Dr: Amir Abdel-Raouf El-Fiky.

It is the study of the growth and maturation of

the individual over an extended span of time.

Child psychology: is a subset of developmental psychology. It concerns itself primarily with the study of the individual from birth to the beginning of adolescence Adolescent psychology: is also a subset of developmental psychology. It concerns itself primarily with the study of the individual from the beginning of adolescence to its end

Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. The scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life. This includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social, perceptual, and personality development.

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial

Development

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Parent Styling

According to Freud, there are five stages in psychosexual development.

Psychosexual development refers to the development of a sexual identity

The five stages of psychosexual development are: (1) oral, (2) anal, (3) phallic, (4) latency, and (5) genital.

Oral stage: lasts for about two years (infancy). Anal stage: lasts for about one or two years (the stage of the

toddler). Phallic stage:lasts for about three years

(the stage of the preschooler). Latency stage :lasts for about six years. Genital stage: begins at twelve or thirteen and continues throughout adulthood.

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages,

Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

According to Erikson, there are eight stages in

psychosocial development :- (1) trust vs mistrust. (2) autonomy vs shame and Doubt. (3) initiative vs guilt. (4) industry vs inferiority. (5) identity vs role confusion. (6) intimacy vs isolation. (7) generativity vs self-absorption. (8) integrity vs despair.

Stage Basic Important Outcome

Conflict Events

Children develop a sense of

trust when caregivers

provide reliabilty, care, and

affection. A lack of this will

lead to mistrust.

Infancy Trust vs. Feeding Mistrust (birth to 18 months)

Stage Basic Important Outcome

Conflict EventsEarly

Childhood (2 to 3 years)

Autonomy vs. Shame and

Doubt

Toilet Training Children need to developa sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Preschool (3 to 5 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt

Exploration Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Stage Basic Important Outcome

Conflict EventsSchool Age

(6 to 11 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority

School Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a senseof competence, whilefailure results in feelingsof inferiority.

Adolescence (12 to 18

years)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Social Relationships

Teens needs to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an abilityto stay true to yourself,while failure leads torole confusion and a weak senseof self.

Stage Basic Important Outcome

Conflict EventsYoung

Adulthood (19 to 40

years)

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Relationships Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Middle Adulthood (40 to 65

years)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Work and Parenthood

Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Stage Basic Important Outcome Conflict Events

Maturity(65 to death)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reflection on Life Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

According to Piaget, there are four stages

of cognitive development:

(1) the sensorimotor stage

(2) the preoperational stage

(3) the concrete operations stage

(4) the formal operations stage.

According to Kohlberg, there are three principal

levels of moral development:

(1) the premoral level

(2) the conventional level

(3) the principled level.

(There are six stages associated with the three levels, two

stages to each level. The differences between the

stages are subtle, and they will not be specified.)

Democratic