Download - Web Publishing I
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Web Publishing I
Introduction to HTML and the Web Publishing Process
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Who Am I & Who Are You?
Me: Diane Cunningham
You: Paired Interviews
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Key Course URL
UCSD Web Pub Student Resourceshttp://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/
Information on required textbooksInformation on available student resources (mailing list, vault of links, software, etc.)
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Terminology
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Terminology
InternetIntranetExtranetWorld Wide WebBrowsersClient ServerURLs
HTMLDHTMLXMLXHTMLASPJavaScript
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Internet: Publicly Accessible Web Servers
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Intranet
Intranet: non-publicly accessible web serversA network that is internal to an organizationProvides organization's users with same types of services available in the Internet
Intranet resources are available internally and are not located on the Internet
Usually if you have an intranet you have access the the Internet but a firewall is used to prevent access from the Internet to the intranet
A firewall is a security mechanism used to protect files and programs on the intranet from unwanted access
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Internet vs. Intranet
IntranetIntranetInternetInternet
TCP/IP
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Extranet
You sometimes see the term extranet used in relation to the Internet and various Internet technologies
An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows certain users outside of the intranet to have limited access to the intranet
Often used to allow vendors or suppliers access to information on an organization's intranet
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World Wide Web
Global Interactive Dynamic Cross Platform Distributed Graphical/MultimediaHypertext/Hyperlink Information System
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Browsers
You need a special program (called a Browser) so you can view information stored on the World Wide Web. On a personal computer you typically use
Netscape Navigator 3.x, 4.x, 6.xMicrosoft Internet Explorer 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, 6.x
The Browser interprets information, that is, it displays it on the screen and lets you move between linked items (hyperlinks)
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World Wide WebWorld Wide Web
URLURLURLURL
URLURLURLURL
HTTPHTTP
HTTPHTTP
IP Address: http://209.130.124.111/IP Address: http://209.130.124.111/
URL: http://www.technoweenies.com/URL: http://www.technoweenies.com/
Client Server
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URLs
An URLURL is a:UUniform RResource LLocator
that is, a pointer to a location on the internet, an address:
http://www.ucsd.eduhttp://geocities.com/gumby9/html/samples.html
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The Internet Universe
Newsgroups E-Mail
Gopherspace Telnet Sites
FTP
WWWMailing Lists
Chat & Conferencing
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Types Of URLs (in Browsers)
telnet://name_of_siteRemote computing with telnet
gopher://name_of_gopher_serverMenu Driven System for Information Research
ftp://name_of_site/directory/filenameThe File Transfer Protocol
news:rec.food.cookingmailto:[email protected]://www.godiva.com
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HTML
HyperText Markup LanguageA subset of SGML
Standard Generalized Markup Language
Web pages are HTML FilesCreated as a plain ASCII text file Using Embedded codes
called tags
Tags instructions for displaying text or linking to other Web documents
<h2>Hello world!</h2>
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HTML
HTML is a defined, standardized markup language
That standard was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium or W3C www.w3c.org
It is based upon SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) which is something of the "mother of all" markup languages
It is a language that uses tags to define the structure and sometimes the style of your text
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HTML
As HTML grew it evolvedFrom version 1.0 to 2.0 to 3.0 to 3.2 and now to 4.0
It has developed and gotten more and more complicated and the style and content tags have combined into one language
Eventually, the W3C decided that there was a need for a separation between the style of a Web page and the content
A tag that defines the content alone, such as <h1>, would remain in HTML while tags that define style, such as <font>, are deprecated in the latest version of HTML in favor of style sheets called "cascading style sheets" (CSS) – more on this in Web Pub II!
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DHTML
DHTMLDHTML: Dynamic HTMLDHTML is a set of enhancements to HTML (CSS, JavaScript and the Document Object Model) that was created to add interactivity to web pagesDHTML enables Web pages to update dynamically in response to user actions such as moving the mouse over text or clicking text, without having to download data from a server
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XML
The eXtensible Markup Language is the language that the new version of HTML is based on
XML is also based on SGML but is less strict than SGML yet still providing the extensibility to create various different languages as they relate to your business or Personal needXML is a language for writing markup languages
For example, if you are working on genealogy, you might create tags using XML to define the <father>, <mother>, <daughter>, and <son> in your documents
There are also several standardized languages already created with XML: MathML for defining mathematics, SMIL for working with multimedia, and XHTML
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XHTML
XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is really HTML reformatted to XML standards
There is NOT that much difference between the two (XHTML and HTML) ... but here are a few notable differences
XHTML is written in lower caseAll XHTML tags must have an end tagAll attributes must be quoted in XHTMLXHTML attributes must have a name and a valueXHTML requires that tags are nested correctly
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ASP
ASPASP: Active Server PagesAn .asp file is a text file that contains normal HTML tags and text as well as script commands written in a scripting language like VBScript, JavaScript, etc. that are executed on the Web server
By including script commands, interactivity and customization can be added to a Web page without having to be concerned with the operating system used by the client accessing the Web pageWhen a .asp file is requested from the server the Web server carries out any script commands it may contain and generates an .html file that is sent to the client's browser
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JavaScript
JavaScript is an extension of HTML that allows a programmer to do things with the Web page as it is displayed to the user
JavaScript is an interpreted programming (or script language) from Netscape
It is somewhat similar in capability to Microsoft's Visual Basic
Where HTML is the skeleton that gives a document its appearance and structure, JavaScript is the brains and the muscles that give a page lifeThe web page must be displayed in a browser that understands the JavaScript language
Netscape browsers versions 2.0 and above do, and MSIE versions 3.0 and above does
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What is a Home Page?
A Home PageHome Page can be defined in several ways:To a Web UserUser:
The Web page that loads when you start your Browser (like the Netscape Home Page)
To a Web DeveloperDeveloper: The top level page; the first page presented when a user selects a web site or web presence on the World Wide Web
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Web Site Terminology
Web Site
Web Page
Home PageSplash Page
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Web Site
Web Site: a related collection of Web files that includes a beginning file called a home page
A company or an individual tells you how to get to their Web site by giving you the address of their home page
From a home page, you can get to all the other pages of a web site
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Web Site
For example, the Web site for IBM has the home page address of http://www.ibm.com
The home page address actually includes a specific file name like index.html but, as in IBM's case, when a standard default name is set up, users don't have to enter the file name
IBM's home page address leads to thousands of pages.
So, a Web site can have thousands of pages or it can be just a few pages
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Web Page
Web Page: a file notated with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Usually, a web page contains text and specifications about where image or other multimedia files are to be placed when the page is displayed
You can think of a Web site as a book (albeit a hypertext kind of book rather than a sequentially arranged kind of book) that arrives a page at a time as you request each one
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Web Page
Each web page is an individual HTML file with its own Web address (URL)
The first page you usually request at a site is known as the home page
Most home pages have a default name that doesn't have to be specified; you only need to enter the domain name for the site itself
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Splash Page
Splash Page or Splash Screen: An initial Web site page used to capture the user's attention for a short time as a promotion or lead-in to the site home page or To tell the user what kind of browser and other software they need to view the site
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Splash Page Examples
A good example of the meta push splash page is provided by Coleman College:
http://www.coleman.edu/
A good example of a "Plain" Splash Page is:http://www.nleomf.com/
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About Splash Pages
Some people LOVE Splash pages and others HATE them!
Spend some time at home researching the pros and cons of splash pages and decide if you want to include one in your Web site!
http://www.thewebseye.com/doorway.htm http://webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa031401a.htm http://www.netmechanic.com/news/vol3/promo_no13.htm http://webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa031401b.htm
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Web Pub I Final Project
You final project assignment is to create a 5-9 page website!
BUT how to begin??
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Blueprint Specification
Defining Your Web Site!
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Planning Your Web Presence
PlanningPlanning is the single most important step in the HTML Publishing process!
KEYKEY: Mission Statement: What you want people who visit your site to be able to do, think, say, feel or see?
You need to map out your top level Web categorieswhat do you want your various Web pages to do or show and who you want to reach…
Decide: What is the purpose of your web site??
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Consider Web Site Purposes
Marketing and promotional informationCommerce retail salesEntertainmentTechnical supportInformation presence (on-line brochure vs. white paper)Research or educationPersonal Home Page
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What Do You Want Your Web Presence to Be?
Personal InformationHobbies or Special InterestsPersonal Publications
Poems, letters, etc.Shopping CatalogsOpinion GatheringAnything else you can think of!
Corporate PublicationsNewslettersDocumentationCompany ProfilesJob InformationSales Materialsetc.
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Set Your Web Page GoalsGoals
What do you want people to be able to accomplish after viewing your web presentation?
Will you be giving them specific information on how to do something?
Do you expect them to read through each page in your presentation or start at your home page and wander around until they get bored?
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Deciding What You Want on Your Web Site
Come up with ideas for your Web Site by browsing the Internet and looking at lotslots of Web pages!
When looking for ideas, make sure to look at Web pages that are based on the same topics and aimed at a similar target population as your site
We will do lots of targeted site browsing in our Web Pub I, II and III course assignments, but get a heard start now for this homework assignment!!!
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About Site Flowcharting
From Designing Web Graphics.3
by Lynda Weinman
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Flow Charts
Initially, it’s a good idea to think of your Web site as one great big organizational chart with the CEO being your site’s home pageThe next level of the organizational chart would then be the menu optionsmenu options available on your home page
This idea is illustrated in next few slides scanned from <designing Web graphics.3 by Lynda Weinman
Sketching a flowchart or ‘Web chart’ will help you to classify the individual topicsclassify the individual topics that your Web site will contain
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Flowcharting
Once you’ve developed a basis for the structure, your next task is to design a means of intuitive intuitive navigation throughout the structurenavigation throughout the structure
If you’ve developed a logical structure, the navigational paths will almost define themselves
We devote much of Web Pub III to the critical topic of designing navigation
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WYSIWYG Tools Flowchart Options
Tools like Dreamweaver, GoLive and FrontPage (and even HomeSite!) have site management capabilities which include automated creation of flowcharts and site maps
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FrontPage Navigation View
HomeSite View As Tree
HomeSite View As Chart
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Further Flowcharting Resources
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Audience Analysis
For Your BlueprintDetermine:
Who is your Target PopulationTarget Population?
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Audience Analysis – CRUCIAL!!!
WhoWho is your intended audience?What do they want?Where are they coming from?When are they viewing your site?
Why have they picked YOUR site?How are they accessing your site?
What technologies do they have?
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Identify Information Sharing Needs
When you create your blueprint, you need to spend time identifying your target audience and determining your mission statement
When you determine the purpose of your web site, it helps you determine what kind of web site you require – you have identified your "information sharing needs"
Information sharing needs can be categorized as internalinternal or externalexternal
This helps you to determine if you should create an Internet Web Site or an Intranet Web Site
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Surveying Your Information Sharing Needs
ReportsReports prepared by department? Required information? Access to the reports?
ProjectsProjects within the department? Required information? Who needs information?
Customer SupportRequired information? Reduce requests by providing information?
Communication TasksInformation provided regularly? Information required regularly?
FormsForms used by organization? Information requirements? Combine or eliminate forms? Move paper-based forms online?
DatabasesIdentify type of information? Type of access and results required?
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AccountingAccountingDataData
AccountingAccountingDataData OrganizationalOrganizational
ChartsChartsOrganizationalOrganizational
ChartsCharts
SalesSalesProjectionsProjections
SalesSalesProjectionsProjections
Project StatusProject StatusInformationInformation
Project StatusProject StatusInformationInformation
ProductInformation
ProductInformation
Orderingand
Payment
Orderingand
PaymentProduct
AvailabilityProduct
Availability
ShippingStatus
ShippingStatus
Share withOrganization
Share withOrganization
Share withCustomersShare withCustomers
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Identify Information Sharing Needs
InternalInternal information sharing needs are addressed by an intranetintranet Web solutionExternalExternal information sharing needs are addressed by an InternetInternet Web solution
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Audience Analysis – WHOWHO?
ExternalBusiness to ConsumerBusiness to BusinessBusiness to Customer
InternalEmployee to EmployeeDepartment to DepartmentManager to Employee
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External Audience
Business to Consumerhttp://www.mysimon.com/
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External Audience
Business to BusinessBusiness Online Publishers International
http://www.bopi.com/
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External Audience
Business to Customerhttp://www.amazon.com/ http://www.godiva.com/
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WHATWHAT?
What do THEY want?You have defined your mission statement, you know what you want the site visitor to do, say, think, or feel after they visit your Web Site Now, flip it, what do do they want?
Do we have a match?
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Audience Specifications -- WHEREWHERE
Where are Viewers Coming From?
HomeWorkSchoolPublic Places
Airport terminalsCybercafes
Geography (local or international)
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Audience Specifications -- WHENWHEN
When is your site being viewed?
WeekdaysWeeknightsWeekends
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WHYWHY?
Why have site visitor's picked YOUR Web Site? Why not a competitor's?What makes your site so good for your target population?
The goal of a good Web Site is to attract and attract and retainretain members of the target population
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Audience Specifications
HOW?HOW?
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Audience Specifications
We have examined:Who?What?Where?When?Why?Now we must consider a most important and ever changing aspect, HOW, that is, using what technologies??
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Audience Specifications – HOWHOW?
What technologies do your viewers use?What Browser?
PC, Macintosh, UNIX? Netscape 3.x 4.x 6.xMicrosoft Internet Explorer 3.x 4.x 5.xAOL? (More on this in a sec)Other like Opera?
http://www.opera.com/
Download the browser of your choice at www.browsers.com
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Audience Specifications – HOWHOW?
What technologies do your viewers use?What Browser Extensions?
Plug-ins: Shockwave, Flash, Real Audio, Specialized?With what programming Support:
Java, Active X, JavaScript
Cookies?Cookie FAQ: http://www.cookiecentral.com/faq.htm
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Audience Specifications – HOWHOW?
What technologiestechnologies do your viewers have?Speed
High speed always-on direct connect broadband or 28.8 dial-up?
Audio Visual Supportstreaming audio, video, chat, IM?
People in offices generally do not have SoundBlasters or speakers!
Monitor IssuesVideo card support and resolution varies wildly, and you have to consider color depth and gamma.16 colors, 256 colors, True color?
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HOWHOW: What Screen Resolution?
http://www.zdnet.com/anchordesk/story/story_4491.html (Feb 2000) [more on this later!]
11%11% 640 x 48054%54% 800 x 600
How can you test for screen resolution?This is really for Web Pub II, but here is a JavaScript for automatically determining the site visitor's screen resolution
http://javascript.internet.com/user-details/resolution-page.html
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HOWHOW: AOL User?
In January 1999 CMP's TechWeb Reported that AOL had 15.1 million subscribers
According to Dr. Crompton, there are more AOL subscribers than Wall Street Journal, New York Times and USA Today…combinedcombined
http://www.ultranet.com/~mejac/intro2/sld084.htm
By January 2001 AOL had 27 million subscribersBy January 2001 AOL had 27 million subscribersSource Ziff Davis News: http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/news/0%2C4586%2C2675364%2C00.html
Current Estimates place AOL subscription numbers at 37 million…
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HOWHOW: AOL User?
So what? Well, for example, AOL uses their own added, proprietary image file compressed using the Johson-Johson-Grace compression algorithmGrace compression algorithm on top of your gif and jpeg compression, so caveat emptor and do your homework!
AOL Design Tips (meta list)AOL Design Tips (meta list)http://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/msubaol.htmhttp://webmaster.info.aol.com/
http://webdesign.about.com/cs/aol/
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HOWHOW: WebTV User?
After more than 3 years on the market Web TV just topped 1 million subscribers in January 2000
http://www.zdnet.com/intweek/stories/news/0,4164,2522434,00.html
WebTV Design Tips (meta list)WebTV Design Tips (meta list)
http://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/msubwebtv.htm
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HOWHOW: WebTV User?
See http://developer.webtv.net/ Screen resolution of only 544 x 372!!Titles truncate to 35 characters or lessFrames are converted to tables in version 2
No frame support in version 1
Forms often choke if not coded perfectlyRed and (*gasp*) white!! appear VERY bright
Best on black or dark backgrounds
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HOWHOW: Palm Pilot or Handheld PDA?
Probably exaggerated, International Data Corporation projections show non-PC devices outnumbering PCs as Internet clients by the year 2005! (source: Internet World July 15, 1999 Page 61)
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Final Project
Ok, so now you have the URLs and resources to determine the who, what, where, when, why and how of your blueprint and all the help you need to design the 5-9 page website for your final project!On the next slide are a few URLs to help your refine your blueprint!
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Blueprint Resources
How to establish a clear mission, determine a target audience, create user personas, and clarify design goals
http://builder.cnet.com/webbuilding/pages/Graphics/Conceptualize/?tag=st.bl.3881.plbl
Pre-Design Stepshttp://webdesign.about.com/compute/webdesign/library/weekly/aa071999.htm
Information Architecture Tutorialhttp://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/design/tutorials/tutorial1.html
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Blueprint Homework
Blueprint Assignment: Create Sample Page Layout Sketches
Main PageContent Page
http://www.jshook.com/flexible_pages/planning.html
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File Naming Guidelines
The Rules, The Guidelines and the Suggestions
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How to Name Your Files
How you name your actual files is very important!
You name:HTML files, Graphic files, etc.
Files are read by all sorts of computersYou need to take file names down to the least common denominator
Make sure there is nothing “funny” some computers cannot understand
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index.html
Most Web servers recognize the index.html as the default home pageIf you type http://www.technoweenies.com what you really see is http://www.technoweenies./index.html even though you didn't type it that way
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index.html
The Web server knows to open the index.html file automatically without requiring the full URL to be typed in
Therefore, if you name the opening page of your Web Site with the file name index.html the Web server will know to automatically display this file first
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index.html
Take this "auto open" concept one step further:You can have an opening page to each section of your Web Site, not just to your home pageThere are two advantage to this
Visitors to your site will not have to remember really long URLs and typing index.html again and againSite visitors won't end up looking at a generic site index like http://www.technoweenies.com/atp
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index.html
So, index.html is significant and most professional Web developers use it as the root file name
NOTE: On some servers a different name is used such as default.htm or index.asp
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index.html
Remember, you are not limited to one index.html file on your site
You can have an index.html file inside each folder that represents a major topic or category
http://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/ http://www.technoweenies.com/webpub/html1/ http://www.technoweenies.com/html/ http://www.technoweenies.com/palm/ http://www.technoweenies.com/nav/
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Six Filename GuidelinesGuidelines
1. Use all lowercase letters2. Use only letters or numbers,
no special characters (4 exceptions)3. No spaces4. All web pages must end in
.htm or .html5. Include extensions on graphics files like .jpg
or .gif6. Keep filenames short
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How to Name Files
It's good practice to use short, easy-to-remember file names that describe the file
A file called "page4.html" is not terribly descriptive, and a file named bobs_page_about_chicken_feet.html" is just too long
Name the file conciselyFor example, Bob could use chickenfeet.html as his file name
You'll want to keep file names short, because the longer they are, the more difficult it becomes to link to them correctly or type them into a browser
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How to Name Files
You'll also want to avoid mixing case in your file names for the same reason
A file called ChIcKenFeeT.hTml will frustrate people trying to link to it or even type it into a browser
If you keep your file names lowercase, you'll avoid all sorts of potential problems
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Filename Guidelines
SUGGESTION:Use all lowercase lettersSUGGESTION:Use all lowercase lettersTechnically, you can use capital lettersBUT!
It is easier to keep things straight and if names are all lowercaseIt is easier to keep things organized if names are all lowercaseIt looks cleaner if names are all lowercase
Open: http://www.internetsd.com/courses/html1/casesensitive.html
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Filename Guidelines
Use Only Letters or NumbersUse Only Letters or NumbersNo Special Characters (4 Exceptions)No Special Characters (4 Exceptions)
Letters and Numbersno apostrophes ( ‘ )no colons ( : ) or semi colons ( ; )More on next slide
ExceptionsUNIX: You can use a tilde ( ~ )
ALL: You can use an underscore ( _ )
ALL: You can use a hyphen ( - )ALL: You can use a period ( . )
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Filename Guidelines
No Special CharactersNo Special CharactersDon't begin a filename with a dot (.)
Don't use any of the following characters
; ? { } < : | * \ > # ) [ ] ' $ " ! % /
http://www.challenge.nm.org/Help/bfile98/tsld010.htm
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Filename Guidelines
SUGGESTION: Use No SpacesSUGGESTION: Use No SpacesIt is best not to use a space in any file name
Spaces in filenames
Could cause a 404 Not Found Could Need to be rendered as %20 (most common)
Example: http://www.technoweenies.com/atp/head%20labelled.jpg
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Filename Guidelines
All of the web pages for this class must end in All of the web pages for this class must end in .htm or .html.htm or .html
.htm is most common on older DOS and Win 3.1 PCs and older Macs.html is most common on new Macs and Win 95/98/NT and UNIX machines
Note: Whether named .htm or .html pages are considered “HTML Files”
On the web you will see .asp .php .cfm .jsp etc. but for now, just think .htm or .html
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Filename Guidelines
Include Extensions on Graphics FilesInclude Extensions on Graphics FilesMake sure to name your graphics appropriately so both you and the computer know what they are (don’t worry if you don’t know what these files formats refer to yet - -that is part of next lecture's topic!)
If it is a gif name it .gifIf it is a jpeg name it .jpg or .jpegIf it is a png name it .png
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Filename Guidelines
Keep Filenames ShortKeep Filenames Short Names should be kept short for several reasons, not the least of which is reduced typos of people who have to type in the address!Example:
http://www1.scasd.k12.pa.us/scasd/pfe/5th/D-2/Simile-Metaphor/Sim-Met_HomePage.html
How many rules does THIS name violate?
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Pop File Name Quiz!!!
How well do you "get it"?
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HTML Basics