dr. julian feuchtwang prof. david infield
DESCRIPTION
The offshore access problem and turbine availability probabilistic modelling of expected delays to repairs. Dr. Julian Feuchtwang Prof. David Infield. Background: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The offshore access problem and turbine availability
probabilistic modelling of expected delays to repairs
Dr. Julian FeuchtwangProf. David Infield
Background:
Aim: Estimate expected delay times to turbine repairs due to sea-state (and/or wind) and how they are influenced by key factors, especially vessel access limits and time required
Contributes as part of a ‘Cost of Energy’ model including risks
Why use a probabilistic method?
Monte Carlo approach needs:– Long, continuous, time series data (real or synthesised?)– Many runs (for statistical validity)
Probabilistic approach needs:– Time series data (best but scant)– or duration statistics– or simple wave height statistics (less accurate)– Allows trends and sensitivities to be explored quickly and easily
Estimating subsystem down-times
Site wind & wave
data / stats
Failure types
Access limit
conditions
Failure rates
Repair times
Statistical model of
access and repair
Expected down-time
O & M cost
Lost revenue
Event tree
fault
is access
possible?
is there
enough access time left?
waitfor next ‘weather window’
carry out repair
no
yes
yes
no
Assumption:No travel without forecast
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
13/10 18/10 23/10 28/10 02/11 07/11
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
13/10 18/10 23/10 28/10 02/11 07/11
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
13/10 18/10 23/10 28/10 02/11 07/11date
sig
nif
ican
t w
ave
hei
gh
t H
s (m
)
Sea-state conditions & Event tree
After 1, 2a or 2b, low sea-state periods may again be too short leading to more delays
0: repair can go ahead
1: waves too high
2a: period
too short
2b: fault too late
required duration
For a given threshold wave height Hth
the wave height probability density function is p( Hth )
Wave height distribution
exceedence probability is
thH
thth dHHHHHP )p()Prob()(
0 1 2 30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
numerical prob densnumerical exc prob
Wave height distribution from Dowsing - original data
significant wave height Hs (m)
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty
exce
eden
ce p
roba
bilit
y
Wave height –Maximum likelihood Weibull fitFor a given threshold wave height Hth the wave height exceedence probability
k
c
ththth H
HHHHH 0expProbP
H0 location parameter
HC
scale parameter
kshape parameter
0 1 2 30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
numerical prob densWeibull fit pdfnumerical exc probWeibull fit xp
Wave height distribution from Dowsing - Weibull fit (ML)
significant wave height Hs (m)
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty
exce
eden
ce p
roba
bilit
y
Wave height duration joint distributionsFor a given threshold wave height Hth
and a ‘storm or calm’ duration treq
reqt
xreqthreqth dttttHHtH )(q)&Prob(),(Qx
the storm duration exceedence probability is found by integration:
the storm duration probability density function is q( H > Hth , t ) = qx( t )
0.1 1 10 100 1 103
0.01
0.1
1
10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
calm prob densstorm prob denscalm exc probstorm exc prob
Wave height storm/calm duration from Dowsing, Hth = 2m
duration t (hr)
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty
exce
eden
ce p
roba
bilit
y
the mean storm duration
)(qM)(q x10
tdttt xx
Duration exceedence - M.L. Weibull fit
n
n
reqnreqthn
tgtH
exp),(Qthe calm duration exceedence probability is
τn is the mean calm
duration
αn is the shape
factor
is a normalisation factor
11ng
0.1 1 10 100 1 103
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
calm numerical exc probcalm Weibull exc pf
Wave height calm duration from Dowsing, Hth = 2m
calm duration (hr)
exce
eden
ce p
roba
bilit
y
Wave-height Non-exceedence-Duration curvescalm duration exceedence
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240
operation time treq (hrs)
pro
bab
ilit
y o
f ex
ceed
ing
du
rati
on
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
wave height threshold Hth (m)
Estimating delay times
Partial
Moments etc.
∫dtAccess limits Hthr & treq
Wave-height data
Storm & calm
duration distnsqx(H,t)qn(H,t)
Storm / calm time
series
Expected delay time
E(tdel(Hthr))
Lost revenue
O&M cost
Estimating delay timesif no time-series data
& no duration statistics:Kuwashima & Hogben method
Access limits Hthr & treq
Wave-height Weibull
parameters
Storm & calm
duration distnsqx(H,t)qn(H,t)
K&H
Kuwashima & Hogben method
based on data correlations mostly from North Sea
from H0 HC & k → gives estimates of τn & αn
Partial
Moments etc.
∫dt
Expected delay time
E(tdel(Hthr))
Expected 1st delays of different types:
1st order:Wave height
above threshold P(H) is the storm probability
τx is the mean storm duration
Mqqx(H) is the 2nd moment (non-dim)
of the storm distribution
Etdel1 H( ) P H( ) Mqqx H( ) x H( )
Expected 1st delays of different types:
2nd order (a):Wave height below
threshold, insufficient duration
2nd order (b):Wave height below
threshold, insufficient time left
Mqn(H,t) is the 1st moment (non-dim)
of the calm distribution
Mqqn(H,t) is the 2nd moment (non-dim)
of the calm distribution
Etdel2a H t( ) 1 P H( ) Mqqn H t( )
P H( ) Mqn H t( )
n H( )
Etdel2b H t( ) P H( ) Qn H t( ) t 1t
2 x H( )
Qn(H,t) is the calm duration probability
Further delays of different types:
After 2nd order (a or b):Wave height is above
threshold
After 1st and 3rd order:Wave height is below threshold but duration
may be short
E tdel3| del2 τx=
E tdel4|del1,3 Mqn H t( ) n H( )
all these components can be calculated:
•directly from time-series data by numerical integration
•from Weibull parameters from duration data(uses exponential and Gamma functions)
•or from estimated Weibull parameters (K&H)
Estimated delay timesexpected delay time
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
operation time treq (hrs)
exp
ecte
d d
elay
tim
e (h
rs)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.0
wave height threshold Hth (m)
In order to use this model, we need:
• Failure rate data per fault type– Tavner et al (D & DK)– Hahn Durstewitz & Rohrig (D & DK)– DOWECS (D & DK)– Ribrant & Bertling (SE – includes gearbox
components)– All the above are land-based data. No offshore data available
• Repair times– ditto
• Vessel Operational limits– 2 types of vessel modelled
• Site climate data– in UK: CEFAS, BOCD, NEXT (parameters only)
– in NL: Rijkswaterstaat
– elsewhere: ?
Baseline Case DataBaseline case: failure rates & down-time per failure
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Rotor b
lades
Air bra
ke
Mec
h. bra
ke
Mai
n shaf
t/bea
ring
Gearb
ox
Gener
ator
Yaw s
yste
m
Elect
ronic
Contro
l
Hydra
ulics
Grid/e
lect
rical
Sys
Mec
h/pitc
h contro
l sys
.
fail
ure
s/yr
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
hrs
/yr
failure rate
on-land downtime perfailure
Baseline Case Results:annual down-time by subsystem
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Rotor b
lades
Air bra
ke
Mec
h. bra
ke
Mai
n shaf
t/bea
ring
Gearb
ox
Gener
ator
Yaw s
yste
m
Elect
ronic
Contro
l
Hydra
ulics
Grid/e
lect
rical
Sys
Mec
h/pitc
h contro
l sys
.
hrs
/yr
repair time
travel time
delay time
lead time
Influence of repair time on availability
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
repair time factor
% a
vail
abil
ity
Influence of site on availability
Barrow
Lytham
North Somercotes
Lowestoft
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
crane vessel accessibility
% a
vail
abil
ity
Influence of large vessel threshold on availability
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
threshold wave height Hth (m)
% a
vail
abil
ity
Influence of small vessel threshold on availability
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
threshold wave height Hth (m)
% a
vail
abil
ity
Ribrant
TavnerLWK
HahnTavner
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
whole turbine failure rate /year
% a
vail
abil
ity
dataset
datasetfailure rateDrive-train reliability scaledIndividual Turbine Models
Enercon E66
Nacelle Crane
Nordex N52/54
Vestas V39-500
Enercon E40
Tacke TW600
Influence of failure rate on availability
Conclusions:
Probabilistic method allows rapid exploration of sensitivity to different factors – vessel operability– site climate – reliability– repair times
Offshore exacerbates differences in– reliability– time to repair– accessibility
Highly dependent on access to data but so are other methods