TEXTILE SCIENCE

TEXTILE SCIENCE SPECIAL FINISHES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCESUBMITTED BYSANJANA KOLI 08NIKITA MERGU 09AMENA PANVELWALA 10AMUTULLAH PATAWALA 11CHITRA PAWAR 12NIKITA PAWAR 13JENNIFER QUADRAS - 14

INDEXANTISTATIC FINISHESFLAME RETARDANT FINISHMOTH PROOFING FINISH STAIN AND SOIL RESISTANT FINISHWATER REPELLENT AND WATER PROOFING FINISHELASTOMERIC FIBRESNOMEX AND KEVLAR

ANTISTATIC FINISHESDEFINITIONAntistatic finishes are used for the removal in Synthetic fibres of the unwanted effects of electrostatic charge produced & wear of the fabrics & knits.

Electrostatic charge causes undesirable adhesive power & a resultant shabbiness.

It is applied by means of an antistatic chemical treatment, the effect of which may be temporary or permanent.

PROPERTIES OF ANTISTATIC FINISH

There are two types of antistatic finish followed as:

DURABLE FINISHES NON-DURABLE FINISHES

DURABLE ANTISTATICThe basic principle is to form a cross linked polymer network containing hydrophilic groups. Typically, polyamines are reacting with poly-glycols to make such structure.

The amount of hydrophilic character in the final polymer can be varied to meet individual requirement. The larger the hydrophilic portions, the more moisture are absorbed & the greater the antistatic effects obtained.

Additional difficulties in achieving the perfect balance of the desire properties, the use of durable antistatic finishes is limited

ANTISTATIC FINISHThe group of mostly hydroscopic materials includes surfactants, organic salts, glycols, polyethylene glycols, and polyelectrolyte, quaternary ammonium salts with fatty alkyl chain, polyethylene oxide compound & esters of salts of alkyl phosphorous acids.

Esters of phosphoric acid form the largest group of non-durable antistatic.

Quaternary ammonium are next larger group of non-durable antistatic. The most widely used are ditallodimethylammonim chloride & dehydrogenated tallowdimethylammonim chloride.

The last group of non-durable antistatic is composed of non-ionic compounds such as ethylated fatty esters, alcohol and alkyl amines.

Mechanism of Antistatic Finish

Antistatic property can be brought out: By reducing the chargeBy increasing the surface conduction powerBy making the fibre hydrophilicMost of the antistatic finishes are based on first mechanism e.g. By reducing the charge & By increasing the surface conduction powerSilicon emulsions, PE emulsions, PE Crysals, poly ammonium, quaternary salts, acrylic polymers can be used for this purposeIn facts the silicone emulsion when used, produce antistatic property by reducing the friction between the fibres with added advantages of soil released property, softness & suppleness etc.

PERFORMANCE FINISHES

Antistatic, prevent garments from cling to the wearer.

Crease/wrinkles resistant are treated with resins to help the fabric resist wrinkles.

Durable /permanent press heat set fabrics or garments without using resins.

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Flame resistant cuts off the oxygen supply or charges the chemical make up fibres as a fabric burns. This causes the flame to extinguish itself.

Mildew resistant has a metallic chemical applied to the fabric to prevent mildew from foaming.

Mercerization is chemically treated fabric to improve luster, strength & absorbency

USESCarpets of computer roomUpholstery fabrics and airbags for automobilesFiltration fabricsParachutesFabrics for hospital operating roomsProtective clothes for work with flammable gas, liquids and powered solids.

FLAME RETARDANT

The term flame retardants subsumes a diverse group of chemicals which are added to manufactured material, such as plastics and textile, and surfaces finishes and coatings. Flame retardants inhibit or delay the spread of fire by suppressing the chemical reactions in the flame or by the formation of a protective layer on the surface of a material. They may mix with base material (additive flame retardant) or chemically bonded to it (reactive flame retardants). Mineral flame retardants are typically additive while organ halogen and organophosphorus compounds can be either reactive or additive.

FLAME RESISTANT FINISHES

Finishes that reduce the flaming, charring, or afterglow of fibre and fabrics and important for safety. Most fabric finishes with flame retardants will still burn in the direct path of flame; however they self-extinguish when the source of flame is removed. A truly fire proof fabric will not burn even in the path of direct flame but actually only asbestos and glass fibre have this property.

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There have been several recorded incidents of serious damage and death as a result of flash burns from brushed cellulosic fibre fabrics, such as rayon negligees or sweaters, ignited by cigarette ashes.

Flame resistant finishes are of 2 types:

The first is the most important and comprises those finishes considered to be durable.

The flame retardant is not durable. These finishes are removed by normal care procedures.

MOTH PROOFING FINISHWOOL and SILK are especially susceptible to damage by moth and carpet beetles.The protein keratin in WOOL and other hair fibres is to be what the moths prefer.Carpet beetles will eat either the keratin in WOOL or the protein fibroin in SILK.Some other fibre may be damaged bg moths and carpet beetles.Damage may be caused by any 1 of a group of moths that are known to damage protein fibre.The larva of the moth is the culprit. The eating period the larva increase their weight approximately 300 times.

PROCESSBy exposing the material to sunlight or sulphur-di-oxideUsing Naphthalene balls and para dichloro benzene.Using some substance containing flourine such as sodium fluoride aluminium fluoride and sodium antinomy fluoride.using soluble solvents such as dichloro beneze sulphomethylamid and dichloro Trichloro ethane.Evlan-BL-and mittin FF also produce moth proofing.there are bit mothicides

USESIn addition to repelling or killing insects such as moths and silverfish mothballs have been suggested as a repellent to keep away mice,snakes or other pests and for areas a storepipe cleaner.

Older formula mothballs have also been used by drag recers to enhance the octane lating of fuel by dissolving the mothballs in some of the fuel and filtering out the remains with a filter paper.

STAIN- AND SOIL- RESISTANCE FINISHESThese finishes reduce the rate of soil deposition fabrics and help prevent spot staining.

PREVENT SPOT STAINING Increase the surface tension so that liquid stains bead up and roll off or make it easy to absorb the spot with tissue or a sponge. Important to remove any stain as quickly as possible to prevent it from being set into the fabric. Remove any stain as quickly as possible to prevent it from being set into the fabric Once soil or stains have become embedded into the fabric they are nearly impossible to remove.

SOIL RELEASE FINISHES.The difficulty of removing of soil has increased to alleviate the problem, manufacturers have incorporated soil-release finishes with durable- press finish.

These finishes operate on one of two principles: They provide a hydrophilic surface that attracts the water and permits it to lift off soil, or they coat the fibers so that the soil does not penetrate.

Provide benefits, such as preventing soil re-deposition during care, introducing antistatic qualities, and improving the softness and hand of fabrics.

Soil- release finish should make it possible for the consumer to remove all types of soil by home laundering with common detergents, including removal of both oil- and water borne stains.

Finish should not affect dyes and result in colour change during use and care.Read labels carefully to determine if a soil- release finish might be present.

WATER REPELLENT AND WATER PROOFING FINISHINTRODUCTIONDyeing and printing is not the ultimate stepsSomething is required to make the fabric more suitable for end-useQuality of the fabric in terms of appearance, handle, functionally enhanced by some physical means or by chemicalsTherefore, ultimate value addition is done to the fabric by finishingCertain end use of textiles such as umbrella cloth, swim suit, sportswear, rain coat, tarpaulin etc. need water repellency or water proofing.

Water repellent is a coating added to fabrics at the factory to make them water resistant (or hydrophobic).

Water repellent finish is different from water proof finishes.

What is Water Repellent?

APPLICATIONSTEXTILE MATERIAL:

Raincoats

Umbrellas

Tarpaulins

Swimming suits

Diver suits etc.

WETER REPELLENT JACKET

Diver SuitTarpaulinsWater Repellent

When a uniform coating of suitable substances such as rubber is produced on the surface of the fabric, the inter stitches between the warp and weft yarns are blocked by the continuous film of that substances and water will not pass through the. fabric. This phenomena is known as water repellent or water proof finishes.However, the rubber treated fabric becomes impermeable to air as well as moisture, when a treated fabric is impermeable to water and air then this type of finishes is called water proof finish.When the protection from water is desired as in apparel purpose, the treated fabric should be permeable to air but not in water. This type of finish is called water repellent finish.

WHAT IS FINISHING?Finishing is a final process given to a textile material to Give a good appearanceDesirable feelImpart certain durable propertiesStiffnessSoftnessWash and wear finishWater repelling finishTo impart some desired functional properties.

Mechanisms of repellencyRepellent finishes achieve their properties by reducing the free energy at fiber surfaces.If the adhesive interactions between a fiber and a drop of liquid placed on the fiber are greater than the internal cohesive interactions within the liquid, the drop will spread.If the adhesive interactions between the fiber and the liquid are less than the internal cohesive interactions within the liquid, the drop will not spread.

MECHANISMS OF REPELLENCY

WATER REPELLENT FINISHWATER PROOF FINISH WATER REPELLENT FINISHWater repellent are chemical finish.Resist the penetration of water into or through the fabric.Permits the passage of moisture or air through the fabric.METHODSThe yarns are coated with water repellent material like wax.The water repellent do not permit the water drop to spread and penetrate.Could be of durable and non-durable types.

A water-proof fabric, unlike a water repellent fabric, is completely moisture proofed. The fabric is coated or laminated with a film of natural or synthetic rubber or plastic, such as vinyl or polyurethane .Water proof fabrics are not necessarily more desirable than water-repellent fabrics.Water proof fabrics are uncomfortable .Water proof fabric possesses a rather firm, non-capable hand.Water proof finish

PRINCIPLES OF WATER REPELLENT Water repellent fabric is coated with a finish that is resistant but not impervious to penetration by water.

In this finish, there are some micro hole, which is smaller than water, but bigger than vapors. So water can not passed by this fabric, but vapor can pass.

WHICH FIBER ARE USED FOR WATER REPELLENT ??????? Synthetic fiber are used.

5%-10% natural fiber are used. (Hydrophobic fiber are used)

ELASTOMERIC FIBRESINTRODUCTIONPolymer with property of elasticity.Extremely high elongations.Recovers fully and rapidly.Various elastomeric fibers are rubber (natural and synthetic), spandex, anidex and the side-by-side bi-constituent of nylon and spandex (Monvelle)

RUBBERThick, gummy liquid obtained from tress of Heavea species.Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization process.Growth of synthetic rubber after World War II

PROPERTIESInherently hard

High tensile strength

Very high elongation (up to 7 times)

High resiliency

Flexible

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PROPERTIESImpermeable to water and air

Resistant to electricity

Water repellant

Resistant to alkalis and weak acids

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PROPERTIESCertain properties however can cause problems.

Deterioration by sunlight and smog

Loss of strength and elasticity through aging.

Damage from body oils and other solvents while cleaning.

Temperature sensitivity.

USESUncured rubber for cements, adhesive, insulating tapes

Vehicle tires, Conveyer belts, piping, rollers for printing presses etc.

Air hoses, balloons, balls and cushions

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USESRainwear, diving gear, chemical and medical tubing, lining for storage tanks

Protective gloves, shoes and blankets

Indian rubber balls

Latex products such as surgeons gloves, condoms etc.

SPANDEXAnagram of the word expands.

Stretchable segments of polyurethane

DuPont Company created spandex under the trademark lycra in 1959.

Stretches about 5-7 times and returns immediately to the relaxed state.

PROPERTIESHigh strength

High elasticity

Highly flexible and resilient

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PROPERTIESNot a good conductor of heat

Low absorbency

Unaffected by seawater

Doesnt shrink easily

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PROPERTIESExcessive exposure to heat causes damage.

No serious damage due to light

Excellent resistance to mildew and insects

Gradually gets affected by alkalis.

Discoloration occurs upon reaction with acids

High resistance to body oils, lotions etc.

USESAthletic, aerobic and exercise apparelBelts, bra straps and side panels, Swimwear, wetsuits, bathing suitsCycling jerseys and shortsGloves, ski pants, socks, Leggings, jeggings, skinny jeans, slacksHosieryHome furnishings

NOMEXThe invention of nomex goes to Dr. Wilfred Sweeny(1926-2011). A Scottish born scientist. Working at world famous DuPont laboratory. nomex was introduced in 1967. Best used as barrier to fire and heat.It is strong having high elongation and good elastic recovery ,low moisture regain

NOMEX FIRE SUITS ,MOTOR INSULATIONS

NOMEX PRODUCTS

KEVLARKevlar was developed by Stephanie kwolek at DuPont in 1965. this high strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s.It is used in variety of specialized applications It is an organic fiber.Care of Kevlar is similar to nomex and nylon

KEVLAR HOSES, CONVEY BELTS

KEVLAR BULLETPROOF VEST