequal competition Unequal competition between minority & between minority & official languageofficial language
3.3. Lack of practical Lack of practical motivation for the motivation for the minority language minority language
How can we stress the advantages and how can we transfer disadvantages into advantages ?
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Situation of ArmSituation of Armâân n language in Balkan stateslanguage in Balkan states
1905- „Irade“: Recognition of Arm1905- „Irade“: Recognition of Armâân people & n people & language by the Othoman Empirelanguage by the Othoman Empire
1997- Recommendation 1333 on Armân Language 1997- Recommendation 1333 on Armân Language and Culture, adopted by Council of Europeand Culture, adopted by Council of Europe
No access to education in their mother tongue, due No access to education in their mother tongue, due to the unrecognition as minority nowhere in Balkan to the unrecognition as minority nowhere in Balkan states (excepted R.of Macedonia/FYROM)states (excepted R.of Macedonia/FYROM)
Armân/Macedonarmân language, still has not Armân/Macedonarmân language, still has not achieved the status of regional or minority achieved the status of regional or minority languagelanguage..
At 12 years from the issue of the Recommendation At 12 years from the issue of the Recommendation 1333/1997, we find with deep sadness that this 1333/1997, we find with deep sadness that this document had no effect for the document had no effect for the Armâns/Macedonarmâns, and the year of 2009 is Armâns/Macedonarmâns, and the year of 2009 is still finding the Armâns/Macedonarmâns under the still finding the Armâns/Macedonarmâns under the threat of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic threat of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group.group.
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Transmission of Armâân/Macedonarmâân
language and cultureThrough :Through : FamilyFamily: mother tongue (Armân/Macedonarmân) and : mother tongue (Armân/Macedonarmân) and
the official one – due to the mixed familiesthe official one – due to the mixed families SchoolSchool : Courses, Books : Courses, Books Interbalcanic sommer coursesInterbalcanic sommer courses for children, for children,
teachers – for the unifying of the teachers – for the unifying of the Armân/Macedonarmân language and teaching booksArmân/Macedonarmân language and teaching books
Interbalcanic seminarsInterbalcanic seminars to promote to promote Armân/Macedonarmân language and culture among Armân/Macedonarmân language and culture among Balkan people – help to the ehnical and social Balkan people – help to the ehnical and social cohesioncohesion
Mass-mediaMass-media – TV(digital TV channel for Armân – TV(digital TV channel for Armân /Macedonarmân, with redaction in each Balkan /Macedonarmân, with redaction in each Balkan country country
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
Proposals Proposals Compulsory institutionalization of Compulsory institutionalization of
ArmArmâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân language in the n language in the Balkan statesBalkan states
Elaboration of legal standards for the real Elaboration of legal standards for the real protection of protection of unrecognizedunrecognized minoritiy minoritiy languages, as Armlanguages, as Armâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâânn
Transform of the passive minority protection Transform of the passive minority protection into an active one, by adopting a legal system into an active one, by adopting a legal system mentioned in the European Constitutionmentioned in the European Constitution
A clear EU minority policy is necessary, more A clear EU minority policy is necessary, more than even. than even.
Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009
THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR YOUR FOR YOUR
ATTENTIONATTENTION!!